Rural Development Studies

Permanent URI for this collection

http://etd.aau.edu.et/handle/123456789/14

Browse

Now showing 1 - 20 of 313

Achievements and Challenges of Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Strategic Plan Implementation In Tole Ana of South West Shewa Zone
(Addis Ababauniversity, 2010-06) Gulilat, Awoke; Tolossa, Degefa (PhD)
The overall objective of Ihis study is to assess the achievements of the five years strategic plan and challenges encountered in implementing the stralegic plan in the study ana Tole of the South-West Shewa Zone. In doing so, the research was aimed 01 assessing and finding out major challenges that hindered the strategic plan's implementation in the swdy ana and forward suggestions for fillure performance improvements of the water supply and sanitation development endeavors. During Ihe study, both qualitative and quantilative research melhods were employed. Household survey, Key Informants interview and observation methods were the major data collect ion 100is used to generate primary data. Moreover, all the necessary and relevant secondary data were also used 10 substantiate the primary data. Data analysis of the research was done by using both descriptive stalistics (for quantitative data) and triangulating the findings of different research tools and data sources one with the olher (for qualitative data). It has been depicted thaI less emphasis was given 10 low cost and easily manageable water supply technologies such as on SpOI springs and hand dug wells with hand pump schemes. Implementing bodies have shown unjl/stifled inclinalion to high COSI water supply technologies such as deep wells and machine drilled shallow wells though there IS good ground water potential which could be developed at community level with low cosl and simple and easily manageable technologies. The absence of well organized water resources database (both developed and potentially to be developed) as to the ana IS also another problem encountered in making appropriate and cost efficient water supply technology selection especially on NCOs implemented projects. The weak integralion among stakeholders IS also another challenge which resulted in inefficient utilization of available scarce capital and human resources. The absence of well coordinated monitoring and evaluation system has also aJfocted the construction quality of water supply projects and their timely completion. Moreover, the very limited financial, human and material resources capacity of local implementing bodies such as ana water resources office, less emphaSIS for constructed water supply schemes' manageme11l and the scattered settlement pattern of Ihe people have been also among challenges enCOU11lered during the implemenlation of the strategic plan which resulted in the slow pace of Ihe water supply and sanilation development. Therefore, it IS found recommendable 10 establish a well organized water resources database 01 Ana level so Ihal rational and appropriale water supply oplions' selection could be fairly made. It IS also found importa11l 10 focus on community based low cost and easily manageable water supply options that could be developed with the local capacity by mobilizing the communily at latge with the technical support of local service providers using the available limited capital resources. It is also recommendable to build the capacity of the Ana waler resource office by finance, logistics and materials and manpower (experienced professionals) so that it can give timely response for communities' inquilY and can perfonn ils dulies successfully with its full capacity. Moreover, it IS found recommendable to give due emphasis for the developed water supply schemes ' manageme11t to ensure their sustainability parallel to new water supply schemes construction. The coordination of all stakeholders being involved in the water sector development should also be well strengthened so that efficient uti!tzation of available scarce resources and improved pace of the sector deve/opme11l could be achieved
Achievements and Challenges of Rural Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene Program (R WSSHP) Implementation in Oromia Region. A case study in Bereh Woreda (North Shewa Zone
(Addis Ababa University, 2009-07) Tolcssa, Samuel; Simanc, Belay
Rural Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene Program (RWSSHP) was designed/or Ethiopia based on experience of other developing countries in Africa as well as early experiences in Ethiopia. The program was designed to bring positive changes in lives and conditions of the rural people through radical improvement in water supply and sanitation services as well as behavioral change in personal and environmental hygiene. 117e program is the main strategy for the allainment of UAP in such a way that all program inclusive woredas will attain 100 percent water supply and sanitation coverage by preparing and implementing strategic plan of R WSSHP. in Oromia region the program is being implemented in 152 woredas, of which the study woreda is one of the woredas where the program was early commenced. The overall objective of this study is to assess the achievements of the program sofaI' and challenges of the program's implementation in the region with a case study of Bereh woreda of the North Shewa Zone. in doing so, the research was aimed at obtaining factors that challenging program's implementation in the study woreda myl forward recommendations for its improvements in the fii/llre. Moreover, it was intended to give a clueforfitrther study at broader level in the region The study woreda has prepared five years strategic plan for the period of 2005/06 - 2009/ 10. It was planned to increase rural water supply coverage of the woreda from 23.84% at base year to 100% and sanitation coverageji-om nil to 100% at the end the program's period. In the study both qualitative and quantitative research methods were employed. Focus groups Discussion, Key Informants Discussion and observation methods were the major data collection tools used to generate primw)I data. Inventory of water supply schemes and household latrine was also conducted to produce a primw)I data. All available and relevant secondw)I data were used to substantiate the primw)I datci. Data analysis of the research was dane by triangulating the findings of different research tools and data sources one with/against the other. In doing so, conclusions and recommendations were drawn from the findings. Accordingly, it was reveled that failure to establish Strategic Plan Commillee which is responsible for preparation of the strategic plan of the woreda was the primwy problem in the program's implementation. Moreover, the planning pracess was not participatolY; the strategic plan document was poorly appraised to make it feasible or practicable. On the other hand, though less than its plan rural water supply coverage of the woreda has increased from 23.84% to 3-1.6% and sanitation coverage from nil to 14.8%. The study has also revealed that there is poor tvf&E s)lstem. The woreda has established a comprehensive reliable data base, but failed to update it at least on yearly basis. Xl Generally, there is no good practice o.ffeedback system in the program's impLementation. Integration oj program activities (stakeholders coordination) is almost non-existent. The program is not mainstreamed in the identified stakehoLder organizations. There is wide financial deficiency jor program's implementation. In the study, it was realized that training component oj capacity buiLding was relatively weLL done and a reliabLe Local Service Providers were created to augment the shortage oj local contractors in the water suppLy and health sectors in the woreda. Finally it is recommendable to establish a muLti-disciplinwy Strategic Plan Commiltee and revise the strategic pLan oj the woreda with filii knowLedge oj WWT and the woreda council. The pLan document need to be critically appraised bejore it will be approved and taken as working document. Stakeholders anaLysis is beller done again to strengthen stakehoLders coordination and hencejoster integration oj program's activities. Reji-eshment training need to be given jor concerned stakehoLders and generally program's objectives and impLementation procedures need to be weLL communicated among the woreda staffs and within the user communities.
Adoption of Forage Innovation in Smallholder Farming Systems: A Case Study in Kalu Woreda Of South Wollo Zone, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2008-06) Damtie, Yimam; Simane, Belay (PhD)
Livestock development and production is constrained and challenged by recurrent feed shortage. Forage innovation is proposed to minimize feed shortage for the livestock sector and it is also recommended to control soil erosion and land degradation. Even if the level of adoption is limited, the introduction' of the innovation is not a recent phenomenon in the country. The main emphasis of this study is to assess major feed resources and to identify determinant factors, constraints and challenges of adoption of forage innovation in smallholder farming systems. Kalu is one of the districts where smallholder farming system is practiced. It is one of the 15 administrative districts in South Wollo Zone of Amhara Regional State. In the study, analysis was made using primary data collected from 120 sample households selected through systematic random sampling from purposively selected six Kebeles. Structured questionnaire was used to collect data. The data collected from the sample households using structured questionnaire was supplemented by data collected from key informants and focus group discussants. Descriptive statistics and statistical analysis (chi-square and ttests) were used to describe the sample households' socio- economic, institutional and adoption characteristics; and to test statistical significance of variables that influence the households' adoption decisions. In addition to the statistical tests a logit model was employed to identify determinant factors in adoption of forage innovation. The major feed resources identified were crop residues, weeds, aftermath and grazing pastures. The smallholders manage and control feed resources through collecting and piling crop residues and hays. Forage adoption is started 25 years before in the district. The land allocated and the priority given to grow forage species is limited. The adoption decision is mainly constrained and challenged by uncontrolled grazing and water shortage. Labor shortage, land shortage, literacy le vel; market access, credit delivery, and forage seed have limited impact to challenge and constrain adoption of forage innovation. The logit result shows that from different factors hypothesized to determine adoption of forage innovation, dairy production, beef fattening, contact with extension agents, forage related training, inviting farmers to grow forage species, distance from towns, water and free grazing are found to be significant. The use of cross-bred cows in the dairy production activities has positive and determinant effect on adoption of the technology so that the shift to improved- bred should be a sustainable endeavor. The result also has implication for policy makers, researchers, policy implementers and non- governmental agencies to take their parts in minimizing the constraints and in enhancing the potential for adoption of forage innovation so that the productivity of the livestock sector is increasing.
Adoption of Physical Soil and Water Conservation Structures In Anna Watershed, Hadiya Zone, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2006-08) Ertiro, Habtamu; Bewket, Woldeamlak (PhD)
The objectives o.lthis study were to describe soil conservation measures introduced to the area and to investigate holl' farmers have adopted introduced conservation measures. It also aimed to assessfactors that affect farmers' adoption. The data for the study came mainly fi'omfarmers in the study catchment. Itll'as analyzed using 1\1'0 methods: descripti1'e and regression methods Soil conservation measures intrndllced to the area can be grouped into three depending on tile land use type ill which they are installed. The first: soil conservation measures on cultivated{telds, these are the most dominant ones. They include, soil bunds and fanya juu. The second: soil conservation measures on degraded hillsides, they include area closure, hillside terrace, micro-basin!; and plantations. The third: soil conservation measures to rehabilitate gullies. they include Brash \I'ood check-dams and Rockfi/ll loose rock check-dams. Farmers responded to soil conservation measures introduced on cultivation fields differently. From J I 0 respondents. 53% removed conservation structures completely. 20% removed selectively and the remaining 21% of the interviewee retained these structures in their original state. [t was found that farmers ' decision to remove completely, to remove selectively or retain in the original state is influenced by different factors. Farmers that perceive the problem of soil erosion belieI'. plan to continue in the farming. and tl)' new technologies are 1I10re likely to retain conservation structures. Likewise, farmers that cultivate their uwn !ands, attended soil conservation trainings and those perceived traditional conservation measures to be less effective in retaining soil erosion compared (0 the iniroduced soil conservation technologies are more likely to make decision to retain conservation structures installed on their .fcll'lnland. On the contrm)" Ftrl17erS that are old, having large farmland, plowing black soil and involved in o/ffarm activities are less likely to retain conservation structures. Different measures need to be undertaken to address the problem of low level of adoption o.f conservation structures. Appropriate conservation measures need 10 be found out ins'fead of heavy reliance on the physical conservation measures especially on cultivation fields. Farmers also need to be made aware ol rhe economic significance of soil erosion on the cultivated fields belieI'. Farmers that lack required labor need to be provided with sZlpports that enable them to nilain conservation structures. Farmers that try new technologies by themselves on their own land also need to be targeted.Farmers need to be provided with trainings on impact of soil erosion and available conservation measures. Information on inejjectiveness of traditional conservation measures has to be disseminated among Flrmers. Furthermore, farm ers have to be made remain on the agricultural sector, by making the sector more productive. and cultivate their own land.
Adoption of Wheat-Chickpea Double Cropping and Its Impact on Yield and Farm Income in Becho Woreda, South West Shoa Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2019-06) Haileyesus, Desalegn; Mekuriaw, Dr. Abate
Adoption of wheat chickpea double cropping is one of the measures presumed to enhance productivity and farm income given potential compatibility of the crops. Double cropping maximizes benefit from same area and season in suiting twice harvest in a single season. In light of this premise, this study was initiated to analyze adoption status of wheat-chickpea double cropping, factors affecting the adoption and its impacts on yield and farm income of farming households s in Becho Woreda, South West Shoa Zone, Oromia region, Ethiopia. The study used cross-sectional data collected from 203 smallholder farm households selected through two-stage stratified random sampling techniques. Descriptive statistics and econometric models were used to analyze the data. Probit model and propensity score matching method (psmatch2) were employed to analyze determinant factors of the adoption and the impact of adoption on yield and farm income, respectively. The binary probit model result indicated that sex of household head, farmer type (model or non-model), total tropical livestock unit (TLU), training on double cropping, access to improved seeds, access to broad bed maker(BBM) and access to fertilizer were significant factors affecting the likelihood of adoption of wheat-chickpea double cropping positively and significantly. But, involvement in non-farm income had negative and significant influence on the likelihood of adoption of wheat-chickpea double cropping. The result of the psmatch2 estimation showed that adoption of wheat-chickpea double cropping has significant impact on yield and farm income of the treated households compared to the control groups. The result showed that, treated groups harvested average wheat yield of 21.2 Q/ha ,while the control groups harvested average wheat yield of 14.2 Q/ha with a difference of 6.9Q/ha. In line with farm income, keeping other farm income constant for both the treated and controls; the treated households earned average annual farm income of about 22,692 birr per year from sale of both wheat and chickpea as adopters while the control smallholders earned average farm income of 4128 birr from sale of wheat as non-adopters (mono-croppers) at statistically significant level (t=3.46 for yield and 5.34 for farm income). The findings suggest that, Ministry of agriculture (MoA) and its relevant stakeholders need to focus on promoting double cropping practice as one feasible measure in Vertisol dominant areas so as to exhaust the opportunity from the cropping system. The promotion of the double cropping system need to be supported by the provision of proper training on double cropping, better access to improved seeds, better access to efficient broad bed maker (AYBAR brand or better),efficient support in livestock productivity, and better timely access to recommended fertilizer. Key words: Adoption, Determinant Factors, Double Cropping, Farm Income, Yield
Adoption ofImproved Natural Resource Management Technologies in North Western Ethiopia: A Case Study in Dangila Woreda of Amhara Region.
(Addis Ababa University, 2006-12) Negash, Dagnew; Negatu, Workneh(PhD)
The major objective of this research is to examine the state of adoption of improved NRM technologies particularly, the adoption condition of two improved NRM technologies which are economically and ecologically important in the study area ( bund and woodlot tree planting) and to identify some of the basic socio-economic and institutional factors affecting it. The source of data was based mainly on the survey of 160 randomly selected sample HHHs of the five PAs of the woreda under investigation. However, data of 148 sample households was analyzed since the data of 12 sample households was deficient with the necessary information . The study has employed both descriptive and qualitative data analysis techniques. As it is evidenced from the survey result the majority of the farmers of the study area implemented(adopted ) NRM technologies. However, the mode of implementation was both forceful as well as on voluntary basis. Hence ,even the though the adoption incidence seems encouraging, the adoption intensity and its final out come is minimum and it is not as expected in the study area .Thus ,the research result have shown us that the adoption condition of fanners to the improved NRM technologies ,specifically the bund and woodlot tree planting technologies is influenced by a range of socio-economic and institutional factors. Therefore, the factors like land holding size, livestock size, agricultural extension service delivery/frequency of extension contacts by conservation agents, land tenure security, participation of fanners at planning stage of NRM activities and attitude of the beneficiaries towards the bund technology were found to be significantly associated with the adoption decision of bund technology. On the other hand, age of the household heads, land holding size, agricultural extension service delivery, land tenure security, physical access of market , participation of beneficiaries at planning stage of NRM works and the attitude of farmers towards the woodlot tree planting technology have been found significantly associated to the adoption decision of the farmers to wood lot tree planting. In conclusion, blanket approach to natural resource management intervention efforts could make the measures inappropriate to local conditions and could be even unacceptable by the land user. Hence local specific, household focused and technology based approaches have to be followed in order to able to tackle the socio-economic and institutional factors that are involved in adoption decision ofNRM technologies by the farmers of the study area.
Agricultural Input Use, Total Factor Productivity Growth and Rural Poverty: Dynamics and Patterns in Southern Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2021-06) Fikru, Merihun; Alamirew, Bamlaku Associate Professor
Evidence shows that the rate of input use is decisive for productivity growth; the percentage of farmers who applied fertilizer has slow progress in Ethiopia. Studies suggested possible ways of addressing in the limitations of understanding the empirical knowledge and methods. This study analyzed the impact of agricultural input use to augment the productivity of major crops. A panel data of (2011, 2013, and 2015) acquired from the Ethiopian socio-economic survey was used. It was analyzed using the basic fixed effect model and dose-response function under exogenous and endogenous treatment models. In the exogenous and endogenous treatment cases, households applying fertilizer have achieved actual yields with different levels of higher outputs than their counterparts. In endogenous treatment, the household applying fertilizer harvested higher output than those in the counterfactual condition. Though factors affecting the products of crops have a significant effect on their productivity, the level of its impact varies in both exogenous and endogenous treatment approaches. On average, its productivity was 6.16 per year and exhibited a clear upward trend for the first two rounds. Although the upward trend declined from 2013- 2015, the overall productivity increased in the survey years. Moreover, inputs: fertilizer, seed, labor force, farm capital use have a positive effect on aggregate outputs of considered crops. Findings pinpoint the policy that farmers should focus on intensity use of inputs and improve production.
Analysis of Public Reaction to the Newly Amended and Introduced Urban Land Lease Policy of Ethiopia and Its Future Implications The Case of Akaki Kaliti Sub-city, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia By: Abebe Kebede A Thesis submitted to the Institute of Regional and Local Development Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Degree of Master of Arts in Urban Development and Management Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2012-06) Kebede, Abebe; Mahiteme, Yirgalem (PhD)
Ethiopia has been under-taking different urban land policies to address land related problems; and supply urban infrastructure and social services since 1975. Urban land lease policy was first introduced in 1993; and then amended in 2002 due to its inefficiencies to achieve its objectives. The government amended the existing urban land lease policy and introduced it in 20 11. This action created debates among different sections of the communities. The central aim of this paper is to analyze the public reaction to this newly introduced urban land lease policy and its possible future implications. This study tries to identify the reason behind introduction of the policy; examine the public reaction to the policy and its poss ible future implications; and look at the level of the stakeholders' involvement in the policy processes. Mixed research methods; community cross sectional research design; primary and secondary data sources; household survey, focus group discuss ions and key infonnants' interviews were used for this study. The results of the study indicated that: this lease policy was designed to meet the ever increasing demand for urban land through proper urban land management; the policy process lacked stakeholders' involvement and public voices; regularization of illegally occupied urban land disappointed the majority; the conversion of old possession to leasehold affected the possessors and the banks. FUlthermore, the concepts in the new regulation prepared for implementation of the new proclamation has contradict with that of the proclamation; and research participants doubted on the role of this policy to solve the defects of its predecessor's policies: and achieve its pre-set objectives as well
An Analysis of Recent Performance of Addis Ababa City Administration in Revenue Generation and Collection
(Addis Ababa University, 2008-07) Ayana, Abate; Paul, Issac
Public revenue is concerned with the identification, generation, collection and administration of revenues. However, revenue generation and collection efforts are constrained by many challenges and problems. The objective of this research is to analyses the recent performance of Addis Ababa city administration in its revenue generation and collection efforts and to devise ways for the maximum utilization of the revenue potential of the city. This study is based on descriptive analysis and the methodology combines both qualitative and quantitative types of data and information. It has employed both primary and secondary sources of data. The data collection methods include document review, opinion survey and interview. The study has revealed that, Addis Ababa city administration enjoys wider sources of revenue. Thus, it generates and collects revenue from tax, non-tax, capital, municipal and external sources. It is observed that tax revenue on average contributed nearly half of the city's total income in the period under study. However, despite the good performance of the city administration in generating and collecting of revenues, there are many problems and challenges which hindered the maximum utilization on the revenue potential of the city. The major challenges include poor revenue collection performance, non-utilization of alternative revenue sources, the problems of revenue fluctuations and others. The study has come up with recommendations that should be taken both at the federal government and the city administration level. To this end, proper utilization of alternative sources of revenue, empowering the city to administer it own sources of revenue and designing a revenue sharing system are some of the policy implication of the paper.
Analysis of Research-Extension-Farmer Linkage in North West Ethiopia The Case of Participatory Finger Millet Technology Development and Delivery in Mecha Wereda of the Amhara Region
(Addis Ababa University, 2010-06) Altaye, Shimelis; Mberengwa, Ignatius (PhD)
T he study examines res ea rch-extension-fann e rs li nkage system in rel ation to fin ge r mill et techno logy develop me nt a nd delivery, and the identification of factors influencing linkages in North West Ethiopia due to the fact that the prese nt research-extension-fa rm ers linkage scena ri o in Et hiopia in general and in th e study area in particular ha s been in effic ie nt and in e ffect ive in ac hi eving the prescribed goal of in creasing food production and improving th e qual it y of li fe of fanne rs. In this study, ra ndom samp ling procedure. wa s used to se lect 5 samp le PA s and 100 sample farm house ho ld s. Moreover, 18 researche rs from three re sea rch organ izations a nd 26 extens io n agents from three extension organizations were selected purposfull y.The requiered data were collected us in g both primary and seco ndary s ources. Res ults of the study revea led that the influence and participation of fanners, exte nsion agents, and researchers in the generation and wid er tes ting of new fin ger millet tec hnologi es have bee n minim a l. Farmers' aware ness of improved fin ge r m ill et technologies and researcher's awa ren ess of best fa rmers ' fin ger mille t practicies we re low. Moreover, participation of farmers, researc hers, and exte nsion agents in setting both research and ex tension agend a; use of co llab orative act ivities s uch as joint adapti ve trials, and s ur veys, has been a bare mini mum . Likewise, their mechanisms of exchange of resources, feedback, and coo rd inat in g t he overall activ iti es a nd systems performance were found to be wea k. The ir low use of s uc h activities underscores the lack of complete or partial linkage existi ng betwee n re sea rcher s, extension agents and far mers. To th is end, mutual re spec t and recognitions of partners competence is rarely present in the techno logy system of research a nd extension. In s um , re sea rch and extension are not a lways pe rce ived as two components sharing a comm on goa l, that of makin g re levant technolo gies ava ilable to farmers. Res ults of the econometric mode l indicated that fa rmin g experience of th e house ho ld , di s ta nce to a ll weather roads and m arkel , fr eq uency of exten sion contact, leadership position, and attendi ng tra in ing and workshops, we re found to have s ignificant impact on determining linkages of farme rs' with research and extension. On the other hand, exten sion agents' overburden in diverse ta sks , phy s ical resource constraint s, educational leve l of the age nts, structural , motivational and in ce nti ve problems, were im portant va ri ab les that had s ignifica ntl y influenced extension agents ' linkages in part icipatory finger mill et tec hnology d eve lopme nt a nd delivery with researchers and farmers. Simi alrily, financial constraints of the resea rch organi zat ions, exten sion agents work in vo l vement in diverse tasks, professional work experience of researchers , and us e of stakeholders meeting as so urc es of research agenda settin g, we re found to have s ig nificant impact on determining researchers lin kages wit h extens ion and farmers. The overa ll findin g of the st udy underl in ed o r the a uthor recommended the high imp0l1an ce of sys tems pers pectives re ga rdin g strong research-exte nsion-farmers linkages w ith a trans parent, responsible and accou ntab le linkage policy bas ed on th e consent of a ll stakehold e rs. It should be note d that poli cy make rs, managers, a nd research and extension personnel s hould recogni ze t hat resea rch and extension are part of a sin gle syste m a nd that th e mi ss ion of th is system is to make re levant techno log ie s available to farm e rs. T herefore, policy and development in terventions should g ive emphas is to lin kages, a nd shou ld treat it as an integral part in the technology ge neration and transfe r process through pro vis ion of so und leadersh ip, better ince ntive mechanisms, adeq uat e financial, physical , and human resources, reducing the work overl oad of extension staffs. Wh at is more, effective leadership that makes research and exten sion accountabl e for their 'actions is al s o needed.
An Analysis of the Ethiopian Legal Framework For The Formation and Operation of Civil Society Organizations
(Addis Ababa University, 2001-07) Bekele, Daniel; Aberra, Getachew (PhD)
This research work presents an analysis of the Ethiopian legal Famework that governs the formation and operation of Civil Society Organizations (CSOs). The objective of the research work has been to assess the adequacy of the existing legal regime and practices that govern the formation and operation ofCSOs. The central argument of the research work is a positive assertion that the existing legal framework and practices for the civil society sector is inadequate which in turn affects the contribution of the sector towards the development process of the country. The paper begins by selling out the role of CSOs in the development process and the importance of a legal framework that governs the sector. This discussion shows how CSOs have increasingly came to be accepted as one of the key actors in the development process both at a global and the national level. After having established the role of CSOs in the development process, the paper examines the legal framework that governs this sector. Examination of the legal framework for the civil society sector begins by a literature review on the over all role of law in the development process. The discussion on this subject identifies the crucial role of law in the development process at large and the social, political and economic rationales on why a country should want to have a legal framework that governs the civil society sector. The paper continues to provide a survey of the existing laws and regulations that govern the sector in Ethiopia and tries to identify major practical issues of the legal framework, which have constrained the formation and operation of CSOs. The research work has identified a set of practical problems that the sector is facing both in formation and operation. The issues are identified on the basis of a series of consultation with practitioners of the sector and other well-placed observers. The analysis on these issues proves the central argument that the existing legal framework for CSOs is inadequate and hence the need for adopting a comprehensive legal regime that enables the formation and operation of CSOs. Such a new comprehensive legislation responsive to the needs of the sector will help to maximize the contribution of the sector towards the development effort of the country.
Analyzing Rural-Urban Migrants’ Income Level in the Informal Sector: The Case Of street Vendor Of Yeka Sub-City Of Addis Ababa.
(Addis Ababa University, 2019-06) Abebe, Addisu; Alemu PhD, Getnet
Street vending is an important source of income for many poorer segment of the society in the urban area. Despite the informal sector absorbs for about 60 percent of the urban labor force in Ethiopia, Migrants are unable to cover the costs of living in the cities and made it difficult for them to save and remit money to their families. In light of this premise, this study was initiated to analyze migrants’ income level and explores migrants’ major challenges in the street vending business of Yeka sub city, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The study used cross-sectional data collected from114 street vendors individuals selected through simple random probability sampling techniques. Descriptive statistics and econometric models were used to analyze the data. Logit model method was employed to analyze determinant factors of the income level of migrants engaged in the street vending business. The binary logit model result indicated that age of the household, source of start-up capital to launch the street vending business, and years of experience in the street vending business were significant factors affecting the incomes of migrants positively and significantly. But, sex of the household, education level, and durations of stay in Addis Ababa had negative and significant influence on the incomes of migrants. Based on the findings, recommendations such as job linkages between technical and vocational education and training /TVET/ to train and hire less educated migrants in respective areas to reduce the number of migrants in the city, building the institutional capacity and facilitating the credit schemes as source of capital are recommended.
and Socioeconomic Implications in Bishoftu Town: The Case of Communities at The Periphery
(Addis Ababa University, 2013-06) Geleta, Dejene; Degefa, Terefe (PhD)
The main objective of this study is to analyze the demographic and socioeconomic implications of urban expansion in peripheral areas of Bishoflu and generate better ways for the filfure displacements. The specific objectives of the study are to examining the impacts of urban expansion on .fertility, mortality, morbidity, family size, migration, marriage and divorce; to identifo the livelihood and unemployment effects; to assess the impacts of displacement on education, health, religion, ethnicity and social coherence; and to find out beller ways of urban expansion rehabililation designing scheme to reduce the impacts of urban expansion in the periphery. A statistic descriptive study design was applied to accomplish this research work. And both non-probability and probability sampling methods were used. The sampling Fame indicates di5placed populations that are found in the study area. It employed household survey, par/ieipatOlY group discussions and key informants interviews through close-ended and open-ended questions. The results of the study indicated that the implemented expansion program was not participalOlY and has marginalized the periphelY community. The compensalion package provided could not capacitale the land and assels di5possessed. Thus, urban expansion displacement increasedfertilily, outmigration, divorce, family size, unemployment as well as decreased social cohesion, family dissolulions and less income source. To overcome the situalion, Ihe programs should be underlaken with prior consent of the victims and facilirating vocational training to enhance the di5placed community for sustainable life in the fit/w·e.
Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining Participation and Its Impact on the Livelihood of Rural Households in Tigray National Region State, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2020-06) Sebhatleab, Gebreselassie; Seyoum PhD, Abrham
The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of artisanal and small-scale gold mining participation on the livelihood of the rural HHs in Tigray National Region State, Ethiopia. The study employed mixed research approaches. Primary data were collected using structured questionnaire from 160 participant and 218 non-participant households, 50 KIIs, 15 FGDs and field observation. Purposive sampling was used to select the study woredas, tabias and members of KIIs and FGDs whereas simple random sampling was applied to draw the survey respondents in the study area. Data were analyzed using multiple techniques. Descriptive analysis and independent sample t-test was used to compare mean difference between participant and non-participant households. The Heckman two stage models was employed to analyze the gold supply to the formal market agents. The food security status of sample households was measured using HFIAS, HFCS, FEI and PSM. On the other hand, Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) and PSM were used to analyze the poverty status of households in the study area. STATA version 14 has been used to run the probit and logistic regression outcomes. Finally, Livelihood Vulnerability Index (LVI) was used to assess the vulnerability of livelihood assets in the study area. The results of the study revealed that gold mining is an avenue of generating income for rural households in the study area. The issue of governance in the ASM sector has been found defective. The regression outcome indicates that six variables were found determinant factors affecting gold supply to the formal market and these were distance to the nearest market place, distance to the mining sites, limited access to transportation, poor governance of the ASM sector, and perception of miners and lack of access to credit service. Results from HFIAS, HFCS and FEI indicate that participant households had better food security status than the non-participant households. The results from NNM, KM and RM on the income and food security have shown that households who had been involving in gold mining participation increased their annual income by 23,584.86 ETB and food security by a factor of 0.60. The regression results also demonstrates that sex of household head, livestock ownership, off farm income of the households and lack of credit service were found the determinants of households’ food security in the study area. With regard to the poverty status of households, in education and health dimensions, participant and non-participant households were found MPI poor whereas in the third dimension (living standard), the non-participant households were found more MPI poor than their counterparts. Besides, results from NNM, KM and RM also indicate that the total annual income and expenditure of participant households were found higher than the non-participant households in the study area. Finally, results from LVI exhibits that of all the assets, the participant and non-participant households were found extremely vulnerable in terms of natural capital by 0.76 and 0.71 respectively. The study recommends that mining policies, laws and regulations shall be framed based on the local context. Regulating the black market of gold requires extra commitment from the government and hence, there should be effective coordination between federal and regional governments. Miners shall be trained on how to extract miners and protect its adverse effects. There must be a separate tier from federal to local levels that specifically focuses on the ASM sector by allocating human and material resources to improve the overall performance of the sector.
An Assesement of The Emergency Nutritional Status and Household Food Security of Somali Refugees and Its Determinants: The Case of Melkadida Refugees Camp In Somali Region
(Addis Ababauniversity, 2011-05) Tsegaye, Abiy; Gurmu, Eshetu (PhD)
Assessemnt of the Relationship of Governmental and Non Governmental Organisations in Ethiopia.
(Addis Ababa University, 2007-07) Ayalew, Megbaru; Abebe, Mullugeta (PhD)
The main focus of this paper rl?Volves around four major issues. The first issue relates to the type of government and its policies tawards working in collaboration with NGOs to respond to social needs and to provide support for the vulnerable so that they make ends meet. The second issue focuses on the sigmficance of social and economic programs of NGOs in line with the nations' human centered development. The third issue deals with the importance of the role of the government in creating an enabling environment for the NGOs so that they play their roles in building good governance, In establishing the rule of law and in increasing their contributions in social provisioning. The final point is on the importance of the complementarities of the government and NGOs' roles in the counlnis effort to get out of poverhj by working on principled based and through good practices of partnership. This research examines the relationship behveen NGOs and the government at federal level focusing on the overall coordination and at ANRS Il?Vel focusing on program management Cljele and service provision in the education sector. According to the findings of the study, the Government - NGOs relationship in the countnj is a mixed hjpe; ranging from subservient, compensatonj and partnership type of relationship. Hawl?Ver, currently, no relationship is helping NGOs to operate at their full capacihj for positive change in human centered dl?Velopment endeavors. The mistrust of both parties should be managed f ollowing partnership principles and good practices. [n this regard, government should go out of its way to appreciate and learn the con tribution of NGOs in service provisioning and poverhj alleviation by establishing a high level structure that could coordinate and facilitate the possible partnership between the government and NGOs because 110 single and comprehensive government institution is currently in place to coordinate and facilitate NGOs development. programs and relationships. Finally, it is hoped that this study will help to ignite debate among policy form ulators, academician s, and within the c NGOs about their fu ture role and contributions in human centered development.
An Assessemt of the Performance of Co-Operatives and Their Implications for Local Economic Development: The Case of Selected Co-Operatives in Ada' A Woreda, Oromiy A Regional State
(Addis Ababa University, 2007) Adugna, Hailu; Gebre Egziabher, Tegegne (PhD)
The study is conducted with the main objective of assessing the performance of co-operatives and their implication for local economic developmenl. An al/empt is made to see the place of co-operatives in providing input and output marketing services, capital accumulalion and asset building, employment creation and community income diversification. To this end, nineteen primary societies (which are broadly divided in to five categories depending on the area of their activities) are selected and studied. The study used primary data from in-depth interview with the leaders of study co-operatives, interview with officials from relevant bureaus, focus group discussions with member beneficiaries, personal observations and documentary materials. Secondary data are also collected from different co-operatives bureaus and other sources and used to supplement primary data. Simple descriptive statistical tools such as percentages, averages and the like are used in presenting the results. Generally, the study found that agricultural input supply and product marketing (such as dairy products, minerals, and vegetables) are among the valuable marketing services being provided by some study co-operatives to the local community (especially the members), though the grain marketing service, which is provided by some of them, is far from being adequate. Besides, some co-operalives are doing well in the area of developing rural finance proper, local resource mobilization and capital accumulation, asset building, employment creation and communities' income diversification; while some others are not performing remarkably with this regard so far. Moreover, the role being played by some study cooperatives in the area of technology diJjiJsions, linking local communities with difftrent stakeholders within and outside the locality, and provision of social safety net services sounds promising starts. It is also realized that the services by these co-operatives are encouragingly contributing towards the bel/erment of local communities' livelihood, and the development of local economy. Yet, it is understood from the study that myriads of problems are deterring the realization of the development potential of these co-operatives. Some of the major problems indicated in many cases are inadequate financial capacity; lack of human resources (such as qualified, visionary and commit/ed leadership); inadequate awareness and participation of members invarious ajfairs of their co-operatives; and absence of adequate, sustainable, relevant action oriented training opportunity (both for the leaders and the member.l); lack of dependable market; and no or limited access to various technologies. Besides, others problems such as intensive competition from private sectors; limited information communication networh with different parties; and lack of infrastructures such as ojjice, warehouse, roads; and inadequate governmen/ support are also mentioned in some cases with varying degrees of seriousness. Hence, to realize the immense development aptitude of these institutions in the area of input and output marketing, resource mobilization, capital accumulation, employment creation and communi/ies'income diversifica/ion, and in o/her socio-economic arenas, /0 /he bes/ merit of the locali/y and local communi/y, priori/y based reac/ion to /he aforementioned problems should be given appropria/e emphasis.
Assessing Environmental Knowledge, Attitude And Behavior (Kab) of The Residents of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababauniversity, 2011-05) Tenaw, Eleni; Y Aberra, Gebreyohannes (phD)
Environmental problems such as air and water pollution, urban garbage and Climate changes in urban areas are the result of human environmental knowledge, attitude and behavior. Only changes in human knowledge, attitude and behavior can reduce these environmental problems. Thus, studying environmental knowledge, attitude and behavior of residents towards environment is a precondition to change this situation. So, the main objective of this study was to assess the environmental Knowledge, attitude and behavior of residents of Addis Ababa City Government. To examine the level of environmental knowledge, attitude and behavior of Addis Ababa residents 204 individuals were chosen through a stratified cluster random sampling technique. Respondents were interviewed a bout their environmental knowledge, attitude and behavior, and their major source of infonnation. Environmental knowledge, attitude and behavior were measured through 26, 10, and 16 items. Individual's response to each of these items has been given an equal weight of one and their total scores computed by aggregating values of each of the items. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to assess possible relationship among environmental knowledge, attitude and behaviors of respondents. Data processing and analysis was done using the CSPro and SPSS statistical packages respectively. The results of the study showed that although the majority of the residents of Addis Ababa (95.5%) are aware of existing environmental problems of the city, the level of their knowledge is observed to be still very low (58.9% of them scored below the mean valu e). When looked across the different socio·demographic characteristics Male, literate, single, and protestant Christian respondents are observed to be better in environmental knowledge (69%, 78.3%, 67.1 %, 68.8% respectively scored above the mean value) than their colleagues in other categories
Assessing Piped Water Project and Its Impact on Socio-Economic Conditions of the Urban Community in Amuria District, Uganda: Case of Amuria Town Council (ATC)
(Addis Ababa University, 2012-06) Kizito, Echiru; Tolossa, Degefa (PhD)
This study was Jocused to assess lIe piped water supply projecl and ils ' socio-econolllic illlpacls to the urban comlllUnity oj Allluria town council, Amuria district. The key objectives include; assessing roles oJactors ill the water sector, IdentifYingJactors that influence access to piped water and thereafter assessing impacts oj piped water access on socio-econolllic condilions oj the community, and to assess challenges encountered by the actors. The field work was conducled Jar a period oj two months (August-September 2011). This study was based on qualitative approach Jar data collection and analysis. However, sOllie quantilative data has also been presented in the literatures and analysis part. The findings of this study was based on the three key objectives include the Jollowing; the major actors in the piped water supply were the governlllent institutions at national and local levels (MWE, NWSC, DWO and DLB), the NGOs particularly WaterAid Uganda, private company here reJerred to Alllbitious Construction Company Lilllited (ACCL) and the COIIIIIIUllity. The inJorlllal sector like the water vendors were also Jound to be one oj the actors involved in water services provision to the cOllllllunity, though they do not directly interact by other institutions dealing with piped water. The major deterlllinants Jar piped water access were Jound to be access to land, NWCS Charter, Government policies in addressing poverty, unelllployment, inJrastructural development and general economic conditions like inflation. Socio-econolllic impacts have been registered by those connected to piped I·vater in the areas including not lilllited to; tillle saving, increased productivity in water related businesses, health and hygiene improvement and improved school attendance Jar school going children. It has also created employment opportunity to sOllle households who are able to sell piped water to cOllllllunity members to earn income. However, the main challenges Jacing the water supply include governance ineffectiveness in service delivelY (low service provision, poor accountability, bureaucracy, no public participation), limited man power and equiplllents at Alliuria NWSC sub-office, political issues, iligh costs of water production and supply, ineffiCient power supply at the water pumping site (Aoja swamp), and limited quality assurance of the services provided alllong others. Th ereJore, the recolllmendations Jar water supply include the need to; stakeholders' participation should be embraced by government, addressing staffing and equipment problem, alternative sources of power like stand by generators, poverty reduction strategies and plans should be effectively implemented at all levels in the collegiality by both government and development partners.
Assessing Tourism Product Development: The Case of Mekelle City, Tigray Regional State, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2013-11) Alemshet, Daniel; Feseha, Mulugeta (PhD)
Assessing tourism product development in this study is mainly undertaken to understand the existing products, facilitate product diversification, and for improvement of tourism products. Tourism product is all about visitors experience from the existing products and services, activities, and attractions. The main objective of this study is to assess the tourism producldevelopment of Mekelle city in order to come up with diversified tourism products so as to improve visitor experiences in the city. To achieve this objective the study has employed both quantitative and qualitative research methods as well as stratified sampling technique throughout the research study. And the data collection instruments employed includes both primary data and secondary data. The collected data from questionnaires were analyzed through SPSS version 16 using descriptive statistics and frequencies, while the qualitative data from the concerned bodies and the data obtained through observation were analyzed using descriptive and interpretive methods. The major findings of the study show that Mekelle city has high tourism potential. However, the tourism product development activity is very weak. This is attributed to the problems that attractions are not data based, not mapped, and packaged. Even the two popular attractions, Atse Yohannes IV Museumand Addi Haki Martyr's statue, have very little tourism product development. The accessibility to most attractions and the quality of product and service given by Mekelle city's tourism cluster and tourism business providers is poor and not adequate for visitor's experience as well as for better tourism development of the city. Though there are huge opportunities like the attractions, being the capital city of the regional state but there are also challenges that need to be minimized through different techniques such as weak coordination among the key Stakeholders, less trained man power and inadequate finance and others. Therefore, for better tourism development of the city, the concerned bodies should have to participate in all wings of the industry. Key words; Assessing, Tourism, Tourism Product, Tourism Product Development, Mekelle

Browse

Browsing Rural Development Studies by Title

Results Per Page

Sort Options