Zoological Sciences

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Floristic Composition, Structure, and Regeneration Status of Wakani Forest in Guagusa Shikudad District, Awi Zone, Northwestern Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2024-08) Getaye Berihun; Misganaw Meragiaw
Understanding the floristic composition, structure, and regeneration status of the remnant forest provides crucial information for future forest management practices. The objective of this study, therefore, was to investigate the floristic composition, vegetation structure, and regeneration status of Wakani Forest in Guagusa Shikudad District (Ethiopia). The vegetation data was collected using a systematic sampling method in the south-to-north direction of line transacts along altitude gradients. A total of 63 main sample plots of 20 x 20 m were established. Species composition and vegetation structure were analyzed using formulas and R statistical software. The result showed that a total of 64 vascular plant species belonging to 60 genera and 41 families were identified in Wakani Forest. Fabaceae was represented by the highest species (6). Of the four community types, the highest species richness (60), evenness, diversity, and importance value index were recorded in community type 4. Gymnosporia addat was the most dominant woody plant species followed by, Maesa lanceolata, Brucea antidysenterica, and Vachellia abyssinica second, third, and fourth respectively. The least dominant woody plant species in Wakani Forest was Ficus sur (4 individuals). According to the data analysis, Prunus africana was the tallest tree with an average height of 38 m followed by Pittosporum viridiflorum, Astropanax abyssinica, and Apodytes dimidiata with an average height of 35 m, 32 m, and 31 m respectively.
The Assessment of the Benefits and Challenges of Urban Forest Development at Kolfe Keraniyo Sub - City of Addis Ababa
(Addis Ababa University, 2024-09) Bizunesh Dibaba; Debissa Lemessa
Urban forest has played important roles in social, cultural, economic and environmental protection. For example, landscape enhancement, provision of recreational and cultural facilities erosion control, water shade protection and supply of fruit and fuel woods are some of the multifunctional benefits of urban forestry. The study evaluates the benefit and challenges of urban forest development in Addis Ababa city, Kolfe Keraniyo sub city. The Simple random sampling technique was applied to select sample respondents from different woreda in kolfekeraniyo sub city. Accordingly, the study was conducted based on data gathered from 348 respondents. The SPSS statistical software was used to analyze the data. The result of the study identified the benefit from urban forest which includes urban forest is part of tourist appeal, make city more relaxing for visitors and for attraction of birds and other animals. The study also revealed society had awareness on benefit of urban forest for sustainable development, maintaining ecological health and means of habitat preservation. Despite these multiple benefits, there also the major challenges of increased human population, habitat loss and excessive site coverage by building from developing urban forest in kolfe keraniyo sub city. Altogether, from the present finding it is suggested that the government need to formulate the regulation and create awareness of the communities about benefits and challenges of developing urban forest. Moreover, to ensure sustainable development forest management strategies that encompass human social cultural and economic and environmental aspects may be adapted.
Population Estimate, Diurnal Time Budget and Conservation Challenges of Grevy’s Zebra (Equus Grevyi, Oustalet 1882) in Hallaydeghe Asebot Proposed National Park, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2024-06) Tolera Abirham; Afework Bekele
Grevy’s zebra (Equus grevyi) is endangerd species and one of the world's most threatened wild equids. The current study investigated the population, seasonal home range, diurnal activity time budget and conservation challenges of Grevy’s zebra in Hallaydeghe Asebot Proposed National Park (HAPNP). Data on population estimate, structure and home ranges were gathered during wet (July to September) and dry (January to March) seasons for two years (2021 and 2021) using line transects and ground tracking following minimum convex polygon method. Silent detection methods were applied to minimize disturbance. Diurnal activity data were collected through scan sampling method. Data related to land cover change were collected from Landsat data of 1990, 2006 and 2021. In addition, ground control points and information about the area were gathered from elders and key informants. Data related to conservation challenges, community attitude towards conservation practices were collected using household survey, key informant interview, field observation; focus group discussion and secondary document review. Population data were analyzed using distance software and seasonal home range data were analysed using QGIS 3.44. Diurnal activity time budget data were analysed through SPSS version 26 and across several groups, the mean percentage of time spent on behaviour was compared using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Land use land cover data were analysed using ArcGIS 10.8 and QGIS 3.26.3. Conservation challenge and community attitude data were analysed using SPSS Version 26. A total of 89 and 61 individuals of Grevy’s zebra were counted during the wet and dry seasons, respectively. The seasonal home range of Grevy’s zebra in HAPNP was 477 km2 (n=89) during the wet and 711 km2 (n=61) during the dry season. Grazing (31.26%) was the highest activity followed by resting (30.24%) during the wet season. Similarly, grazing (37.13%) was the highest activity followed by moving (27.25%) during the dry season. Land use land cover findings revealed 12.21% of grassland cover lost from 1990 to 2021. On the other hand, bushland increased by 26.45% during the same year. The top conservation challenges of Grevy’s zebra were habitat degradation; un-integrated development and poor law enforcement. The study result revealed positive attitude and participation of local community depending on the benefit derived from the protected area. More study is required on the possible ways of making the Blen hot spring and the wetlands around it part of the protected area. In addition, action is required to address identified conservation issues and restore grasslands in order to maintain the Grevy's zebra population in HAPNP by developing an adaptive strategy that takes community inclusivity in benefit sharing.
Knowledge, Attitude and Practice on Contraceptive use Among Female Students in Satma Dangyia Secondary and Preparatory School in Banja District, Awi Zone, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2024-06) Bogale Ferede; Asnake Desalegn
Planning a family enables one to anticipate and achieve a happy and healthy family. The purpose of this study was to assess female students' knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding the use of contraceptive methods. From December 2022 to June 2023, the study was carried out at Satma Dangyia Secondary and Preparatory School in Banja District, Awi Zone, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia. The data were collected by using structured questionnaires and the sampling technique was stratified. MS Excel and SPSS version 26 were used to examine the data. Measures of the impact of each independent variable on respondents' knowledge, attitudes, and practices were made using descriptive statistics and analytic techniques. A total of 183 school girls were included in the analysis and 82% (150) were between 15-18 years old and 18% (33) were between 19-22 years old. About 60 (32.8%) of them were grade nine students, 49 (26.8) were grade ten, 40 (21.9%) were grade eleven and 34 (18.6%) of them were grade twelve students. Majorities 163(89.1%) of them were single in their marital status. Of the respondents, 48.1% knew something about contraception. Most of the respondents 102(55.7%) feel that contraceptive is very important. Majority of the participants had heard about contraception from their school teachers. Out of these respondents, 126 (68.9%) had a favorable attitude about the method of contraception, whereas 57 (31.1%) had a negative attitude. Injectables, pills, implants, and condoms were the four contraceptive methods most commonly identified. The two primary goals of using contraceptives were found to be prevention of unintended pregnancies 53.6% and prevention of STDs such as HIV/AIDS (39.9%). The primary places to obtain contraceptive methods were found to be a clinic (44.3%), followed by a hospital (29%), and a school (26.8%). 24 (13.1%) of the respondents reported that they having sex and 12 (6.6%) of the female respondents practiced contraception. This study found that although female students had good awareness of contraceptive method. Age, education level, marital status, and place of residence were discovered to be predictive factors. It is advised that responsive, positive outlooks and the use of contraceptive methods by community members in the study area be the hallmarks of effective and lasting interventions.
Human-Wildlife Conflict in and Around Anfarara Forest, Guji Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2024-08) Gabayyo Hayato; Misganaw Temrat
This study investigated human-wildlife conflict in and around Anfarara forest from December 22022 to January 2023. The aim of this study was to identify the main causes of human-wildlife conflict, estimate crop and livestock loss due to wildlife, identify crops and animals commonly killed by wildlife, and identify wildlife species affecting crops and agricultural products. Data were collected through questionnaire survey, focal group discussion and key informants. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 16 and appropriate and descriptive tests. Therefore, descriptive statistics in the form of percentages are used to analyze the state of the economy. Participants and their responses were compared using the chi-square test. Wild animals were found in the following areas: Anubis baboons (Papio anubis), vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus), leopards (Panthera pardus), spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta), African wolves bush pig (Potamocherus larvatus), warthogs (phacochoerus africanus) and porcupines (Hystrix cristata), About 96.55% of the respondents said that the main wild animals causing crop damage are Anubis baboon, followed by vervet monkey (87.06%), and bush pig (70.68%). Participants reported domestic animals being killed by leopards, spotted hyenas, African wolves. Participants reported that competition for resources, crop loss, danger of poaching, increased destruction of land near the forest, and inadequate protection led to human-wildlife conflict around the Anfarara Forest. About 90.51% of the respondents responded that they protect crops by guarding, 83.62% they protect crops by using dogs, 81.03% by making scarecrows and 61.2% use smoke to protect crops. Therefore, awareness and mitigation strategies regarding human-wildlife conflict should be developed in the region.
Amphibian Diversity, Ecology and Threats in Kaffa Area, Southwest Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2023-12) Abeje Kassie; Afework Bekele
The current study was conducted on amphibian diversity, ecology and threats in the Kaffa Ethiopia from 2018 to 2022. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive description of the species composition and habitat association of amphibians in Kaffa. Data were collected during both the rainy and dry seasons using various methods, including opportunistic observations, audio recordings and visual encounters. Standardized transect sampling methods were used to gather data on the diversity and distribution of frog species. In order to capture a diverse range of frog species, drift fence and pitfall trap techniques were employed. To assess the knowledge, attitudes and perceptions of local communities regarding the conservation status of frog, 347 individuals from participatory forest management association were selected for the survey. Frog skin and toe swab were conducted to test the presence of amphibian Chytrid fungus in the area. The study focused on three distinct habitat types: wetlands, agricultural land, and riverine forests. These habitats were thoroughly explored to document the presence of frog species. A significant amount of effort was dedicated to the fieldwork, with a total of 3,672 person-hours spent in the study area. A total of 5,678 individual frogs belonging to 26 different species were recorded. These species represented eleven genera and eight families of frogs. Among the recorded species, six were not previously recorded in the Kaffa area, highlighting the importance of this study. The identification of the species was primarily based on their physical characteristics (morphology) and subsequently validated using genetic barcoding techniques. Molecular systematic analysis using mitochondrial 16S rRNA and COI gene sequencing was conducted to further confirm the species' identities. The earlier study using morphological identification mis-identified the species as Leptopelis ragazzii, but further analysis using DNA sequencing revealed that it is actually Leptopelis vannutellii. Similarly, the Hyperolius individuals were initially classified as H. nasutus, but DNA barcoding demonstrated that they belong to the species H. howelli. Additionally, three potential new species were discovered, namely Leptopelis sp. 1, Leptopelis sp. 2, and Phrynobatrachus sp. 1. In terms of abundance, the family Hyperoliidae was the most prevalent among the recorded frogs followed by Phrynobatrachidae, while Conrauidae was the least abundant. Wetland habitat supported the highest number of species, followed by the riverine forest, whereas agricultural land supported the lowest number of species. Shannon diversity index showed that wetlands had the highest values (2.131) followed by agricultural land (1.58). Among the environmental variables, temperature had a significant negative impact whereas precipitation had a non-significantly positive relationship with the abundance of frogs. Kaffa area is known for its rich variety of frog species, comprising about 35% of the country's amphibians. Unfortunately, these habitats have experienced fragmentation and degradation due to the expansion of agriculture, drainage of water from the wetlands, and the conversion of horticulture areas into field crops. To address these issues, we strongly recommend the active involvement of non-governmental organizations, district, and regional officials, as well as local communities in and around Kaffa, in the conservation and protection of wetlands and forests to maintain the diverse assemblage of frogs.
Assessing Honey Production Practices and Factors Affecting its Production in Gohatsion District of North Shewa Zone,Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2024-08) Tadesse Ketema; Emana Getu
In Ethiopia, honey production was a traditional occupation widely practiced by farmers as a supplementary income-generating activity. However, an inefficient agricultural marketing system coupled with traditional production methods hinders beekeepers from optimally benefiting from honey supply.The objective of the study was to assess honeybee production practices and factors affecting Honey production in the Gohatsion district,North showa Zone,Oromia regional state.The district stratified into three Agro-Ecologies, and a stratified random sampling procedure was followed to select the peasant association based on their agro-ecological zones. For this study,three Kebeles were purposefully selected, focusing on climate variability and its impact on honey production. A total of 120 respondents from those Kebeles were selected by discussing with experts, considering the farmer households who depend for their livelihood on honey production. Both primary and secondary data collection methods were used for this research, and the primary data were collected by direct investigation by the researcher to observe the status of honeybee colonies per household. The researcher used computer software packages such as Ms. Excel 2007-and SPSS to analyse the data. Beekeeping in the study area was predominantly practiced by males, and about 83% of interviewed households were married, while the remaining 17% were single.Traditional, transitional, and modern frame hives were the three types of honeybee production systems, in which 40.8% of the respondents used only traditional hives, 10.8% used traditional and transitional hives, 24.2% used traditional and modern hives, 4.2% used transitional hives only, 5.8% used transitional and modern hives, 5% used modern hives only, and 9.2% used traditional, transitional, and modern frame hives. The average annual honey yields per hive per year from traditional beekeeping in the mid-land were higher than in the highland and lowland. The average annual honey yields per hive from traditional, transitional, and modern bee hives were 6.5kg, 10 kg, and 14 kg/ hive types respectively.The major factors that affected the honeybee production in the study districts were: pests and predators, high cost of modern hives and accessories, misuse of agro-chemicals, honeybee diseases, poor management, and shortage of bee forage, honeybee colony, and absconding of bees. The major pests and predators include ants, wax moth, honey badger, termites, hive beetles, spider, lizard, and bee-eater birds. To sustain the beekeeping activity, there should be the introduction of affordable and appropriate beekeeping technologies with all accessories, strengthening the appropriate beekeeping management practices, and finally mobilizing women and beekeepers into the sub-sectors through training. Furthermore, large-scale and comprehensive research on constraints and honeybee diseases were highly recommended to set appropriate solutions.
The Impact of Free Grazing on Ecosystem Degradation in Caseof Weyira Kebele–Doreni District,Iluababor,Zone Oromia Region, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2024-06-26) Bizuneh Arega; Bikila Warkineh
Weyirakebele is locatedin DoreniWoreda ,Ilu Aba Bor Zone, Oromia Regional state, SouthWestEthiopia. My study indicates that the free grazing system has contributed significantly to the land degradation problem in Dorenidestrict in the case of Weyirakebele. The traditional uncontrolled and freegrazing system in many kebeles of Doreni district has caused severe degradation of the /ecosystem/grazinglands as I observed and collected evidences. Following harvest during the dry season, all cropland become open to free grazing (stubble) until the next growing season. During this free grazing period, the little vegetative cover is completely grazed, the soils become bare and compacted. The free grazing system also has a negative effect on the conservation of ecosystem as animals often damage physical conservation structures such as stone terraces and soil bunds. Free grazing pressure changes the botanical composition of the pasture (Jávor, 1999). Török and West (1996) studied the influence of marked population growth of mouflon( Wild Sheep) on the vegetation composition. The results showed environmental degradation of the communities. Free grazing can lead to soil erosion exposing the soil to wind and water erosion. Decreases above ground biomass because livestock use the vegetation for feed. According to scholars free grazing isone of the primary contributors land degradations through reduction in vegetation cover, degradation of top soil, causing soil compactions as result of trampling reduction in soil infiltration rates and enhancement of the susceptibility of soils to erosion. Free grazing is highly affect the ecosystem in Weyirakebele Dorenidestrict Ilu Aba Bor Zone Oromia regional state of Ethiopia. It aimed to examine communities awareness on asses their adoption level on controlling their Livestock from free grazing and to examine how to control the live stock from freegrazing and protect ecosystem in order not to degrade. All the Physical and Biological conservation structures are damaged by freegrazing
Survey of Traditional Medicinal Plants Used in Tsegede Wereda Western Zone Tigray, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2024-08) Shishay Tesfay; Gurja Belay (Professor)
Plants have long been used as a primary source for traditional medicines intended to treat humans and cattle, both for preventative and therapeutic purposes.The objective of this study is to survey and identify traditional medicinal plants used in Tsegede Wereda. A total of 137 household heads were selected randomly and purposefully with different age groups. A questionnaire for 137 informants was used to gather data at times and locations that the informants chose. Discussions of the questionnaire were held in Tigrigna. Interviews and field study were conducted to gather information and identification of medicinal plant specimens and their conservation status with the participants and key informants respectively. The data were examined and summarized using descriptive statistical analysis using the Microsoft Excel spreadsheet program .The Diversity Index was utilized to analyze species diversity. The study finding revealed that the gender distribution in the survey on traditional medicinal plants in Tsegede Wereda shows a significant male predominance, with males constituting 68.6% of respondents and females 31.4%. The survey in Tsegede Wereda reveals a rich diversity of traditional medicinal plants, with the Fabaceae family being the most represented at 13.33%.The revealed that high Shannon and Simpson indices reflect a diverse and resilient ecosystem, while the evenness value indicates a balanced species distribution. These findings emphasize the need for ongoing conservation efforts to protect and sustainably manage the medicinal plant resources that are integral to the cultural and health practices of the local community. And also the preference ranking of medicinal plants for treating evil eye illnesses in Tsegede Wereda highlights the importance of Securidaca longipedunculata, and Allium sativum, as key components in traditional spiritual healing practices. We recommend further research studies on the medicinal properties and ecological roles of underrepresented families to fully understand and utilize the ethno botanical potential of the region.
Frequency of Human Monogenic Trait at Sodo Secondary Comprehensive High School in Wolaita Zone South Region, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2024-09) Fantahun Ayele; Dereje Beyene
Traits are structural characteristics of an organism that is determined genetically and transmitted from parents to offspring. There are many morphogenetic traits exist in human could be sued for personal identification and investigations. Morphogenetic characters are physical characters of an individual and due to the way we inherit these traits varied the same part of our body which function similarly may looks different. The current study was focused to identify the variation of some of the morphogenetic characters such as earlobe attachment, widow peak, tongue rolling, bent little finger, and hitchhiker‟s thumb among the student's of wolaita sodo comprehensive high school. The general objective of this study was to investigate the distribution and frequencies of observable morphological traits among the students. Morphological traits of grade 9,10,11, and 12 students of both sexes who volunteered between the ages of 15-20 years old after agreement or consent was obtained from each student and their respective parents, indicating their readiness to participate. A cross-sectional study were conducted on 381 volunteer students (183 males, 198 females) to decide the variation in morphogenetic traits. Data collection for external morphological traits was done by using an observation and recording technique. Then, the data were categorized based on the traits observed and finally the data was analyzed to develop standards for the unique morphology of different parts of the body. Tables and Figures were used to present the findings. Among the morphogenetic traits that investigated in the selected population, the Chi-squared analysis of variance showed that there is significant association were observed in widow peak and bent hitchhiker thumb with gender (p>0.05). The rest morphogenetic traits, did not show association with sex. There was also the higher dominant frequency distribution observed in tongue rolling were found to be female 151(40%) and the lower dominant frequency distribution in male 137(36%). The frequency distribution of bent little finger was 33(9)% and the straight little finger was 348(91%). The frequency distribution of straight hitchhiker thumb was lower 157(41)% than bent hitchhiker thumb 224(59)%. Analysis of the frequency and distribution of the 5 traits in 381 male and female students showed that the dominant phenotype more expressed in the facial morphological traits of earlobe, widow‟s peak and tongue rolling. The recessive phenotype more expressed in hands morphological traits of bent little finger and hitchhiker thumb.
Effects of Land Use Change on Forest Coffee Production in Gomma Woreda, Jimma Zone, Oromia, South West Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2024-06-01) Tahir Badiru; Bikila Warkineh
The main objective of this study is to investigate the effects of land use change on forest coffee production in Gomma woreda, Jimma zone, Oromia Regional State, South West Ethiopia. To meet this objective, explanatory research design with mixed research approaches. The researcher applied both primary and secondary sources of data so that questionnaires and interviews were employed as the data collection instruments. This study was conducted on 120 households who were taken purposively from six kebele such as Goga Kamise, Dehi Kechene, Goga Kilole. Yachi Esa, Koye Seja, and Bulado Choche, of Gomma woreda on the basis of those key farmers who are model for their coffee productions capacity. The collected data was analyzed through frequency, percentage, Mean, and standard deviations. Further, in order to see the relation between the variable liners’ regression was also employed. The findings of the study show that, deforestation has a significant effects on the forest coffee production with a P-value of 0.003 which is less than the significant level, as well as the intensification is also significant effect with a P-value of 0.000 which is less than the significant level 0.005 .However, afforestation with a P-value of 0.028 and extensification with a P-value of 0.049 respectively have positively significant effects on the forest coffee productions in the study area. The findings of this study show that unsustainable land use practices, including deforestation and agricultural intensification, pose significant threats to forest coffee cultivation by degrading soils, diminishing biodiversity, and increasing vulnerability to climate impacts. The researcher recommended that encouraging farmers and stakeholders to adopt conservation practices that protect forest coffee ecosystems, such as sustainable land use planning and the conservation of bio diverse habitats.
Evaluation of the Repellent Activity of Essential Oils Extracted from Some Selected Medicinal Plants in Ethiopia Against Adult Anopheles Arabienasis Patton (Diptera: Culicidae) Under Laboratory Conditions
(Addis Ababa University, 2022-04) Tilanew Getie; Emana Getu; Araya Gebresilassie
Mosquitoes are vectors of several important pathogens and parasites, including malaria, which is transmitted by a bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus Anopheles. Malaria remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality around the world mainly in sub-Saharan African countries including Ethiopia. Even though different controlling methods of malaria vectors have been used, it becomes more difficult to malaria expansion due to the rapid resistance development of mosquitoes to insecticides and synthetic repellents. Toxic reactions of the chemicals have also been reported in some circumstances. Therefore, this study was designed to evaluate the repellent efficacy of six selected traditionally used medicinal plants including Citrus limon, Kleinia odora, Securidaca longepedunculata, Warburgia ugandensis, Rosmarinus officinalis, and Lavandula angustifolia as repellents against Anopheles arabiensis in Ethiopia. Also, to evaluate dermal and oral toxicity on animals.Plant parts were collected from different parts of the country. Essential oils (EOs) were extracted using Clevenger hydro distillation by heating at 120 0C.. Serial dilutions of each plant repellent were made with ethanol and tested to identify an effective dose range and tested on volunteers using laboratory-reared An. arabienasis. 5% and 10% (W/V) ointment were formulated by combining 0.25 and 0.5 mls of EOs in 5 g of petroleum jelly respectively for skin irritation assessment Skin irritation was examined on adult guinea pigs using half a gram of 5% and 10% EO ointment of W.ugandensis since it was found to have the best repellent effect. Acute oral toxicity was also tested on albino mice at different concentrations of W. ugandensis essential oils. At 5% (W/V) concentration, W. ugandensis showed lowest ED50 (0.019%) and ED95 (0.410%) values against An. arabiensis showing the highest repellent activity among the candidate plants. While, S. longepedunculata scored the least repellent power. However, no significant difference was observed in all plants for both doses. Essential oils of all plants had >89% mosquito repellant ability for 2.5 hours and W. ugandensis lasted its complete repellent power for up 4 hours. Skin irritation assessment of W. ugandensis essential oils showed the absence of any dermal effect. However, an acute oral toxicity test showed the presence of some symptoms like diarrhea, drowsiness, and erection of fur starting from the doses of 2400 mg/Kg body weight of mice, and death was observed at 4800 mg/Kg seven days after treatment. Significant body weight loss was also observed at the dose of 4800 mg/Kg. This showed a slight toxicity effect of the oils extracted from the leaves of the plant. In general, essential oils from all the plants under study showed to have remarkable mosquito repellent power although variation was observed in between. Possibilities to stabilize the essential oils for their prolonged repellent effect should be developed by changing the type of solvents used. Further studies on the optimization of doses for repellency tests and does for skin irritation should be conducted.
Insecticide Testing and Assessing Farmers’ Knowledge of Pests, Pesticides, and Method of Application on Tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum L.) Against Tomato Leaf Miner Tuta Absoluta Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in the Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia at Bora
(Addis Ababa University, 2023-04) Sintayehu Bonsa; Emana Getu
The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is an economically important vegetable in Ethiopia, and the crop is vulnerable to attacks from insects, mite, and disease pests. Among these pests, the South American tomato leaf miner (Tuta absoluta) is a serious, new, and exotic pest affecting tomato production in Ethiopia. Tomato leaf miner Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), which is the biggest challenge for tomato production in Ethiopia, was first encountered in February 2013 in the Central Rift Valley (CRV) areas of Ethiopia. Studies were conducted in Bora Wereda in April 2021 to understand pesticide use practices and to test the effectiveness of some selected insecticides against T. absoluta on tomato plants. A total of 100 farmers were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Six treatments of five insecticides; Super Jet 300SC (chlorfenapyr 100 g/l + thiamethoxam 200 g/l), Tutan Plus 410SC (chlorfenapyr 36% + cyromazin 5% SC), Tutan 360 SC (chlorfenapyr 36% SC), Emma 19.2 Ec (emamectin benzoate 19.2 g/l), and Ravan (chlorfenapyr 180 g/l + indoxacarb 120 g/l) from different insecticide classes, one non-registered, were screened for their efficacy against T. absoluta along with the untreated control using a randomized complete block design with four replications. Insecticides were tested in three rounds at the recommended rate based on the economic threshold level of the larval count. The larval count data were analyzed (ANOVA) using SAS version 9.0. The survey results showed that ninety-two percent of farmers in Bora Wereda had not received formal training on using pesticides properly. A hundred percent of the respondents believed that the frequency and rate indicated on the label were ineffective in controlling the insect. Twenty-eight percent of the farmers used smuggled insecticide and found it effective. Tutan 360 SC, Tutan Plus 410 SC, and Super Jet 300 SC were significantly better than untreated check in reducing pest population with a p-value of < 0.001 after the second spray round. Marketable yield weight showed significant differences (P = 0.035) between the Super Jet 300 SC and the control. This study suggests the importance of registering new insecticide molecules with diverse modes of action and using rotational insecticide application techniques.
Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants in Kersa Mellima Woreda, South West Shewa Zone, Oromia Regional State
(Addis Ababa University, 2024-08) Lemessa Sori; Tileye Feyissa
The study was dedicated to uncovering the valuable traditional knowledge that the people of Kersa Mellima Woreda hold about medicinal plants. It shows how the rich variety of plants in the local and the wisdom passed down through generations are woven into their everyday lives. The study aimed to uncover where these plants come from, how they are prepared, and how they are administered. Through a combination of semi-structured interviews, direct observations, informant consensus, and group discussions, and using descriptive statistics alongside ethno botanical methods for analysis. For data collection, first, questionnaires were handed out to 20 women and 30 men to gather basic information about their knowledge of medicinal plants. Second, 45 women and 60 men were interviewed to learn more about the types of ailments they treat, how they prepare the plants, and how they administer them. A total of 155 participants were used in the study and the individuals were selected from randomly chosen nine kebeles based on their knowledge of medicinal plants. Both primary and secondary sources were used to collect data. For analyzing the ethno botanical data, both qualitative and quantitative methods were combined. The research uncovered 77 different medicinal plants used to treat various ailments. In the study area, different types of plants were prevalent: climbers were the most common (41.19%), followed by trees (22.07%), shrubs (24%), and herbs (32.55%).When it came to preparing these medicinal plants, most remedies were made from a single plant or its parts, making up 66.23% of the plants used. The rest were mixed from different species, accounting for 33.77%.In terms of how these remedies were administered, the study found that 50.64% were taken orally. Other methods included oral and dermal application (6.49%), nasal application (7.79%), and just dermal application (28.57%).The most common techniques of preparation were pounding (30.3%), squeezing (17.1%), and powdering (9.2%), with less common methods like sniffing and chewing at 1.3% each. Other methods such as boiling, roasting, and crushing made up 7.9% of the total. Fourteen important medicinal plants were considered most effective for treating stomachaches. Fourteen informants ranked these plants from most to least preferred. By adding up the scores,Cynoglossum coeruleu was rated highest for treating stomachaches with a score of 149, while Ruta chalepensis was rated lowest with a score of 70. Based on the informants’ input, seven multifunctional plant species were selected and recorded their use diversities. Hordeum vulgare, with a score of 8, was identified as the least versatile, while Ritchie halbersii, scoring 23, was found to be the most multifunctional. The study found that Allium sativum was the most favored treatment for malaria in the area.In this study, Allium sativum and Euphorbia abyssinica were found to be the most reliable, with both plants receiving a 100% rating for treating infectious and abdominal disorders. Following them was Acmella caulirhiza, which scored 85%, showing its notable importance in traditional medicine. The community widely agreed that Allium sativum was the best option, scoring 63. Taverniera abyssinica and Croton macrostachyus followed with scores of 49 and 42, respectively as the consensus among participants on the most commonly used medicinal plants for treating specific diseases. There was a strong agreement among informants on how to treat toothaches and tonsillitis, with these conditions having the highest ICF value of 0.96. On the other hand, treatments for elephantiasis had the lowest ICF value of 0.77, indicating fewer consensuses on how to handle this condition. The research revealed that the majority of medicinal plants were gathered from home gardens (21 species), with forests (15 species) and grasslands (14 species) also playing significant roles. In study area, the main threats included overgrazing, firewood collection, deforestation, and agricultural expansion. The study highlighted growing concerns about the diminishing availability of these plants, largely due to changes in their natural habitats and unsustainable harvesting practices. This underscores the urgent need to educate the community on conserving and sustainably managing these invaluable plant resources to safeguard them for future generations. Increased public support, involvement from various stakeholders, and continuous awareness campaigns are essential for conserving and sustainably using medicinal plants
Population Size, Activity Patterns and Foraging Habites of Colobus Gureza in Duben Mountain Awi Zone Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2024-08) Mulualem Amsalu; Bezawork Afework
Colobus gureza is distributed in forests and within savanna woodlands to the north of the moist forests of central Africa, often extending into highland or Montana forests. A study documents information on population size, feeding habits and activity pattern of Colobus gureza in Awi Zone Duben Mountain, Ethiopia. Data were collected using total count method, direct observation and scan sampling method from October 2023 to March 2024 seasonally from the study area. Descriptive statistics were used for data analysis, and the Chi-square test was used for testing. According to the data, there were 54 Colobus gureza on average were recorded .during the wet season and 57 during the dry season. There was no significant difference in the number of Colobus gureza during the wet (x2= 0.96, df = 3, P > 0.05) and the dry (x2= 22.8, df = 3, P > 0.05) seasons. During the wet season, leaves were the main food source for Colubus gureza, followed by fruits. They did, however, eat leaves, fruits, shoots, and flowers throughout the dry season. Colobus gureza sleep for long periods of time before eating, moving, and grooming. The activity budget varied significantly between the groups in both the wet (x2 = 129.54, df = 3, P < 0.05) and dry (x2 = 113.12, df = 3, P < 0.05) seasons. Duben mountain forest is highly threatened by the local community due to different activities. As a result, the Woreda Administration needs to engage the community more in order to prohibit harmful activities and safeguard the Forest. Additionally, in order to increase the population of Colobus gurezas, certain conservation methods should be considered.
Assessment ,. Population Size, Activity Pattern, and Feeding Habit of Olive Baboon (Papio Anubis) in Sodo Dachi Distirict , South West Shawa, Oromia
(Addis Ababa University, 2024-08) Gezahagn Birihanu; Bezawork Afework
This research explores the population size, activity patterns, and feeding habits of olive baboons (Papio anubis) in sodo dachi woreda south west shoa . Data was collected using direct observation during wet and dry season . Results indicate a stable population size with notable seasonal variations influenced by resource availability. Activity patterns reveal a highly adaptable species with significant variations in daily routines based on environmental and social factors. Feeding habits are characterized by a diverse diet, including fruits, seeds, and invertebrates, with marked dietary shifts corresponding to seasonal changes and habitat alterations. This study enhances our understanding of olive baboon behavioral ecology and provides valuable data for conservation strategies aimed at maintaining ecological balance and species preservation in their natural habitats. The number of individual was identified, such as adult and juveniles were identified, by using mobile camera and direct observation as well as their activity pattern and feeding habits were identified. The observations were made in Sodo Dachi district three site that are abandoned and used by olive baboons. The results showed that a total of individuals were observed of were wet season 457 and dry season387 were counted.The activity pattern showed that feeding was the highest percent during the wet season and during dry season followed by resting. The feeding habits also showed that they mainly were observed feeding on fruit, nectar and insect. Olive baboon play important ecological roles as prey and predator, arthropod suppression, seed dispersal; pollination, material and nutrient distribution recycle emphasized the need for conservation.
Environmental and Socioeconomic Importance of Cactus (Opuntia Ficus-Indica) Species in Gulomekeda District, Eastern Tigray, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2023-12) Tsegaye Giday; Gemedo Dalle
The extent of food insecurity and lack of alternative livelihoods have resulted in large-scale environmental degradation and destruction of vegetation cover in Gulomekeda District in Eastern Tigray. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of cactus on species diversity and its socioeconomic contribution to household income. Vegetation data was collected from 60 sample plots of 100 m2 plots from a cactus-free area and a cactus-dense area. Data on the socioeconomic contributions was collected from a total of 93 sample households using random sampling methods. A questionnaire survey was conducted to generate data on the perceptions of household heads of cactus owners and non-owners. A total of 2315 number of individuals were documented from the study area, out of which 756 were in cactus-occupied sites and 1559 in cactus-free sites. The result showed that regeneration of vegetation, and diversity was higher in cactus-free areas than in cactus-dense areas. Cactus production was the major source of human food, income source; livestock feed, fences, and fuel wood. Cactus owners' household income was higher as compared with those who do not have cactus, indicating the positive impact of cactus on the livelihood of the local communities. Price fluctuation, birds, insects, and diseases, high transport costs, and a lack of a specific market were identified as major problems for cactus production. Although cactus harmed local plant biodiversity, it was important for household income and animal feed. Therefore, there is a need for implementing interventions that would minimize its negative effect and enhance its socioeconomic uses.
Prevalence of HIV/AIDS Infections and Associated Risk Factor Among Individuals Attending Bichena and Yetmen Health Centers in Enemay Woreda, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2024-08) Endaweke Mekonnen; Tegenu Gelana
The HIV/AIDS epidemic is one of the leading causes of death and illness in Ethiopia. According to the report of CVM (2016), the prevalence of HIV in Ethiopia and Amhara regions is about 1.18% and 1.5%, respectively. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of HIV/AIDS and its risk factors in Bichena and Yetmen town’s health centers in Enemay Woreda. A health center-based cross-sectional study was conducted in 403 study participants from February to June 2023. Questionnaires were administered to collect data socio-demographic variables and to determine the knowledge, attitude and practice of the study subjects in regarding to HIV prevention and transmission. The blood specimens were taken from study participants and tested for the presence of antibody to HIV infection using the national HIV rapid diagnostic tests algorithm. About 10 of the administrative bodies and health professionals of Bichena and Yetmen Health Centers were interviewed about to get current situation of prevalence of HIV/AIDS, VCT service and its risky factors within the study area. Binary logistic regression analysis was computed to identify the independent risk factors. The overall prevalence of HIV in the study participants was 23 (5.7%) in which nine of them are males and fourteen of them are females. Among these, most of the HIV positive study subjects were job seekers, tea house workers, commercial sex workers and daily labors. There are risk factors that can contribute for HIV infection and among these about 60.8% (n=245) and 59.6% (n=117) of the study participants practiced unsafe sex and didn’t use condom during sexual intercourse respectively. In addition, about 50.2% (n=202) of the study participants didn’t have constant sexual partner and 66.3% (n=267) of them didn’t have an interest in using condom during sex. About 58.3 % (n=235) of them used addictive drugs such as khat, alcohol and others. Hence the prevalence of HIV infection among the study participants in the study area was high and this suggested that the disease is not under the control yet in the country.
Prevalence of Eye Diseases and Visual Impairments Among Patients in Debre Markos Referral Hospital Eas Gojjam Zone, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2024-08) Daniel Wudie; Tegenu Gelana
Eye diseases are conditions that affect any part of the eye and include conditions that affect the structures immediately around the eyes. These conditions could develop quickly, more slowly, or last for a long time. The overall objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of eye diseases and visual impairments among patients who were admitted to Debre Markos referral hospital. To achieve this, retrospective data was collected from 2019–2023 and analyzed using tables, charts, and percentages. A total of 61,946 patients were examined in Debre Markos referral hospital, Medical Center, over a period of 2019–2023. To determine the prevalence of eye diseases and visual impairment the retrospective data of five years was used. Age, gender and visual acuity were noted from the case records. Cataract (16,302; 26.4%) was the most common eye disease observed in our study, followed by Presbyopia (12,744; 20.6%). Glaucoma was seen in 8,566 (13.9%) patients. Moreover, 132 had monocular blind, 20 binocular blind and 25 visual impairment patients were registered. From the findings of this study, it can be concluded that cataracts, Presbyopia, and glaucoma have a high prevalence rate compared to others. In general, the eye disease records were highly observed at the productive age level, which is between 15 and 64 years. This is highly dangerous for the national economy by minimizing productivity and increasing medical costs, Based on this finding; we can recommend that the government and other stakeholders should plan to alleviate the problem.
Effects of Charcoal Production on Environmental Degradationin Shabe Sombo Woreda,Jimma Zone,Oromioa Regional State, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2024-08) Misgana Mamo; Tileye Feyissa (Professor)
Charcoal is impure form of graphite carbon produced from wood under high temperature and low Oxygen. Charcoal has been an essential part of human life for thousands of years. It’s fascinating to think that the earliest cave drawings, dating back over 30,000 years, were created using charcoal. Charcoal production can lead to environmental issues such as deforestation, water shortages, and loss of biodiversity. This study set out to understand how charcoal production affects the environment in Shabe Sombo woreda of Jimma Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia. A combination of explanatory and descriptive methods, including surveys of 154 charcoal producers from five different kebele were used. Data were collected through questionnaires and interviews with local household, development agents, and the woreda agriculture experts and then analyzed by different statistical methods such as frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviations. Notable 38.9% informants agreed that charcoal producers degrade vegetation cover by cutting fuel wood with an average of 2.62 and standard derivation of 1.24 .Coefficient of 0.736 (p<0.01), a robust a relationship where increases in deforestation are associated with overall environmental degradation. The regression of sum of square is 71.33, the predictor’s water and air pollution, soil erosion, deforestation, drought and deforestation have strong collective impact. The increased production of charcoal results in increased forest degradation i.e. deforestation and drought played significant roles in the degradation of the ecosystem. Provide training for households about the environmental downsides of charcoal production, promoting a forestation or planting trees to replace those that are cut down could help mitigate the negative effects of charcoal production and support environmental recovery.

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