Developmental Psychology

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Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Breast and Complementary Infant Feeding Among Mothers in Shinasha Culture: The Case of Bullen Woreda, Benishangul Gumuz Region
(Addis Ababa University, 2004-05) Hirpa, Assefa; Zewdie, Teka (PhD)
The objective of this study was to investigate the knowledge, attitude and practice of breast and complementary infant feedings among mothers of Shinasha culture in Bullen Woreda. The study was undertaken in four kebeles (Metti, Bullen 02, Matta and Addias Alem) and 80 participants were selected by using convenient sampling as they are mothers who currently are feeding (breast and complementary foods) to their infants and Questionnaire, interview and focus group discussion were used to collect data. This study employed the combination of both qualitative and quantitative methods. In this mixed approach the researcher used quantitative methods of data collection as the dominant and qualitative methods are supplementary. The data were analyzed by using frequency, mean, percentage, Pearson’s correlation as well as one way ANOVA (one way analysis of variance). The result of analysis reveals that mothers were not given any information about infant feeding before birth of the infant and after birth of the infant mothers got information about breast and complementary infant feeding from elder mothers. The result also indicated that there is no significant difference among mothers on their knowledge, attitude and practice of breast and complementary infant feeding on the three categories of age. Mothers lacked sufficient knowledge about the importance of breast feeding for breastfeeding mothers and also biased in duration of breastfeeding between both sexes of their infants. Mothers showed positive attitude about breast feeding in such areas as: Self-initiated interest of breast feeding, enhancement of mother child interaction through breast feeding, enjoyable nature of breast feeding. Regarding the practices of breastfeeding mothers reported that they give fresh butter as pre-lactal food before breast milk during the time of birth. Concerning the knowledge of complementary infant feeding mothers reported that male infants should start complementary foods earlier than female infants. Mothers had positive attitudes about complementary infant feeding, so they reported that early introduction of complementary foods makes their infants healthy and strong. As far as mothers practices of complementary feeding is concerned, mothers practiced providing their infants about two- three times a day. It is concluded that there is no statistically significant difference among mothers on their knowledge level, attitude and practices on breast and complementary infant feeding on their age groups. Finally it was recommended that all concerned bodies of the community, health extension workers etc. should take their parts in educating and creating awareness for mothers about breast and complementary infant feeding. Key words: Breastfeeding, Complementary feeding, Knowledge. Attitudes, Practices, Mothers
Learning Psychological Concepts Through Lecture Versus Reading Module: an Experimental Study
(Addis Ababa University, 2004-06) Heripa, Abiye; Tefera, Belay (PhD)
Method of teaching concepts is one among other factors affecting students' performance but it is not given much attention among educators. This study was based on the premise that research findings contribute to identifying appropriate methods of teaching, which can facilitate student performance. It mainly aimed at investigating the effectiveness of teaching psychological concepts through lecturing versus reading module in Africa Beza College. The sample consisted of 127 randomly selected second year Accounting students at Africa Beza College, Shashemene and Addis Ababa campuses. Out of the total population of 430 regular students, 30% (that is 127) participated in the study; of which 57 belonged to the control and 70 belonged to the experimental groups respectively. At the begilming, the researcher tried to see their CGP A re , ult to know their achievement and also pre-test was given on the topic of the experiment i.e. memory (Remembering and forgetting). Both results indicate that there were no statistically significant difference between the control and experimental groups at the beginning. After that, the researcher prepared eleven lessons for control and experimental groups for a period of 4 to 8 weeks consecutively. At the end, post-test was prepared based on the lessons and was administered to both groups. The result showed that there is a statistically significant difference between the control and experimental groups on the topic of memory uses test. This difference was found among the higher achievers of both the Control and the Experimental groups, where as the difference among the lower achievers of both groups was not significant. Therefore, the finding of the study shows that reading the material favors high achieving students, in similar manure, the lecture method affects achievement of high achieving students
Resilience Status, Risk and Protective Factors of Aids-Orphan Adolescents in Twelve Kebeles of Addis Ababa
(Addis Ababa University, 2005-06) Markos, Bisrate; Venkatachalam (Professor)
This study examined the resilience status, and the associated risk and protective factors of AIDS orphan adolescents living in selected twelve Kebeles of Addis Ababa. 300 respondents who had lost both of their parents to HIVIAIDS disease in the age range of 13-18 years were sampled from the Kebeles' lists for this study. ConnorDavidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) and questionnaire (which assessed individual, familial and social environment information) were administered to the respondents of which 266 valid and complete responses of AIDS orphan adolescents was taken for data analysis. Mean split method showed that 213 of the respondents had atleast average resilience level scores in CD-RISC where as only 113 were found to have below average competence level. Using independent sample T-tests and ANOVA responses to the questionnaire were analyzed in relation to respondents' resilience scores. The finding showed that gender (females over males); education status; academic performances; living arrangements; access to basic needs; participating in community activities; access to attachment figures; and coping mechanisms ( looking for advice and use of prayers over other coping mechanisms) were found directly related to AIDS orphan adolescents resiliency. On the otherhand, changing living area, crime and substance use prevalence in the area were found to be inversely related to AIDS orphan adolescents resiliency. However, age, proximity of years since death of parents, employment and emotional states of respondents were found to have insignificant effects on their resilience statuses. Based on this research's findings most of the risk and protective factors indicated in resilience theory were found to be applicable to AIDS orphan adolescents of Addis Ababa, and recommendations on how to apply the theories approaches were indicated finally signifying required individual, familial, and social environment characteristics to concerned bodies dealing with positive development of AIDS orphan adolescents
Exploring the Incoming: A Comparative Academic Achievement Study of Preparatory and Freshman Origin Sophomore Students
(Addis Ababa University, 2005-06) Takele, Bizuneh; Meshesha, Ayele (PhD)
The purpose of this study is to determine whether or not there exists a significant difference in academic performance between preparatory origin and freshman origin high and low achieving students who came together as regular second year students of the Addis Ababa University (AAU) in the year 2003/ 2004, as measured by a) academic achievement b) pass rate c) dismissal rate d) withdrawal rate and e) wastage rate with and without controlling secondary school performance. Each of these groups took different paths to the second year of the AAU: 423 preparatory origin students entered AAU second year after completing general secondary education and also completing the first year equivalent preparatory school courses, whereas 303 freshman origin students entered AAU second year after completing high school and a freshman year at the university. The study also aims to see whether or not there exists a statistically significant difference, in academic achievement, between (a) faculties (b) female and male students and c) different age groups. The study showed that, regardless of the path they tool< to enter the AAU second year, either through preparatory schools or through freshman year at AAU, students in the high achieving group performed equally well at the AAU in terms of: + First semester CPA + Second semester CPA + Cumulative CPA + Pass rate + Dismissal rate + Withdrawal rate, and + Wastage rateHowever, some differences ·were observed in academic performance between low achieving group of the preparatory origin and the freshman origin students. "Low achiever" freshman origin students out-performed H/ow achiever" preparatory origin students at AAU second year on the following performance measures at p<. 01 level: • First semester CPA (2.57 versus 2.77) • Second semester CPA (2.53 versus 2. 79) • Cumulative CPA (2.54 versus 2.23) • Pass rate (78.08% versus 63.33%) • Dismissal rate (8.22% versus 22.38%) • Wastage rate (73.69% versus 24.76%) In all the six faculties analyzed, no statistically significant difference was observed between academic achievement, as measured by CPA, of preparatory origin female students and freshman origin female students. Nevertheless, freshman origin female students performed higher (statistically significant), as a group, than preparatory origin female students in all the three measures In seven out of nine faculties, preparatory origin male students performed equally well as their freshman counter mates .In Faculties of Science and Pharmacy, freshman origin male students performed higher (s tatistically significant) than preparatory origin male students. After categorizing students into three age groups: group 7, less or equal to 7 7 years; group 2, between 78 and 79 years inclusive; and group 3, 20 years or above the two cohorts were compared. Only between age group 2 preparatory and freshman origin students, a statistically significant difference , in favor of freshman origin students, was observed
Students' Academic Achievement as A Function of Gender, Parents' Educational Background And Learning Strategies in Dessie Town High Schools
(Addis Ababa University, 2005-06) Tadesse, Aemero; Andualem, Tamirie (Associate Professor)
The major concern of this study was to examine how far gender, parents' educational background and learning strategy components predicted students' academic achievement. A total of 380 subjects, (188 males and 192 females) were involved in the study from Dessie Town high schools. A Likert type five point scale self-report measures and a s h ort supplementary questionnaire, which u sed to obtain demographic data, were administered. The overall academic achievement, Mathematics a chievement and Language achievement scores were obtained from school records. Correlation, t-test, analysis of variance and multiple regressions were used for analysis. Results obtained through Correlat ion analy s is portrayed that except gender, both parents' educational background and learning strategy components indicated significant association with academic a chievement. The t-tes t reve aled that the re exis ted significant average diffe rence in mathematics a chievement in favor of males and language achievement favoring females, but there was no statistically significant difference between male and female students in the overall academic achievement. Moreover, statistically s ignificant gender difference was observed in seif- regulating strategy in favor of males but no significant d~1erence was revealed in cognitive strategy u se. The ANOVA results indicated s ignificant students' academic achievement differences due to their parents' educational Ie v-:; [ differences. ' Students who come form educated Parents perform better in school than their counterparts who come from uneducated parents. Similar students' academic achievement re sults were also observed with their paternal or male guardian and maternal or female guardian educational leve ls. The multiple regression analysis displayed that both parents' educational background & learning strategy components had statistically significant contribution on s tudents' academic achievement, exp laining 88% of the variation in academic achievement. 'Of the variables treated in the study , parents' educational background was the best predicto r variable in students academic a c hievement
A Comparative Study of the Psychological and Social Adjustment of Non-Institutionalized and Institutionalized HIV/AIDS Orphans in Addis Ababa
(Addis Ababa University, 2005-06) Ejeta, Befikadu; Venkat (professor)
The main purpose of this study was to compare the psychological and social adjustment of non-institutionalized and institutionalized HIV I AIDS orphans in Addis Ababa. 94 HIV/AIDS orphans were selected from Organization for Social Services for AIDS (OSSA), Tesfa Berhan Ethiopia AIDS Orphans Association, Selam Children's Village and Kechene Children's Home using stratified random sampling. Analysis of the data was made using quantitative methods. Independent t-test was run and mean comparison was made. Results of the study revealed that there was significant difference in both psychological and social adjustment between non-institutionalized and institutionalized HIV I AIDS orphans. In accordance with the findings and conclusions, recommendations were forwarded
Gender Stereotypes Against Females as a Factor for HIV/AIDS Vulnerability the Case of Girls in Two Selected High Schools of Yeka Sub-City Administration
(Addis Ababa University, 2006-05) Befekadu, Addisalem; Tefera, Belay (PhD)
This study attempted to examine gender stereotypes against female adolescents and how these stereotypes could make girls vulnerable to HIVIAIDS in terms of access to information, discussion hold with parents and partners, decision making and taking initiatives on mailers relating to sexuality and HIVIAIDS A sample of 343 female students of ages 14 to 20 years were drawn from two high schools in the Yeka Sub-city Administration. A pilot- tested questionnaire and focus group discussions were used to solicit data from these participants. The finding generally suggested that there were many gender stereotypes against females, and that these stereotypes seemed to limit girls' efforts for an access to information relating to sexuality and HIVIAIDS The gender stereotypes also seemed to limit the type and extent of discussions the girls had with their parents and their partners as well. More over, the participants also reported to have lesser involvement in decision making and taking initiatives on the very issues that directly affect their sexuality and vulnerability to HIVIAIDS As an after math, they apparently appeared vulnerable to H1VIAIDS Discussions were made based on these findings, and recommendations were finally given to reduce the vulnerability of these female adolescents
The Relationship Between Parental Involvement and Identity Achievement During Adolescence
(Addis Ababa University, 2006-06) Jemal, Zemzem
Factors Affecting Sex-Role Orientation of Adolescents in Addis Ababa
(Addis Ababa University, 2006-06) Kassa, Weldesenbet; Zewdie, Teka (PhD)
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between adolescents' sexrole development and cognitive factors such as age, grade level and academic ability, and socialization factors such as TV viewing" traditionality of influential family member, teachers influence, socio economic status, mothers' education, maternal involvement in traditional masculine home chores, mothers' sex-role orientation, mothers' age, maternal employment status, traditionality of mothers' job, mothers' religious commitment, fathers' education, paternal involvement in traditional feminine home chores, and fathers' sex-role orientation. Besides, their combined effects and their independent power to predict the sexrole development of adolescents were assessed. To achieve these aims, 178 families (students and their fathers and mothers) participated. The required data were secured usink questionnaires. Additionally, focus group discussion was employed. Then, the data collected were analyzed using Pearson's r, series of multiple regression analyses and regression coefficients. The result obtained disclosed that academic ability, TV viewing, mothers' sex-role orientation, mothers' employment status, fathers' sex-role orientation, fathers education, and paternal involvement in feminine household chores were significantly related to the sex-role development of adolescents. In addition, the combined effects of all independent variables were found to significantly predict the sex-role development of adolescents. However, the most powerfol predictors of adolescents' sex-role orientation were found to be TV viewing, followed by fathers' sex-role orientation and fathers' involvement. The separate assessments for boys and girls revealed similar but some what different result. They showed that the most influential predictors of boys' sex-role orientation were TV viewing, fathers' sex-role orientation, paternal involvement and fathers' education, whereas girls' sex-role orientation was highly influenced by TV viewing, fathers' sex-role orientation, and mothers' sex-role orientation. (Details are presented in the result and discussion sections.)
Father-Daughter Relationship and Its Effect on Female Sexuality: the Case of Adolescents in Some Selected Private Colleges of Addis Ababa
(Addis Ababa University, 2006-06) Mekonnen, Zeleke; Ansari (Professor)
Sexually active adolescent females exposing to HIV/AIDS and STDs are high. A supportive father-daughter relationship is an additional buffer from these risks. Fathers who involved in daughters ' lives play an important role in influencing their sexuality. Thus, examining interaction factors would enhance our understanding of adolescent females and their sexllality. A sample of 428 female students from seven colleges of Addis Ababa, who completed structured questionnaire, was incorporated in the study. Qualitative information was also obtained from two focus group discussions. Overall, about 34% of female students reported ever having had sexual intercourse. Of sexually active female students, 57% reported having first had sexual intercourse without using condom. The higher sexually active female students scored on a scale of perceived pa!.!rnal relationships, the more likely they were to report ever having had sexual intercourse with condom, condom use at last sexual intercourse and consistent condom use in the past six months (Odds ratios, 4.2, 5.1, and 6.3, respectively). Among sexually active female students, higher perceive father potential to discuss about sexuality and/or HIVIAIDS was positively related to condom use at last sexual intercourse and consistent condom use in the past six months (1.5, 1.3, respectively). Age of female adolescents and father educational status were positively associated with Sexual risktaking behaviors among sexually active female students. Paternal relationship may be a protective factor related to sexual risk-taking among sexually active female students. Including activities that acknowledge the influence of paternal relationships and facilitate positive father-daughter relationships may increase the efficacy of programs for reducing sexual risk-taking among college female students
Predictive Validity of Physical Development on Cognitive Development during Early and Middle Childhood
(Addis Ababa University, 2006-06) Belay, Azmeraw; Ahmad, Shamim (Professor)
The study investigated the association between physical andcogni ti ve development during early and middle childhood .Multistage sampling technique was followed in the selectionof participants . As part of mul ti stage sampling, using simple random sampling, 60 children between the ages of 4 to 6 years and 60 children between the ages of 7 to 9 years were selected from the two preschools and two primary schools respectively . Children's height, head circumference, and mid-upper-arm circumference were measured in cm and weight in kilogram. Then cognitive questionnaire was administered for each child. The resul t showed that there is positive and statistically significant relationship between physical and cognitive development . The resul t also s howed tha t the predicti ve validi ty of physical development on cogni tive development is significant for the preoperational group but not for concrete opera tional group. When across chronological age is considered , the predicti ve validi ty of physical development on cognitive development was found to be statistically significant for children of 4 and 5 years but not for children of 6 to 9 years. The finding al so showed the existence of statistically significant difference in the predicti ve validi ty of physical development on cognitive development across sexes particularly between male medium and female medium, and male high and female high groups, but not between male low and female low groups
The Effects of Parental Divorce on Psychosocial Adjustment of Adolescents (The Case of Two Schools of Hossana Town in Hadiya Zone)
(Addis Ababa University, 2007-03) Deboch, Wondimu; Wondimu, Habtamu (Professor)
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of parents' divorce on adolescents' psychological and social adjustments. To this end, psychological and social measures of adolescents were developed. Single-mother, s tepmother, and intact family types were identified from the responses of adolescents using the screening questionnaire distributed in two secondary schools of Hossana town in Hadiya zone. One hundred twenty adolescents, 40 from each family type (20 males and 20 females) participated in the s tudy. The analyses were conducted on the basis of different combinations of family types. Fi rs t, a 3 by 2 multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was computed to find the effect of the independent variables, family type and sex. It revealed that there was a significant multivariate main effect and interaction effect (p<.05) of the group as a whole. In addition, subsequent univariate tests revealed significant group differences on both dependent measures. Follow-up tests indicate s ignificantly higher scores between the divorced and the non-divorced groups. It shows that adolescents, whose parents had experienced a marital dissolution, were significantly worse off than those whose p a rents had not. Moreover, the effects of parents' divorce tend to differ for those whose custodial parent remarried and for those whose custodial parent remained single. The most important finding, the refore, was that adolescents in the stepmother families reported more psychological problems significantly than adolescents in the singlemother family,. which suggests that the pare nts' remarriage created more problems. Similarly, a significant main effect for sex also obtained from the MANOVA. The social measure of univariate test implies that divorce has a more negative impact on boys than on girls. Later on, the effect of the adolescents' age at the time of divorce and their adjustment status was examined. The findings disclosed that the effects of parents' divorce are higher for those who were younger at the time of divorce. Finally, based on the findings, it is recommended that the society has to be informed on the impa,.ct of divorce on children and adolescents
Relationship of Teacher Self Concept To Teacher Behaviors and Students Educational Outcomes at First Cycle Primary Schools of Fogera and Libokemkem Woredas
(Addis Ababa University, 2007-03) Gobie, Abera; Raju, Mohan (PhD)
This study aims to examine the relationship of teacher self concept to teacher behaviors and students educational outcomes at first cycle primary schools of Fogera and Libokemkem woredas. To do this, 460-4th grade students (230-girls and 230-boys) were selected by using systematic random sampling techniques. Besides, 46-teachers (21-females and 25-males) were purposely selected. The sample consisted of an intact I-teacher and IO-students per class. These participants were measured using different questionnaires which focused on dimensions of teacher self concept, teacher behaviors and student educational outcomes. The data collected through these instruments were analyzed using Pearson product moment correlation coefficients. The results revealed that there was no significant relationship between teacher self concept to teacher leadership style dimensions. Likewise, significant association was not observed between teacher self concept and teacher use of power dimensions (except the relationship between teacher social self concept to teacher use of reward power). Significant correlation was obtained between teacher pedagogical self concept with all of the students educational outcomes (except students attitude toward peers). Similarly, significant relationship was obtained between teacher social self-concept with students motivation to learn and attitude toward teachers. Significant association was also observed between teacher administrative self-concept with students motivation to learn. Other significant correlation was obtained between teachers leadership styles like initiating structure and consideration with student self concept. On the contrary, there was no significant association between teachers use of power and students educational outcome dimensions. Thus, concerned bodies need to give due attention on the variables under studied to enhance students educational outcomes
The Self-Esteem of the Elderly Engaged in Different Roles and Activities: the Case of Residents of Yeka and Addis Ketema Sub Cities in Addis Ababa
(Addis Ababa University, 2007-04) Semunegus, Belaynesh; Tefera, Belay (PhD)
Activity theory is the most prominent psychological theory of aging. This theory states that aging is a gradual shrinking away of the elderly from the previously assumed roles and hence replacement of the relinquished roles by the new ones is likely to help the elderly to have meaning in life, increases their life satisfaction and boosts their Self- esteem. Th us roles that are lost at the time of old age should be substituted by new roles and activities. In light of this, it was hypothesized that the elderly having currently involved in different type of roles have better self-esteem, and more importantly that this is especially possible if role induction is a matter of choice than necessity. A total of 22 7 elderly of age 55 years and above were consideredfrom Yeka and Addis Ketema suh-cities to fill a questionnaire constructed to identify the type of roles assumed, level of engagements, reason of engagement and also assess their Self- esteem. The finding indicated that the elderly with multiple roles have the highest self- esteem and engagement in work role has no significant difference on Self-este em. Those engaged in work roles by choice have the better self-esteem than those who are engaged by necessity and those engaged in family and social cultural roles have the highest Self-esteem than those engaged in work roles and those who are not involved. A ccordingfy it is recommended that the elderly should be encouraged to participate in multiple roles and by their choice
The Everyday Activities of Muslim-Kara Yu School Adolescents: A Sociocultural Developmental Survey
(Addis Ababa University, 2007-06) Kebede, Ayele
The everyday activities of Muslim-Karayu school adolescents were studied. Spot observations were conducted to observe school adolescents' cultural everyday activities in different contexts (home, workplace, with peers, with siblings, etc.) and at different times of the day (in the morning, at noon, in the afternoon, and at evening). The adolescents, their same sex parents and sampled teachers were interviewed. The everyday activities of Muslim-Karayu school adolescents were predicted to be the same as unschooled Muslim-Karayu adolescents' everyday activities and, their activity orientation value with their same sex parents' activity orientation value respectively. Compared to the unschooled ones, school adolescent boys' everyday activities were significantly improved to take roles assigned for girls. But, from among school adolescent girls, no one took any role assigned for boys though they preferred changing to preserving gender specific everyday activities. It was concluded that school significantly influence Karayu school adolescent boys to take roles assigned for girls. It also influenced activity orientation value of both sampled school adolescent boys and girls. On the contrary, the everyday activities in general and gender specific everyday activities in particular influence school enrolment and retention
Social Media and Adolescents’ Sexual Behavior in Addis Ababa: The Case of Ferehiwot No 2 Secondary and Preparatory School Students
(Addis Ababa University, 2007-06) Abera, Tadesse; Desie, Yekoyealem (PhD)
This cross-sectional study was conducted to assess social media and adolescents’ sexual behavior in Addis Ababa Ferehiwot No 2 secondary and preparatory school adolescent students. The study employs Use and gratification theory, social learning theory, social cognitive theory and cultivation theory to understand the issue of media content and how it influence adolescents’ sexual behavior. Both qualitative and quantitative research design was applied in this study. A stratified random sampling was applied for the sample technique and among the total of 2185 study populations 120 of them participated in this study. After followed the whole ethical procedure the data was conducted by means of questionnaire and focus group desiccation. For quantitative data collection, questionnaires were adapted and for qualitative method focus group discussion was applied. Descriptive statistics was employed to analyze quantitative data and for qualitative data content analysis was applied. The finding of this study revealed that social media become extremely popular because it allows adolescents to connect in the online world to form relationship, personal issues; and also revealed a number of risks associate with social media use. Similarly the study finding ascertained that social media has contributed in enhancing or increasing the occurrence of sexually related risks like, unwanted pregnancy, sexual transmitted diseases, and abortion and school dropouts among adolescent students. Key words Social media, Adolescence and Sexual behavior
The Influences of Family, Peers and School Clubs on Adolescents' Sexual Behavior and Risk Perception
(Addis Ababa University, 2007-06) Megersa, Wakgari; Raju, Mohan (PhD)
Today premarital intercourse is becoming common among adolescents because of many factors such as decline in the age of puberty and delaying marriage. In addition, this early sexual in;(;a(;ol1 C((11 he alfrilmted to many factors such as family relaled variables, peer pressure and perceived peer group sexual activity. Provision of information and guidance on sexuality for adolescents is low or non-existent. Consequently, adolescents can make uninformed sexual decisions resulting in risks like HIVIAIDS and unplanned pregnancy. Hence, this s(lIdy was in(ended to assess family, peers and school clubs as predictors of sexual behavior and risk perception of high school adolescents of two selected towns (Adama and Shashamanne) from each of which 2 schools were randomly selec(ed. US'ing stratification 360 participants, 184 males and 176 females, were selected. To collect the necessary data, close-ended questionnaire whose validity and reliability were tesled using test-retest method and semi-structured FGDs were employed. The study indicated that nearly one-thirds of the respondents were sexually active. Males and older adolescents accountedfor the higher proportion of the sexually active adolescents. Most of them never or inconsistently used condom during the first intercourse and during intercourse with their regular partners. Risky sexual behavior was associated with single parenting and low economic background for girls than for the boys. Adolescent-family communication on sexual mailers was found to be uncommon. Participation in clubs and parental education had significant correlation with risky sexual behaviors. Though peers were reported as the major S01!rce (?( il?(ormation. the relationships hetween risky hehavior and peer communication was not significant. Therefore, the problem investigated in the study should be intervened thou~h establishing adolescent health policy and provision of awareness and practical skills on sexual issues
Effects of Teachers' Working Conditions and Perceived Organizational Support on Professional Commitment (The Case of High School Teachers in West Gojjam Zone)
(Addis Ababa University, 2007-07) Addis, Zelalem; Meshesha, Ayele (PhD)
The purpose of this study was to examme the effects of Perceived Organizational Support, Participation m Decision-making, Extra Role Involvement, Teaching Experience, and Feelings of Professional Community on Professional Commitment of teachers' teaching in West Gojjam Zone high schools. In developing the instruments, Cronbach's alpha reliability for each scale and item total correlations for each items were computed for pilot and alpha coefficient again for the main study. 135 randomly selected teachers and 7 principals of each from 7 randomly selected schools of the Zone were used as the sample of the study. The data were gathered with 59 close-ended items and with some open-ended questions for teachers and with semi structured interview for school principals. Pearson product moment correlation, analysis of variance (ANOVA), multiple and stepwise regression analysis were used to analyze the data. The result revealed that professional commitment was positively and significantly correlated with participation in decision-making (r=.625, p<.Ol), perceived organizational support{r=.594, p<.Ol), feelings of professional community (r=. 517, p<.Ol), extra role involvement (r=.449, p<.Ol), and year of teaching experience{r=.216, p<.05). All the independent variables together contributed 44.7% {F (5. J29) =20.848, P<.OOl) to the variability in teachers' professional commitment. Participation in decision-making being the major predictor explained 39.4% (F (1,J33) =86.476, P<.OOl); extra role involvement and perceived organizational support were the second and third major predictors, respectively. The above three variables together explained about 43.9% (F(3,J3J)=34.174, P,<.OOl) of the variability. The rest two independent variables were not significant predictors of teachers' professional commitment. Hence, this study would help educational leaders, professionals, and school principals in their effort of enhancing and maintaining high school teachers' professional commitment.
The Situation of Perceived Parent-Child Communication About Sexuality and its Relationship With Adolescents' Sexual Behavior
(Addis Ababa University, 2007-07) Ashenafi, Getinet; Zeleke, Seleshi (PhD)
This study was conducted on 365 high school students in the age range 15-19 (mean age= 16.73) SD= 1.20) to investigate the situation of parentchild sexual communication and its relationship with adolescents) sexual behavior. A 20 item parent-child communication scale was administered to collect data on father-child and mother-child communication separately. To obtain data on adolescents ) sexual behavior) a seven item close-ended questionnaire was employed. Interview was also held with five students to get supplementary information. The data obtained on parent-child communication showed a medium level of communication. There was significant difference observed between mothers and fathers in communicating about sexuality with their children. Mothers were found to communicate more frequently than were fathers. Sex difference was also observed among adolescents. Females reported significantly more frequent communication with their mothers than did boys. Parents) education was positively associated with parent-child sexual communication. Significant negative correlation was found between perceived parent-child communication and sexual behavior of adolescents. Better communication was significantly associated with lower sexual risk behavior. Implications of parent-child sexual communications for adolescents ) healthy sexual behavior are discussed
Parent- Adolescent Conflict: Major Issues and Determinants the Case of Soddo Town
(Addis Ababa University, 2007-07) Birhan, Wohabie; Dubey, S.N, (PhD)
There are controversial research findings about parent-adolescent conflict especially about the particular sub-stage of adolescence and sex in which high parent-adolescent conflict occurs. Hence, this research was started to examine Parent-adolescent conflict as a function of adolescent sub-stage, sex, parental education and occupation. Moreover, whether adolescent sub-stages and their sex affect conflict domains or not, was investigated on 150 parent-adolescent dyads in Wolayita Zone, Soddo Town. Mean, Standard deviations, Pearson 's correlation moment and One-way ANOVA were employed for analyzing data obtained from parent-adolescent dyads. The study found that female adolescents have had high frequency and intensity of conflict with their parents (P<. G01 in the intensity of conflict and (P<. 01) in the frequency of conflict) than their male counterparts. Uneducated fathers had more intense conflict (P<. 01) than educated ones. Unemployed mothers had more frequent (P<.05) and more intense (P< 05) conflict with their adolescent children than employed mothers. Adolescent stage and sex as a function of domains of conflict also revealed statistically significant difference. Hence, from parents' report, girls were found to have more conflict with their parents than boys over the domains of sex (P<.05), household chores (P<. 001), appearance (P<.05) and family relationship (P<.001). From parents' report, it was found that males had more conflict than females over drinking alcohol and substance use (P<. 05), family relationship (P<. 001), and lying (P<.05). Association between adolescent stages and domains of conflict revealed that early adolescents scored higher in many of the domains than middle and late adolescents. In general, both adolescents and parents had a role for the escalation of conflict. However, parents are matured enough to resolve the problem through negotiation . Furthermore, concerned bodies such as schools ,community leaders and the media have to playa role in improving adolescents ' relations with their parents

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