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Item State, Local Society, And the Environment In North Šäwa: The Case Of Mänz Ena Gešé, And Yefat Ena Ţemuga Awrajjas, 1888-1991(Addis Ababa University, 2024-11-01) Emishaw Workie; Tekalign Woldemariam (PhD)This dissertation examines the history of interaction between the state and local society in central Ethiopia that had consequences for the natural environment. It also examines the impact of changes in the environment back on the conditions of life of local people and their interactions with the agents and institutions of the state. It is thus essentially a reconstruction of the political economic history a region as it manifested itself in the form of actions and counter actions that had both immediate and cumulative impact on the environment, and ultimately on the lives and livelihoods of people. It is a story of a fairly large chunk of central Ethiopia now called North Šäwa with a focus on Mänz ena Gešé, and Yefat ena Ţemuga awrajjas (sub-provinces). In terms of temporal coverage it extends over a period of nearly a century, from the late 1880s to the 1990s. It investigates how political, economic, and socio-cultural events and processes affected the natural environment and how the altered environment structured and shaped the livelihood of people. The key argument of this work is that unlike the conventional approach to environmental history in which change is abstracted from generic or impersonal dynamics such as demographic expansion, poor technology or poor management of resources, environmental change is as much about human interactions and decisions in specific geographical, social, cultural and political settings. Even though many of the arguments that I will make in this work share quite a lot with what has been said about other parts of the country, there is equally quite a lot that is premised only on what a closer examination of the local scene can offer. Perhaps the most important of this arguments is that behind an obvious story of environmental degradation and deepening poverty, there was quite a lot of conscious effort to limit, contain or mitigate these phenomena. The dissertation is premised on my conviction that a closer examination of the local scene should reveal xiii not only what happened to the environment due to the mistakes, abuses or reckless actions of people or of the "impersonal" outfit that we call the state, but also what people did to curb, contain, overcome or avert threats to the environment and to their own livelihoods. The dissertation documents both of these two components of the human-environment dialectic. It does so at times independently of each other in the interest of continuity of narrative, but seeks to encourage an understanding that balances elements of both escalation and mitigation, or between factors and forces that contributed to the story of decline and demise and those that sought to check and contain adverse forces and rehabilitate and empower people in the wake of those adversities. As an attempt to document and tell a local history human-environment interaction without losing sight of its regional and national context, the work is grounded on a vast amount of information gathered from a diverse array of sources, both primary and secondary, written and oral. Oral sources were collected extensively in the two districts of Mänz ena Gešé, and Yefat ena Ţemuga on which the study focuses and have been immensely useful in bringing out ideas and perspectives that otherwise would have been masked or glossed over.Item A History of Catholicism in Wolaita from 1930 UP TO 1991(Addis Ababa University, 2023-02-01) Azeze Abdu; Teclehaymanot G/Selassie (Dr.)This thesis is a study of Catholic religion in Wolaita.It was mainly introduced to Wolaita fromthe 1930s.Catholicism evolved in Wolaita during the period of 1930s to till now. Catholicism in Ethiopia has along history. After the division of the Churches in the 5th century following the Council of Chalcedon(451) the Ethiopian Church was doctrinally separated from the Catholic Church in the West and also later largely isolated from contacts with it. The attempt to win Ethiopia to Catholicism in the reign of Susenyos ended in disastrous failure and it was not until the 19th century that Catholicism gained aratherprecarious foot hold in Ethiopia. Starting from the 1930 s it was able to make progress and my thesis and studies tries to show how it progressed from the 1920s in Wolaita. Inspite of this, however, it has so far received in adequate scholarly attention. Even the small numbers of studies on Catholicism are limited and fragmented. My thesis tries to give acomprehensive coverage of Catholicism in Wolaita and as a major aim, to put Catholicism from the 1930s to present in to the social and political context of Wolaita. Social history, often called the new social history, (though it is no longer new) is a broad branch of history that studies the experiences of ordinary people in the past. In its"golden age"it was a major growth field in the 1960s and 1970s among scholars, and still is well represented in history departments including religious history. “The spirit of the 1960s social history responding in its own way to the „winds of change‟, was pre-eminently a modernizing one, both chronologically, in the choice of historical subject matter, and methodologically, in the adoption of multi-disciplinary perspectives.”Therefore, present social history themes vary much more. The history of religion refers to the record of human religious experiences and ideas. My study therefore, is meant to fill the gap in the field of socio-cultural and religious history of Wolaita. Inaddition, this thesis can also, hopefully, contribute to the study of southern peoples and various Vicariates of Ethiopia, particularly the neighbors of Wolaita.Item A History of Chalia Warada, 1941-1991(Addis Ababa University, 2023-05-01) Berhanu Abera; Tesema Ta‟a (Prof)The primary purpose of this thesis is to reconstruct the socio economic and political history of Chalia warada from 1941-1991. The study covers the period from the liberation of Ethiopia and the restoration of Emperor Haile Selasie I to the throne in 1941 up to the collapse of the Darg government in 1991. During this time span, the inhabitants of the warada similar to the other countryside people of in what is now Oromia region experienced important socio economic and political changes. It begins with historical study of the warada by treating various changes and cultural aspects in the warada before the Italian occupation. The restoration of Imperial administration and the reforms that were undertaken by the Imperial government in different fields, in relation to the administration and land issues and the reaction of the inhabitants of the warada to these developments will be the main concern of the discussion. In addition to this, the study treats land tenure issues, evictions and the impact of labor service and taxation in the warada. It also points out maladministration and problem of security in the warada. The study also attempted to discuss changes and developments that the warada had undertaken during the Darg period. The Darg government attempted to strength its power by adopting different measures which had impacts on the political and socio economic conditions of the people of Chalia warada. The study also tried to assess the socio economic conditions of the warada in which the area has not received much attention from the government. In this study, oral sources as well as written materials were used. Besides, there is also some archival materials were used in the study. To write this thesis, efforts have been made in order to analyze the oral sources crosschecking it with written materials. To avoid the bias in the use of oral sources necessary measures have been taken, in choosing knowledgeable informants, use of collected data, evaluating and checking them with the existing literature as important steps that were accomplished. This thesis would also help the historians as a stepping stone for the further studies of the warada since a history of Chalia was not much studied. Most of scholars who study several regions did not give attention to Chalia warada. To this end, this study pointed out various changes and developments in the warada like other parts of Oromia region.Item A History of Hadiya People, 1886 to 1991(Addis Ababa University, 2022-05-01) Asrat Ermolo; Tesema Ta’a (Prof)Many authors are seen considering the period of Hadiya history that started from the 13th century and disappeared in the late 16th century, and made an attempt to disconnect the medieval Hadiya from todays Hadiya people. The researcher argues that, before the 13th century, the Hadiya had travelled a long historical trajectory that ultimately helped them to undertake state formation. The long process of the formation of Hadiya state was completed in the 10th century, but reached its climax of power in the 14th century. During their heydays, the Hadiya had spent times of friendships and animosity with the Christian kingdom and the neighboring states. They gave their daughter to King Zara Yacob and through her, the researcher argues that, they protected the Christian religion and state from complete annihilation by the coordinated forces of the neighboring Muslim states and Ottoman Turkey. Through her, the Hadiya had also contributed for the beginning and development of Ethiopia’s international diplomacy. Since the end of the 16th century, however, the Hadiya began to experience the period of agony and complete disintegration. The dissertation examines the history of Menilek’s expansion to southern Ethiopia, particularly the Hadiya area. It talks about the stiff resistances of the Hadiya people against the northerners in the years between 1886 and 1894. It deals with the use of modern guns by Menilek’s army against spears and arrows that the Hadiya people had employed during the war of conquest. It argues that the invasion of the partially assimilated Hadiya (Ķäbena and Maräķo) was a decisive one for Menilek to invade the other part of Hadiya easily. Lack of unity on the part of the Hadiya clans had helped the northern forces to attack one Hadiya group after the other. Mainly because of their pastoralist economy and rebellious behavior, the consecutive Ethiopian governments, since the times of incorporation, antagonized the Hadiya people and brought the neighboring ethnic groups like the Kämbata to their side. The incorporation had resulted in negative consequences on the identity of the Hadiya people. The government reorganized the Hadiya and Kämbata people into two sub-provinces. These were: ‘Lemo and Shashogo’ and ‘Kämbata’. After Ras Abata Buayalew came to the Awraja administration in 1897, the two divisions were brought to a single administration and renamed as ‘Lemo and Kämbata’. Such reorganization stayed in force till the late 1930s. During their five years stay in Ethiopia, the Italians renamed the sub-province as ‘Kämbata’, excluding the Hadiya or Lemo name. From the outset, the Hadiya were struggling to recover the identity that they lost to the Kämbata and other neighboring groups. The struggle became strong after the withdrawal of the Italians from Ethiopia. The expansion of education, following the restoration of the Ethiopian government, contributed a lot for the increment of socio-economic and political consciousness of Hadiya people. Particularly, the establishment of Wachämo highschool in Hossana in the 1960s could be considered as a turning point for the advancement of the awareness of the Hadiya people. Students began to raise the issue of land, identity and development. In the 1960s and 70s, particularly because of the identity question, there had been conflicts between the Hadiya and Kämbata students both in Hossana and Addis Abäba. It is said that the government in the Awraja (sub-province) and also the provincial level were against the identity question of the Hadiya people. It was after the coming to power of the Därg government that such questions were responded, at least partially. Following the conquest, the formerly independent people were brought to the hitherto unknown Gäbbar system. The Gäbbar system had resulted in the violation of not only the economic freedom but also the social, cultural and psychological makeup of the people. The highly intensified oppressions and exploitations of the Gäbbar system were believed to have brought the majority of the Hadiya people to tenancy. After the restoration of the Haila-Salassie government, new laws were passed on tenancy that ultimately reduced a tenant to sub-human level. Moreover, at this period, the government using different mechanisms converted the majority of the Hadiya Gäbbars to tenancy. Since the incorporation till the fall of the Haila Selassie government, tenancy dominated the livelihood of Hadiya people. Consequently, the researcher preferred to use the term Ċhisägna system (system of tenancy) for the ups and downs that the Hadiya had experienced for about a century. Following such brutal undertakings on the part of the central government, considerable number of Hadiya people left their land to large scale agricultural schemes and big towns for labor work. Some sections of the Hadiya went to the extent that they took up arms against the regime like the one done by the Jarso peasants in Badäwacho. After the late 1960s, the Hadiya students and peasants began to work together against the old regime. In 1974, the Hadiya peasants and students accepted the new government with great enthusiasm and joy. Following the intrusion of the EPRP and other civilian based parties in the area, however, the relation between the military and the Hadiya students and peasants began to take different directions. It was after the completion of the Red Terror in other parts of the country that Petros Gäbre, the then administrator, brought it to the Awraja. The terror took the lives of many promising individuals who would have been able to contribute to the development of the Awraja in particular and the country in general. This dissertation is a comprehensive study of the history of Hadiya people from 1886 to 1991. The work ruptures the centric way of looking at the Hadiya socio-economic, political and cultural history during the ‘feudo-military’ system in Ethiopia from the perspective of the north. Mainly because of lack of archival sources, the researcher relied mostly but not exclusively on oral informants. Crosschecking of one source against the other and systemic scrutiny of information are made to validate the work.Item History of Camiel Van Billoen’s Commercial Agricultural Farms in Tena Woreda (Arussi) 1936-1974(Addis Ababa University, 2023-11-01) Alaro Tito; Belete Bizuneh (PhD)The study aimed to reconstruct the “History of Camiel Van Billoen’s Commercial Agricultural Farms in Tena Woreda (Arussi) 1936-1974”. Tena Woreda is located in Arsi Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia. The study particularly focused on Kereyu and Sole Haji Shale Balabats. The Commercial Agricultural Farms in Sole Haji Shale Balabat were undertaken by Elias Pappasinos, Greece citizen, from 1924 to 1936 before it was sold to Camiel Van Billoen in 1936. Thus, the farms in Kereyu and Sole Haji Shale Balabats were undertaken by Camiel Van Billoen from 1936 to 1974. Elias Pappasinos, a Greece, who came to Ticho town in the 1917/18 while Camiel Van Billoen was a Belgian who came to Ticho town in 1922/23 respectively. He eventually got acquainted with the officials and important persons that would assist him to start his farms in Tena district. His farms were known as Hassan Osman Coffee Plantation Company in Belgium. The thesis discusses the history of the farms including the process of land acquisition, the infrastructure the entrepreneurs built as a prelude to the beginning of the farms and particularly irrigation facilities and the organization of production and distribution in the farms as well as their economic import. In reconstructing the history of Camiel Van Billoen’s farms, relevant historical sources were collected, compiled, collated, evaluated and utilized in accordance with their validity. Accordingly, oral sources (knowledgeable oral informants, eye-witnesses’ accounts), librarian of the Federal government of Belgium, Consul of Belgium Embassy at Addis Ababa, two written documents archived at Tena district Culture and Tourism Office, and many archived books, literature and manuscripts deposited at the Federal library of Belgium were utilized. The commercial farms established by Camiel Van Billoen transformed the environmental landscape of parts of the district from dense forests lands into capital- intensive commercial agricultural farm lands. Camiel Van Billoen highly succeeded in developing, managing and operating the farms besides producing coffee and exporting their products to French and Belgium markets. The thesis argues that commercial farms gave several benefits to the local communities, the province and the country during its life times and then after up to the present time. Among some of the major benefits, the workers enjoyment of built-up residential houses and other basic necessities freely, construction of church and a modern school for local communities, the construction road of about 121 km joining Sire and Ticho towns, 12 km road joining Ticho and Kella towns, and about 29 km road connecting Kella with Gobesa towns, motivation of local investors such as Merid Biru and Eshetu Wolde Tsedik to commercialize traditional agricultural activities in Hetosa district, creation of employment opportunities for hundreds of jobless poor, transferring agricultural and industrial technologies to the farm sites, introduction of Grain Mill and food oil refinery simplified lifestyles of nearby residents, the flowing of foreign currency amounting to 1, 000, 000 (1 million pounds) in the late 1930s with annually increasing amounts from the 1940s to the 1974 to the country and several others were worth mentionable.Item A History of Tulama In Chilalo Awraja (1886-1974)(Addis Ababa University, 2022-06-01) Kimiya Aman; Girma Negash (PhD)This thesis deals with the History of the Tulama Oromo in Chilalo Awraja, (c.1886-1974). It covers the period from the first eviction of the Tulama Oromo since the last quarter of the 19th century to the second half of 20th century. The study deals, among other things with the genealogical trace of the Tulama Oromo, patterns of their original settlement in Shawan plateau, and later in Arsi, where they moved to due to eviction, and expansion of urbanization, Furthermore, the thesis treats the lives and mode of production While in Shawa The study attempts to respond to questions such as ; causes of their eviction, their reactions to that external pressure, and their copping up with new lives in new settlements in different periods. The study employed three procedures of collecting and analyzing historical sources. The first was collection of oral interviews that was basic method employed to obtain data for research. Informants consulted represented within their clans’ elders and from different ethnic and religious groups possessing rich knowledge on activities during the period of Imperial administration. The second category of the sources employed is published and unpublished written source (books, articles, Journals, theses, publications and proclamations) have been utilized for the research. Most of these secondary sources were obtained from the Addis Ababa University IES and Kennedy Libraries. The third valuable sources that I used were archival materials. Considerable number of variable documents and Archives in the Awarja since Imperial regime in Arsi and Shawa province were destroyed during the change of government in 1991 and a few years after. I only found a valuable archival material at National Archival and Library Agency, and few achieve in Eastern Arsi Zone Administration and CADU publications and documentation. The shortage of archival sources and the dearth of written materials have been a challenge in the reconstruction of this thesis. This work, therefore, attempts to examine the livelihood of Tulama Oromo in pre and post settlements in Arsi plateau in line with political dynamism, economic situation, and socio-cultural change. It also, raises the relationships among Oromo of Tulama with Indigenous Arsi Oromo. Furthermore, the paper examines the relationship among man and land, over a period of time on one side and man and system on other. Finally, the paper shows how the life and conditions of Tulama in Arsi Chilalo shaped. Key words: Tenants, Tulama, Arsi Chilalo, landlord, eviction. SettlementsItem A History of Malaria Eradication and Control Service/Program in Ethiopia (1959-1995)(Addis Ababa University, 2022-06-01) Natnael Lemlem; Belete Bizuneh (PhD)This study explores the history of malaria eradication and control service/program in Ethiopia from 1959 to 1993. The period covers the years from the establishment of the program as a semi- autonomous government entity to address the debilitating health and socio-economic impacts of malaria on Ethiopian populations up to its final dissolution. As yet there is no in-depth historical research that examines the biomedical and socio-economic experience of The Malaria Eradication and Control Service/Program in Ethiopia. Thus, this study was designed to fill this gap by thoroughly examining the complicated history of the malaria eradication and control program from its inception until its demise in 1993. To achieve the central objective of the study, I have used numerous primary and secondary sources. The primary sources include archives, government reports and decrees, newsletters, magazines, guidelines and others. The secondary sources include books, book chapters, articles, theses and senior essays. Moreover, the study used oral information to crosscheck against the written sources and to answer some questions that could not be addressed by the written sources. Data were collected through interviews conducted mainly in Addis Ababa, Adama, Hawassa, and Dire Dawa. The study uses a qualitative research method. Consequently, an attempt has been made to critically evaluate the dynamic changes witnessed in the complicated historical development of the program with regard to strategy, structure, health, and socio-economic burdens of the disease and the biomedical and socio-economic response of the program during the period. It also examines the plans set to accomplish the objectives of the program against what was actually accomplished on the ground. Moreover, dynamic historical developments in which the program went through associated with the endeavor to align the national program with newly introduced international changes or reforms have been discussed. The major effects of regime change in shaping Malaria Eradication and Control Service/Program have also been highlighted. Lastly, it has also assessed reasons to program’s dawn graded working potential and its final dissolution. The central thesis of this thesis is therefore that the history of the MECS/P had been a history of battle between DDT and chloroquine armed anti-malaria workers and mosquito to address the health and socio-economic burdens of malaria on the Ethiopian populations in the second half of the 20th century. The study revealed that the malaria eradication and control service/program did not meet the goal it set out though the program had substantial role in reduction of malaria prevalence, which was limited both in time and scope. The study also discloses the downgraded working potential of the program through time due to internal and external factors. The program was also negatively affected by the dynamic historical developments which the program went through associated with the endeavor to align the national program with newly introduced international changes or reforms. Regime changes had also a negative impact in shaping Malaria Eradication and Control Service/Program. The thesis argues that failure of the program was started when a universal strategy applied over heterogonous areas by supposing to have the same etiology of the disease. The Malaria Eradication and Control Service/Program went to demised in 1993 by political decision of the Transitional Government of Ethiopia without achieving its goal that it established. Key words: Malaria, Eradication/control, Service/program, Strategies, Challenges, Dynamism.Item Biographical Narration and Interpretation of Four Prisoners of War of The Ethiopian Revolutionary Army Under Eplf and Tplf, 1974-1991(Addiss Ababa University, 2023-02-01) Solomon W/Medhin; Surafel Gelgelo (PhD)The main objective of this research undertaking is to investigate the lived experiences of four ex- members of the Ethiopia Armed forces while they were under captivity o the EPLF and TPLF. This research discusses about the Ethiopian Prisoners of War who were members of the Ethiopian Revolutionary Army who were detained by the EPLF and TPLF which eventually became EPRDF forces in the period between 1974 and 1991. The thesis took some ex- Ethiopian POWs and studied their family background, recruitments and experience during their imprisonment and repatriation process. In conducting this study both, primary and secondary sources were utilized. Primary eye witness account of the POWs and documents that are found in the hands of the inmates and some archival materials are used. The secondary sources, books and articles of different scholars are the other sources used to produce this research work. Qualitative research method is employed to conduct this research. The study found out that the Ethiopian Prisoners of War were maltreated by the northeren insurgents who captured them. The need of doing this study is to contribute to the historical the historiographical research method of reconstructing past events using lived experience of prisoners of warItem Peasant Response To Famine In Ethiopia, 1975-1985 With Special Emphasls On Manazna Gishe,Yifatna Timuga And Wolaita Awrajas(1987) Heile Adhana, Adhana; Zawde, Bahru(PhD)Item The Economic Basis of Conflict Among the Nuer and anuak Communities(Addis Ababa University, 1995-04) Sishagne, ShumetItem The Activities of Protestant Missionaries in Introducing Modern Education and Health Services in Dambi Dollo Awaraja (Ca 1918-1974)(Addis Ababa University, 2017-08) Tola, Debela; Ta'a, Tesema (Prof.)The study is about the missionaries and the beginning of Modern Education among the Sayyo Oromo who live in Dambi Dollo and its surrounding. The study attempts to document how the Missionaries, especially the Protestant Missionaries came to the area of Sayyo and their methods of expansion as well as how they undertook the conversion activity among the Sayyo Oromo The study also deals with what the traditional religious and ritual ceremollie of the Sayyo people looked like before the introduction of either Christianity or Islam in to the area. Further investigation was also conducted to check how the Ethiopian Orthodox church expanded in the area and how it was welcomed among the Sayyo Drama. Furthermore the study tried to check how the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, the first Christian Church, which had penetrated the Sayl'o area and how if responded to the newly arrived Protestan tism as well as the relationsh ip between the Ethiopian Orthodox Christians and the Protestants. In this study special focus is given to the Missionaries modernizing efforts among the Sayyo Oromo. That means how Missionaries started building Schools, Hospitals, Clinics and different Churches. Despite the efforts of the missionaries in expanding modernization among the Sayyo Oromo they had also affected the normal life-style of the people. The research reveals that Christianity arrived among the Sayyo Oromo of Dambi Dollo and it urroundings before a century ago. Protestantism expanded in the area by convincing methods of donation and often by impressive pressures made particularly through attacking the traditional Oromo religion with its rituals. In genera! the contextual background, Political oppression, low economic status, lack of infrastructure, the event of Influenza Epidemic and other world historical events contributed to the people.,·' active conversion to Protestantism The mass conversion of the people resulted in creating new spiritual orientation, which brought about holistic change, including the undermining of indigenous cultural practices.Item Historical Survey of Socio-Cultural Interaction Among the Peoples of Gidda Woreda, Eastern Wallagga (1936 -2000)(Addis Ababa University, 2018-06) Akuma, Seketa; Ta'a, Tesema (Prof.)This thesis is a hi t rical survey ofsocio-cultural interactions among the people ' 0 Gidda district from the Italian occupation in 1936 to the period IVhen interactions between indigenous Oromo people and the Amhara reselliers gave ri e to open war in 2000. Gidda district is located in Eastern Wallagga ::.one of Western Ethiopia. nlil the GoBame and Shoans conquered the area in the last quarter of the 191t. centwy, no new order was imposed on the socio-cultural lives of the people except for the emergence of monarchical chiefs whose powers had weakened the gadaa system. Therefore, the people of the district IVho had different clans, 'ub-clans and lineages had lived by practicing their indigenous religion and other socio-cultural practices. Throughout the period under study. three historical developments had been experienced and tram/ormed the socio-cultural interactions of the people. These are the natural socio-cultural interactions among the local people, the impacts of the newly introduced religions and the arrival of reseltlers fro m northern parts of Ethiopia. The legacies and the consequences of conquest accompanied by these three historical developments as well as other changes and continuities brought the socio-cultural t ran~form atio n among the inhabitants of the area. On the side of the ne}vly arrived reselliers, their spontaneous advent and the continual changes in their sentiments increased their interactions with the indigenous people. Consequently, combinations of cooperation and conf lict as well as interactions and isolationism characterized the relationships between the /1Vo groups. AI/o st of the time, intensity of inter-ethnic su.spicion and isolationism exceeds that of the cooperation and consistent peacefit! interactions. This problem emanates from and utmost related to the roles played by the exploitative and suppressive Ethiopian governments. Among the newly introduced religions, Orthodox Christianity and Protestantism brought remarkable socio-cultural tran~fo rmations. As the people adopted and added the ideologies of the new religions to their own, many of them modified their social lives, food and food habits, marriage practices, fimeral system and their allitudes towards different rituals to the extent that the ideologies of the two religions intermingled at least in the heart of the people. As a part of the gadaa .system, the indigenous religion of the people had already been internalized. Therefore, the newly designed administration system and the newly introduced religions faced hardships in snatching the principles of indigenous culture. Therefore, the people retained some aspects of their value system and indigenolls religion.Item A History of State Farm and Sugar Factory in Fincha'a Valley (1974 - 2012)(Addis Ababa University, 2017-09) Tullu, Negassa; Ta'a, Tesema (Prof.)My thesis focuses on a history of agriculture in 'i h I 'a III J 974 to 20J 2. Ficha 'a Valley is located in the romia Re i nal tat in J/ rr udul'lI Wollega Zone, Abay Choman Woreda. Fincha 'a, Amarti and Nashe dams were constructed in Horro uduru /IV II a Zan in 19 3, 1987 and 2013 respectively. They generate 225MW hydroel ctric power. The water a lh dams is used for irrigation agriculture in the Fincha 'a Valley. Fincha 'a late Farm wa ' established in 1974 to overcome the shortage of food the country had faced at the time. Plantation of sugar cane was started in 1991. However, the can ·truction of the fac tory wa ' delayed up to 1998/1999 due to the lack of money and change of government that took place in 1991. Its construction was completed and the factory was inaugurated in 1999. All the three developments (the darns, Fincha 'a State Farm and Fincha 'a Sugar Factory) contribute a lot to the economic development and job creation for Ethiopian citizens. Many Ethiopians are employed in the Hydropower plants and the sugar factory. The tate Farm, Hydropower Plants and Fincha'a Sugar Factory became source of government revenue. At the same time the development of the dams and the sugar fa ctory challenged the life of the local people and also caused diverse and far reaching impacts on the local environment. About 44,000 people were evicted from their farm and grazing lands. As a result most oft hem became poor and homeless. Natural vegetations were cleared. Severe land degradation is going on. Wild animals escaped from that area. Totally, both positive and negative effects of these developments are seen in the area. Today Fincha 'a Valley became a home for 60,330 people and also the center of agro industry.Item The Political Economy of Coffee Production, Processing and Marketing in Gedeo and Sidama: Local, National and Global Developments (1941 To 2010)(Addis Ababa University, 2015-12) Kifle, Almaw; Ta'a, Tesema (Professor)This dissertation, reconstructs the role that coffee played in multifaceted changes that took place in the two regions of southern Ethiopia, predominantly inhabited by the people of Gedeo and Sidama. The study covers a period of seven decades, starting .from the middle of the twentieth centUl),. Its central theme is interaction of people and governments il1 the coffee economy, and reaction of people and governments to local, national and globol forces to man-made and natural circumstances. 1n the course of explaining continuity and change in relations and interactions of people and government in the coffee economy of the regions, which is the central thesis a/this research, thefol/owing sub themes such as: how Ethiopia did not care about coffee at production level, cofTee both its production and trade facilitated integration of these two regions to the Ethiopian State, the situation of coffee before 1974 that was dominated by nonindigenous settlers and after 1974 the local agency took the leading, how the Ethiopian and Gedeo and Sidama coffee industl), suffered under the dictation of the world coffee market, imposition of coffee production on the local people and little benefit they got .from it, and the nature of coffee production, processing and marketing (small-scale production at local level by local households, and large-scale production and processing by others such as the niife/iililia, teke/iililla, cooperatives and associations) were discussed in nine chapters of the dissertation as part and parcel of the main thesis that shows developments related to the coffee economy. To show interactions and reactions of peoples Gild governments, alld to trace continuities and changes in the stOl)" all sources (primw)' and secondary and written as well as oral) were IItilized. Moreover, analyses were made to substalltiate arguments Gnd interpretations of various sources. Afier employing all sorts o/sources, th e study has come to display the following major findings. OIVing to its becoming a pillar of the national export for long in the past, coffee had come to experience several reforms, which affected ils prodllction, processing and marketing Gnd interaction of the stakeholders at various levels. Besides, the onerous and continuous prices fall in the world coffee market appeared to have been the source of all evil in the coffee induslly, which provoked both governments of the countly and coffee farmers of the two regions to react against coffee by responding to local, national and global dares to the coffee economy. This in turn became blessing in disguise for both Gedeo and Sidama coffee farmers and governments 0/ the country to gradually diversify their farms and export menu respectively at the expense of coffee to lIIaximizetlleir income and minimize shocks that used 10 cOllie .from the world coffee market.Item History and Identity in Northeast Ethiopia with Particular Reference to Raya-Azabo, 1543-1974(Addis Ababa University, 2020-12) Menasbo, Negga; Haile, Dr. AdhanaThis paper is an ethnographic study of the peoples of Raya-Azäbo sub-province situated in northeastern Ethiopia. It deals with why, how and when each section of the study area was settled/ resettled by about half a dozen peoples namely the Dobe‟a, the Tegreña, the Oromo, the Amhara, the Agäw and the Afar beginning from the middle of the sixteenth century well up to the second half of the twentieth. The other vital theme discussed in connection to this issue deals with the sort of interethnic relations that have existed between each one of the aforementioned groups and how they gradually transformed themselves from a discordant connection to an amicable one as viewed from the vantage point of time and space. The next relevant problem dealt with in this paper is that the key role of the Ethiopian state played in shaping intergroup relations. Heads of states ranging from Zära Yaeqob cum his son/ successor, Bä‟edä Mariam, in the fifteenth century, to Eyasu II in the eighteenth and Yohannes IV at the end of the nineteenth century are, in this case, worth mentioning as the prominent ones. In connection to this point the study shows that the emperors at times to protect their own economic interests meaning either to collect annual tribute or to keep open the long range caravan trade traversing through the region or else to provide security to the Christian Amhara/ Tegrean highland cultivators, who were repeatedly menaced by the incursions of the adjacent Dobe‟a, Afar and Oromo pastoralists groups, led them to involve deeply in matters of communal strife and thereby they played a crucial role in shifting the balance of power in favor of the former. The concluding point of discussion in this study is the issue on how the multitudes of peoples of Raya-Azäbo have managed to overcome the earlier mutually hostile inter-group relations as well as how they steadily come together to constitute a community of identical socio-cultural make up. In this regard, agrarian transformations on the side of the pastoralist lowlanders and acute shortage of land and oxen on the side of highland cultivators are considered as the main catalysts that facilitated a continued economic and social interaction between the members of the six groups in the Fertile Valley. Thus, the aforesaid symbiotic economic and social relations, in time, gave rise to exogamous intermarriage and other forms of social contact between each one of them and thereby prompted them to form a collective identity termed as Raya.Item Administrative And Socio-Economic History of Sululta Woreda, 1941-1974(Addis Ababa University, 2020-10) Tarekegn, Tena; Wasyihun (PhD), TamratThe main objective of this thesis is reconstructing the administrative and socio-economic history of Sululta Wäräda from the liberation of Ethiopia in 1941 to the end of the monarchical government, in the country, in 1974. The study covers the period from 1941to1974, in which the inhabitants of the woreda like the other residents of Shäwa Province observed important political and socio-economic developments. The study begins with historical survey of the woreda by prevailing different developments in the woreda before liberation (1941). Beside this, the study outlines the rule of the Italians in the wärääda, in the pre-1941 period.The thesis deals with the restoration of the imperial administration and the reforms that were introduced by Emperor Haile Sillassie in various fields in relation with the administration and land related issues and the importance of the reforms to the people of the wäräda will be the main area of concern. The study also outlines taxation issues and view maladministration problems in the district. In addition, the study assesses the formation of Sululta Wäräda and its administrative history in the period under discussion. The thesis also attempted to focus on nature of the land tenure system in the wäräda and its burden on the life of the inhabitants in the wäräda. The thesis also attempts to asses’ public services and infrastructural developments in the wäräda, in the last three decades of the monarchical regime.Item A History of Däbrä Bäkur Abunä Sét Monastery in Hahaile, Ahiferom Wäräda Tigray, Ethiopia from Its Foundation up to 1991.(Addis Ababa University, 2019-11) Teklebrhan, Leake; G/Selassie (Ph.D.), TeclehaimanotEthiopia is one of the most ancient countries in the world with rich history and civilization. Most scholars stated that, one of the factors that contributed for the Ethiopian civilization is the introduction of Christianity in the fourth century. From the contribution of the introduction of Christianity is the expansion of Christianity and spread of monasteries in Ethiopia. Furthermore, the medieval period of Ethiopia witnessed the spread of Christianity and the foundation of several monasteries. Hence, several religious men and saints were emerged in Tigray and they established different monasteries in the name of themselves. Among the monasteries that established in Tigray was Däbrä Bäkuer Abunä Sét Monastery. The monastery found in the northern part of Ethiopia in central Zone at Ahiferom Wäräda; and it may be establish in the end of thirteen Century. Nevertheless, it is little known about the monastery in oral sources and written documents. However, the glorious period of the monastery began when Abunä Sét met with king Dawit I and the church received a monastery status. Since this period the monastery has a close contact with royal court. The main aspire of this thesis is to reconstruct a History of Däbrä Bäkuer Abunä Sét Monastery of Hahile Sub-Wäräda, Ahiferom Wäräda from its foundation to 1991. The study covers the time from its establishment until 1991. The study begins with geographical setting and historical background of the Wäräda. Along with, the Däbrä Bäkuer Abunä Sét Monastery was one of the monasteries of Ethiopia, which have a rich in ancient and various equipment; therefore, this study tries to assess the treasures found in the monastery and their deposition conditions. This monastery was one of the centers of traditional education. Based on this, the thesis endeavors to assess the traditional school of the monastery. In addition, this thesis also tries to look the construction of the building and the wall and parchment paintings that includes religious and secular depictions. Furthermore, the study also examines to set out the source of income of the Monastery. The main of income of the monastery was gult land that granted by the Ethiopian emperors besides the offering until the land nationalization policy of Dareg regime in 1975. Thus, the main revenue of the monastery lost. This indicates the monastery was highly depending on the land. Nevertheless, after 1975 the land was distributed to the surrounding community. Thus, from this time own wards the monastery had become dependent on the parish. As a result, the life in the monastery became challenging and many monks was displaced to other monasteries and the traditional education which was given in the monastery enter in to endanger. Gradually the religious education that given in the monastery was became a nebab bet (reading house) only. The Wäräda generally and the area specifically has a rich archaeological sites, monasteries, court place, and other historical places and events then to investigate them it needed more study. Then, I recommend for scholars or voluntaries to make a historical and archaeological study to know more about the Hahile Sub-Wäräda specifically and Ahiferom Wäräda in generally.Item Administrative and Socio-Economic History Of Sululta Woreda, 1941-1974(Addis Ababa University, 2020-06) Tarekegn, Tina; Wasyihun(Phd), TamratThe main objective of this thesis is reconstructing the administrative and socio-economic history of Sululta Woreda from liberation of Ethiopia in 1941 to the end of the monarchical government, in the country, in 1974. The study covers the period from 1941to1974, in which the inhabitants of the woreda like the other residents of Shoa Province observed important political and socio-economic developments. The study begins with historical survey of the woreda by prevailing different developments in the woreda before liberation (1941). Beside this, the study outlines the rule of the Italians in the woreda, in the pre-1941 period.The thesis deals with the restoration of the imperial administration and the reforms that were introduced by Emperor Haile Sillassie in various fields in relation with the administration and land related issues and the importance of the reforms to the people of the woreda will be the main area of concern. The study also outlines taxation issues and view maladministration problems in the district. In addition, the study assessed the formation of Sululta Woreda and its administrative history in the period under discussion. The thesis also attempted to focus on nature of the land tenure system in the woreda and its burden on life of the inhabitants in the woreda. The thesis also attempt to asses’ public services and infrastructural developments in the woreda, in the last three decades of the monarchical regime.Item State and Society on Ethiopia’s Northwestern Borderlands: Chilga Awraja, 1935 -1991(Addis Ababa University, 2020-07) Getaneh, Setegn; Bizuneh (Phd), BeleteThis dissertation investigates and reconstructs a history of Chilga Awraja, a region which is located along Ethiopia’s northwestern borderlands adjacent to the Sudan. In Ethiopian historiography, frontier areas located along the nation’s borders have not been studied properly. One of these frontier borderlands is Chilga sub-province. Although the area was well incorporated into the Ethiopian state in the 14th century and passed through major political, social and economic changes, it was following the Italian military occupation (1936-1941) that these political and socio-economic changes led to a dynamic change among the people in the sub-province.. Thus, this dissertation seeks to analyze how the local people in Chilga sub-province reacted to the various socio-economic and political activities and integrating strategies introduced by governments based at Addis Ababa from 1935 to 1991. This dissertation is analyzed and reconstructed based on using extensively archival documents collected in Addis Ababa and Gondar and oral information gathered from informants who were participants and observers of events in Chilga sub-province. I argue that the governments based in Addis Ababa from the Italian military rulers to the Därg’s socialist state had little success in integrating Chilga Awraja to the center by using the governance tools at their disposal. Hence the area remained a sanctuary for anti-government forces mainly anti-Därg opposition groups and organizations. Largely the hostile relations between Ethiopia and the Sudan since the mid-1960s partly due to boundary dispute made Chilga Awraja a bone of contention between the two states and this greatly affected the lives of the local people. I believe that this study is a useful contribution to borderland studies in Ethiopia as well as in Africa because it elucidates how governments from the center faced challenges in administering and integrating the borderlands.Item Society and State in the Balé Lowlands: Interplay of Divergent Interests in Center- Periphery Interrelations in Southeastern Ethiopia, 1891-1991(Addis Ababa University, 2020-07) Tessema, Kefyalew; Bizuneh (Phd), BeleteFor much of its scant history, Bali was known as the southern borderland of the Christian Highland Kingdom, where the latter stationed frontier guards and Muslim sultanates sent waves of raiding parties up to the 16th century. Bali’s relation with these states was thus characterized by the latter’s efforts to subdue it and Bali’s effort to maintain its autonomy. Its social landscape was diversified by the process of fusion and fission. This dissertation investigates dynamics, local narratives, regional complexities and minorities’ role in society-state relation in the period 1891 -1991. My findings show that since the conquest of the region in the 1880s, state-society relations were shaped by several dynamics with the scramble of colonialists for the region, whose legacies polarized interest of the lowlanders, changed patterns of local interactions and their collective relation with the Ethiopian state. These dynamics had accentuated both cooperation and competition in center-periphery relations by interplaying interest of agents of the center on the periphery and vice versa. The study argues against writing of the history of pastoralists for peasants, a distant view of the periphery as a homogeneous entity and silence on the audible role of riverine cultivators in the regional history. This history shows administration of the vast lowlands from distant garrisons that changed the pre-existing local power relations using its agents was unable to deliver immediate social justice and therefore the region remained socio-economiacally and politically little incorporated into the vi center. Despite the growth of public grievances into localized protest before the Italian interlude, which gave it ethnic and religious catalysts imbedded in the ideology and technology of violence, the restored regime that was incognizant of these emerging dynamics had pursued coercive rule. Consequently, the Oromo and Somali pastoralists, who had conflicting interests, created strategic alliance rallying shared Islamic faith, pastoral livelihood, history of domination and lowland ecosystem. They waged the jagahir, dhombur and sowra wars against the imperial and Därg regimes respectively in which some governors cooperated with them and loyalists among them served the state, which enjoyed also the partnership of some riverine societies. Somalia, backed by long foreign hands, had intervened in arming and training the insurgents and worsened the violent state-society relations since 1960. These resistances therefore contributed a lot for the 1974 and 1991 revolutions but brought little reform on the periphery. In the 1990s, politicization of ethnicity brought new trends in identity competitions though unable to pacify the Balé lowlands. Consequently, instability, famine, insurgency and underdevelopment have dominated its history.