Zoological Sciences

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A Five-Yeartrend of Hiv/Aids Prevalence on Knowledge, Attitude and Practice, Among Patients, Attending Treatment at Delanta Woreda,Wogeltena Health Center, Southwollo Zone, Amhara Region, North East Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2024-08) Amisal Aragie; Asnake Desalegn (PhD)
One of the primary pathogenic agents responsible for a multitude of grave illnesses in people, animals, and plants is a virus. HIV/AIDS has a multifaceted and intricate impact. HIV/AIDS continues to be the biggest developmental obstacle for Ethiopia, notwithstanding its stability. The degree of awareness and changes in behavior are the primary factors influencing the incidence of HIV in communities. This study set out to evaluate the HIV/AIDS trends over the previous five years among patients at the Wogeltena health clinic in Delanta Woreda. Between 2011 and 2015, cross-sectional studies comparing HIV/AIDS patients was carried out. A total of 550 retrospective data and84 respondents as a primary data source were selected through systematic sampling. Data analysis was made by SPSS version 16. Respondents in the study area were infected with HIV due to unprotected sex about 62.5%, unsafe blood transfusion about 12.5%, contaminated sharp materials about 6.25% and mother to child about 18.75%. According to this survey, 18.75% of participants said that abstaining from sexual activity effectively lowers the overall incidence of HIV/AIDS. Furthermore, 68.75% of them reported being faithful, and 12.5% of them were aware of the use of condoms. A significant proportion of respondents, both males (75%) and females (62.5%), reported having devoted sexual partners. In 2015 E. C., a sizable patient population was enrolled in HIV care and treatment. Since 2015 E. C., the general trend of connecting patients to care and treatment after HIV positive findings has exhibited a slightly enhanced pattern. The relationship involving care and treatment peaked in 2015 E. C. and peaked in 2011 E. C. Since 2011 E.C., the trend of HIV test positivity, or yield, has been rising. It peaked in 2011 E.C. at 18.7% and increased to 21% in 2015 E.C. The ART coverage trend in the current study demonstrated an improved pattern, rising from 400 (13.74%) in 2011 E.C. to 550 (21%) in 2015 E.C. According to the study, there was a significant gap in knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding HIV/AIDS preventive practice. Youths were found to have a higher prevalence of HIV/AIDS than other population, and a high proportion of them engaged in risky sexual behaviors like multiple sexual partners, unprotected sex, and inconsistent condom use. In conclusion, even though the general public in the area is well aware about HIV and ART, much more work needs to be done to raise public awareness
A Survey Study on Metal Waste Collections, Processing and its Ecological, Economic and Social Importance: the Case of 10 Selected Sub Cities of Addis Ababa
(Addis Ababa University, 2023-11) Haftu Kahsay; Sutuma Edessa
The survey study was conducted in Addis Ababa sub cities on metal waste collection, processing and its ecological and economic importance. The main objective of the study was to make survey on waste metal collection and processing and find its economic and ecological advantages for practitioners and the society. Research design was random selection of all old 10 sub cities as collection stations of metals wastes excluding the newer sub city Lemi Kura. Research populations were 10 quorales randomly selected (found) at each sub city while collecting and processing metal wastes. Data collection method was a survey based observations of quorales collecting metal wastes for five consecutive days (Thursday to Monday) in each station. The processes of collecting metal wastes from 10 ten station, processing (sorting, transporting and presenting for sale at Minalesh Tera (Markato) to seven whole sellers was surveyed. Data collectors were 100 individuals (ten collector from each sub city or station) and seven whole purchasers at Markato that totally make the population 107. The study focused on types of collected metal wastes including Steel, Iron and copper, Aluminum, Lead and others from each station by quorales, transportation were set in tabular forms with illustration of the types and quantity in kg, prices on sale and profits. Interviews were made with the seven respondents (whole purchaser) focusing on the importance of the metal waste collection, selling, economic and ecological importance. Data evaluation was through descriptive method for both quantitative data collected using observation checklist and qualitative data found using interview questions. As a result 4291 Kgs within five days or 858.2 kg per day were collected from which a quorale earns 2122.3 birr per five days and 424.5 birr per day. Metal waste collection ecologically advanced cleansing the environment, made free of pollution and pleasant living and working environment whereby it contributed various social and societal benefits. The study of metal waste collection was concluded with the source economic generation, ecological importance and social benefits.
Abundance of Rodent on Different Land Management Intervention in Simien Mountains National Park, North Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2018-10-04) Deksios Derbe; Jebessa Habte (Professor)
This study deals with the abundance rodents in different land management intervention. Overgrazing is one of the conservation challenges of the Simien Mountains National Park . Overgrazing has been devastating the fragile afro-alpine Ecosystem. The objective of this study was to identify habitat quality and abundance of rodent by recording the new rodent hole and the common mole rat hill between May, 2017 (wet season) and January and February 2018 (dry season), assessed thirteen transect lines in average 2-4 km each. In more rodents captured were investigated in six major sites (within twelve) sub sites and the grids were established within representative vegetation covers.During dry season, five species of rodents Lophuromys flavopunctatus, Arvicanthis abyssinicus, Stenocephalemys grisiecauda, Otomys typus,Mus mahomet and one species of insectivores, Crocidiura baileyi, were recorded. There was significance variation in habitat quality among different land management intervention fresh rodent holes and common mole rat hills (p<0.002 and P<0.003), respectively. ANOVA analytical test result also indicated that rodents’ distribution were significantly different with different land management such as moderate, slightly grazed and overgrazed habitats across afro-alpine ecosystem of Simen Mountains National Park. There was also variation in species abundance in grazed, unglazed and completely grazed land management system. The highest abundance was Arvicanthus abysinicus 56% six major sites; in twelve subsets no rodent was recorded in overgrazed Wezahla one low abundance C.baileyi 0.6%. Density of rodents highest in Alchemilla plant species 8/km2and 0 in overgrazed Hypericum revolutum plant species. There was significant different in rodent abundance (P<0.04) in different land management intervention. In general, grazing pressure were negatively affected the habitat quality of rodent and common mole rats' abundances. . Therefore, to reduce overgrazing, it is recommended to strength habitat conservation to gain habitat quality. To follow participatory conservation reduce overgrazing allowing rotational cut and carry system with limited time bound exclude core area and it should be applied in local bases.
Activity Pattern, Feeding Ecology and Population Survey of De Brazza’s Monkey (Cercopithecus Neglectus) in Bilo Nopa Woreda, Ilu Aba Bor Zone, Oromia Regional State, South Western Ethiopia.
(Addis Ababa University, 2018-08-08) Chewaka Diriba; Jebessa Habte (PhD)
The present study was conducted on the population status and behavior of De Brazzas monkeys in the Bilo Nopa Woreda, Ilu Aba Bor Zone, Oromia Regional State, South-Western Ethiopia, from October 2017 to May 2018. The objectives of this study were to assess the population survey, determine activity pattern, examine feeding ecology and of de Brazza’s in Bilo Nopa woreda. Materials used during the study period included digital camera, geographic positioning system (GPS), and note books. Activity pattern, feeding ecology and population survey were studied for 5 minutes with 15 minutes interval scan sampling. The result was a total of 25 de Brazza's monkeys in 3 groups and 1 solitary; including 16 adults, 4 youngsters and 5 infants. The overall activity time budgets of the De Brazza’s monkeys were given in figure 8. De Brazza’s monkeys in spent 47.91% of their time in feeding, 19.97% moving and 20.65% resting, 3.51% of its time playing, 2.33% aggression, 5.13% grooming and 0.5% sexual activities. Individuals in average spent more time in feeding (48.97%) during the wet season than during the dry season (48.64%). They spent more time moving (19.84%) and resting (20.74%) during the wet season than during the dry season (16.94%) and (21.37%), respectively. They spent more time in social activities such as playing (33.61%) and aggression (2.4%) during the dry season than during the wet season, where they spent (2.74%) playing and (1.66%) aggression. More time was also spent on other activities such as grooming (6.78%) during dry than during wet season (5.67%) and sexual activity (0.37) during the wet season than during dry season sexual activity (0.36%). De Brazza’s monkeys depended most on fruits, which accounting for 76.95% of the overall diet (n= 1332 feeding records), young leaves (13.13%) made the second largest parts of their diet. Other important food items consumed were matured leaves (3.34%), seeds and gums (2.43%) and blossoms were (1.25%). Of the 21 plant species that contributed for the overall diets of de Brazza’s, based on total percentage contribution of plant food items, Ficus species were the most consumed species. All individuals in spent more time feeding on fruit during the dry season (80.32%) than during the wet season (77.37%). Deforestation by the local people for coffee plantation, agricultural expansion, trapping, over grazing and commercial purposes could impose threat to the de Brazza’s monkey populations in the future. Therefore, it is recommended that management action should be taken to conserve the most important food resources such as Ficss species and S. guineense plant trees and further investigation should be conducted to determine the sustainable and beneficial level to integrate the local people in the conservation of wildlife.
Activity Pattern and Feeding Behaviour of African Jacana (Actophilornis Africanus) in Lake Hawassa
(Addis Ababa University, 2018-06-04) Ameha, Kidest; Afework, Bezawork (PhD)
The present study documents activities and diet of African jacana (Actophilornis africanus) in Lake Hawassa. Data were collected during the wet (July- August) and dry (January- February) seasons in 2017 using scan and focal sampling methods. Repeated observations were administered to collect data on activity pattern and foraging behaviour of African jacanas. Activity patterns including feeding, scanning, flying, preening, resting and others were observed. African jacana feed primarily on insects (63.7%). They also feed on worms (16.2), larvae (5.4), snails (5%), seed (3.7%) and other (6%) during the wet season and during the dry season insects (55.6%), worms (12.2 %), larvae (8.2%), snails (7.1%) seed (6.5%) and other (10.3%) There was significance difference in the type of food consumed by African jacana during the wet season (F1 39 = 7.86, P< 0.05) and during the dry season (F1 39 = 3.11, P< 0.05). There was no significance difference in the type of food consumed between seasons (F1 39 =1.48, P> 0.05). Major activities of the species were mainly feeding 95.8 ± 5.6 and 149.3 ± 8.9 during the wet and dry seasons respectively. Feeding activity was intensive and reached its peak in the morning (6:00 - 9:00) and late afternoon hours (4:00 – 6:00). Resting was more during the mid-day (12:00 – 1:00). During the dry season, there was significant difference in the rates of feeding (F0.05, 118 = 15.24, P < 0.05) in the three time periods. The mean feeding rates were significantly higher in the morning than late afternoon (Post hoc Tukey HSD, p < 0.05). There were significant differences in the mean rates for scanning (F0.05, 118= 6.9, p < 0.05), flying (F0.05, 118= 5.03, p< 0.05), resting (F0.05, 118=4.33, p < 0.05) during the different periods. Further ecological studies on African jacana should be conducted to get more information about the bird and facilitate conservation measures in the study area.
Activity Patterns and Feeding Ecology of the Gelada Baboon (Theropithecus Gelada Arsi) and Human – Gelada Conflicts in Amigna, Eastern Arsi, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2018-04-03) Abu Kelil; Balakrishnan M. (Professor)
Activity Patterns and Feeding Ecology of the Gelada Baboon (Theropithecus gelada arsi) and Human–Gelada Conflicts in Amigna, Eastern Arsi, Eethiopia Kelil Abu, PhD Dissertation, Addis Ababa University, 2017 Geladas are Old World monkeys found almost exclusively in the Afroalpine grasslands of the northern and central highlands of Ethiopia. However, a single cluster of gelada populations does exist south of the Great Ethiopian Rift Valley in the Arsi Region. This population was studied during June 2015–July 2017, focusing on activity patterns, diet, ranging ecology and Human–Gelada conflicts in the Amigna, eastern Arsi. Activity types and dietary data were gathered using instantaneous scan sampling method on an average of 10 consecutive days per month. Home range and day range length were determined for each unit based on point to point movements of the units between consecutive GPS locations recorded. These were calculated from the map using measuring tools in the GIS software ArcGIS’9. Human–gelada conflicts in the present study was carried out by means of questionnaire, field observation, and focus group discussions. The gelada baboon faecal dropping samples were also collected to compare the results with the questionnaire survey. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and responses compared using Chi-square test and one-way ANOVA. Logistic regression model was used to analyze the attitude of respondents towards gelada baboon and to determine the factors that cause crop loss by gelada baboon. The activity patterns observation showed that, feeding accounted for 40.31% of the activity budget, followed by movement (20.16%), rest (16.56%) and social (22.98%) activities. Geladas spent significantly more time in feeding (P < 0.05) and moving (P < 0.05) during the dry season compared to the time spent in the wet season. They spent significantly more time in resting (P < 0.05), playing (P < 0.05), grooming (P < 0.05) and aggression (P < 0.05) during the wet season compared to the dry season. Geladas diet mainly included grass blades (48.07% of feeding scans), iv though they also consumed grass roots (18.14%) and leaves of forbs (10.96%). Arsi geladas consumed a total of eight plant species. Among these, the top four accounted for 81.16% of their overall diet. Hyparrhenia hirta contributed for 64.76% of the overall diet of gelada baboons. Ipomoea hildrbrandii ranked second, Euclea racemosa third and Ficus vasta fourth accounting for 10.84%, 5.56% and 4.53% of the overall diet, respectively. There was significant differences in the total time spent in feeding on Ipomoea hildrbrandii (P < 0.05) and Opuntia strcta (P < 0.05) between dry and wet seasons. The average daily range lengths during the wet seasons was 792.60 m and during the dry seasons was 1022.87 m. The home range areas of gelada groups over the course of the study period was 3.26 km2 and 5.44 km2 during wet and dry seasons, respectively. Among the respondent, 79.85% reported that crop damage faced by gelada baboons were increasing from time to time. As distance from the gelada habitat increased, crop damage by gelada baboons was decreased and vice versa. There was a direct relationship between the type of crops grown and the type of crops damaged by geladas (r = 0.23, P < 0.05). Among the respondents, 25.84% had negative attitude towards gelada baboon, whereas 74.16% had positive. As crop loss by gelada baboon increased, good attitude of respondents towards gelada baboon was decreased and vice versa. In general, there was strong conflict between gelada baboon and the surrounding people in most parts of the study area. Narrow ecological niche, limited geographic distribution, and conflict with local people place Arsi gelada at the risk of extinction. To ensure long-term survival of Arsi geladas, appropriate management actions should be taken to conserve the species and to minimize human–wildlife conflict.
Activity Patterns and Foraging Habits of Sacred Ibis (Threskiorinis Aethiopicus Latham 1790) in Chelekeleka Wetland, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2023-10) Hilina Sisay; Bezawork Afework
The African Sacred ibis (Threskiorinis aethiopicus Latham, 1790) is one of the 32 species of the family Threskiornitidea, 11 of which are found in Africa. It is the most widespread and most common of this family in Africa. A study on activity patterns and feeding behavior of Sacred ibis (Threskiornis aethiopicus Latham 1790) was carried out in Chelekeleka wetland. Data on Sacred ibis diurnal activity patterns and foraging behavior were gathered through repeated observations followed scan sampling and focal sampling methods. Diurnal Activity patterns such as feeding, scanning, flying, preening, resting and other activities were recorded during both wet and dry seasons. Foraging habits of the birds were also recorded at the time when the birds were actively feeding. The results showed that Sacred ibises spent much of their time in feeding (39.8%) followed by resting (33.9%) and preening (16.9%) during the dry season. On the other hand, during the wet season, resting activity was the highest (36.5%) followed by feeding (31.4%) and preening (24.2%). The percentage time spent for feeding activity by Sacred ibis was significantly different between wet and dry seasons (p < 0.043). However, the other activities showed no significant difference between wet and dry seasons. Among the three time slots, feeding was the most prominent activity in the morning hours during both dry (69.07%) and wet (59.34%) seasons. There was a statistically significant difference in the time spent for feeding among the three time slots during both seasons (p < 0.05). Sacred ibis spent more time resting during midday and late afternoon hours, making it their second most important activity. For foraging, Sacred ibises used muddy and marsh areas during both wet and dry seasons. The main food items of Sacred ibis during the study period were different insects and worms during both seasons. Sacred ibises mainly obtain their food by probing. Probing is inserting the bill into the sediment, allowing the capture of invertebrates that live below the sediment surface. A higher probing rate per minute was recorded during the dry season (5.8 times/ minute) than the wet season (4.9 times/ minute). However, the probing rate did not show a significant difference between the two seasons. Sacred ibis actively forage in the marsh and flat muddy habitat both during the wet and dry seasons. They feed highly during the morning hours resting during midday and late afternoon. . Chelekelaka wetland is one of the most highly disturbed ecosystems due to several anthropogenic activities. However, Sacred ibis are found throughout the year in this wetland despite such high disturbances. Further studies are required on their adaptation strategies in such disturbed habitat and conservation efforts are also required to protect this wetland from further threat in order to protect Sacred ibis and other bird species in the area.
Age Sex Malaria Prevalence Plasmodium Falciparum, Plasmodium Vivax
(Addis Ababa University, 2015-06) Mulugeta, Solomon; Getu, Emana(Professor)
is one of the deadly disease caused by four main species of protozoan: P.Vivax P.falciparum, P.ovale and P.malariae. The 5th species P. knowlesi also infect human being occasionally. Malaria is transmitted by female anopheles mosquito. The aim of this study was to assess and analyze the trends of malaria prevalence from 2006 to 2015 G.C. at Atat primary hospital and associated risk factor to malaria infection. For this study data were taken from the hospital registration log book for a period of ten years from 2006 to 2015 G.C. Moreover, data for risk factors were collected from randomly selected households to which structured questionnaires were provided. Among the recorded malaria cases there is no clear trends idea as to which sex is more affected by malaria. In 2006, 2007 and 2011 roughly, 4%, 3%, 5%, , males were, respectively infected by malaria. Conversely in 2008, 2009, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015 about 3%, 4%,2%, 4%, 1% and 4% females were, respectively infected with malaria. As to which species of Plasmodium dominantly infect heman being in the study hospital in 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, and 2013 over 50% of malaria was caused by P. vivax, while in 2012, 2014, 2015 the highest proportion was caused by P. falciparum. Among malaria cases in different age groups, there is no clear trend as it varies from year to year. The highest record of malaria was in October to December followed April- June and the least was from January to March for all years. The prevalence of malaria with regard to sex, and age are statistically insignificant (P>0.05), The prevalence of malaria with seasonal variation is statistically significant P<0.05. Improper utilization of long lasting insecticidal bed nets, insufficient indoor residual spraying, the presence of mosquito breeding area were identified as the associated risk factors. All the above risk factors were found to be significantly associated with the risk of getting malaria parasite (P<0.05). It can be recommended that proper use of net should be practiced by all members of the households and indoor residual spraying should be done regularly. key words: Age, Sex, Malaria Prevalence, Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax
AIDS Arsi zone HIV Prevalence woreda
(Addis Ababa University, 2015-03) Tsegaye Kibebe; Belay Gurja (PhD)
The aim of this study was to assess the HIV prevalence rate of the selected hospitals and health centers in Arsi zone, Oromiya region, Ethiopia. Out of the 25 woredas found in the zone, 14 of them (56%) were selected by purposive or convenience sampling method.17 Health institutions, three Hospitals (out of the five Hospitals found in the zone) and fourteen Health centers were used for sampling. All the data was collected by tally method from the “Voluntary Counseling and Testing Registration Log Book” and from the “monthly reporting format” of the health institutions taken as a sample and analyzed using SPSS version 20. A total number of 269,398 individuals were tested for HIV in 14 woredas of the zone (Asella, Tiyo, Digelu and Tijo, Lemu and Bilbilo, Robe, Lode Hetosa, Dodota, Diksis, Jeju, Shirka, Ziway Dugda, Munesa, Hetosa and Sire). A 10 (ten) years annual clinical data record from Asella Hospital, 3 years annual clinical data record from Rehoboth hospital, 8 years annual clinical data record from the Family Guidance Association of Ethiopia (FGAE) - Asella branch clinic and a one to nine years data from each of the other 13 woredas was collected to show the average annual HIV prevalence rate in the areas. The assessment of the retrospective clinical data record showed HIV/AIDS to be about 1.74% average annual prevalence. The data record also showed that HIV prevalence decreased from 11.14% in 2006 to 1.74% as compared to that of 2015. Furthermore, HIV prevalence among sexes showed 2.75% of the HIV positive individuals were females and 1.79% was males. According to the study, 38.94% of the HIV positive individuals were males and 61.06% were females. The data also showed that the disease is more prevalent in the age groups of 15-49 years of age. Furthermore, the recent decrease in the prevalence of the disease seems to be promising but there is still a need to further enhance disclosure and condom use and using different mechanisms like mass health education and face to face counseling and the need to take the control of the disease more seriously in the community. Keywords: - AIDS, Arsi zone, HIV, prevalence, woreda
Amphibian Diversity, Ecology and Threats in Kaffa Area, Southwest Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2023-12) Abeje Kassie; Afework Bekele
The current study was conducted on amphibian diversity, ecology and threats in the Kaffa Ethiopia from 2018 to 2022. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive description of the species composition and habitat association of amphibians in Kaffa. Data were collected during both the rainy and dry seasons using various methods, including opportunistic observations, audio recordings and visual encounters. Standardized transect sampling methods were used to gather data on the diversity and distribution of frog species. In order to capture a diverse range of frog species, drift fence and pitfall trap techniques were employed. To assess the knowledge, attitudes and perceptions of local communities regarding the conservation status of frog, 347 individuals from participatory forest management association were selected for the survey. Frog skin and toe swab were conducted to test the presence of amphibian Chytrid fungus in the area. The study focused on three distinct habitat types: wetlands, agricultural land, and riverine forests. These habitats were thoroughly explored to document the presence of frog species. A significant amount of effort was dedicated to the fieldwork, with a total of 3,672 person-hours spent in the study area. A total of 5,678 individual frogs belonging to 26 different species were recorded. These species represented eleven genera and eight families of frogs. Among the recorded species, six were not previously recorded in the Kaffa area, highlighting the importance of this study. The identification of the species was primarily based on their physical characteristics (morphology) and subsequently validated using genetic barcoding techniques. Molecular systematic analysis using mitochondrial 16S rRNA and COI gene sequencing was conducted to further confirm the species' identities. The earlier study using morphological identification mis-identified the species as Leptopelis ragazzii, but further analysis using DNA sequencing revealed that it is actually Leptopelis vannutellii. Similarly, the Hyperolius individuals were initially classified as H. nasutus, but DNA barcoding demonstrated that they belong to the species H. howelli. Additionally, three potential new species were discovered, namely Leptopelis sp. 1, Leptopelis sp. 2, and Phrynobatrachus sp. 1. In terms of abundance, the family Hyperoliidae was the most prevalent among the recorded frogs followed by Phrynobatrachidae, while Conrauidae was the least abundant. Wetland habitat supported the highest number of species, followed by the riverine forest, whereas agricultural land supported the lowest number of species. Shannon diversity index showed that wetlands had the highest values (2.131) followed by agricultural land (1.58). Among the environmental variables, temperature had a significant negative impact whereas precipitation had a non-significantly positive relationship with the abundance of frogs. Kaffa area is known for its rich variety of frog species, comprising about 35% of the country's amphibians. Unfortunately, these habitats have experienced fragmentation and degradation due to the expansion of agriculture, drainage of water from the wetlands, and the conversion of horticulture areas into field crops. To address these issues, we strongly recommend the active involvement of non-governmental organizations, district, and regional officials, as well as local communities in and around Kaffa, in the conservation and protection of wetlands and forests to maintain the diverse assemblage of frogs.
Analysis of Indigenous Production Method and farm Based Varieties of Ensete Ventricosum (Welw.) Cheesman in three Major Enset Growing Kebeles of Dedo District, Jimma Zone, South Western Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2024-03) Bikila Gadisa; Bikila Warkineh
Enset (Ensete ventricosum) is a multipurpose crop that is cultivated solely in Ethiopia, mainly in the south and southwest part of the country. It provides a variety of services. Every part of the crop is extensively exploited. The objective of this study was to examine farm-based biodiversity and the traditional Enset production method in three kebeles of Dedo District in the Jimma Zone in the southwestern of Ethiopia. Purposive sampling was applied for selecting the study kebeles, and the simple random approach was used to choose home informants based on the potential for Enset growing households. A total of 188 households were used. The data were collected using questionnaires, key informant interview, field observation and focus group discussion. Then the data was analysed using SPSS 20 Software and microsoft excel. In the present exploration 28 Enset local varieties have been identified. Among the commonly occurring landraces, Nobo, Fia, Molge and Buriti were recognized to be the most widespread landraces in the study area. Most of the farmers highly practiced mono-culturing (73.93%) growing. Enset was predominantly produced in almost all kebeles which accounts about 23% compare to other crops and the indigenous farmers used Enset crops most of the time for food accounts (78.18%) animal feed (9.57%) and medicine (2.12%). Where the corm and the pseudostem are the most important sources of food. The types of food from these parts are ‘Kocho and‘Bulla or Etino. Enset bacterial wilt disease was the most common problem in surveyed area.
Analysis of Prosopis Juliflora (Sw.) Dc Seeds in Animal Dropping and Its Germination Capacity in Amibara Woreda of Afar Region, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2018-08-12) Hailu Kassahun; Bekele Tamrat (PhD)
Prosopis juliflora is a perennial shrub introduced in the 1970’s to the Amibara woreda of Afar National Regional State and now became highly invasive in the study area, due to equipped with a number of biological characteristics. The aim of this study was to identify the possible role of domestic and wild animals for dispersal of P. juliflora seeds in the study area. The samples of animal dropping were collected from animals selected purposely to meet the intended goals of the study. A sample of dropping from domestic animals (cattle, camel, sheep, goats and donkey) and wild animals (warthog) were collected from five villages randomly selected from four kebeles of Amibara Woreda. The study conducted on analysis of P. juliflora seeds in animal dropping and its’ germination and seedling emerging capacity, to determine contribution of animals for dispersion of P. juliflora seed after the passage through the intestinal tract. The experimental result reveals that the average number of P. juliflora seedling emerged per 1.25kg sample of donkey, cattle, warthog, goats, camel and sheep dropping were 160, 86, 46, 16, 3, & 2 respectively. Depending on the results, all of the targeted animals consumed seed pod of Prosopis as food and capable to disperse seeds through their dropping from parent tree/shrub to other new area for about 20km. Because of this case, domestic animals of pastoralist play the highest role to foster the rapid invasion of P. juliflora than wind, flood, humans and birds. But the degree of contribution among selected animals as a dispersal agent of P. juliflora seeds per 1.25kg dropping after 50 days, the percentage of P.juliflora seedling emergence are significantly different (P≤ 0.01). Finally from those animals where sample dropping was collected for analysis, the level of animals as a dispersal agent of P. juliflora was forwarded in the order of donkey, cattle, warthog, goat, camel and sheep.
Analyzing the Effect of Armed Conflict, Agriculture and Fire on the Movement and Migratory Behaviour of White Eared Kob and Roan Antelope in the Boma-Gambella Landscape of Ethiopia and South Sudan
(Addis Ababa University, 2018-06-03) Abera Kasahun; Bekele Afework (Professor)
Wildlife migrations are indicators for functionality and connectivity of land or seascapes. A species movement promotes nutrient cycling, seed dispersal, prey predator interaction, as well as species fitness and survival. The disruption of wildlife migration phenomena are alarms to an underlying and complicated socio-political and environmental crisis yet to come. In this thesis I evaluated the disturbance on White eared kob (Kobus kob leucotis) and Roan antelope (Hippotragus equinus) generated by the armed conflict, livestock encroachment and agricultural investments in the Boma-Gambella landscape. Four years of wildlife telemetry data was collected to analyse and detect the movement and migratory behaviour of White eared kob and Roan antelope against armed conflict, agriculture, fire, livestock and settlements in the landscape. The telemetry data was complemented by the data from five systematic reconnaissance aerial flights. Kernel density estimates, overlay analysis, statistical derivatives and GIS illustration methods were applied to produce results. Migratory kobs have shown behavioural response to the ongoing armed conflict and livestock encroachments by shrinking their former home ranges and making sudden displacements away from conflict hotspot areas. Human footprints and their effect on wildlife conservation in the landscape are evident. The home ranges and movement patterns of resident roan antelopes overlap with the major agricultural concessions and their cropping seasons. The key wildlife core areas, the main migration routes and home ranges exist outside of formal protected areas. The migration route analysis resulted with the longest terrestrial mammal migration and the second largest wildlife migration in the continent.
Anemia among Pregnant Women in Kelela Health Center, South Wollo, Northeast Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2016-09) Mohammed Aragaw; Mamo Hassen (PhD)
Anemia is a significant health challenge in both low- and high-income countries with major consequences in public health as well as socio-economic development. It is regarded as a major risk factor for unfavorable outcome of pregnancy both for the mother and the fetus. Current setting-specific information on this formidable threat is essential to design and implement appropriate control interventions. However, there is lack of adequate information on the magnitude of anemia among pregnant women in Kelela, northeast Ethiopia. This study was, therefore, done to determine the prevalence of anemia and associated factors among pregnant women attending Kelela health center (KHC). A cross-sectional study was carried out among pregnant women who came for their antenatal care follow-up between January and May 2016. A pretested questionnaire was used to gather socio-economic, demographic and clinical characteristics of the participants. Hemoglobin (Hb) was measured using the Sahli-Hellinge method and anemia status determined (Hb<11.0g/dl). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to test the association between anemia and socio-demographic variables (p<0.05). The prevalence of anemia was 58.8% (n=243); mild 40.8%, moderate 59.8%, and no severe cases. Women having birth interval of <2 years were twice likely to be anemic than those with ≥2 years birth interval (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 2.235, 95% confidence interval (CI) 8.427-8.677, p 0.001). Moreover, anemia was significantly higher among the multigravidae (AOR 0.212, 95% CI 0.048-0.941, p 0.041) and those in their third trimester of pregnancy (AOR 6.582, 95% CI 1.851-23.401, p 0.004). The prevalence of anemia in the study was high, although there were no severe cases, calling for immediate intervention. Keywords: Anemia, pregnancy, prevalence, maternal, KHC
Aquaponics Productivity Response for Niger Seed Cake (Guizotia Abyssinica) Inclusion and Increased Level of Mineral Supplementation in Fish Diet
(Addis Ababa University, 2017-03) Tadesse, Abebe; Getahun, Abebe(Professor)
This study was conducted at Addis Ababa University aquaponics research facility to determine level of Niger seed cake inclusion and mineral supplementation on aquaponics diet to improve Tilapia-Lettuce productivity in aquaponics system. Three main studies were conducted to determine the efficient level of Niger seed inclusion for tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) growth, effective Niger seed dietary level on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) growth and effective mineral supplementation level for tilapia and lettuce growth. Mineral supplementation level was studied by taking the best Niger seed cake inclusion level for tilapia and lettuce growth. Five levels of Niger seed cake (NC) inclusions with different level of fish meal (FM) (NC:FM); 0 (Negative control diet; D1), 0.29 (D2), 0.83 (D3), 2.14 (D4), 3.4 (D5) and Hydroponics system(H) (Control 2; Positive control for nutrients) were tested against tilapia and lettuce growth and water quality attributes for 28 days. After decision on the best Niger seed cake inclusion level five mineral supplementation levels 0% (D1), 1.2% (D2), 2.3% (D3), 3.5% (D4) and 4.6% (D5) on fish diet were tested against aquaponics productivity taking the best diet from previous experiment as negative control. Impact of Niger seed cake inclusion level brought significant variation (p < 0.05) on water quality parameters but remain within the range suitable for growth and development of lettuce. Most tilapia and lettuce growth performance measures were significantly quadratic with NC:FM ratio in fish diet (r2 > 0.25, p<0.1). Highest Specific growth rate (SGR), Relative growth rate (RGR), Protein productive value (PPV), Crude protein content, Mineral retention (K, Ca, Fe and N) and feed efficiency response of tilapia were measured from D4. Similarly highest lettuce; Yield, Fresh biomass per plant, Leaf fresh weight, Root fresh weight from experimental diets were recorded from D4 that is statistically not different with H treatment (p > 0.05). Increased NC:FM composition resulted in quadratic decrease of Dry matter (DM) and mineral content. Mineral iv retained in lettuce was significantly correlated (p < 0.05) with diet mineral composition and resulted in increased mineral level recovered by lettuce and in water. Fish tank water mineral content response was also significantly quadratic with NC:FM ratios (r2 > 0.25, p < 0.1). Mineral supplementation performance on tilapia and lettuce growth was found to be significantly comparable among treatments and numerically lowest and highest RGR, and Protein efficiency ratio (PER) were achieved from treatment D1 and D5, respectively. Increased mineral supplementation level on fish diet brought significantly linear RGR, FCR, PPV and PER response (r2 > 0.5, p < 0.05). Among experimental diets significantly highest Absolute growth rate, Relative growth rate, Leaf weight ratio and lettuce yield were achieved from 2.3% mineral supplementation level (p < 0.05). Hydroponics mineral supplemented diet with a level of 2.3% resulted in significantly highest (p < 0.05) total (tilapia and lettuce) biomass yield and suitable growing environment for tilapia and lettuce. Aquaponics productivity can be improved through hydroponics mineral inclusion in fish diet which contains 2.14 NC:FM ratio supplemented with 2.3% hydroponics mineral
Aquatic Sciences, Fisheries and Aquaculture Stream Assessment of the Ecological Condition of Aba Samuel Reservoir Using Water Quality and Trophic Status Indices
(Addis Ababa University, 2019-06-06) Retea, Badatu; Fetahi, Tadesse (PhD); Mengistou, Seyoum (Professor)
Aba Samuel Reservoir (ASR) has been degraded by various types of environmental pollution released from domestic, industrial and agricultural activities. This research aimed at evaluating the ecological condition of ASR using water quality and trophic status indices. In situ measurements of physicochemical parameters (DO, Temperature, EC, and pH) were taken from five sampling sites using portable Multimeter. The major inorganic nutrients (NO3-N, NO2-N, NH4, PO4, and TP) were analyzed in the limnology laboratory using APHA methods and microbial analyzed in biomedical laboratory at AAU. Relationships between plankton and environmental variables were analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (CANOCO for Windows 4.5). Water quality indices of ASR calculated using National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Index (NSFWQI) had overall mean + SE values of turbidity (105.94 + 39.27 NTU), TSS (745.73 + 222.74 mg L-1), pH (7.96 + 0.049), Temp. (21.9015 + 0.29 °C), DO (3.4615 + 0.25 mg L-1), NO3- N (0.25 + 0.015 mg L-1), TP (0.12 + 0.008 mg L-1) and FC (225 CFU 100 mL-1). According to NSFWQI, bad ecological condition of 37.14, WQI was calculated for ASR recorded from all sampling sites. Trophic status index was calculated by Lamparelli (2004) and Cunha et al., (2013) methods proposed for tropical environments. The overall mean phytoplankton biomass as chlorophyll a was (Chl a, 15.08 + 0.94 μg L-1) and Total phosphorus (62.92 + 0.42 μg L-1). Overall ASR WQI is poor and TSI (56.81 _ 61.80) state that sites has TSI values ranging from eutrophic to supereutrophic and that the overall TSI is in the eutrophic category. Lack of industrial and municipal wastewater treatment plants of the Addis Ababa towns and cities in the basin has caused serious pollution to Aba Samuel Reservoir.
Aspects of Reproductive Biology, Growth Performance and Survival of the African Catfish, Clarias Gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) in Captivity for Enhancing Aquaculture
(Addis Ababa University, 2018-12-12) Yalew, Alayu; Getahun, Abebe (Professor)
Being a potential species for the development of Ethiopian aquaculture, some aspects of the reproductive biology, larval rearing and growth performance of the African catfish, C. gariepinus had never been addressed. Hence this research aims to compare the performance of different size classes on their reproductive biology different z the artificial propagation, larval rearing and table size production of the African catfish, C. gariepinus in captivity. Different sizes of broodstock groups were injected with pituitary extract and compared for fecundity, number of fertilized eggs and the number of survived early larvae produced. The larvae were provided with zooplanktons multiplied in ponds at different feeding intervals to determine the best feeding frequency. The African catfish were cultured in extensive, semi intensive and intensive systems at different stocking densities and the best performing stocking rate was determined for each system. The income return of the different practices was compared and evaluated t identify the best practice for Ethiopia. The result indicated that fecundity of 500-600g weighed broodstocks was 51,800 eggs/kg bodyweight but only 47,000 eggs/kg was spawned from 1000-1200 g weighed broodstocks. The percentage survival of early larvae from small sized broodstocks and larger ones was 81% and 76%, respectively. The larvae fed on local zooplankton performed successfully and zooplankton multiplied in ponds replaced imported Artemia nauplii effectively. At feeding frequency of four times a day (every three hrs), larvae showed an average daily weight gain of 18.9 mg/day which was 19% more compared to those fed fewer times and less frequently. The percentage survival was 95% for the group fed four times a day and 75%, 93% and 87% for larvae fed twice, three times and five times a day, respectively. The most preferred stocking density in terms of weight gain and survival was 1fish/m2 for extensive, 5 fishes/m2 for semi-intensive and 90 iv fishes/m3 for intensive system. And the final harvest or yield was better in ponds or tanks at higher stocking density; 2fish/m2 for extensive, 10 fishes/m2 for semi-intensive and 100 fishes/m3. The average yield was 0.66kg/m2 for extensive pond culture, 4.77kg/m2 asemi-intensive pond culture and 53.4 kg/m3 in intensive culture during 8 months period. Hence, for a better productivity, fish should be stocked at a rate of 2 fishes/m2 in extensive and 10 fishes/m2 in semi-intensive pond culture and 100 fishes/m3 in intensive tank culture. Comparison of the different culture practices for economic benefit (considering fish sale), indicated that semi intensive culture system benefitted more with a profit index value of 13 compared to intensive culture with 9.28. In conclusion, African catfish female parent with 500g and more live weight can be used as a broodstock in a hatchery rearing. Feeding live zooplankton cultured in plankton ponds could be the most consistent technique for Ethiopia since importation of Artemia cyst is not sustainable. For the sake of alternative fisheries and to run profitable business, catfish farming in a semi intensive pond using feed formulated from local ingredients would be a solution.
Assessement of Prevalence of Bars Khat and Shisha Houses and Substance Use Practices by School-Age Adolescents Around High Schools in Gullele Sub City Government
(Addis Ababa University, 2021-12-13) Tesfaye, Mesfin; Wube, Tilaye ( PhD)
The study assessed the prevalence of school-age adolescents substance use (alcohol, khat and shisha) within vicinities of three high schools in Gullele sub-city. The study was an effort to assess availability and accessibility of addictive substances and the extent of adolescents of school-age use of such substances. Data were through counting, direct observations, random sampling and conducting interview. A total of 210 bars, khat shops and shisha houses were identified around the studied high schools. Of these, 114 were bars, 72 khat shops and 24 were shisha houses. On the other hand, 772 (589 males and 183 females) alcohol users, 416 (319 males and 97 females) khat users and 117 (85 males and 32 females) shisha users of school-age adolescents were recorded. Most substance users were identified around Dilber High school followed by Miraf High school and Kechene Debereselam High school. The number of houses, and substance user school-age adolescents increased as the distance from the school increases. As far as sex is concerned, females were less involved in substance use than males. In the categories of time of the day, substance use practice by school-age adolescents was highest during the late afternoon and lowest during the morning.
Assessing Facters Associated With Honey Production in Wombera Wereda, Metakel Zone, Benishangul- Gumuz Region, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2018-08-08) Fikadu, Tilahun; Getu, Emana (Professor)
In Ethiopia, honey production is a traditional occupation widely practiced by farmers as a complementary income generating activity. However, an inefficient agricultural marketing system together with traditional production systems hinders beekeepers to benefit optimally from honey supply. So, this study was conducted out in selected districts of Metakel Zones, Benshangul regional state, Wombera district. The objective of the study was to assess factor associated to honey production in Wombera districts. For this study four Keble were selected purposely focusing on climate variability and their focus on honey production in which 98 respondents were purposively selected by discussing with experts in case of the farmer household who derive their livelihood on honey production. Primary and secondary data were collected from the respondent by using structured questionnaires, survey, interviews and observation. Data was processed and analyzed using computer software packages such as Ms Excel 2007, SPSS. All of the beekeeper in the study area have owned only traditional hives and produce honey for home consumption. The beekeeping practice was dominated by male. despite the long history of honey production in the area honey bee colony and income from honey production was decreasing from time to time due to lack of the beekeeping knowledge, shortage of trained man power, shortage of beekeeping equipments, pests, predators, fires, use of pesticide, lack of properly managed apiary area and feeding, inadequate research work to support developmental programs. Despite all the constraints, there is a great potential to increase the production and quality of honey in the districts .Strong extension and technical intervention, proper pesticide application, establishing beekeepers cooperative and enhancing bee forage plantation through introducing multipurpose trees should been encouraged to increase honey production.
Assessing Honey Production Practices and Factors Affecting its Production in Gohatsion District of North Shewa Zone,Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2024-08) Tadesse Ketema; Emana Getu
In Ethiopia, honey production was a traditional occupation widely practiced by farmers as a supplementary income-generating activity. However, an inefficient agricultural marketing system coupled with traditional production methods hinders beekeepers from optimally benefiting from honey supply.The objective of the study was to assess honeybee production practices and factors affecting Honey production in the Gohatsion district,North showa Zone,Oromia regional state.The district stratified into three Agro-Ecologies, and a stratified random sampling procedure was followed to select the peasant association based on their agro-ecological zones. For this study,three Kebeles were purposefully selected, focusing on climate variability and its impact on honey production. A total of 120 respondents from those Kebeles were selected by discussing with experts, considering the farmer households who depend for their livelihood on honey production. Both primary and secondary data collection methods were used for this research, and the primary data were collected by direct investigation by the researcher to observe the status of honeybee colonies per household. The researcher used computer software packages such as Ms. Excel 2007-and SPSS to analyse the data. Beekeeping in the study area was predominantly practiced by males, and about 83% of interviewed households were married, while the remaining 17% were single.Traditional, transitional, and modern frame hives were the three types of honeybee production systems, in which 40.8% of the respondents used only traditional hives, 10.8% used traditional and transitional hives, 24.2% used traditional and modern hives, 4.2% used transitional hives only, 5.8% used transitional and modern hives, 5% used modern hives only, and 9.2% used traditional, transitional, and modern frame hives. The average annual honey yields per hive per year from traditional beekeeping in the mid-land were higher than in the highland and lowland. The average annual honey yields per hive from traditional, transitional, and modern bee hives were 6.5kg, 10 kg, and 14 kg/ hive types respectively.The major factors that affected the honeybee production in the study districts were: pests and predators, high cost of modern hives and accessories, misuse of agro-chemicals, honeybee diseases, poor management, and shortage of bee forage, honeybee colony, and absconding of bees. The major pests and predators include ants, wax moth, honey badger, termites, hive beetles, spider, lizard, and bee-eater birds. To sustain the beekeeping activity, there should be the introduction of affordable and appropriate beekeeping technologies with all accessories, strengthening the appropriate beekeeping management practices, and finally mobilizing women and beekeepers into the sub-sectors through training. Furthermore, large-scale and comprehensive research on constraints and honeybee diseases were highly recommended to set appropriate solutions.

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