Pediatrics and Child Health
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Item Magnitude and Associated Factors of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Patients Attended at Psychiatry Clinic in Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2025-04-15) Selam Alemtsehay; Tewodros HailemariamA complicated developmental condition, autism spectrum disorder is characterized by repetitive behavior, limited interests, and ongoing difficulties with social communication. About 1 in 100 people worldwide has autism. This lifelong condition presents varying challenges that can affect daily life. In Ethiopia, Autism Spectrum Disorder is a growing issue that lacks attention, this is evidenced by the absence of appropriate laws or policies, insufficient facilities, and a scarcity of literature on the topicItem Clinical Profile and Risk Factors Associated in Global Developmental Delay Children at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital Addis Ababa, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2025-02-10) Suzy Kiden; Atsede TeklehaimanotThe global development delay was used to measure the development status of under five children. The measurement was assessed and stat as when two or more domains had delayed. There is also controversy of symptom complex of GDD concerning to diagnosed under five childrenItem Clinical and Microbiological profiles of Infective Endocarditis in Pediatric Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital(Addis Ababa University, 2022-10) Abera,Bemnet; Mintesinot,Helen(MD,Ass.Prof); Sani,Elham(MD,Ass.Prof)Background: A serious infection of the heart's endocardial surface, including the heart valves, is known as infective endocarditis (IE). In young patients, IE is a rare but potentially fatal illness that needs to be diagnosed and treated right away. Improving outcomes requires an understanding of the clinical and microbiological features of IE in the pediatric context. These kinds of studies aid in the understanding of the local epidemiology of this uncommon but dangerous pediatric heart infection by physicians working in resource-constrained environments such as Ethiopia. The results can help develop diagnostic algorithms, direct empirical antibiotic therapy, and pinpoint areas where IE prevention and management in this patient population need to be improved. Objectives: - This study aimed to describe the microbiological pattern, clinical manifestation, and outcome of infective endocarditis in pediatric patients attending Ethiopia's Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, a tertiary care facility. Methods: An institutional-based retrospective cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted, focusing on 61 medical records of pediatric patients admitted for infective endocarditis (IE) at TASH from January 2019 to January 2024. A self-administered and structured questionnaire was developed to encompass demographic, clinical, and echocardiography data from the medical records of the study subjects. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 27 software, and the findings were presented using tables and charts. Result: This study includes a total of 61IE patients’ more than half 35(57.4) were female. fever (52, 27.2%), shortness of breath (45, 23.6%), and cough (28, 14.7%) were the most common chief complaints .36 patients (59 %) were cured, 25 (59 %) died, with sepsis with multi-organ failure (13, 52%) being the leading cause of death. The average hospital stays for patients who died was 21.04 days (SD = 18.449), while the average stay for patients who were cured was 41.39 days (SD = 11.746). Length of hospital stay (Odds Ratio = 1.083, 95% CI = 1.030 to 1.138, p = 0.002) and presence of complications (Odds Ratio = 0.039, 95% CI = 0.005 to 0.345, p = 0.003) significantly affect the outcomeItem Pediatrics Emergency Unit Length of Stay and it’s Associated Factors at Tash at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addisababa, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2025-02-19) Eden Beresa; Muluwork TeferaThe length of stay in pediatric emergency departments (PED) is a critical factor in providing timely and efficient care to children in need of immediate medical attention. Various factors, including operational, clinical, and social elements, influence the duration of stay in these departments. Research has shown that the introduction of dedicated pediatric emergency rooms can help reduce the average length of stay, despite an increase in patient volume (2). Additionally, family characteristics, such as primary language spoken at home, socioeconomic status, and insurance status, also play a role in determining the length of stay (7). Resource constraints in healthcare settings, such as limited availability of diagnostic tools and pediatric specialists, can further complicate these factors, potentially leading to longer wait times and lengths of stay (1).Item Magnitude and Associated Factors of Chronic Liver Disease in Children at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital Five Years Trend Analysis, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2025(Addis Ababa University, 2025-04) Daniel Philipos; Abebe HabtamuChronic liver disease (CLD) in children, characterized by progressive liver dysfunction lasting over six months, poses significant global health challenges. Pediatric CLD incidence is notably high in Africa (9.9–14.7 per 100,000), with Ethiopia reporting 24 adult CLD deaths per 100,000 population in 2019 [6,9,12]. Limited local data contribute to diagnostic delays, underreporting, and inadequate health policies. This study assessed the magnitude and associated factors of pediatric CLD at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital (TASH), Ethiopia, to address epidemiological and diagnostic gapsItem Outcome of bubble CPAP for the management of preterm neonates with RDS and associated factors at NICU, TASH, Addis Ababa; Hospital based cross-sectional study(Addis Ababa University, 2025-04-13) Elham Jemal; Semienew AmbachewRespiratory distress syndrome is among the major complications of preterm birth. In developed countries the infant mortality rate from RDS has significantly reduced. But in resource restricted setting RDS is still among the commonest cause of mortality among preterm neonates(1) Continuous positive airway pressure ( CPAP ) has become a useful modality in management of respiratory distress in preterm babies. It is found to be safe and effective means of treating mild and moderate RDS and apnoea of prematurity(2). CPAP started at birth is as effective as prophylactic or early surfactant and is associated with a reduction in BPD(3). Bubble CPAP , when used appropriately , is more cost effective , less intensive , requires less training and has lower risk of complications(4)Item Functional Disability And Health Related Quality of Life Among Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Patients Attending the Pediatric Rheumatology Clinic at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, A Prospective Study(Addis Ababa University, 2025-04-05) Etsegenet Bekele; Hana LishanJuvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is an idiopathic inflammatory arthritis which includes different types of chronic arthritis and also extra-articular structures. It has a wide presentation and different clinical subtypes. It is a long standing disease associated with many complications including permanent damage to joints with or without joint destruction, interference with bones and growth resulting in disability and loss of function which in turn results in problem in functional ability and health related quality of life of the childItem A Quality Improvement Project to Improve the Knowledge of Nurses Working at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU): A Pre - and Post - Test Studyl(Addis Ababa University, 2025-10-19) Firehiwot Markos; Asrat DemtseThe first 28 days of life – the neonatal period – is the most vulnerable time for a child’s survival. Globally 2.3 million children died in the first 28 days of life in 2022. Children who die within the first 28 days of birth suffer from conditions and diseases associated with lack of quality care at birth or skilled care and treatment immediately after birth and in the first days of life. The neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) is the home to a fragile patient population consisting of babies born prematurely or with congenital anomalies and newborns requiring surgical intervention. These patients need special medical attention and support. The medical staff must provide quality care and implement evidence-based nursing practices to improve outcomes for the neonatal populationItem Comorbidity of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children with epilepsy in TASH,2024(Addis Ababa University, 2025-02-15) Firezer Milashu; Ayalew MogesChildren with epilepsy frequently have comorbidities; about half of kids have at least one condition. The psychiatric condition known as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is typified by hyperactivity and inattention that are out of proportion to the child's developmental stage. ADHD has a significant impact on the clinical results, psychosocial characteristics, and quality of life of children with epilepsy. In clinical practice, comorbid ADHD is still not well acknowledged. Comorbid ADHD must be identified and treated early in order to improve prognosis and lower the chance of negative long term neurodevelopmental effectsItem Prevalence and Associated Factors of Phenytoin Induced Gingival Overgrowth (Pigo) Among Children Receiving Phenytoin Treatment in Selected Addis Ababa Governmental Hospitals,Ethiopia, Cross-Sectional Study(Addis Ababa University, 2025-02-05) GebreEgziabher Kassa; Behaylu YibeGingival overgrowth (GO) is a frequent complication associated with various medications, including anticonvulsants such as phenytoin, which is a medication commonly prescribed to treat epilepsy. Other drugs, such as immunosuppressant and calcium channel blockers can also cause GO. Phenytoin is a particularly concerning medication, as it is estimated that 30–50% of patients taking it experience significant gum enlargement. This side effect, known as phenytoin-induced gingival overgrowth (PIGO), can cause considerable cosmetic and functional problems, especially for children, because phenytoin remains widely used, particularly in developing countries. This is reflected in research conducted at Tikur Anbessa Hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Among children with epilepsy who were on monotherapy, phenytoin was the most commonly used medication, accounting for 33.6% of the cases. This study investigated the prevalence of PIGO and associated factors among children in Addis Ababa-selected governmental hospitals, which is highly relevantItem Assessment of Clinical Presentations, and outcome of Patients Admitted to Pediatrics Intensive Care Unit, Saint Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College: A Two-Year Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study(Addis Ababa University, 2025-04-13) Gemechu Edae; Tigist BachaA pediatric intensive care unit is a separate physical facility or unit specifically designated for the treatment of pediatric patients, because of shock, trauma, or other life-threatening conditions, require intensified, comprehensive observation and care. Knowledge of the characteristics and outcomes of critically ill children admitted to PICU in low income countries may help with the identification of priorities and the resources required for improvement of the care of critically ill patientsItem Phenotypic Classificationand Risk Factorsassociated with Recurrentwheeze among Preschoolchildren in A Tertiaryteaching Hospital in Addisababa, Ethiopia; A Casecontrol Study(Addis Ababa University, 2025-02-05) Melat Tesfaye; Rahel ArgawFACTORSASSOCIATED WITH RECURRENTWHEEZE AMONG PRESCHOOLCHILDREN IN A TERTIARYTEACHING HOSPITAL IN ADDISABABA, ETHIOPIA; A CASECONTROL STUDYItem Parental Satisfaction with Neonatal Intensive Care unit Services and its Associated Factors at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2024/25 G.C.(Addis Ababa University, 2025-12-13) Samuel Asrat; Asrat DimtseSatisfaction is a reflection of one’s preferences, expectations, and the care received. Parental Satisfaction, shows how well the service meets their needs and perspective (3). Having a baby is always a challenging experience for parents. However, it gets even more stressful and emotional when a baby is born prematurely or with problems and is taken to a neonatal intensive care unit (4). When parents are dissatisfied, they may not adhere to the treatment/advice of the health professional. Thus, they under-utilize important health services. This may lead to poor utilization of health services and pose critical challenges to the success of universal health coverage and increased neonatal readmission, morbidity, and mortalityItem Assessment of Nutritional Status and Associated Factors of Children with Chronic Kidney Disease in Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital Pediatric Renal Clinic 2024/25 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2025-02-15) Adino Melkamu; DamtePoor growth in children with CKD, which is a marker of disease severity, is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. We studied nutritional status and associated factors in our children with CKD. The study aims were to evaluate the nutritional status and associated factors among children with CKD at the Pediatric Renal Clinic at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital 2024/25.Item Trends and Referral Patterns of Ethiopian Pediatric Patients Seeking Treatment Abroad at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study(Addis Ababa University, 2025-06-15) Arif Abdujebar; Workeabeba AbebeReferral is the process by which a health worker transfers care responsibility to another professional due to limitations in providing necessary treatment. In developing countries like Ethiopia, pediatric referral patterns for treatment abroad have received insufficient attention. Understanding these patterns can help address treatment-related health issues and improve patient quality of life. This study aims to provide valuable data that informs policy and practice regarding demographic characteristics, primary diagnoses, referral trends, and patient outcomesItem The Magnitude and Associated Risk factors of Lipodystrophy among Type 1 DM Children and Adolescents on follow up at Black Lion Hospital Pediatric Endocrinology Unit(Addis Ababa University, 2025-04-04) Henock Hailu,; Sewagegn YeshiwasType 1 diabetes(T1DM) is chronic autoimmune disease that results from the progressive destruction of pancreatic beta cells, insulin deprivation and therefore, the patients require insulin therapy throughout their lives. Lipodystrophy is a common side effect of insulin use in T1DM patients, characterized by changes in distribution and volume of subcutaneous fat stores. Lipodystrophy therefore can also be lipohypertrophy experienced when fat starts accumulated at the areas where one applies insulin and lipoatrophy which is actually experienced when one loses his or her fat tissue. Severe clinical consequences may include insulin resistance in case of Lipodystrophy, episodes of poor glycemic control and worsened diabetes complications. Research recognizes the lipodystrophy’s prevalence among T1DM patients to be 28-66%. Potential risk factors associated with lipodystrophy include duration of the diabetes, insulin use and incorrect method of insulin administration. Nevertheless, lipodystrophy epidemiology and risk factors in T1DM individuals can differ depending on geographical location and some settings.Item Prevalence of Sleep Disorders and Associated Factors in Children with Cerebral Palsy in Black Lion Hospital Neurologic and Developmental Clinic, Addisababa, Ethiopia; A Cross-Sectional Study(Addis Ababa University, 2025-04-15) Kalkidan Mekuanint; AtsedeTeklehaimanotSleep is critical for optimal growth and developmental outcomes in children. Those with cerebral palsy (CP) experience sleep disorders (SDs) at higher rates than neurotypical peers, with disruptions in sleep initiation/maintenance, sleep-wake transitions, excessive daytime sleepiness, and night awakenings being prevalent. These disturbances significantly impair quality of life. This study assessed the prevalence of SDs and associated factors among children with CP at Black Lion Hospital’s Neurologic and Developmental Clinic in Addis Ababa, EthiopiaItem Quality of Life of Patients Under 15 Years of Age with Myelomeningocele on Follow up at Zewditu Memorial and Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study(Addis Ababa University, 2025-02-15) Kefele Elias; Damte ShimelisAfrica was shown to have a high pooled birth prevalence of neural tube defects. Despite the use of preventative measures, the prevalence of neural tube defects in Ethiopia is seven times higher than in other Western nations. Despite the heavy burden, there have been relatively few studies on the quality of life of children with myelomeningocele, particularly at the multidisciplinary level. The long-term quality of life is impacted by MMCItem Admission Hypothermia and Neonatal Mortality: A cross sectional study of prospectively collected data(Addis Ababa University, 2024-01-13) Kullehe Haddis; Asrat DemtseAccording to a March 2024 WHO report, 2.3 million deaths occurred in newborns less than 28 days globally in 2022. Sub-Saharan Africa had the highest neonatal mortality rate, of 27 per 1000 live births [1]. Hypothermia is known to increase the risk of both morbidity and mortality. Thus maintaining a normal body temperature is one of the very important steps for survival of the newborns. Despite the different mechanisms proposed to prevent hypothermia, it remains a global problem especially for low-income countries like EthiopiaItem Observed outcome and Comparison to Pediatrics Index Mortality 3 Score of Patients Admitted to Pediatric Intensive Care Units at TASH, Ethiopia: A Prospective Cohort Study 2024(Addis Ababa University, 2025-02-13) Melaku Moges; Ameha MekashaPediatric index of mortality 3 (PIM 3) score is an illness severity and scoring systems used for predicting outcome of children admitted to PICU. It is an integral part of providing ICU care and used as performance indicators of ICUs