IPSS Theses and Dissertations

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Community Policing and Its Role in Promoting Human Security: The Case of Dire-Dawa City Administration
(Addis Ababa University,, 2019-06) Habtamu Eshetu; Daniel Gebreegziabher (Ph.D.)
Community policing is a strategy which aims at solving community problems related to physical security by the engagement of the society. The main purpose of the study is to assess the role of community policing in human security in Dire Dawa City Administration (DDCA). To this end, this study employed a mixed case study research approach to examine the role of community policing in the prevention and reduction of crime as well as reversing security threat of the local communities. The data were collected through in-depth interviews, document review, and Focus Group Discussion as well as personal observation, and analyzed using thematic analysis. The participants of this study were selected purposefully based on their experience and active engagement in the implementation of community policing. The result of this study reveals that the implementation of community policing in DDCA plays a crucial role in promoting physical security by preventing and reducing crime and individual security threats. In identifying security problems, both the local community and police engage in accordance with the values of community policing. Moreover, it is featured by accessible, community-oriented and participatory approach. Lack of manpower, shortage of office equipment‟s and assignment of officers beyond their responsibility were identified as problems in the study areas. Therefore, the DDPC should focus on restructuring community policing to incorporate elements of human security in community policing services and support the structure with full equipment and other accessories and also other NGOs and academic institution have to support it.
Road Traffic Accident and Its Implications on Human Security: The Case of Sendafa Beke Town of Oromia National Regional State
(Addis Ababa University,, 2019-07) Asmare Zelelew; Daniel Gebreegziabher (Ph.D.)
Road traffic accident becomes the leading causes of death, disability, injuries, and property damage resulted in economic loss and other problems globally, with a greater number of occurring in developing countries. Globally, over 1.35 million people die every year in the world’s roads, and between 20 and 50 million people suffer from nonfatal injuries. Developing countries account for 93% of road traffic deaths, while the same countries account for only 54% of the global vehicle. With an average death rate of 27.5 deaths per 100,000 populations, the risk is more than 3 times higher in developing countries than in developed countries where the average rate is 8.3 deaths per 100,000 populations. The objective of this thesis is to investigate the prevalence of road traffic accident, its implications on human security and measures taken by Sendafa Beke Town Administration and other stakeholders to reduce and/or prevent road traffic accident. To this end, this thesis employed mixed research with a great emphasis on a qualitative case study. The data were collected from both primary and secondary sources through questionnaire, in-depth interview and document analysis and analyzed using thematic analysis. The participants of this thesis were selected purposefully based on their knowledge, engagement, and experience in dealing with or being a victim of road traffic accidents. The results of this thesis reveal that the prevalence of road traffic accident in Sendafa Beke Town Administration has been increasing over time and that road traffic accident affects significantly the physical, economic and health security of the victims as well as the communities. Moreover, the authorities and stakeholders of by Sendafa Beke Town Administration have used awareness creation and enforcement of traffic rules and regulation as a major preventive and reduction measure of road traffic accidents.
The South Sudanese Refugee Influx to Ethiopia and Its Impact on Host Communities: The Case of Gambella Regional State
(Addis Ababa University, 2019-06) Gatwech Wuor; Daniel G/Egziabher (PhD)
One of the most eminent outcomes of civil war is the influx of the refuges to their neighboring countries. Specifically, the recent civil war in the Republic of South Sudan that has resulted into the displacement of thousands of people entered into Ethiopia. The study was, therefore, undertaken with the aim of investigating the overall socio-economic and political impact of the refugee flow in the Gambella Peoples’ Regional State of Ethiopia, particularly the Gambella town and Itang Special woreda. The research employed a qualitative method with a Non-probability technique to acquire relevant data. Primary and secondary data was collected through, in-depth interviews or KII, FGD and Observation, and from books, journal articles, and national and international agencies’ reports. Data was collected using in-depth interviews and FGDs participants. The qualitative data was analyzed using thematic analysis. Research findings indicated that the host community-refugee relationships were characterized by the competition over scarce resources. This was the fact that, refugee settlements on host communities have economic, social, political, and environmental impacts in which, resources shared communally such as water, food, housing, and medical services were of contentious values. Social and environmental impacts such as crimes and unlawful movement, deforestation are additional threats to the surrounding communities. However, evidence show that hosting refugee resulted in both negative and positive as refugee bring together with development aspects including skill transfer. It is thus suggested that both the federal and regional government should play important role to properly implement towards ensuring support for social benefits among local and refugee communities. In addition, the Ethiopian government and UN agencies should expand the capacity for social services such as health, education and water supplies so that both sides benefits from key public services.
Human Security Implications of Oromo-Somali Conflict Induced Displacement in Ethiopia: The Case of Burayu Town
(Addis Ababa University,, 2020-01) Gudeta Regassa; Yonas Adaye (PhD)
This study is focused on the human security implications of Oromo-Somali conflict induced displacement (CID) on human security in Ethiopia particularly who are relocated to Burayu Town. To achieve the objective a qualitative descriptive research design was implemented. The primary source of data was collected through key informants and in-depth interviews. Key informants were purposively selected from different governmental organizations whereas in depth interviewees were selected from internally displaced persons (IDPs) based on snowball sampling technique. The finding of the study shows that lack of quick response to demarcate the boundary between the two regions as per the 2004 referendum, rent-seeking and contraband, and failure to deploy security forces timely as the causes of displacement. Instrumentalism and primordialism were also initiated the displacement under the shade of ethnic federation. The study also revealed that Conflict induced displacement negatively affected human security, means of livelihood and properties of Melka Gefersa Kebele IDPs. As the result, they are suffering from food, water, health insecurities and psychological inferiority complex. Inadequate housing and lack of social services nearby relocation site are among the major factors that have negatively affected security of Melka Gefersa Kebele IDPs. The rehabilitation mechanism of IDPs is also just like lifesaving since it is short term based both in food and nonfood assistance. Furthermore, Melka Gefersa households IDPs are challenged to borrow money from micro financial institutions in rehabilitating their life because of delayed responses to give residential site plan for all households.
Chinese Investment in Ethiopia and Its Implications to Environmental Security: The Case of Eastern Industry Zone
(Addis Ababa University,, 2019-06) Betremussie Getinet; Yonas Adaye (PhD)
Environmental security, which is very important element of human security, is now highly challenged by investment projects of which industrial sectors are taking the highest share. The large scale influx of FDIs especially in sectors such as manufacturing industries is heightening environmental pressures on the host country. Such FDI related environmental problems may force the people who are originally living around the areas at where those FDIs operated to experience a negative impact on their overall security. This thesis is focuses on the implications of Chinese FDI in Ethiopia to environmental security by taking the case of east industrial zone which is one of the Chinese owned mega investment projects in Ethiopia with a high potential of posing environmental challenges. Many argue that most FDIs conducted by China particularly in developing countries including Ethiopia are always been the subject of criticism most of it deserved. The overall objective of this study is to explore the implications of eastern industrial zone to the wellbeing of the local environment. Qualitative research methods with exploratory research design were adopted. The tools used to gather the data were primary sources (in-depth interviews with members of the community, key informants interview with concerned experts in the area and the issue) and via personal observation. Non probability (purposive and snowball) sampling technique was employed to select the participants. The result of the study reveals that east industrial zone is posing serious environmental threats up on the communities living near around it. Among others, the discharge of untreated wastes and effluents, noise and air pollution and problems associated with its poor drainage system are the major and the most common environmental problems associated with the zone. Such environmental problems which are occurred due to east industrial zone are exposing the local residents for a multitude of economic, social and health problems. According to the study, these environmental challenges are posed mainly because of the irresponsive and negligence behavior of the companies found in the industry zone. Companies in the zone are focusing mainly on earning economic profits at any cost including the environment. The host country‟s weak capacity and commitment for the actual and strict implementation of the existing legal procedures and regulations and to take appropriate responses is also another responsible factor for the occurrence of such environmental pitfalls in that depth. Based on the study result, the researcher therefore recommends for the responsible governmental body to re-examine the actual implementations of the legal investment procedures, and re- adjust them in a way that allows the development of industrial zone in a more efficient and rational manner.
The Impact of Social Media on National Security: the case of Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2018-12) Kalkidan Solomon; Tigist Yeshiwas (PhD)
Social medias can be used as a mass communication tools and also connection materials, they are in a day to day growing levels and creating a more globalized world bearing in mind their proximity and flexibility, including their lower expenses. These social media podiums are currently reaching social and security consequences for the citizens of Ethiopia, in considering the socio political implications they have also economic impacts in the country. In order to defend Ethiopia’s freedom, security and prosperity, it is only reasonable that many rational and investigated be done about how the government of Ethiopia can connect online social networking trappings and in equal degree controlling the issues in the impacts they brought as a threat to the national security of Ethiopia. The purpose of this study is to investigate social media and national security threats in Ethiopia. The social media can be said to draw it’s respire from the laws and principles of the traditional mass media and the fundamentals of the freedom of expression. Even though there are no laws particularly on the social media, it still runs freely in Ethiopia without any government restraint. This thesis pursues to analyse freedom of expression and to what extent the social media within the Ethiopian context is free and influencing the social media. Generally, as per their nature social medias are quickly evolving and are able to address every sector and direction rendering the geo-economic, political and socio-cultural elements, the thesis will focus on analysing the factors by the social media on the national security of Ethiopia and response on the government also the social media community accordingly
GOMY: An Investigation of the Traditional Conflict Management System among the Gamo People (Gamo Zone), Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Region
(Addis Ababa University, 2020-08) Endalamaw Kebede; Habtamu Wondimu (Professor)
In Ethiopia, the traditional conflict management system has been playing significant role in addition to formal court system for many years. These institutions are supporting the people to manage their conflicts in the places where there is no adequate public service and lack of government legitimacy. The objective of this study is to explore GOMY an Investigation of the Traditional Conflict Management System among the Gamo People (Gamo Zone), Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Region. In order to achieve the objectives of the study, qualitative research method and exploratory research design was employed. Key informant interview, focus group discussion, observation and document review were the central data collection techniques. Gamo zone was selected based on purposive sampling techniques in conflict management system. Key informant interviews were made with experts from culture and tourism directorate and elders from different kebeles in the Gamo Zone. Also, purposive sampling technique was employed to select the study participants for the focus group discussion. Gomy as a traditional conflict management system has significantly contributed towards the promotion of peace and security in the Zone. Gomy is served or used as reinforcing bar for Dubbusha and Cima conflict resolution methods. Because, Gomy clearly stated, what is transgression and sanction among the Gamo people. It helps people live in harmonious way through mutual respect and care for each other as gomy contains political, economic and social aspects. On the other hand, Gomy faces a lot of challenges from the urbanization, Christianity and interference from the government. Moreover, it lacks attention from the government institution to preserve and promote the system. The study shows that Gomy as a traditional conflict management system plays significant role in promoting peace and security through handling conflicts before the occurrence of loss of life and material destruction in the zone. Hence, other nations and nationalities could take a lesson from the Gamo people in the time the country is looking for an angle to spread the gospel of peace across the country.
Socio-Economic Security Problems of the Murle and their Neighbours across the Ethiopia-South Sudan Border
(Addis Ababa University, 2019-03) Tasew Tafese; Tadesse Berisso (Associate Professor); William S. Reno (Professor)
This dissertation examines the socio-economic bases of the Murle and their neighbours across the Ethiopia-South Sudan border, in relation to security problems. The borderland people narrated their hostile relations with the Murle by referring their pervasive practices of cattle raiding, child abduction, and violent confrontations. Taking the case of the Murle and their borderland neighbours, following an ethnographic approach and adapting qualitative research methodology, data was gathered from members of the local community, humanitarian organizations, and officials across the border. Pertinent literatures were discussed on three themes, i.e., intergroup conflicts, contemplation of state borders, the socio economic interactions, and finally assessed the gaps of intellectual discussion regarding the socio-economic security problems across the border. Data analysis and interpretation was situated thematically. For those people across the border cattle, children, and land are the base of their economic asset. However, the borderland people are affected by intrinsic cultural assumptions such as – the Murle people believed that “all cattle in the world belong to them and need to collect cattle from other places and communities and follow a philosophy of enlarging their population to have enough potential to bargain the available natural resources”; the Jikany-Nuer predominantly depend on cattle while the Anyuaa believe that land is their sole property. To secure their intrinsic cultural assumption, they developed survival struggle mechanisms – the Anyuaa used defensive and preservation mechanisms; the Jikany-Nuer used protection and expansion mechanisms; and the Murle used collection and monopolization mechanisms. These complicated socio-economic interactions of the Murle and their borderland neighbours imply a security problem which is exacerbated by human security threats. The local government is unable to mitigate these threats and security problems due to the challenges of border porosity, South Sudanese instability, state customary disintegration, and fractured relations. The main predator of the borderland socio economic threats and security problems are the Murle youth. They infiltrate the Ethiopian border to raid cattle, abduct children, and confront the defenders. The main factors of their instigation are their idleness, widespread poverty, economic deterioration, and socio-cultural disorder. Moreover, the Murle red chiefs’/kings’ traditional system is malfunctioned by stripping its power since the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan colonial period; which eroded their cultural power to manage their youth that they categorized into age-groups.
Disarmament Demobilization and Reintegration of Ex-Combatants in Ethiopia: The Case of Gumuz Peoples Democratic Movement (Gpdm) Armed Group
(Addis Ababa University,, 2022-12) Meaza Hussen; Mercy Fekadu (PhD)
Ethiopia has a long history of numerous armed conflicts that include civil war in different periods. To stabilize the conflict situation, the country introduced several Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration (DDR) program under the contexts of both post-conflict and on-going conflict in different times. This thesis studies the 2021 DDR process of Gumuz People Democratic Movement (GPDM) armed group that was implemented in Benishangul Gumuz region of Ethiopia under the context of an on-going conflict situation; this makes it distinct from former researches of Ethiopian DDR experience that were conducted under the context of post-conflict situations. Thus, profile of GPDM armed group and its position for armed struggle, involved actors, negotiation and implementation of the 2021 DDR of GPDM analysed and addressed throughout this thesis. Furthermore, by analyzing the overall DDR process, this thesis identifies the major challenges of the program. A qualitative research design method with case study approach was used during the course of this research. Data collected from both primary and secondary data sources. Accordingly, thirty-seven key informants participated in both in-depth interview and focus group discussions. The finding of the study revealed that, the overall 2021 DDR of GPDM failed to attain its primary goal and led to remobilization and re-introduction of 2022 DDR program of the armed group. All the three phases of disarmament, demobilization and reintegration failed to attain their goal. The program planned to incorporate 4500 ex-combatants, while it targeted and demobilized 3200. Only 2.67% ex-combatabts reintegrated from original planed number, while 3.75% ex combatants reintegrated among those who were actually approached. In addition, the study distinguished several major challenges that contributed to its failure. Those are lack of commitment to the peaceful means, lack of inclusiveness, lack of trust, lack of national and local coordination, conflict entrepreneurs, characteristics of ex-combatants, on-going conflict, and external factors.
The Impact of Historical Narratives on Ethnic Conflicts in Post-1991 Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University,, 2022-11) Alemayehu Desalegn; Yonas Adaye (PhD)
The last 50 years of Ethiopia's history can be characterized by revolutions, popular protests, rebellions, self-determination movements, armed struggles, regime changes, and civil wars. Significant portions of these conflicts and civil wars are caused or supported by historical narratives. The revolution of 1974 was backed by the question of nationality raised by the Ethiopian Student Movement (ESM). As a result, the established narrative on which the imperial regime has been based for centuries is challenged. After the 1991 regime change, the two contending groups confronted each other, as the narratives had been fighting through different courses of action. The main narrative, Pan Ethiopianism, lost its hegemonic status as a government ideology while the opposing ethno-nationalism assumed power through opposition and armed struggle. The dethroned narrative of Pan Ethiopianism continued to fight verbally through opposition parties and non-governmental organizations through the printing and broadcasting media. Ethno-nationalism, on the other hand, was privileged as a government narrative, propagating its ideals through government media and organizations. On top of that, the constitution and the federal arrangement are considered the advantages of ethno-nationalism. These conceptions of each group toward the other created a significant amount of grievance and conflict as a result. This paper aimed to diagnose the features of the two conflicting parties, the perceived deprivations that are raised by both, and the actual conflicts that occurred due to the leading role of the two narratives. Using a qualitative approach, both primary and secondary data are used. Audio and video documents, with printed and unprinted documents such as books, journals, magazines, newspapers, and electronic versions of some documents, have been analyzed. Additional interviews with a few concerned parties are held in order to get at the true causes behind the witnessed conflicts. As the conflict cannot be resolved through decades and still both are approved as the key actors in the nation-building process, reconciliation and peace-building mechanisms have been inquired into by the mentioned methodologies. Based on his research endeavor, the researcher recommended conflict intervention mechanisms for the peaceful process of the ongoing nation-building process.
Ethnic Federalism and Conflict Management Ethiopia: The Case of Benishangul-Gumuz Reginal State, Metekel Mandura Woreda
(Addis Ababa University, 2021-08) Asnakew Tuwi; Mesfin Gebermichael (PhD)
Ethnic federalism allows the political authority of local governments to manage ethnic issues in their respective region of the country. In this autonomy, the power of local administration is given to the local people or local institutions to manage ethnic-related conflicts at the local level of society. Following this most people study that ethnic federalism is a source of ethnic conflict as an ineffective state structure to manage ethnic conflict in Ethiopia. This study is examining the institutional function in conflict management at the local level of administration. The main objective of the study is to determine factors that affect local administration in conflict management in Metekel Mandura woreda. Methodologically, the researcher employed a qualitative research approach, cause study research design, primary and secondary data sources, purposive sampling techniques, and an explanatory method of data analysis in the study. The findings of this study are ethnic line institutional administration at a local level encouraged ethnic conflict in a multi-ethnic society. Moreover, the study found that the absences of reconciliation and compensation, and non-integrative socio-cultural conflict management with institutional conflict management in the conflict managements are a problem for the continuity of ethnic conflict in Mandura woreda.
Mining Development and Human Security In Ethiopia: Case Study on Midroc Lege Dembi Gold Mine, in Odo Shakiso Woreda of Oromia Regional State
(Addis Ababa University, 2019-11) Getaneh Wudeneh; Fana Gebresenebet (PhD)
Mining industry has the potential to significantly contribute to Ethiopia‟s economic development. However, such projects are also recognized as one of the most pressing areas of human security threats. The study examines the human security implications of mining development projects in Ethiopia, by taking the case of MIDROC gold mine in Odo Shakiso Woreda of Oromia Regional State. It also investigates the regulatory frameworks and the dynamics of MIDROC gold mine - Odo Shakiso community conflict. To this end, the study employed a qualitative research approach. The data was collected through interviews, document review, personal observation, and FGDs and analyzed thematically. Purposive sampling technique was employed to select informants from the community, officials from the company and the government and subject area experts based on their experience, expertise, and resourcefulness. Snowball sampling technique was also employed to select informants from the victims. The researcher faced with fear and suspicion of informants to provide the relevant information during the data collection, but managed by ensuring confidentiality and anonymity of information and identity of informants. The findings of the study confirm the human security threats of MIDROC gold mine on the health, environment and economic status of the Odo Shakiso community. The mineral extraction /mining method, chemicals and wastes and the expansion projects of the mine cited as the potential source of threats. The findings also confirmed the inadequate threat mitigation strategies of MIDROC and the regulatory organs inability to oversee inspect and regulate the daily operations of the mine. It is, therefore, the sum total of the mine‟s human security threat, little regulatory oversight by regional and federal governments, and lack of local development contribution that aggravated local‟s grievance over the mine. This grievance escalated to widespread anti-mine opposition which resulted in project suspension and several human and material lost. The finding also disclosed the country‟s failure to mutually reinforce human security and development on its mining development projects and affirmed the inextricable nature of peace, development and human security. Finally, the finding suggested victim‟s compensation, environmental reclamation, the establishment of viable institution and sound policy framework, the reengineering of CDPs, the implementation of participatory, transparent and accountable system for stakeholders engagement and responsible mining
Analyzing Intellegence Reform in Ethiopia: The Case of Ethiopian National Intelligence and Security Services
(Addis Ababa University,, 2021-08) Tolera Gudina; Daniel Gebreegziabher (PhD)
The purpose of this study examines how a series of Ethiopian national Intelligence and Security Service reforms implemented from 1991 to 2018 contributed to its professionalization. To attain this objective, the study employed a qualitative research methodology. In-depth interviews and public document reviews were used to collect primary data. Moreover, for secondary data, appropriate literature is consulted. The findings of the study revealed that the intelligence institution has made two reforms from 1991-2018 being forced by the revolution and professionalization of the institution; the first one was made from 1991-1995 and the second one was made from 2008-2013 which was made in the form of BPR. It also shows that Ethiopian National Intelligence and Security Service have faced numerous challenges. The first and foremost important factor that hampered the effectiveness of the institution was the lukewarm proclivity to build a politically independent, strong, and people-oriented institution. The study indicated that despite a series of reforms made to improve the effectiveness of the institution particularly from 1991 to 2018, no significant improvement was made in relation to the independence of the institution. In line with this, it asserted that the intention of EPRDF was not to improve the effectiveness of the institution in ensuring the fundamental rights and security of citizens, rather making sure to serve as a guardian of the party’s lust for the perpetuation of power. Moreover, the recruitment criteria prioritized the candidate's loyalty to be hired in the institution than considering merit-based criteria. Thereby, it is partisanship, not merit that had been entertained in the institution. Concerning the institution’s problems, the institution did not hesitate to violate citizens’ fundamental rights if citizens were critical of the ruling party. Despite its terrible problems, the intelligence institution had success in tackling international terrorist organizations. To overcome the challenges, the country should establish a politically independent institution that is more concerned with the welfare of the people than with the interests of the ruling party.
Competing Ethnonationalism and Its Implication to National Security in Post-2015 Ethiopia: The Cases of Amhara, Oromo, and Tigrean Ethnonationalism
(Addis Ababa Unversity, 2021-07) Bethelihem Gizachew; Mesfin Gebremichael (Ph.D)
This thesis explores, focusing on competitive nationalism and its implications for national security in post-2015 Ethiopia and taking Oromo, Amhara, and Tigrean nationalism as a case. And further assessed about Competing and sometimes contradictory ethnonationalism perspectives turn into ethnic conflict and when it becomes a challenge to national security. The study reviewed the historical background of nationalism, the types of nationalism, the evolution of ethnonationalism, and the main claim and counterclaim of ethnonationalism movements. Specifically how statements by political elites who have state power exacerbated the political situation. The instability of the post-2015 period caused political instability as well as state instability. Furthermore, the nature of the ethnic-based nationalist movement in Ethiopia has lately generated a rift in the country and a split that can have comprehensive effects on the continuation of the Ethiopian state. The thesis further argues that in the context of Ethiopia, ethnic nationalism and its origin are primarily related to the exclusive ideological narratives of state elites and, in some cases, the state-formation process of the country. This research is purely qualitative and uses an discripituve approach. In doing so, the study used Key informant interviews and Focus group discussions , and also a secondary source to collect the necessary data. The study also explored the cause of the post-2015 popular unrest, who are the actors, and what was the consequence. The thesis also focused on the challenges of Ethiopian national security and the source of the threat. The study followed the realistic approach of linking and interpreting instability to security. To this end, the study examined the absence of an inclusive policy, the absence of a long-term plan, the reluctance to compromise, the problem of hierarchization, mistrust, the inability to forgive, the failure of effective negotiation, institutional politics, lack of real promotion of national identity are the issue need to be addressed.
Regional Mechanisms of Conflict Resolution: Roles of the African Union (AU) and Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) in Resolving Violent Conflict in South Sudan
(Addis Ababa University,, 2018-01) Aziza Geleta; Amr Abdalla (Professor); Sunday A. Okello (Professor)
South Sudan got its independence on 2011 after an exercise of referendum, demonstrating to the whole world the conclusion of one of the longest conflicts in recent African history. Nevertheless, it was not long before many people across the world got shocked as a result of gloomy report of near a genocidal massacres and destruction of villages. Indeed since then the country has been struggling, with complete absence of law and order. African regional and sub-regional organizations including African Union (AU) and Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) have staged an increasing concern and got actively involved in this matter encouraged by the idea of prompting “African solutions to African problem”. Thus, this dissertation was therefore conducted with the aspiration of assessing the causes and consequences of South Sudanese conflict and the determination to investigate the role and contribution of African Union (AU) and Inter-Governmental Authority (IGAD) towards resolving conflict in South Sudan. In doing so, this dissertation applied qualitative methodological approach and also made use of both primary and secondary sources. The key instruments through which data were collected includes; Documentary Analysis, Focus Group Discussion (FGD), Key Informant Interviews (KIIS) and In-Depth Interview. Documentary Analysis was used to provide background, to track change and development. At the same time 10 Focus Group Discussions (FGD) with various discussants were also conducted each consisting of 6 participants. The Focus Group Discussions (FGD) was designed to draw upon participant’s attitudes, feelings, experience and reactions. What is more, 55 In-Depth interviews were also conducted with various participants of the research to obtain comprehensive information, to understand participant’s response deeper and gain more extra knowledge and insight. Besides all this, 28 Key Informant Interview (KIIS) were also conducted with academician, regional leaders, political analysts, peace and security experts, ambassadors, diplomats, higher government officials, staff and coordinators of AU and IGAD. Furthermore, findings of the study suggest that there are historical, political, economic and social causes of the conflict. Plus, the study also indicated that there are some political, economic and social consequences of the conflict in South Sudan, which has significant adverse effect both within South Sudan and to the region. Yet to minimize the effect of the conflict in South Sudan and consolidated peace a number of policy options have been forwarded by this research undertaking. As far as AU and IGAD concerned, there are some strength and weakness that has been registered as a result of this regional and sub-regional organizations practical intervention.
The Implication of The Us Responses on The War in Northern Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2022-12) Nathan Tibebu; Fana Gebresenbet (PhD)
This thesis argues that coercive peacebuilding has its drawbacks in that it has the possibility of further escalating the conflict and at the same time risking the stability of the country in conflict. Since November 2020 Ethiopia has been experiencing a civil war, which was initially considered a ‗law enforcement operation‘ that is to take a few weeks, in its northernmost region of Tigray. The war brought about a great loss to Ethiopia. The destruction of property, loss of human life, internal displacement and risk of famine are among the most mentioned. However, apart from these, the war has also brought internal fragmentation that has threatened the existence of the state. The war, in principle, is being fought between the Government of Ethiopia (GoE) and the Tigray People‘s Liberation Front (TPLF). However, there are a plethora of actors that are involved both directly and indirectly. Actors such as Eritrea, Amhara regional forces and militia (Fano) and other regional forces have been involved directly. On the other hand, actors such as the US, EU, AU and UN have been involved indirectly by giving responses and/or taking actions. This thesis in particular focuses on the responses the US gave to the war. It tries to examine the implication of the US response to peacebuilding efforts in regard to the war. In order to do this the thesis classifies the war into four phases marked by distinct events in the war. This thesis finds that the US responses aimed at bringing peace to Ethiopia through coercive means using both its soft and hard powers. Despite these coercive measures things did not go the way the US planned it would go. The US employed coercive measures consisting of diplomatic, military and economic/financial pressures to compel the warring parties to halt hostility. Among these measures, military coercion can be considered the most successful despite having faced hefty resistance from the GoE and the Ethiopian public as well. Although the economic/financial measures had brought some degree of behavioural change in the GoE, the coercive policies of the US were more of a gamble or calculated risk that could have gone terribly wrong and further worsened the situation in Ethiopia. The thesis used digital ethnography where data was collected from official websites and accounts of persons and organisations involved in the conflict as well as news outlets to draw upon the conclusion.
The Interdependence that Turned to Convergence of Crises: Deciphering the Impasse of Ethio-Eritrean Conflic
(Addis Ababa University, 2019-03) Andargachew Tilahun; Tarekegn Adebo (Associate Professor)
The intent of the study was to identify the foremost cause of the Ethio-Eritrean conflict, indeed it bounced directly from the complex background because of „quick-fix‟ alliance of the governing fronts of TPLF/EPRDF and PFDJ, which later evolved to embark on futile economic ties. Besides, this thesis explores both the pre and post-civil war relations of the TPLF and EPLF to show their role in the sudden eruption of the Ethio-Eritrea war 1998. Among the notable contribution of the study is an economic tie cannot be warranty of peace, rather avail additional factors for conflict that would otherwise be guided by sincere regulation, accountability, competent institutions and vigorous political commitments. An examination of economic ties shades light on the peaceful coexistence of the two regimes, but culminate in after dissolved the currency union and denied Eritrea from accessing the common market. Unbearable to the post-exit cost, Eritrea applied military force to change the status quo, yet Ethiopia emerged determinedly to defend it. The Badme incidence was the convergence of crises, which fetched diachronically from failed policies (unsettled issues) and coupled synchronically by the post-exit policy constraints. The economic ties of Ethiopia and Eritrea including the basic statistics, the political basis, policies and agreements etc. re-examined with the intent that shade light on conflict nexus interdependence, and to contribute for the ongoing initiatives if a negotiated peace might draw from economic realm. A multiple case studies method applied to examine the correlation economic resources, domestic politics and security, and thereby identify causation, conduct and outcomes of the interstate war. The Ethio-Eritrea border dispute is rooted in the preceding engagements. Neither the war fought redresses the longstanding incompatibilities, nor evolved win-win verdicts from the Algiers peace deal. The management of politics over the years of post-settlement rather added new challenge for enforcing the rulings, which released on 13, April 2002. The impasse has been intermeshed: within the political insecurity in each state, lethargic political transformation, mutual intervention including the proxy conflict, and the alliance effect-Washington‟s global anti-terrorism war in the Horn of Africa. The impasse became ripe for a rapprochement in June 2018, mainly due to crises of preceding tactics; the perceived risk of continuing with the impasse mounted high; and the rise of interdependent goals by primary and secondary actors.
Youth Unemployment and Its Effects on Personal Security of Local Community In Oromia Regional State of Ethiopia: The Case of Dambi Dollo Town
(Addis Ababa Unversity, 2020-11) Diriba Andasha; Daniel Gebreegziabher (PhD)
The purpose of this study is to examine youth unemployment and its effects on personal security of the local community in Dambi Dollo town. To achieve the main objective of the study a mixed research design was used. The data collected through key informant in-depth interviews and FGD were analyzed thematically while data collected from document review were analyzed by bar graphs, pie charts, and percentages. Participants of the study were selected using purposive and snowball sampling based on their lived experiences and expertise. The result obtained from both sources reveals that youth unemployment has significant effects on the personal security of the local community. The prolonged youth unemployment resulted in increments of crime and violence in the study area. Though all unemployed youth are not engaged in committing crimes and violence, those youth with prolonged unemployment became the sources of personal insecurity in the study area. Hence, those unemployed youth engaged in theft, robbery, damaging people’s property, physical assault, burglary, and group fighting are identified as sources of personal insecurity to the local community in the study area. The study also indicated that different types of theft, breaking the rule of law, sexual harassment (Rape), different sexual crimes (verbal and physical abuse), lying and fraud, using and trading illegal weapons, and stealing commodities on a car are among personal security threats of the community in the study area. This study identified youth unemployment as the main source of personal insecurity that led to the expansions of crimes and violence in the study area. This implies that the main sources of personal insecurity emanate from youth unemployment in the study area could be addressed through a strong partnership between concerned government sectors and by promoting vibrant private investment.
The Role of Federal Police in Preventing and Managing Inter-Ethnic Conflict in Ethiopia: The Case of Afar-Issa Boundary
(Addis Ababa University,, 2021-07) Tesfaye Gebrehawaria; Mercy Fekadu (PhD)
This thesis discusses in detail the Afar-Issa (Somali) inter-communal conflict, to assess the role of the deployed Federal Police force in preventing and managing the violent conflict. Conflict among Afar and Issa Somali ethnic groups is not a new phenomenon it is a protracted and intractable situations. The trigger cause of the conflict was natural resource scrambling, crimes committed by individual persons from each sides such as raiding animals, and killing peoples and currently the issue of boundary delaminates and territory claim have becoming the main issue of conflict .These series situations was invited the federal government to deploy a Para military police and with concerned stake holders on the contested territory to contain and manage conflict violent .The study is qualitative by design. Participants of the study were selected using purposive sampling technique. In this regard, the researcher organized three Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) where two group discussion were categorized from the Afar and Issa( Somali) pastoral local communities respectively, and the third group was composed of the deployed Federal Police officers. Generally, the participants of this study were 41 in number, among which 24 informants were involved in the focused group discussions and each group cession were comprising of 6- 8 people and the rest 17 informants were involved as semi structured open ended interview from the concerned Federal institutions which means the deployed Federal police Division, the MOFA which is with the mandate to manage and oversight the conflict Zone and Afar and Issa Inter Ethnic security professionals and practitioners and the FDRE defense troops which is found in the conflict site participated as key informants. Secondary data mainly conflict incident reports and records of the Federal Police rapid response directorate about the damages and losing human lives looting properties since the 2011-2018.. The study is guided by the conflict violence transformation theory. The findings of the inquiry focus on the role of Federal Police in preventing and managing conflict, on conflict handling mechanisms being employed and what chronic challenges faced, and the neutrality of the Federal Police in delivering its duty. Thus, the study found out that there is an inconsistency in conflict management, the absence of efficient ways of communication among the stake holders, and direct prevention delay, insufficient cooperation from regional actors, inefficiency and insufficiency of Federal Police training and logistics, illicit arms trade, failure to prevent and control criminal offence those who are trigger cause for conflict clash, different chains of command and the absence of conflict transformation have been among the main challenges. In its concluding remarks, the study presents the prospects and opportunities for the more viable option to be taken to prevent and manage the Afar-Issa conflict.
The role of state actors in conflict management and transformation: the case of Legetafo Legedadi town in Oromia Regional State
(Addis Ababa Unversity, 2019-06) Wondwossen Taye; Mercy Fekadu (PhD)
This thesis focuses on the role played by various state actors in the management and transformation of conflicts that arise at local level in the Legetafo Legedadi town of Oromia Regional State. The researcher has adopted a qualitative research method in which data was collected through in-depth interviews of key informants that work on conflict management. Focus group discussions were organized with various stakeholders in order to grasp the views of local government employees, residents, elders and religious leaders regarding local conflict management. The research examines the sources and types of conflicts in the study area as well as the nature of the intervention undertaken by local state institutions in response to potential or actual conflicts. It identifies the state actors who have a prominent role in conflict management and resolution. The research also explores the role of urbanization in the emergence and exasperation of local conflicts. The studylooks into the sources and causes of conflict as well as the various types of conflict that occur in the area and the different actors that are involved in local conflicts. The thesis further explores what mechanisms are put in place by the local state actors for the prevention and management of conflicts as well as in conflict resolution. The thesis also discusses some innovative approaches taken by state actors in the area of conflict management and transformation. The findings of the thesis inform that the conflicts in the study area involve land relates disputes such as lack of compensation and rehabilitation programs to displaced farmers, ethnic conflict, conflicts with internally displaced persons, employment disputes between companies and their employees due to disputes over wage and benefits. The findings also indicate that local state actors mainly focus on prevention of conflicts and on managing conflicts before they escalate into violence. The local Administration and Security Bureau is the lead government unit that works on the prevention and management of conflict. This office has branches in every Kebele administration. This Security organ has further supported the creation of a religious leaders’ forum. The forum meets regularly and works on resolving local conflicts that arise within religious organizations. The research also found that there is no concrete evidence to indicate the presence of any conflict transformation activity in the study area as the main focus of state actors is on preventing and managing local conflict.

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