Developmental Psychology

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Adolescents’ Prosocial Behavior and its Relationships to Parenting Style and Peer Pressure Among Addis Ababa High School Students
(Addis Ababa University, 2015-06) Solomon, Abel; Zeleke, Seleshi
The current study investigated prosocial behavior, parenting style and peer pressure of adolescent students in secondary school. One hundred fifty adolescents (Mean age = 15.69 years, 48.7% females) measured their own prosocial behaviors, their perceptions of parenting styles of their parents used and positive and negative peer pressure they experienced from best friend(s). Questionnaires were used to collect data. Quantitative analyses (both descriptive and inferential statistics) were used to analyze the obtained data. The study shows that, altruism prosocial behavior is the most dominant type of prosocial behavior. There was no significant gender difference in overall prosocial behavior. The results further indicated that there was a significant gender difference in the parenting style. However, there was no significant mean difference in prosocial behaviors among adolescents from different parenting style background. Whereas there was significant mean difference in some prosocial behaviors of adolescents due to positive and negative peer pressures they experienced from best friend(s). The current study has important implications for parents, schools, government and non government sectors and practitioners who are concerned about promoting adolescents’ positive behaviors and discouraging negative behaviors
Aging and Retirement among Ethiopian Elderly: Adjustment, Challenges and Policy Implications
(Addis Ababa University, 2015-06) Ashenafi, Getinet; Meshesha, Ayele (PhD)
This study was conducted on 326 retired persons aged 60 and above to examine retirement adjustment of the elderly and the extent to which adjustment was influenced by social, psychological and contextual factors. The study also intended to identify challenges facing the elderly after retirement and to assess how supportive national social policies were to the elderly in meeting their developmental needs. Three hundred and sixteen elders in the ages between 62 and 79 (M = 68.22, SD = 6.29) completed a self-administered questionnaire and 10 elders age ranged from 64 to 72 participated in an interview. A general survey questionnaire was constructed to collect data on demographic characteristics of participants, organizational conditions for retirement and postretirement activities. Four independent Likert-type scales were adapted from different sources to measure participants’ adjustment to retirement, preretirement planning and preparation, perceived social support and personal mastery. Preliminary pilot study was conducted to test validity and reliability of the scales. The pilot study revealed valid and reliable instruments with considerable modifications on the original scales. Findings of the main study showed that majority of the elderly were in difficulty adjusting to postretirement situations. They were facing economic, social and psychological problems. Inadequate preretirement planning and preparation, lack of access to supportive organizational programs and lower level of personal mastery were reported from the vast majority of the participants, contributing to the poorer adjustment to retirement. Government social policies also have not been considerate of the retired elderly and hardly been meeting their psychological, social and financial needs. Establishing an institution, recognizing the retired elderly and introducing retirement savings were the prevalent opinions of the participants to lessen the postretirement plights. Several factors were found to influence retirement adjustment either psychosocially, financially or both. viii Better participation in postretirement activities, strong sense of personal control, being married or in a relationship, adequate access to bridge employment, increased number of years since retirement, adequate preparation on self-protection and public protection issues and adequate support from family and friends significantly predicted better adjustment to psychosocial adjustment. On the other hand, adequate preparation on self-insurance (financial) and selfprotection (social, psychological and health) issues, higher level of education, adequate access to supportive preretirement programs, adequate family support, strong sense of personal control, better income, better health and adequate public-support significantly predicted better adjustment to financial conditions. From all the predictors, self-protection, public protection, family support and personal control were significant predictors of both the psychosocial adjustment and financial adjustment. On the contrary, age and sex of the participants were not significant predictors of any of the adjustment measures. Together, these findings suggest that adequacy of the social, psychological, organizational, preretirement and postretirement resources enhance individual’s adjustment to retirement with considerable policy implications. Key terms: aging and retirement, adjustment to retirement, retired elderly, Ethiopian elderly
Assessment of Productive Safety Net Program with Particular Emphasis on Public Work, (the Case Study of Two Kebeles in Lanforo Wereda, SNNPR)
(2008-06) Hamza, Abdurhaman; Bedri, Abdulhamid (PhD)
The productive safety Net Program is the component of the larger food security program in Ethiopia. The program (PSNP) has two key objectives namely preventing household asset and creating community assets through public works. It is practiced in the rural parts of the major regions of Ethiopia. The study wereda, Lanforo, started to benefit from the program since 2005. Though there are reports for the contribution of the program to asset protection, there are also observed problems particularly on the public works. These include poor quality of public works, maintenance problem, work burden on female-headed households, low participation of both beneficiaries and non –beneficiaries in the community work. Taking these problems into consideration, this paper aimed at assessing the PSNP with particular emphasis on the public works. This research is expected to shed some light on the PSNP particularly on the public work. It is important to ensure the effectiveness and the sustainability of the public work that is the core component of the program. This can be achieved by giving input to concerned bodies who work for the improvement of the program. Furthermore, it can be a base for further research work. The research was conducted in Lanforo wereda taking two kebeles namely Lanforo Gebaba and Tora Kikora. They are taken as representative kebeles since they are located in one of the two agro- ecological zones in the wereda. Moreover, these kebeles practice intensive public works. From these kebeles 125 sample households, which is 13% of the total beneficiaries, was taken for the study. The major findings of the research include that PSNP program has contributed to the protection of assets (household assets, productive asset, and livestock assets) and creating community assets. Nonetheless, the study made on the public works of the program especially on soil and water conservation practices indicated that there are challenges of the public work that can threaten the sustainability of the work. According to the survey result, most of the households were not involved during the selection of the public work. They also reported that they did not regularly participate in the maintenance work and in the community work. In addition to the beneficiaries, the participation of the non-beneficiaries to the community work is low. Most of the respondents also indicated that they face problems like lack of equipments and lack of training and follow up, absence of child health care, lack of first aid service. Since there is weak support given to femaleheaded households, they are forced to shoulder work burden that have created problem in domestic work and childcare. The study also revealed that most of the households stated payment related problems like late payment, low amount compared to the public work. Besides, the existing type of the payment (cash only) is also a problem for most of the respondents. In general, the study shows that the PSNP has registered a positive result in asset protection and building. Nonetheless, these results can be reversed unless measures are taken to solve the problems. Regarding the public works, most of the works do not go in line with the principles and procedures of the program implementation manual.
Attitude towards Marriage and Marital Satisfaction of Holy Matrimonially Married Orthodox Christians. In Debre Mhret St. Michael Church
(Addis Ababa University, 2015-11) Zemene, Gashaw; Mekonen, Dawit (PhD)
There were controversial research findings in regards to the association of marital satisfaction with religiosity and romantic attachment style and attitude towards marriage especially about particular gender differences. For instance in Servaty and Weber concerning the relationship between Gender and attitude towards Marriage. Hence this research was intended to investigate the attitude towards marriage and marital satisfaction, and whether the participants’ sex affect or influence in attitude towards marriage and marital satisfaction. The study was conducted on 58 research participants who are married matrimonially in Debre Mihret St. Michael Church. Descriptive and inferential statistics were employed for data analysis. The study found that many participants (79.7%) had a positive attitude towards marriage. But some of the respondents don’t feel satisfied and they don’t feel that their partner is a source of happiness for themselves. Finally, though there is no significant gender difference over the attitude towards marriage and marital life satisfaction the study showed insignificant difference when it compared the mean scores, where females had better attitude towards marriage than males having a Mean score of 15.9865 and 15.8286 respectively, and males were found to be more satisfied in their marital life than female participants having a Mean score of 10.9143 and 10.7826 respectively.
Attitudes of Middle Adult Women Towards Menopause in Addis Ababa, Bahir-Dar and Hawassa Towns; Cross-Cultural Comparative Study
(Addis Ababa University, 2014-06) Girma, Yodit; Zwede, Teka (PhD)
This study tried to examine attitudes of women towards menopause. A total of 150 middle adulthood women government workers from three towns of Ethiopia; Addis Ababa, Bahir-Dar and Hawassa participated. In the study data were collected by questionnaire with three components; background information of participants, attitude about menopause and societal attitudes to menopause. The average age for the occurrence of last menstruation was 48.97 years. Specifically 49.08, 44.18 and 48.78 for Addis Ababa, Bahir-Dar and Hawassa respectively were found to be the average age of menopause. The result also revealed that participants have positive attitude towards menopause however as the pair wise comparison among towns explained participants from Hawassa town showed positive attitude than Addis Ababa and Bahir- Dar town’s participants. As the result of Spearman rank order correlation there is no relation between marital status and attitudes towards menopause. It was also examined by Spearman Rho that there was no relation between educational background and attitude towards menopause. The correlation between age and attitude towards menopause were also analyzed by Spearman Rho and found to be no relation. As societal attitude were examined the research resulted a positive attitude towards women in menopause. Key words: Menopause, Menopause attitude, societal attitude towards menopause
Bullying victimization and self-efficacy among children in selected Government Primary Schools of Arada sub city, Addis Ababa.
(Addis Ababa University, 2018-06) Tesfaye, Tsion; Asnake, Mulat (PhD)
Bullying victimization among children is burning issue in the present society; particularly in schools it is well known that bullying victimization is one of the problems that need special attention. This study was conducted on this issue with particular focus on selected governmental school students with in age range of 12-15 years. It specifically attempted to examine the level of bullying victimization, in relation to self-efficacy and gender. Out of a total population size of 758 students in 12-15 age categories, of these 228 students were randomly selected. On data collection Forms of bulling scale (FBS) and self-efficacy questionnaire for children (SEQ-C) were also adapted. Correlation, chi-square and one sample t-test were used to analyze the data. Findings indicated that bullying victimization in these governmental schools has high occurrence throughout the year. From all participants reported about their exposure of bullying throughout this academic year those who experienced bullying by others are 44.3% (n=101). The level of bullying victimization shows that there is high relation between being female and bullying victimization. In an Attempt to examine the relationship between bullying victimization and self-efficacy the result shows they are inversely related. They affect each other being a cause for their occurrence as dependent and independent factors. By comparing the victims self-efficacy (M= 85.42, SD=19.04) with the non-victim self-efficacy (M=94.14, SD=13.3) it is found to be there is a significant difference between mean of the victim and non-victim self-efficacy t (228) = -7.45, p<0.05. So without age discrimination these governmental schools children are exposed to bullying victimization and diminished self-efficacy. Therefore, these governmental schools should focus on the issue of bullying victimization and work on the development of student‟s self-efficacy .This could be done through incorporating bullying in students text books, involving students in tasks which develop self-efficacy, organizing anti bullying events and organizing awareness creation seminars that include parents. Attempts were made to explain these findings and implications were also drawn for practical intervention and future research
The Causes and Psychosocial Impacts of Divorce on Women: the Case of Ethiopian Women Lawyers’ Association (EWLA) Supported Women
(Addis Ababa University, 2014-11) Dereje, Wubedel; Mulugeta, Emebet (PhD)
There is an increasing interest in revealing the causes as well asthe psychological and social effects of marital disintegration on women who have undergone through the divorce process. Thus, the study attempts to identify the causes &the psychosocial impacts of divorce on women during and after marital dissolution. The study focuses particularly on women who have approached the Ethiopian Women Lawyers’ Association (EWLA) in Addis Ababa. Currently, EWLA is providing free legal aid service for approximately 150 women who seek assistance as a result of marriage related problems. The present study explores the experiences of divorced women from their own point of view using qualitative in-depth interview method with the combination of Focus Group Discussion (FGD) as well as key informant interviews. The research used 16 divorced women and 2 key informants from the EWLA as data sources and they were selected using purposive sampling technique. The study finds that the causes of divorce are multidimensional such as financial irresponsibility, infidelity and domestic violence because of alcohol addiction. In consequence, someof the women face traumatic and stressful life events psychologically, socially and economically that has disrupted their overall well- being. It is also found that in addition the negative effects, divorce also has immense beneficial factors on women who have undergone through the divorce process that allows them to experience the various positive effects. Apart from this, the women have been able to use different strategies in their post divorce lives to cope with divorce related problems. The combined effects of divorce’s various positive impacts and the appropriate coping mechanisms used by the women have made the women’s post divorce adjustment possible and significant. The psychosocial issues explored in relation to the lives of divorced women reveal that for some women divorce has negative results while for the majority its effect is advantageous in every aspect. Conversely, the post divorce consequences are severe for most children of divorced women as they have been suffering from the various divorce related problems. These childrenfeel that their parents abandon them and dislike themwhich results in emotional confusion and sadness that has long-termnegative impact in their overall well-being. Hence, the study has recommended that divorce is the best alternative for those women who are in a violent and disagreeing marital relationship. In addition, to keep the well-being of children, regular visitation schedules should be arranged for fathers in order to involve them in their children’s lives
Child rearing among the Arsi Oromo: Values, Beliefs and Practices
(Addis Ababa University, 2014-06) Abera, Dame; Zewdie, Teka (Professor)
The major purpose of the present study was to assess the indigenous parenting values and beliefs that Arsi Oromo parents tend to foster in their parenting practices. It specifically examines the relationships among parenting values, beliefs and practices. To that effect, a mixed methods research design was employed. A total of 481 participants were selected using stratified random sampling techniques coupled with purposive sampling. More specifically, while the two Arsi zones and informants of FGD were purposively selected, districts and Kebeles were selected through simple random sampling techniques. Moreover, while the participants of the household observations were randomly selected, the respondents of the questionnaire scales were selected through stratified random sampling . In addition, both quantitative and qualitative data were generated from primary sources using both quantitative (questionnaire scales) and qualitative (FGD and household observation) methods. In order to address the basic research questions and test the hypotheses formulated in the study, data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficients, multiple regression, t-test, and ANOVA statistical techniques. Accordingly, the current study generally revealed several important findings about parenting values, beliefs, and practices of Arsi people and about their relationships. First, in the process of child socialization the majority of Arsi households endorsed conforming parenting values more often than self- directing parenting values. Second, the majority of Arsi households endorsed traditional authoritarian beliefs more often than progressive democratic beliefs. Third, sex-role socialization; physical punishment; breast-feeding and provision of cow milk as well as infant- mother co-sleeping are customary practices of Arsi Oromo in child socialization. Fourth, gender-segregated division of labor, harmful traditional beliefs and values, patriarchical family structure, and traditional Oromo proverbs were perceived as major sources for the practices of sex-role socialization, physical punishment, and inadequate verbal interaction among Arsi Oromo. Fifth, parenting values and beliefs were found to be strongly associated with parenting behaviors and that parenting values and beliefs strongly predicted parenting behaviors. Sixth, paternal involvement in household chores and childrearing activity was found to be minimal compared to mothers. Last, compared to urban households, rural households of Arsi reported a significantly large number of offsprings. Moreover, based on the results of the current study, the following conclusions and implications were drawn. First, the parenting of Arsi people is more characterized by conformity value orientations and traditional authoritarian beliefs where these, in turn, encourage the use of impulsive and overly harsh disciplines and leave little room for fostering self-directing values. Second, gendered division of labor, some traditional beliefs and safuu values, patriarchal family structure, and some traditional proverbs were perceived as major sources of sex-segregated role socialization, for using impulsive discipline, and of inadequate verbal conversation among Arsi Oromo, where these call for appropriate and culture sensitive interventions. Third, compared to Arsi mothers, Arsi fathers play little roles in the early socialization of children, domestic tasks, and child care activities, where these continue to put Arsi mothers under pressure with childrearing responsibilities and household chores. Fourth, compared to urban households, rural households have large number of offsprings, where this high fertility will have detrimental influence on the quality of parenting and child development. Last, parenting strategy differed by the residence, educational level and occupational categories of parents
A Comparative Study of the Psychological and Social Adjustment of Non-Institutionalized and Institutionalized HIV/AIDS Orphans in Addis Ababa
(Addis Ababa University, 2005-06) Ejeta, Befikadu; Venkat (professor)
The main purpose of this study was to compare the psychological and social adjustment of non-institutionalized and institutionalized HIV I AIDS orphans in Addis Ababa. 94 HIV/AIDS orphans were selected from Organization for Social Services for AIDS (OSSA), Tesfa Berhan Ethiopia AIDS Orphans Association, Selam Children's Village and Kechene Children's Home using stratified random sampling. Analysis of the data was made using quantitative methods. Independent t-test was run and mean comparison was made. Results of the study revealed that there was significant difference in both psychological and social adjustment between non-institutionalized and institutionalized HIV I AIDS orphans. In accordance with the findings and conclusions, recommendations were forwarded
Compatibility of Design and Practice of Postgraduate Evening Extension Program with Needs and Developmental Profiles of Adult Learners: The Case of College Of Education and Behavioral Studies, AAU
(Addis Ababa University, 2018-06) Gizaw, Getachew; Tefera, Belay (PhD)
This study attempts to investigate the compatibility of the design and practice of postgraduate evening extension program with needs and developmental profiles of adult learners. To achieve this objective, both qualitative and quantitative study design was employed. The samples were selected using incidental sampling methods. The respondents were 112, 108 rates evening extension program graduate students from CEBS and four instructors from college of education behavioral science, purposefully selected . The data was collected through interview and questionnaire, structured interview guide were designed to gather qualitative and quantitative data from the participants of the research. The data were analyzed and discussed in description analysis method. The finding of the study should that there was compatibility in content, goal and organization of postgraduate education with adult needs and developmental profiles. In contrast Methods and assessment of postgraduate education with adult needs and developmental profiles were not compatible. The findings of the study revealed the college of education and behavioral studies and Addis Ababa University; the study suggest that the curriculum needs to be designed for evening extension program based on he needs and developmental profiles of adult learners and applying the right method of teaching and the targeted assessment.
Compatibility of Interest and Personality Profile of Urban Health Extension Workers with Current Practices in Adis Ketema, Yeka and Gulele Sub Cities, Addis Abeba.
(Addis Ababa University, 2014-09) Negash, Kassahun; Tefera, Daniel (PhD)
The main focus of the study was to explore the relationship between job performance and initial interest as well as personality of Urban Health Extension Workers in Gulele, Yeka and Addis Ketema sub cities. To arrive at the intended target a descriptive in its nature and a health facility based cross-sectional design was employed and using quantitative approaches. The study participants were women urban health extension workers whose employment period greater than six months. In this study some appropriate statistical tools like percentage, means, standard deviation, correlation and multiple regression method was used. Accordingly results indicated that social, enterprising interest and extrovert personality had correlation with awareness creation; introvert, conventional and investigative occupational interest had positively correlated with documentation. Social occupational interest and extrovert personalities found to be the predictor of the overall achievement of Urban Health Extension workers. However, the community culture of Ethiopia need to be considered as the extrovert people may be taken talkative and unstable which affect the acceptability of the community. Thus, the supervisor advice before deployment of this people and follow up is highly required. Human resources managers and related professionals can use these finding to selecting and appointing Urban Health Extension Workers to achieve the desire goal
Couple communication and marital stability among adults in Assela Town
(Addis Ababa University, 2014-05) Suleyiman, Muna; Vagrech, Vimla (PhD)
There is an increased understanding that a valid instrument is important to establish and implement appropriate tactics or strategies to improving quality of health delivery system thereby ensure patient satisfaction. The purpose of this study was to develop and examine the psychometrics of a brief scale measuring clients' satisfaction with comprehensive abortion care (CSwCAC) in the context of Ethiopian health facilities. The study followed two related phases. Phase I employed qualitative methods in order to identify concepts used to develop a CSwCAC scale. Phase II used quantitative methods to identify dimensions and evaluate psychometric properties of the scale. A sample of 450 clients were interviewed from eight health facilities of which a total of 430 clients responded to the questionnaire, giving a relatively high response rate (95.6%). Principal component exploratory factor analysis resulted in the construct consists of five factors which account 60% of the variance in total satisfaction scores. The Kaiser-Meyer- Olkin is (KMO= 0,838) and Bartlett test of sphericity is significant (p <0,05). While the reliability estimates of internal consistency for the subscales ranges from 0.748 to 0.886, this estimate found to be 0.887 for the whole scale. The scale showed many similar dimensions that appear in the previous published instruments. The scale, also found to have a sound concurrent validity, as it showed significant correlation with criterion measures. Above all, empirical evidence supported the validity and reliability of the CSwCAC scale, which will have utility in the assessments of health care programs aimed at improving SCwCAC
Couple Communication and Marital Stability Among Adults in Asella Town
(Addis Ababa University, 2014-05) Suleyiman, Muna; Vagrecha, Vimla (PhD)
It is often said that marriage is a socially recognized and approved union between individuals, who commit to one another with the expectation of a stable and lasting intimate relationship. The purpose of this study was to find out if there was a relationship between couple communication and marital stability among adults in Assela Town. This study examined communication and stability from the stand point experiences of married couples in Assela city. A researcher- designed questionnaire was used to collect necessary data for the study. Two hundred couples (100 males and 100 females) were selected using stratified random sampling method. Descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA and correlation were used to analyze quantitative data. The analysis revealed that there was a positive correlation between couple communication and marital stability. Most of the respondents agreed that lack of effective communication was the cause of misery to marital stability. Suggestions were forwarded based on the findings of the study. It was recommended that the government needs to use the mass media to create awareness about the need to improve communication in homes and discourage suspicion, recruit professional counselors, psychologists and social workers to attend to various needs of couples and intending couples
Determinants of Sexual Behaviors Among Adolescents in Addis Ababa: the Role of Individual, Familial and Neighborhood Characteristics
(Addis Ababa University, 2014-03) Wolie, Demeke; Wondimu, Habtamu (Professor)
Studies in the past have emphasized the relevance of individual and familial factors to adolescent sexuality in Ethiopia; however, few have examined the empirical connections among individual, familial, neighborhood level factors and adolescent sexual behaviors. The main purpose of this study was to examine which individual, familial and neighborhood factors predicted each sexual behavior of adolescents. The respondents of this study were randomly selected preparatory school adolescents in Addis Ababa. To get the required sample of adolescents, the study utilized a multistage clustering sampling technique. As a result, a sample of 1209 adolescents were assumed to get their responses, however, only 962 (525 female and 437 male) adolescents completed the questionnaires. Out of 962 adolescents, 725 reported that they were virgins and 237 were non-virgins. The study used individual factors, familial factors and neighborhood as predictor variables and first coital initiation, condom use, risky and protective sexual behaviors as criterion variables. The study employed univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analytical methods. The analyses were conducted for the whole sample and sexual active sample. In the multivariate analysis regarding protective sex, among individual factors; age, gender, religiosity, and substance use significantly predicted protective sex. Similarly, among family factors; family structure, parental monitoring and family cohesion significantly predicted protective sex. On the other hand, only substance use and religiosity predicted risky sexual behavior. Besides, the multivariate analysis showed that among individual factors; age, religiosity, self-esteem and substance use significantly predicted the odds of adolescent condom use, and among family factors; family structure, parental monitoring and family cohesion significantly predicted condom use. In this regard, mother education and family SES had suppressive effects on condom use. In relation to first coital intercourse, age, gender and substance use significantly predicted first coital initiation and among neighborhood factors; only neighborhood collective efficacy significantly predicted first coital initiation. Substance use created links between parental factors (parental monitoring and family cohesion) and risky sexual behavior and first coital initiation. The study revealed that parental monitoring and family cohesion mediated in the relationship between neighborhood factors and risky sexual behavior. However, parental monitoring and family cohesion mediated in the linkages between neighborhood disorganization and first coital initiation but not for neighborhood collective efficacy. Moreover, parental monitoring mediated in the relationship between neighborhood disorganization and protective sexual behavior but not for neighborhood collective efficacy. On the other hand, only family cohesion mediated in the linkages between neighborhood factors and protective sexual behavior. In contrast, both parental monitoring and family cohesion mediated in the linkages between neighborhood factors and condom use. In relation to interaction effects, only neighborhood collective efficacy by parental monitoring significantly predicted protective sexual behavior. Finally, the study proposed future research to strengthen the findings of this study
Developmental Delays among Infants and Young Children in Addis Ababa: Screening, Risk Factors and Intervention (Doctoral Dissertation)
(Addis Ababa University, 2014-03) Ayele, Moges
Several studies emphasized the importance of developmental and readiness testing as that would enable early identification of those who need support or further assessment. Besides, researches showed that children who were at risk or who experienced delayed development when passed through early intervention they manifested positive gains in development. In this connection, this study was conducted with three objectives in mind. The first one was screening for developmental delays among infants and young children of Addis Ababa; the second one was identifying risk factors associated with global developmental delay; and the third objective was conducting intervention with some developmentally delayed infants and children. To achieve these objectives descriptive survey and quasi-experimental designs were implemented. A sample of 1,062 infants and young children were randomly selected from Bole, Addis Ketema and Kolfe sub-cities. Infants and young children’s development was assessed by using Ages and Stages Questionnaire – Amharic version. Besides, the characteristics of home environment, maternal and child conditions were gathered with the questionnaire set for this purpose. Following screening for developmental delays, three months intervention was carried out in two randomly selected sites. A total of 29 participants were involved in the treatment group and 19 participants did take part in comparison group. Data on children’s developmental status were collected before and after intervention. The data collected were analyzed through logistic regression analysis, MANOVA, t-test, frequencies and percentages. The results of the investigation revealed that 28.13% of infants and young children involved in this research revealed global developmental delay and more delayed development was observed in fine motor domain as 30.53% of children showed delayed development in this domain. From the risk factors evaluated in this research maternal age, low birth weight, physical punishment, unavailability of playing materials, exposure to illness and family size were found to be significantly associated with global developmental delay. However, when predictor variables entered the statistical model the proportion of variance explained by the variables examined was very small in most cases and the largest one was 19.9% which was the explained variance on communication scores for infants of 18 months age interval. The results of the intervention study showed that infants and young children in comparison group performed better than those in the treatment group. Based on the findings obtained some recommendations are made
The Effect of Divorce on Adolescents’ Self-Esteem: the Case of Adolescents at Federal first Instance Court
(Addis Ababa University, 2014-11) Mekonen, Hawi; Mulugeta, Emebet (PhD)
The purpose of the study was to investigate whether there was a difference in self-esteem of adolescents who come from divorced parents and those from intact families. A total of 200 adolescents (100 from intact family and 100 from divorced family) participated in the present study. The study sites were federal first instance court and Atlas primary and secondary school. Systematic random sampling technique was applied to select adolescents from intact families at Atlas primary and secondary school. Adolescents from divorced families were drawn based on the availability sampling technique. Questionnaires were used to collect the data. Data was analyzed employing descriptive statistics, correlation and t-test. The findings show that there is a significant difference in self-esteem between adolescents from divorced and intact families. The results also revealed that there is no significant difference in self esteem among female and male adolescents from divorced families. In addition, the finding revealed that there is a statistically significant positive relationship between age of adolescents that come from divorced families and their self- esteem. The study suggested that Orientation and training should be given to parents/guardians of adolescents from divorced families on how to treat their children with warmth and affection to facilitate the conditions which are essential to foster their children’s self-esteem
The Effect of Psychosocial Adjustment, Self-efficacy and Admission Test Result on Academic Performance of First Year Students in Adwa College of Teacher Education
(Addis Ababa University, 2014-05) G/slassie, Berihu; Wole, Darge (Professor)
The objective of the study was to examine the effect of psychosocial adjustment, self-efficacy and admission test result on academic performance of first year students in Adwa Teacher Training College. The coping methods of students were also examined. Two hundred forty first year students (120 males and 120 females) were included in the study. The data were obtained using self-administered instrument: self-efficacy and psychosocial adjustment scales and coping inventory. The three measuring instruments were adapted from previous related studies. Descriptive statistics, multiple regression and t-test were used to analyze the data. Personal- emotional adjustment was found to be one of the major psychosocial problems. In relation to coping strategy, emotion- focused method was the most frequently used one. The results showed that male students have significantly higher mean score in psychosocial adjustment and admission test result than females and female students have higher mean score in self-efficacy than males. Psychosocial adjustment and self-efficacy predicted the academic performance of the students, while admission test result didn’t. The results have implications for instructional practice. Instructors, for example, can enhance the academic performance of their students via designing relevant educational methods that may positively influence students’ behavior. Further research is recommended on examining the effect of the variables included in the present study and other variables like student socio-economic status, educational background and institutional factors (opportunities and constraints)
The Effects of Parental Divorce on Psychosocial Adjustment of Adolescents (The Case of Two Schools of Hossana Town in Hadiya Zone)
(Addis Ababa University, 2007-03) Deboch, Wondimu; Wondimu, Habtamu (Professor)
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of parents' divorce on adolescents' psychological and social adjustments. To this end, psychological and social measures of adolescents were developed. Single-mother, s tepmother, and intact family types were identified from the responses of adolescents using the screening questionnaire distributed in two secondary schools of Hossana town in Hadiya zone. One hundred twenty adolescents, 40 from each family type (20 males and 20 females) participated in the s tudy. The analyses were conducted on the basis of different combinations of family types. Fi rs t, a 3 by 2 multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was computed to find the effect of the independent variables, family type and sex. It revealed that there was a significant multivariate main effect and interaction effect (p<.05) of the group as a whole. In addition, subsequent univariate tests revealed significant group differences on both dependent measures. Follow-up tests indicate s ignificantly higher scores between the divorced and the non-divorced groups. It shows that adolescents, whose parents had experienced a marital dissolution, were significantly worse off than those whose p a rents had not. Moreover, the effects of parents' divorce tend to differ for those whose custodial parent remarried and for those whose custodial parent remained single. The most important finding, the refore, was that adolescents in the stepmother families reported more psychological problems significantly than adolescents in the singlemother family,. which suggests that the pare nts' remarriage created more problems. Similarly, a significant main effect for sex also obtained from the MANOVA. The social measure of univariate test implies that divorce has a more negative impact on boys than on girls. Later on, the effect of the adolescents' age at the time of divorce and their adjustment status was examined. The findings disclosed that the effects of parents' divorce are higher for those who were younger at the time of divorce. Finally, based on the findings, it is recommended that the society has to be informed on the impa,.ct of divorce on children and adolescents
Effects of Teachers' Working Conditions and Perceived Organizational Support on Professional Commitment (The Case of High School Teachers in West Gojjam Zone)
(Addis Ababa University, 2007-07) Addis, Zelalem; Meshesha, Ayele (PhD)
The purpose of this study was to examme the effects of Perceived Organizational Support, Participation m Decision-making, Extra Role Involvement, Teaching Experience, and Feelings of Professional Community on Professional Commitment of teachers' teaching in West Gojjam Zone high schools. In developing the instruments, Cronbach's alpha reliability for each scale and item total correlations for each items were computed for pilot and alpha coefficient again for the main study. 135 randomly selected teachers and 7 principals of each from 7 randomly selected schools of the Zone were used as the sample of the study. The data were gathered with 59 close-ended items and with some open-ended questions for teachers and with semi structured interview for school principals. Pearson product moment correlation, analysis of variance (ANOVA), multiple and stepwise regression analysis were used to analyze the data. The result revealed that professional commitment was positively and significantly correlated with participation in decision-making (r=.625, p<.Ol), perceived organizational support{r=.594, p<.Ol), feelings of professional community (r=. 517, p<.Ol), extra role involvement (r=.449, p<.Ol), and year of teaching experience{r=.216, p<.05). All the independent variables together contributed 44.7% {F (5. J29) =20.848, P<.OOl) to the variability in teachers' professional commitment. Participation in decision-making being the major predictor explained 39.4% (F (1,J33) =86.476, P<.OOl); extra role involvement and perceived organizational support were the second and third major predictors, respectively. The above three variables together explained about 43.9% (F(3,J3J)=34.174, P,<.OOl) of the variability. The rest two independent variables were not significant predictors of teachers' professional commitment. Hence, this study would help educational leaders, professionals, and school principals in their effort of enhancing and maintaining high school teachers' professional commitment.
Ego Identity Construction Among Youth In Arbaminch Town
(Addis Ababa University, 2014-06) Ahmed, Abdulkadir; Dessie, Yekoyealem (PhD)
This study was aimed at identifying the ego-identity construction of youth individual sense of commitment and exploration for identity achievement. It tries to identify the experience of these emerging adults, commitment and exploration for identity statuses. Using stratified random sampling and purposive quota sampling technique, a total of 416 (208 male and 208 female) were selected as participants from Arbaminch Town. The revised version II of OMEIS was employed as a means for data collection. Through the use of descriptive statistics, chi-square and ANOVA it was identified that the working youth was highly identity achieved(71.7%) than college students(64.3%); in ideological and interpersonal domains the college youths’ results were significant while in three subdomains (occupation, philosophy of life style and dating) that the working youth results were significant. Also the one way ANOVA analysis showed that there is no variation within group identity status of the working youth (less educated and highly educated) and the three colleges’ youths status (Health science, Pol-technique and Teacher Education)

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