Pediatric Nursing

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    Adherence to diabetes self –management and associated factors among adolescents with Type 1 diabetes in public hospitals of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2021.
    (Addis Abeba University, 2021-06) Muse, Yomilan Geneti; Sr. Wondwossen, Kalkidan(Assistant Professor); Adimasu, Mekonen(BSC, MSC)
    Background: Type 1 diabetes is one of the quickly growing problems in Ethiopia. Adherence to diabetes self-management of adolescents with type 1 diabetes is crucial for the control of type 1 diabetes to diminish mortality and morbidity. Prove of level of adherence to diabetes selfmanagement and associated factors in adolescents with type 1 diabetes in Ethiopia is unknown. Objectives: To determine adherence to diabetes self-management and associated factors among adolescents with type 1 diabetes in public hospitals of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, from March 10 to April 25, 2021. Method: Institutional based cross-sectional study was done in four arbitrary chosen public hospitals of Addis Ababa. Systematic random sampling technique was used to select a total of 422 participants. A structured and pretested questionnaire was prepared and interview technique was used for data collection. The data was collected by utilizing Kobo collect version 1.30.1 and exported to excel for checking and cleaning. Later the data was exported to SPSS version 25 for analysis. Descriptive statistics, bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed. A variable that has a P-value of <0.2 in bi-variable logistic regression analysis was subjected to multivariable logistic regression analysis to control the confounding factors. The level of significance was pronounced at P-value <0.05. Results: With 98.1% response rate, a total of 414 diabetic adolescents were interviewed. About 218 participants (52.7%) had poor adherence to overall diabetes self-management. The prevalence of poor adherence to insulin administration, dietary management, management of hypoglycemia, blood glucose testing, and regulation of exercise were 56.8%, 68.4%, 42%, 54.8% and 50.5% respectively. Self-efficacy (AOR=8.7, 95% CI: (1.9, 14.1) and P=0.005), social support (AOR=4.6, 95%CI: (1.5,13.5) and P=0.006), age (AOR=0.2, 95%CI: (0.1,0.4) and P=0.001), good knowledge of the disease (AOR=9.046, 95%CI: (3.83,13.5) and P=0.000), moderate knowledge (AOR=6.763, 95%CI: (2.18,12.921) and P=0.001), and time since diagnosis of type 1 diabetes (AOR=0.1, 95%CI:(0.02-0.2) and P=0.005) were significantly associated with adherence to diabetes self-management. Conclusions and Recommendations: More than half of the participants had poor adherence. Planning a comprehensive rule of adherence and expanding the recurrence of follow-up visits in diabetic clinics were profoundly suggested.
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    Adherence to Self Management and Associated Factors Among Hypertensive Patients Attending Chronic Follow Up Units of Public Health Hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2016
    (Addis Ababa University, 2016-06) Tibebu, Abel; Mengistu, Daniel (Assistant Professor)
    Background - One of the most prevalent non communicable diseases is hypertension. The availability of effective antihypertensive medications didn‟t bring the expected outcomes in terms of controlling blood pressure. The rationale for these and other findings of uncontrolled hypertension direct towards poor adherence. The most neglected causes of uncontrolled hypertension are unhealthy lifestyles. Few studies are conducted to show the gap and magnitude of self-management adherence. Objectives – This study tried to assess the self-management adherence of hypertensive patients attending follow up at chronic follow up units of public health hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia,2016. Method – Institutional based cross sectional study was conducted in four public health hospitals which were selected by lottery method. The final calculated sample size was 416 which were proportionally allocated to each of the institutions and systematic random sampling was used. Data was checked, cleaned and entered in to Epidata software version 3.1, and was imported to SPSS version 21 software for analysis. The results of the descriptive statistics were expressed as percentages and frequencies. Associations between independent variables and dependent variables were analyzed using bivariate and multivariate analysis. The study was conducted from February 15 – April 15, 2016. Results – The study included 404 respondents with 97% response rate. 210(52%) were male and mean age was 54±10.77 years. The respondents‟ adherence to lifestyle modifications and anti- hypertensive medications were 23% and 66.8% respectively. The lifestyle and medication related adherences were found to be better in females, patients who had comorbidities and have been knowledgeable about the disease and was poor among young adult respondents. Conclusion and Recommendations – The rates of adherence to medication and life-style changes were generally found to be low. Educational sessions that especially focus on lifestyle modifications and ongoing support for patients should be designed and studies which assess all the components of self-management should be conducted for comparison among different subgroups. Keywords – Self management, Adherence, Hypertension, Lifestyle modifications, Anti- hypertensive medications
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    Antenatal Care and Health Facility Delivery Practice Among Mothers in Konso Woreda, Southern Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2016-05) Urmale, Kusse; Yisma, Engida (PhD)
    Background: Worldwide, developing countries accounted for the majority of maternal deaths. Even though antenatal care and institutional delivery were mentioned among the interventions directed toward improving maternal health, their utilization is unsatisfactory in most resource-poor settimgs. Objectice: The main objective of this study was to assess antenatal care and health facility delivery practice among mothers in Konso Woreda, Southern Ethiopia from March 21 to April 16, 2016 Methods: A community based cross-sectional study was done from March 21, 2016 to April 16, 2016 on sample of 865 mothers who gave birth in the last one year prior to the study in Konso Woreda by employing multi-stage stratified cluster sampling technique. The data were collectied using a pre-tested interviewer administered questionnaire. We analysed the data to identify the factors associataed with antenatal care and health facility delivery practice using logistic regression analysis. Results: The proportion of mothers who made at least one antenatal care visit for their most recent birth was 82.0% however, only 54% of them had received the recommended four or more visits. Although the proportion of at least one antenatal care visits was high, only 60% of the mothers gave birth at health institutions. After controlling for residence, husband education and household wealth quintile in the adjusted logistic regression model, maternal age, possession of communication Medias and walking distance (in hours) to the nearest health were found significantly associated with antenatal care practice. Similarly after controlling for residence and pregnancy intention, provision of delivery care by the nearest health facility and proximity of the health facility to the residence were found to significantly affect institutional delivery. Conclusions and recommendations: Despite high attendance of at least one antenatal care visit, low utilization of the recommended antenatal care visits and institutional delivery was observed. Socio-demographic, obstetric and health facility factors were associated with both antenatal care and health facility delivery practice. More effort should be taken to equip health facilities with the capacity to provide maternal health care services, delivery care in particular. Keywords: Antenatal care practice, Health facility delivery practice, Konso Woreda.
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    Anti- Retoviral Therapy Adherence Among Hiv-Infected Children Aged 2-14 Years in Tikur Anbessa Sepcialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2015-06) Diriba, Ketema; Mengistu, Zuriyash (PhD)
    Background: Adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) is a strong predictor of progression to AIDS and death. The fact that a nearly perfect adherence is required in ART has remained a major challenge to people infected with HIV. Consequently, non-adherence to the proposed antiretroviral regimen is considered to be one of the greatest dangers to the response to treatment on an individual level and the dissemination of resistant viruses on the community level. Objectives: - The aim of the study was to identify the adherence level and associated factors with adherence to ART among HIV infected children aged 2- 14 years in Black Lion Specialized Hospital ART clinic, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Method: - A cross-sectional study was conducted between April and May, 2015 in Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A total of 190 children aged 2-14 years on first line ARV regimen for at least six month were included in the study. The registered list of the children on ART by unique ART registration number was used as sampling frame. Data was collected by using interview with structured questionnaire. Ethical clearance was secured from Addis Ababa University College of health sciences institutional ethical review board. The collected data was cleaned, checked for quality, coded and analyzed by using manual and statistical methods, logistic regressions were computed. Odds ratios were computed to determine the level of significance. Result: A total of 190 children were included in this study, and 89.8% of the participants had taken their prescribed ARV drugs fully for the past 7 days. Considering individuals who had ever missed their dose regardless of time reference, overall adherence rate 87.75% was obtained. Although most frequently mentioned reason of missing their dose in the last one week was forgetting (48.1%), ADRs, Quarrel among family are also found to be barriers to adherence. After controlling the effects of other variables, two variables namely income and occupation were found to be significantly associated with adherence to ART in children. Conclusion: Adherence rate obtained in this study is lower than what is required. Forgetfulness, ADRs, and quarrel among family were most frequently mentioned barriers of adherence. Income and occupation are factors found to be significantly associated with adherence to ART in children
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    Application of Data Mining Technology in Predicting The Seropre valence of Hbv, Hcv,Hiv; The Case of The National Blood Bank of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2011-07) Gebregziabher, Haftom; Meshesha, Million(PhD)
    Recent advancements in communication technologies, on the one hand, and computer hardware and database technologies, on the other hand, have made it easy for organizations to collect, store and manipulate massive amounts of data. As stated by Deogan, these large databases contain potential gold mine of valuable information, but it is beyond human ability to analyze substantial amounts of data and extract meaningful patterns. As the volume of data increases, the proportion of information in which people could understand decreases substantially. The applications of learning algorithms in knowledge discovery are promising and they are relevant area of research offering new possibilities and benefits in real-world applications such as blood bank data warehouse. The availability of optimal blood in blood banks is a critical and important aspect in a Blood transfusion service. Blood banks are typically based on a healthy person voluntarily donating blood used for transfusions. The ability to identify regular blood donors enables blood bank and voluntary organizations to plan systematically for organizing blood donation camps in an efficient manner. The objective of this study is to explore the immense applicability of data mining technology in the Ethiopian National Blood Bank Service by developing a predictive model that could help in the donor recruitment strategies by identifying donors that are at risk of TTI’s which can help in the collection of safe blood group which in turn assists in maintaining optimal blood. The analysis has been carried out on 14575 blood donor’s dataset that has at least one pathogen using the J48 decision tree and Naïve Bayes algorithm implemented in Weka. J48 decision tree algorithm with the overall model accuracy of 89 % has offered interesting rules
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    Assesement of Fathers Attitude Towards Breast Feeding and Associated Factors Among Fathers who Acompaing Their Partner for Delivery in Selected Govemental Hospitals Ofaddis Abeba, Ethopia, 2017
    (Addis Ababa University, 2017-06) Birhanu, Elasbet; Fantahun, Addishiwot (PhD)
    Background Breast feeding is unambiguously important for child growth and development. World health organization and united nation children’s emergency international fund recommended that children get breast milk exclusively for 6 months and extends to 24 months with other additional feedings. However, these days there are many problems are seen in relation to initiation and continuation of breast feeding practice. Out of those problems, fathers support and father’s attitude towards breast feeding is directly or indirectly affects initiation and continuation rate of breast feeding. Objective The aim of this study will be to investigate father’s attitude towards breast feeding and its associated factors in selected governmental hospitals from April 17 to May 17, 2017 in Addis Ababa Ethiopia. Methods The study was used institutional based cross-sectional quantitative method with structured interview as a data collection tool. In order to select sampling units from the given 8 hospitals, lottery method was used and 4 hospitals were selected. A total of 422 fathers participated in this study and allocate to each selected hospitals proportion to size. To select study participant’s convenience sampling was used. All interview questions analyzed by using SPSS version 20 for data entry and analysis. Results A total of 243(52%) of participants had negative attitude towards breast feeding poor breast feeding knowledge (35%), fathers not support in house hold chores(46.2%) and cultural role(56.9%) had association with negative attitude. Conclusion and recommendation 52% of the participants had negative attitude towards breast feeding. Good breast feeding knowledge, fathers support in house hold chores and cultural role were found to be associated with attitude about breast feeding in this study. Guide lines should be developed and implemented related to breast feeding attitude of fathers. Key words: breast feeding, fathers, attitude.
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    Assesment of Gestational Weight Gain and Associated Factors Among Hiv Negative and Hiv Positive Women in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2017
    (Addis Ababa University, 2017-06) Seifu, Benyam; Mekonnen, Hussen (PhD)
    Background: Gestational weight gain (GWG) is increase in weight of pregnant women from conception to delivery. It is an important factor that supports optimal outcome for mothers and their infant. The risk of inadequate GWG among HIV positive women is higher as HIV increases both energy requirements and the risk of under nutrition. Nonetheless, comparative data on gestational weight gain and its determinants among HIV negatives and HIVpositives are scarce. Objective: The objective of this study was to assess and compare gestational weight gain and its associated factors among HIV positive and HIV negative women in Addis Ababa.2017 Methods: Institutional based comparative cross-sectional study wasemployed from April 2 – March 31, 2017 GC in Addis Ababa Ethiopia.558 study participants (372 HIV negative and 186 HIV positive women) were selected.Data was entered into Epi Data version 3.1 and exported to SPSS version 22 for analysis. Binary and multiple logistic regressions used to identify associated factors with the outcome variable. Texts, tables and graphs were used for descriptive statics. Results: overall 549 eligible women participated in the study making 98.4% response rate. The study finding reviled that the prevalence of GWG among HIV negative and HIV positive women is low (30.7% and 26% respectively). This difference has no statically significance in chi-square analysis. Factors associated with GWG among HIV negative women are family monthlyincome in USD [AOR=4.35,95% CI(1.75-10.7)],Knowledge of fruits are main food type [AOR=2.84,95% CI(1.5-7.6)], hours engaged in typical activity for less than two hours and for three to four hours in typical day [AOR=1.32, 95% CI (1.06-3.49)],[AOR=4.65, 95% CI (1.76- 12.29)] and early pregnancy BMI [AOR=13.9,CI 95% (4.26-45.87)] while women who had no formal education[AOR=3.16 95% CI=(1.25-8.86)] andwomen whose family monthly income was less than 50USD. [AOR=3.91, 95% CI=(1.02-15.2)] were the associated factors to GWG among HIV positive women. Conclusion and recommendations: The prevalence of adequate GWG among HIV negative and HIV positive women is low, the probability of adequate GWG among HIV positive women is much lower. Associated factors among the two groups are different with the exception of monthly income. So the two groups should be treated differently and different measures should be taken in order to increase the prevalence of adequate GWG according to IOM. Key words: Gestational weight gain, HIV, Pregnancy
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    Assesment of Knowledge, Utilization and Accessibility of Palliative Care Among Cervical Cancer Patients in Tikur Anbesa Hospital Addis Ababa Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2014-06) Musema, Hasen; Shimelis, Tsehay (PhD)
    Background-Palliative care is defined by World Health Organization as an approach that improves the quality of life of patients and their families facing the problem associated with life- threatening illness, through the prevention and relief of suffering by means of early identification and impeccable assessment and treatment of pain and other physical, psychosocial and spiritual problems. This study attempted to assess the knowledge, accessibility and Utilization of palliative care Services to Cervical Cancer and its determinants at Tikur Anbesa Hospital, Ethiopia, Method: This study was a cross-sectional Institution based study of women who had Cervical Cancer in TAH. The study was carried out in Tikur Anbesa Hospital with purposive selection, since it was the only center of palliative care and treatment services in Ethiopia. Data was collected by interviewing the client’s using a pretested Amharic version questionnaire. During the survey, 384 women with cervical cancer were interviewed. Data entry was done using Epi Info version 3.5.1 and was exported to SPSS version 21 for analysis. Logistic regression was applied to control confounders. Result: Out of the total clients interviewed, 239(62.2%) respondents who had treatment in Tikur Anbesa Specialized Hospital were knowledgeable about palliative care for cervical cancer. About 86% of client’s were in the age 35 years old or older. About Nine out of ten (89.8%) respondents reported problems on accessibility of palliative care services for cervical cancer in Tikur Anbesa hospital. Women’s knowledge of care (AOR=26.9), presence of little physical wellbeing to the respondents (AOR=3.1), social wellbeing of the respondents (AOR=1.7); monthly income of the respondents (AOR=0.25) and marital status of the women (AOR=55.4) were statistically significantly associated with respondent’s utilization of palliative care services for cervical cancer at Tikur Anbesa Hospital. Conclusion: Among patients with cervical cancer who were interviewed, nearly, more than three women out of five had reported palliative care services from its center at Tikur Anbesa Hospital in the last 12 months of data collection. Recommendation: Community Mobilization through the media, posters and face to face on community health day focusing on palliative care services to cervical cancer must be addressed by Addis Ababa Town administrations and policy makers. Since the center was only TAH, the FDRE government must build another center in Addis or elsewhere in the country so that the problems of resources can be solved.TAH has to fulfill all the facilitations listed and needed for clients with cervical cancer for palliative services based on the standards. Key words: palliative care, cervical cancer, Tikur Anbesa Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
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    Assesment of Late Initiation of Antenatal Care And Associated Factors Among Antenatal Care Attendees in Selected Health Centers of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2015
    (Addis Ababa University, 2015-06) Yilala, Serawit; Sinshaw, Workinesh (PhD)
    Background:-Antenatal care is a type of care given for women during pregnancy and is a key strategy for reducing maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. The goal of ANC is to prevent health problems of pregnant women through detection of complications and treatment of pregnancy related illness. Thus, late antenatal attendance makes difficult to implement effectively the routine ANC strategies that enhance maternal wellbeing and good prenatal outcomes. Objective:-The objective of this study is to assess the prevalence of late initiation of antenatal care and associated factors among antenatal care attendants in selected Health Centers of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methodology:-A quantitative cross-sectional institution based study was used to assess late initiation of antenatal care and factors associated with it in selected 10 health centers of Addis Ababa. Four hundred twenty six pregnant women who attend ANC were included in this study. Data was entered, coded and analyzed using SPSS, version 20. Descriptive statistics like frequencies and percentages was used to present the results. Result:-Out of 407 pregnant mothers included in this study, 267 (65.6%) pregnant mothers started their first ANC visit early while the remaining 140 (34.4%) pregnant mothers started ANC late. In both cases, the timing of the first ANC booking ranged from 4 weeks to 32 weeks of gestation with mean timing of 13 weeks with standard deviation of 5.47 weeks. Multivariate analysis revealed that respondents with the educational level of high school and above, who had knowledge on the importance of ANC, those who received advise from HEW and media, those advised to be booked within 12 weeks of gestation and those who reasoned the time of booking was appropriate were more likely to be booked early compared to their counter parts (AOR= 3.346, 95%, CI: 1.618, 6.918), (AOR = 2.666, 95% CI: 1.266, 5.616), (AOR= 3.716, 95% CI: 1.671, 8.266), (AOR= 20.928, 95% CI: 4.499, 97.347), and (AOR= 14.765, 95% CI: 7.109, 30.667), respectively. Conclusion:-The results of this study indicated that two-third of the respondents had started their ANC within the recommended time (65.6%) and the rest one-third were booked late (34.4%). The Respondents educational level, knowledge on the importance of ANC service utilization, Source of the information which contributed to book timely for the current pregnancy and the advice given on the time of first ANC booking are significantly and positively influenced early initiation of ANC in Addis Ababa. However, there is still more work is required to fully achieve ANC utilization in the recommended time. Key words: Antenatal care, late initiation, timely booking, pregnancy, Addis Ababa
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    Assesment of Magnitude and Associated Factors of Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia at Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2017
    (Addis Ababa University, 2017-06) Gudeta, Hoffola; Mengistu, Zuriyash (PhD)
    Background: Neonatal hyperbilirbinemia (NH) is a recognized cause of brain damage and bilirubin encephalopathy resulting in long-term sequel like sensory-neuronal hearing loss in the survivors and death. Objective: To assess magnitude and associated factors of NH among neonates admitted at neonatal NICU from September 11/2014 to September 11/2016 in TASH. Methodology: Retrospective cross sectional study was conducted on neonates admitted at NICU of TASH and 356 neonates were systematically selected among all admitted neonates. Study was conducted from January 2017 to June 2017. Supervisors and data collectors were BSc health professionals. Pre-test was conducted on 5% of sample before the starting of actual data collection. Checklist was adopted and modified from literatures to collect data. Supervisors were checked the collected data daily for completeness. Data was first entered to Epi Info version 7 and exported to SPSS version 20.0 to clean and analyze data. Relation between dependent and independent variables were assessed and presented using odd ratios and confidence intervals. Statistical association was considered as significant if p-value was less than 0.05. Ethical clearance for the study was received from Addis Ababa University, College of Health Sciences. A formal letter was written to TASH and permission was secured at all levels. Result: Medical record of 356 neonates were reviewed and 160(44.9%) of them developed NH. 89(25%) of males and 71(19.9%) of females were developed neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Their serum bilirubin level was from 5.6mg/dl to 77.7mg/dl. Among associated factors of NH: ABO incompatibility 57(35.6%), sepsis 30(18.8%), idiopathic cause 22(13.8%), breast feeding jaundice 16(10%) and Rh isoimmunization 14(8.8%). Age of neonates was significantly associated with neonatal hyperbilirubinemia in logistic regression. Conclusion and Recommendation: Magnitude of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia in this study was near to half of selected neonates. Among identified associated factors of NH, ABO incompatibility and sepsis were the leading cause. So, early prevention and timely treatment of NH is important since it was a cause of long term complication and death in neonates. Keyword: Magnitude, Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia
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    Assesment of Magnitude and Factors Associated with Unintended Pregnancy Among Preparatory Highschool Students,Addis Ababa,Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2015-06) Kahasay, Sara; Shemelis, Tsehay (PhD)
    Background: Unintended pregnancies among adolescence become crucial health problem for all countries especially in Sub-Saharan Africa. Eventhough different prevention strategies were applied across the world, the problem still increasing in Africa, particularly in Ethiopia. Objective: To assess the magnitude and associated factors of unintended pregnancy among preparatory school students in Addis Ababa. Methods: School based cross-sectional study was employed. For descriptive statistics frequencies, percentage and mean was use. Bivariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were employed to examine the relationship between getting unintended pregnancy with its associated factors. Significant association was determined at 95%CI AOR. Results: A total of 576 female students were participated making 100 %, response rate. The respondents’ mean age was 17.79(±0.076). 118(20.4± 3%; 95% CI) of the students reported that had ever experienced an unintended pregnancy. Nearly all unintended pregnancy was aborted with proportion of 117(99.16%). Among all 288 (50%± 4) reported to have had sexual experience at the time of the study. The mean age at first sexual intercourse was 17 (±0.12, 95% CI); among sexually active students 266 (92%) used contraceptives while they had sex. Students drank alcohol were three times more experience unintended pregnancy compared to none drunkard [AOR=3; 95% CI: 1.86, 13]. Students who chewed Kchat were two times more experience unintended pregnancy AOR: 2.0; 95%CI (1.4, 3.0). Students who watched pornographic movies were three times more likely to experience unintended pregnancy AOR: 2.9; 95%CI (1.9, 4.4). Students who did not discuss about reproductive health were two times more likely to get unintended pregnancy AOR=2.38; 95% CI: 1.38, 4.13]; and students who had ever used contraceptive method were less experienced unwanted pregnancy AOR=0.065; 95%CI: 0.034, 0.121]. Conclusion: Students should get information about reproductive health from health professionals, trained teachers, peer promoters and Medias in order to prevent unintended pregnancy. Key words: Unintended pregnancy, Preparatory student, Sexual behavior, associated factors
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    Assesment of Percutaneous Exposure Incidents and Associated Factors Among Health Care Personnel at Gandhi Memorial Hospital, Addis Ababa
    (Addis Ababa University, 2015-06) Girmaye, Eden; Demisse, Asrat ( Assistant Professor)
    Background: Percutaneous exposure incidents (PEIs) and blood splashes on the skin of health care personnel’s are a major concern worldwide. It exposes the healthcare personnel to the risk of infectious diseases. Objective: this study was designed to assess percutaneous exposure incidents (PEIs) and associated factors among health care personnel in Gandhi Memorial hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: Institution-based quantitative cross-sectional study design was utilized involving 244 study subjects using systematic random sampling technique. The data was collected using a structured self-administered questionnaire & interview based data collection technique. Analysis: The data was compiled, cleaned and entered into a computer software using Epi Data 3.01 and then exported to statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 20.0 for analysis. The descriptive statistics includes frequencies, proportions and means were computed. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression were also computed to assess statistical association between the outcome and selected independent variables using odd ratio, significance of association using 95% confidence interval and P-value (<0.05). Results: The study revealed that 38.1% of healthcare personnel had experience needle-stick and sharp injuries within the previous 12 months. The prevalence of percutaneous injuries was high among females HCP (65.6%), HCP age group of 18-24 years (45.2%) were the highest exposed to needle stick injuries. Nurses had the highest prevalence of percutaneous injuries (26.9%) from other health professionals and Auxiliary staff (43.0%) had the highest prevalence of sharp injuries compared to other healthcare workers. The prevalence of mucocutaneous exposure to patient’s blood and body fluid was highest among Auxiliary staff (janitors, laundry workers, housekeeping, and maintenance) (55.9 %) than other heath care workers due to lack of training on infection prevention, negligence of the HCWs on the use of personnel protective equipment. Factors associated with occurrence of NSIs and BBFs splash exposure were job category and working hours. Respondents with working hour >40 hours per week was found to be associated with the chance of sustaining NSI compared with those worked for less than 40 hours per week (AOR=9.80,95%CI=2.68-35.83 P-value=0.02). In line with this finding, respondents with working hour >40 hours per week were also found to be 6 times more at risk to blood and body fluids splash exposures compared with those worked for less than 40 hours (AOR=5.85, 95%CI=1.29- 26.6, P-value=0.02). Conclusion and Recommendation: The findings of this study indicated that occupational exposures were common among healthcare workers, including accidental needle-stick, cuts with contaminated instruments and blood splashes. The highest proportion of needle stick injuries among health care personnel were related to administration of injection, followed by recapping of needles. Auxiliary staff had the highest prevalence of sharp injuries, blood and body fluids splash from all healthcare personnel. The hospital should incorporate auxiliary staffs on training about infection prevention. Furthermore reducing the working hour or heavy work over load was also advantageous to healthcare workers. Key words: Occupational exposure, percutaneous exposure incidents, needle-stick injuries, health care personnel
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    Assess Quality of Antenatal Care Services in Rural Health Centers in Bursa Woreda, Sidama Zone, Southern Nations Nationalities People’s Region, Ethiopia, 2014
    (Addis Ababa University, 2014-06) Tesfaye, Tamirat; Mekonnen, Hussen (PhD)
    BACKGROUND:-The maternal mortality ratio in Ethiopia is strikingly high. One of Key interventions to reduce maternal deaths is the promotion of ANC. ANC plays an important role in reducing maternal mortality and morbidity by detecting early risk factors in order to have an effective intervention in time and by linking the pregnant women to a planned delivery with a skilled birth attendant. However, studies have shown that there are many missed opportunities for care, both because of client and health system related factors. OBJECTIVE:-To assess the quality of antenatal care services in rural health centers in Bursa woreda from March-April, 2014. METHOD:-The facility based cross- sectional study was conducted in rural health centers in Bursa woreda. Antenatal follow up women’s was interviewed about perception on satisfaction towards quality of antenatal services, by using structured questionnaires (n= 290). Twenty-four antenatal care provider client sessions was observed by checklist. Simple observation using checklist was made for availability of resources necessary for antenatal care. Finally data was coded, cleaned, entered using EPI-6 and was analyzed using SPSS statistical software for windows. RESULTS: - The study showed that overall satisfaction of client was low as 33%. The likelihood of satisfaction from ANC service was lower among women secondary and above of education level [AOR = 0.14, 95% CI = (0.03-0.78)]. The study also illustrated that higher proportion of health providers did not provide danger sign counseling, advice and information related to complication of pregnancy. Although all the health centers have basic structural medical equipments, none of them has laboratory equipments and high-level disinfection process Conclusions and Recommendation:-Overall satisfaction of ANC is low. However, for all of them ANC clients were not performed likes (hemoglobin, blood grouping and Rhesus factor, VDRL for Syphilis and urine analysis) and harmful habits likes (smoking, drug abuse &alcoholism, side effects of medicines during pregnancy, breast-feeding, and baby vaccination). Satisfaction from the ANC service in the health centers is very low, and should be stressed health providers and woreda health office to do better for client’s satisfaction. Keywords: - Quality, Antenatal care, services, Bursa
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    Assessement of Knowledge, Attitude, Practice and Associated Factors Towards Hepatitis B Prevention Among Patients Coming To Public Hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2017-06) Seifu, SelamawitT; Mekonnen, Hussen (PhD)
    Background: Hepatitis B is the most common serious liver infection in the world. Hepatitis B infection is caused by the hepatitis B virus which attacks the liver and can cause both acute and chronic disease and puts people at high risk of death from cirrhosis and liver cancer. Hepatitis B infection is one of the major public health problems and is the tenth leading cause of death. Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess knowledge, attitude, practice and associated factors towards hepatitis B prevention among patients coming to public hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2017. Method: Health Institution based, cross-sectional study design was conducted from March to April 2017. A total of 422 patients were selected by random sampling method from public hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Data was collected based on interview administered pre tested structured questionner. Descriptive analysis was done and level of knowledge, attitude and practice was determined based on the mean value of questions asked and bivariate and multivariate regression for analysis of relation between dependent and independent variables. The data was checked for its completeness manually and then entered in EPI DATA version 3.1.1 and analyzed using SPSS version 22 statistical software package. Confidence interval 95% and P-Value < 0.05 Result: From the total of 422 study participant the response rate was 396 (94%). Almost half of the respondents had a poor knowledge 197(49.7), negative attitude of 190(48%) and poor practice 266(67.2%). unemployment [AOR=0.236, [0.075,0.756] and housewife [AOR=0.284, [0.102,0.794] less likely associated with good knowledge, Monthly income [AOR=2.123, [1.022, 4.409] more likely and educational level less likely [AOR=0.235, [0.068, 0.812] with positive attitude and marital status more likely (AOR= 3.409, 95% CI [1.380,8.422] with good practice. Conclusion: Results from this study showed that poor knowlegdge, Negative attitude and poor practice of patients towards HB. nearly half of the respondents had poor knowledge and more than half are with poor practice. Therefore, extensive health educational campaign should be provided to general population and especially to patients coming to public hospitals. Key Words: Knowledge, Attitude, Practice, Hepatitis B, Patients, Prevention, Addis Ababa
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    Assessement of Health Care Providers‘ Attitude and Associated Factors Towards Safe Abortion Care at Public Health Institiutions in East Gojjam Zone, Amhara, Ethiopia, Cross Sectional Study,2015
    (Addis Ababa University, 2015-06) Abebe, Meskerem; Berhe, Semarya (PhD)
    Background: Globally, unsafe abortion has become one of the fifith causes of maternal mortality and morbidity. Studies suggested that health care providers‘ attitudes towards safe abortion had an impact on safe abortion. In the countries where abortion is one of the major challenges, such attitudinal assessment is vital. The reason is that in Ethiopia, the annual rate of abortion was 23 per 1, 000 women aged 15-44 and the abortion ratio was 13 per 100 live birth. It was supposed that maternal mortality is closely related to the quality of health facilities and professionals. Objective: Assessment of Health Care Providers‘ Attitude and Associated Factors towards Safe Abortion care at Public health institution, in East Gojjam zone Amhara, Ethiopia, Cross Sectional Study, 2015. Method: A descriptive cross sectional study was done from January to June, 2015 using self administrative questionnaire. 249 samples of health care providers were targeted. Of these, 238 respondents completed and returned the questionnaires completel y. Hence, with the response rate of 96.5%, the data was coded into Epi data version 3.1 and computed with SPSS version 21 for its statistical significance and cross tabulation. The data was interpreted with simple frequency distribution,cross tabulation, logistic regression for statistical significance with confidence interval of 95 % of alpha 0.05. Result : The study revealed that 92.4% of health care providers believed that unsafe abortion was one of the major health problems in Ethiopia. Providers who had formal training were 3.740[95% CI 1.728-8.094] times more likely to have favorable attitudes than those who had no training. Similarl y, providers who had perform abortion were 2.025[95% CI 1.050-3.905] times more likely to have favorable attitudes than those who did not perform. Those health care providers who needed more legalization were 2.243[95% CI 1.059- 4.752] times more likely to have favorable attitudes than those who did not support more legalization Conclusion and Recommendation: It was concluded that training and more legalization were found to be significant to determine the attitudes of health care providers. It is recommended that health care providers should be given abortion training and legaliz ation to abortion should be more liberalized than the current status. Key words: Health care provider, attitude, and safe abortion care
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    Assessement of Knowledge Attitude and Associated Factor of Preparatory Students Towards Safe Abortion in Selected Govermental School, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2015
    (Addis Ababa University, 2015-06) Sisay, Asnakech; Dessalegn, Berhanu (Professor)
    Abortion law and policy liberalization could lead to dropping of unsafe abortion and related deaths however, unsafe abortion is still major problem of the whole society. Many women want to seek unsafe abortions practice due to inadequate access to safe abortion and other reproductive health services that can help them to prevent complication. Therefore, assessing the knowledge and attitude of high school student towards safe abortion care provision is important. Objective: This study was to assess the knowledge and attitude of preparatory school student toward safe abortion in selected governmental school in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 2015. Methodology: Institutional based cross sectional study design was employed and a total of 626 respondents were participated in the study. Data was collected by using self-administered pre- tested and semi structured questionnaire of Amharic version. The data was cleaned, coded and entered into EPi data 3.1 versions and transferred to SPSS version 21 windows for analyses. Result: Out of all respondents 66 (27.3%) of males and 224 (57.3%) of females had adequate knowledge related to safe abortion in general .From this female were 3.520 times more likely knowledgeable on safe abortion care provision than male at AOR 3.520;95%:CI (2.471, 5.01) among 626 students 319 (51) of them have favorable attitude from this 19.6% grade 11, 57.8% grade 12 .from this Grade 11were 0.35 times less likely have favorable attitude than grade 12 at AOR 0.35; 95% CI 0.35(0.25-0.50) Conclusion: students had inadequate knowledge and unfavorable attitude towards safe abortion. Sex, educational level and age were likely to had significant association towards knowledge and attitude on safe abortion. Recommendation From this study the investigator recommended that the Ministry of education and Social welfare in partnership with other implementing partners to review their strategies and focus in the school program. Keyword: knowledge, attitude and safe abortion
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    Assessement of Pain Severity and Associated Factors among Post-operative Adult Patients in Public Hospitals of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2021.
    (Addis Abeba University, 2021-06) Besufekad, Abinet; Admasu, Wosenyelehe (BSc,MSc, assistant professor); Fentie, Fissiha(BSc,MSc)
    Background: Post-operative pain management is one of the key responsibilities of health professionals. Failure to manage post-operative pain effectively will lead to increase morbidity and mortality, long hospital stay, increase health care cost, and patient dissatisfaction. Despite improved understanding of pain mechanism, advances in pain management approach, and other focused initiatives large proportion of post-operative patient’s reports pain after surgery. Therefore the major aim of this study was to assess pain severity and associated factors among post-operative adult patients in public hospitals of Addis Ababa. Methods and materials: Facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted. The single population proportion formula was used to calculate the sample size. A total of 414 study participants were involved. Simple random sampling was used to select study participants. The data was collected by the standard questioner and checklist. The collected data were entered, cleaned, and analyzed by SPSS version 24.0 statistical software. Descriptive results were presented by tables and figures. Bi-variable analysis was employed to select independent predictors of pain severity and multivariable regression used to measure the association between independent and dependent variables. On bi-variable analysis, those variables with a value less than 0.20 were entered on multi-variable analysis. Finally, variables with a p-value < 0.05 were declared as independent predictors of the outcome variables. The model fitness test was checked by Hosmer and Lemeshow's goodness-of-fit test. Results: a total of 406 study participants have responded to the interview giving a response rate of 98%. The overall incidence of moderate to severe pain was 85.5%. Preoperative analgesia adjusted odds ratio (confidence interval), 0.236(0.065-0.863), preoperative anxiety, 5.468(1.34122.303), general surgery 7.627(1.901-30.602), orthopedics surgery, 7.195(1.055-49.094), size of the incision, 5.086(1.352-19.135), and post-operative analgesia; none steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 5.611(2.000-15.737), and tramadol, 4.714(1.506-14.753) was independent predictors of postoperative moderate to severe pain. Conclusion: - The study revealed that the overall incidence of postoperative pain was high in the study area. This reflects attention given to postoperative pain management is low. Preoperative analgesia, preoperative anxiety surgery type, incision length, and postoperative analgesia were independent predictors of postoperative pain.
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    Assessement of Prevalence of Prelactal Feeding and Associated Factors Among Mothers of Children Less Than One Year of Age in Mizan-Aman Town Benchmaji Zone, South West Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2015-06) Amare, Muluken; Mengistu, Zuriash(PhD)
    Back ground: Despite the importance of early initiation of breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding, the prelacteal feeding is widely practiced in Ethiopia. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of prelactal feeding and associated factors among mothers of children less than one year age in Mizan-Aman town, southwest Ethiopia. Method: A community-based cross-sectional study with mixed method was employed. Four hundred eighty seven (487) mothers of children aged less than 12 months were selected by multistage randomized sampling technique. The quantitative data was collected by using Interview based structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, binary and multivariable logistic regression analysis were employed to identify the factors associated with prelacteal feeding practices. Variables with a p-value < 0.05 were identified as statistically significant factors. Qualitative data was collected by focus group discussion and analyzed using thematic frameworks. Result: The prevalence of prelacteal feeding was (21.9% ) in Mizan- Aman town. The common type of prelactal food was water with tenea adam/rue 49(10.1%). The major reason were; 49(10.1%) Cultural practice followed by 45 (9.3%) to clean infants bowel/throat/mouth. Mothers who did know on the risks associated with prelacteal feeding, multipara mothers, having ≥4 number of children and infant’s birth order 4-6 were important positive predictors of prelacteal feeding practice. Conclusion & Recommendation: Prelacteal feeding is commonly practiced in Mizan- Aman town. Mothers who did know on the risks associated with prelacteal feeding, multipara mother, having ≥4 number of children and infant’s birth order 4-6 were important positive predictors of prelacteal feeding practice. Promotion of behavioral change communication activities on avoidance of prelactal feeding, Promotion of intensive nutrition education program by giving special emphasis to multipara mothers and should be implemented in the health facility and community based by health extension workers and researcher should consider further follow up study in prelactal feeding in Mizan-Aman town is recommended. Key words: prelactal feeding, Children aged less than 12 months, Mizan-Ama
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    Assessement of Traditional Medicine Utilization for Children and Associated Factors Among Parents in Tole Woreda, Southwest Shoa, Oromia, Ethiopia, 2017
    (Addis Ababa University, 2017-06) Hailu, Fekensa; Cherie, Amsale (PhD)
    In many culture, traditional medicine used as one of primary health care refined over hundreds or even thousands of years. Historians from all around the world have produced evidence to show that apparently all primitive peoples used traditional medicine often in sophisticated way. In Ethiopia up to 80% of the population uses traditional medicine due to the cultural acceptability of healers and local pharmacopeias, the relatively low cost of traditional medicine and difficult access to modern health facilities. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess traditional medicine utilization and its determinants among parents of children, in Tole Wareda, South West of Oromia, Ethiopia, 2017. Method: A community based quantitative cross sectional study was employed among all parents who have children up to 18 years old. Data were collected using pre-tested structured interviewer administered questionnaire. The study was conducted among 267 households selected by systematic random sampling technique after pre assessment and numbering of <18 years children in the house hold. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to present the data. Finally, odds ratio, binary and multiple logistic regression were used to analyze the association between dependent and independent variables. Results: It was found that 85.9% of parents had used TM for their children. Herbal medicine, massage and religious/prayer therapy were (34.4%), 55 (25.9%) and 25 (11.8%) used major therapies respectively. Monthly income found medium (500-850) [AOR: 0.25(0.08, 0.78)], cultural belief [AOR: 3.01(1.16, 7.83)], religious belief [AOR= 3.17(1.26, 7.93)] and duration of illness [AOR=3.11(1.07, 9.02)] were associated with parental traditional medicine use for their children in this study. Conclusion and recommendations: Traditional medicine use is highly prevalent in the study area 85.9%. Therefore, the integration of traditional medicine as part of modern medicine should be strengthened. Community education and further research on efficacy and safety of TM should also be done. Key words: traditional medicine; children; parents; Tole wareda; Ethiopia
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    Assessent of Stress and Coping Strategies Among Women with Problem of Obstetric Fistula in Addis Ababa Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2008-06) Mengesha, Mesfin; Murugan, Rajalakshmi (PhD)
    Background: An obstetric fistula is a hole in the wall of the vagina connecting to the bladder or rectum that is caused by prolonged and obstructed labor. As a result the girl or woman is left with uncontrollable leaking of urine and/or feces from her vagina, and constant and humiliating odor and wetness. Compounding this catastrophic physical trauma, in almost all cases, the woman suffers the loss of her baby. Without treatment women are frequently ostracized from their communities out of shame. Some are rejected or abandoned by husbands and families. Many are unable to work or earn a living, driving them deeper into poverty (21). Coping responses are a dynamic series of transactions between the individual and the environment, the purpose of which is to regulate internal states and/or alter the person-environment relations. The theory postulates that stressful emotions and coping are due to cognitions associated with the way a person appraises or perceives his/her relationship with the environment 22. This study is conducted to determine the levels of stress and coping mechanisms used by women living with obstetric fistula admitted at Fistula hospital in Addis Ababa. Objective: To determine the sources and levels of stress, and coping mechanisms of women living with obstetric fistula. Methodology: Institution based retrospective cross sectional study was conducted at Addis Ababa fistula hospital from April 2009 to June 2009. Valid and reliable questionnaire administered to all eligible women admitted to the facility during the study period. Participants were surveyed with a demographic data sheet, stress, and ways of coping questionnaire and in-depth semi-structured interviews and then processed and analyzed using SPSS software version 17. Results: Finding of this study showed that, the most frequently encountered sources of stress are internal stressors with highest mean and standard deviation 61.81(11.35) followed by external stressors 27.01 mean and 7.09 SD. The least sources of stressors among these women were, situational stressors having Mean and SD 26.280(8.06). The coping strategy used most frequently among these study subjects was Planful problem solving, Mean and SD 20.341(3.856) and escape- avoidance 15.522 Mean and 3.841 SD. The less common utilized coping strategy among theses women was Confrontive coping having 3.806 Mean and 1.503 standard deviation. Conclusions: Women with obstetric fistula are exposed to many stressful situations as a result of their problem, and these stressful situations are occurring with differing degree. Women utilize different coping mechanisms in order to avert their problem, identification of the type of stressor and it’s level and coping strategy has a paramount importance. Recommendation: The care that we provide to mothers must be an understanding and of holistic type which encompasses education, literacy training, the development of social networks, and the provision of skills with which to earn an adequate livelihood