History

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Peasant Response To Famine In Ethiopia, 1975-1985 With Special Emphasls On Manazna Gishe,Yifatna Timuga And Wolaita Awrajas
(1987) Heile Adhana, Adhana; Zawde, Bahru(PhD)
The Economic Basis of Conflict Among the Nuer and anuak Communities
(Addis Ababa University, 1995-04) Sishagne, Shumet
The Activities of Protestant Missionaries in Introducing Modern Education and Health Services in Dambi Dollo Awaraja (Ca 1918-1974)
(Addis Ababa University, 2017-08) Tola, Debela; Ta'a, Tesema (Prof.)
The study is about the missionaries and the beginning of Modern Education among the Sayyo Oromo who live in Dambi Dollo and its surrounding. The study attempts to document how the Missionaries, especially the Protestant Missionaries came to the area of Sayyo and their methods of expansion as well as how they undertook the conversion activity among the Sayyo Oromo The study also deals with what the traditional religious and ritual ceremollie of the Sayyo people looked like before the introduction of either Christianity or Islam in to the area. Further investigation was also conducted to check how the Ethiopian Orthodox church expanded in the area and how it was welcomed among the Sayyo Drama. Furthermore the study tried to check how the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, the first Christian Church, which had penetrated the Sayl'o area and how if responded to the newly arrived Protestan tism as well as the relationsh ip between the Ethiopian Orthodox Christians and the Protestants. In this study special focus is given to the Missionaries modernizing efforts among the Sayyo Oromo. That means how Missionaries started building Schools, Hospitals, Clinics and different Churches. Despite the efforts of the missionaries in expanding modernization among the Sayyo Oromo they had also affected the normal life-style of the people. The research reveals that Christianity arrived among the Sayyo Oromo of Dambi Dollo and it urroundings before a century ago. Protestantism expanded in the area by convincing methods of donation and often by impressive pressures made particularly through attacking the traditional Oromo religion with its rituals. In genera! the contextual background, Political oppression, low economic status, lack of infrastructure, the event of Influenza Epidemic and other world historical events contributed to the people.,·' active conversion to Protestantism The mass conversion of the people resulted in creating new spiritual orientation, which brought about holistic change, including the undermining of indigenous cultural practices.
Historical Survey of Socio-Cultural Interaction Among the Peoples of Gidda Woreda, Eastern Wallagga (1936 -2000)
(Addis Ababa University, 2018-06) Akuma, Seketa; Ta'a, Tesema (Prof.)
This thesis is a hi t rical survey ofsocio-cultural interactions among the people ' 0 Gidda district from the Italian occupation in 1936 to the period IVhen interactions between indigenous Oromo people and the Amhara reselliers gave ri e to open war in 2000. Gidda district is located in Eastern Wallagga ::.one of Western Ethiopia. nlil the GoBame and Shoans conquered the area in the last quarter of the 191t. centwy, no new order was imposed on the socio-cultural lives of the people except for the emergence of monarchical chiefs whose powers had weakened the gadaa system. Therefore, the people of the district IVho had different clans, 'ub-clans and lineages had lived by practicing their indigenous religion and other socio-cultural practices. Throughout the period under study. three historical developments had been experienced and tram/ormed the socio-cultural interactions of the people. These are the natural socio-cultural interactions among the local people, the impacts of the newly introduced religions and the arrival of reseltlers fro m northern parts of Ethiopia. The legacies and the consequences of conquest accompanied by these three historical developments as well as other changes and continuities brought the socio-cultural t ran~form atio n among the inhabitants of the area. On the side of the ne}vly arrived reselliers, their spontaneous advent and the continual changes in their sentiments increased their interactions with the indigenous people. Consequently, combinations of cooperation and conf lict as well as interactions and isolationism characterized the relationships between the /1Vo groups. AI/o st of the time, intensity of inter-ethnic su.spicion and isolationism exceeds that of the cooperation and consistent peacefit! interactions. This problem emanates from and utmost related to the roles played by the exploitative and suppressive Ethiopian governments. Among the newly introduced religions, Orthodox Christianity and Protestantism brought remarkable socio-cultural tran~fo rmations. As the people adopted and added the ideologies of the new religions to their own, many of them modified their social lives, food and food habits, marriage practices, fimeral system and their allitudes towards different rituals to the extent that the ideologies of the two religions intermingled at least in the heart of the people. As a part of the gadaa .system, the indigenous religion of the people had already been internalized. Therefore, the newly designed administration system and the newly introduced religions faced hardships in snatching the principles of indigenous culture. Therefore, the people retained some aspects of their value system and indigenolls religion.
A History of State Farm and Sugar Factory in Fincha'a Valley (1974 - 2012)
(Addis Ababa University, 2017-09) Tullu, Negassa; Ta'a, Tesema (Prof.)
My thesis focuses on a history of agriculture in 'i h I 'a III J 974 to 20J 2. Ficha 'a Valley is located in the romia Re i nal tat in J/ rr udul'lI Wollega Zone, Abay Choman Woreda. Fincha 'a, Amarti and Nashe dams were constructed in Horro uduru /IV II a Zan in 19 3, 1987 and 2013 respectively. They generate 225MW hydroel ctric power. The water a lh dams is used for irrigation agriculture in the Fincha 'a Valley. Fincha 'a late Farm wa ' established in 1974 to overcome the shortage of food the country had faced at the time. Plantation of sugar cane was started in 1991. However, the can ·truction of the fac tory wa ' delayed up to 1998/1999 due to the lack of money and change of government that took place in 1991. Its construction was completed and the factory was inaugurated in 1999. All the three developments (the darns, Fincha 'a State Farm and Fincha 'a Sugar Factory) contribute a lot to the economic development and job creation for Ethiopian citizens. Many Ethiopians are employed in the Hydropower plants and the sugar factory. The tate Farm, Hydropower Plants and Fincha'a Sugar Factory became source of government revenue. At the same time the development of the dams and the sugar fa ctory challenged the life of the local people and also caused diverse and far reaching impacts on the local environment. About 44,000 people were evicted from their farm and grazing lands. As a result most oft hem became poor and homeless. Natural vegetations were cleared. Severe land degradation is going on. Wild animals escaped from that area. Totally, both positive and negative effects of these developments are seen in the area. Today Fincha 'a Valley became a home for 60,330 people and also the center of agro industry.
The Political Economy of Coffee Production, Processing and Marketing in Gedeo and Sidama: Local, National and Global Developments (1941 To 2010)
(Addis Ababa University, 2015-12) Kifle, Almaw; Ta'a, Tesema (Professor)
This dissertation, reconstructs the role that coffee played in multifaceted changes that took place in the two regions of southern Ethiopia, predominantly inhabited by the people of Gedeo and Sidama. The study covers a period of seven decades, starting .from the middle of the twentieth centUl),. Its central theme is interaction of people and governments il1 the coffee economy, and reaction of people and governments to local, national and globol forces to man-made and natural circumstances. 1n the course of explaining continuity and change in relations and interactions of people and government in the coffee economy of the regions, which is the central thesis a/this research, thefol/owing sub themes such as: how Ethiopia did not care about coffee at production level, cofTee both its production and trade facilitated integration of these two regions to the Ethiopian State, the situation of coffee before 1974 that was dominated by nonindigenous settlers and after 1974 the local agency took the leading, how the Ethiopian and Gedeo and Sidama coffee industl), suffered under the dictation of the world coffee market, imposition of coffee production on the local people and little benefit they got .from it, and the nature of coffee production, processing and marketing (small-scale production at local level by local households, and large-scale production and processing by others such as the niife/iililia, teke/iililla, cooperatives and associations) were discussed in nine chapters of the dissertation as part and parcel of the main thesis that shows developments related to the coffee economy. To show interactions and reactions of peoples Gild governments, alld to trace continuities and changes in the stOl)" all sources (primw)' and secondary and written as well as oral) were IItilized. Moreover, analyses were made to substalltiate arguments Gnd interpretations of various sources. Afier employing all sorts o/sources, th e study has come to display the following major findings. OIVing to its becoming a pillar of the national export for long in the past, coffee had come to experience several reforms, which affected ils prodllction, processing and marketing Gnd interaction of the stakeholders at various levels. Besides, the onerous and continuous prices fall in the world coffee market appeared to have been the source of all evil in the coffee induslly, which provoked both governments of the countly and coffee farmers of the two regions to react against coffee by responding to local, national and global dares to the coffee economy. This in turn became blessing in disguise for both Gedeo and Sidama coffee farmers and governments 0/ the country to gradually diversify their farms and export menu respectively at the expense of coffee to lIIaximizetlleir income and minimize shocks that used 10 cOllie .from the world coffee market.
History and Identity in Northeast Ethiopia with Particular Reference to Raya-Azabo, 1543-1974
(Addis Ababa University, 2020-12) Menasbo, Negga; Haile, Dr. Adhana
This paper is an ethnographic study of the peoples of Raya-Azäbo sub-province situated in northeastern Ethiopia. It deals with why, how and when each section of the study area was settled/ resettled by about half a dozen peoples namely the Dobe‟a, the Tegreña, the Oromo, the Amhara, the Agäw and the Afar beginning from the middle of the sixteenth century well up to the second half of the twentieth. The other vital theme discussed in connection to this issue deals with the sort of interethnic relations that have existed between each one of the aforementioned groups and how they gradually transformed themselves from a discordant connection to an amicable one as viewed from the vantage point of time and space. The next relevant problem dealt with in this paper is that the key role of the Ethiopian state played in shaping intergroup relations. Heads of states ranging from Zära Yaeqob cum his son/ successor, Bä‟edä Mariam, in the fifteenth century, to Eyasu II in the eighteenth and Yohannes IV at the end of the nineteenth century are, in this case, worth mentioning as the prominent ones. In connection to this point the study shows that the emperors at times to protect their own economic interests meaning either to collect annual tribute or to keep open the long range caravan trade traversing through the region or else to provide security to the Christian Amhara/ Tegrean highland cultivators, who were repeatedly menaced by the incursions of the adjacent Dobe‟a, Afar and Oromo pastoralists groups, led them to involve deeply in matters of communal strife and thereby they played a crucial role in shifting the balance of power in favor of the former. The concluding point of discussion in this study is the issue on how the multitudes of peoples of Raya-Azäbo have managed to overcome the earlier mutually hostile inter-group relations as well as how they steadily come together to constitute a community of identical socio-cultural make up. In this regard, agrarian transformations on the side of the pastoralist lowlanders and acute shortage of land and oxen on the side of highland cultivators are considered as the main catalysts that facilitated a continued economic and social interaction between the members of the six groups in the Fertile Valley. Thus, the aforesaid symbiotic economic and social relations, in time, gave rise to exogamous intermarriage and other forms of social contact between each one of them and thereby prompted them to form a collective identity termed as Raya.
Administrative And Socio-Economic History of Sululta Woreda, 1941-1974
(Addis Ababa University, 2020-10) Tarekegn, Tena; Wasyihun (PhD), Tamrat
The main objective of this thesis is reconstructing the administrative and socio-economic history of Sululta Wäräda from the liberation of Ethiopia in 1941 to the end of the monarchical government, in the country, in 1974. The study covers the period from 1941to1974, in which the inhabitants of the woreda like the other residents of Shäwa Province observed important political and socio-economic developments. The study begins with historical survey of the woreda by prevailing different developments in the woreda before liberation (1941). Beside this, the study outlines the rule of the Italians in the wärääda, in the pre-1941 period.The thesis deals with the restoration of the imperial administration and the reforms that were introduced by Emperor Haile Sillassie in various fields in relation with the administration and land related issues and the importance of the reforms to the people of the wäräda will be the main area of concern. The study also outlines taxation issues and view maladministration problems in the district. In addition, the study assesses the formation of Sululta Wäräda and its administrative history in the period under discussion. The thesis also attempted to focus on nature of the land tenure system in the wäräda and its burden on the life of the inhabitants in the wäräda. The thesis also attempts to asses’ public services and infrastructural developments in the wäräda, in the last three decades of the monarchical regime.
A History of Däbrä Bäkur Abunä Sét Monastery in Hahaile, Ahiferom Wäräda Tigray, Ethiopia from Its Foundation up to 1991.
(Addis Ababa University, 2019-11) Teklebrhan, Leake; G/Selassie (Ph.D.), Teclehaimanot
Ethiopia is one of the most ancient countries in the world with rich history and civilization. Most scholars stated that, one of the factors that contributed for the Ethiopian civilization is the introduction of Christianity in the fourth century. From the contribution of the introduction of Christianity is the expansion of Christianity and spread of monasteries in Ethiopia. Furthermore, the medieval period of Ethiopia witnessed the spread of Christianity and the foundation of several monasteries. Hence, several religious men and saints were emerged in Tigray and they established different monasteries in the name of themselves. Among the monasteries that established in Tigray was Däbrä Bäkuer Abunä Sét Monastery. The monastery found in the northern part of Ethiopia in central Zone at Ahiferom Wäräda; and it may be establish in the end of thirteen Century. Nevertheless, it is little known about the monastery in oral sources and written documents. However, the glorious period of the monastery began when Abunä Sét met with king Dawit I and the church received a monastery status. Since this period the monastery has a close contact with royal court. The main aspire of this thesis is to reconstruct a History of Däbrä Bäkuer Abunä Sét Monastery of Hahile Sub-Wäräda, Ahiferom Wäräda from its foundation to 1991. The study covers the time from its establishment until 1991. The study begins with geographical setting and historical background of the Wäräda. Along with, the Däbrä Bäkuer Abunä Sét Monastery was one of the monasteries of Ethiopia, which have a rich in ancient and various equipment; therefore, this study tries to assess the treasures found in the monastery and their deposition conditions. This monastery was one of the centers of traditional education. Based on this, the thesis endeavors to assess the traditional school of the monastery. In addition, this thesis also tries to look the construction of the building and the wall and parchment paintings that includes religious and secular depictions. Furthermore, the study also examines to set out the source of income of the Monastery. The main of income of the monastery was gult land that granted by the Ethiopian emperors besides the offering until the land nationalization policy of Dareg regime in 1975. Thus, the main revenue of the monastery lost. This indicates the monastery was highly depending on the land. Nevertheless, after 1975 the land was distributed to the surrounding community. Thus, from this time own wards the monastery had become dependent on the parish. As a result, the life in the monastery became challenging and many monks was displaced to other monasteries and the traditional education which was given in the monastery enter in to endanger. Gradually the religious education that given in the monastery was became a nebab bet (reading house) only. The Wäräda generally and the area specifically has a rich archaeological sites, monasteries, court place, and other historical places and events then to investigate them it needed more study. Then, I recommend for scholars or voluntaries to make a historical and archaeological study to know more about the Hahile Sub-Wäräda specifically and Ahiferom Wäräda in generally.
Administrative and Socio-Economic History Of Sululta Woreda, 1941-1974
(Addis Ababa University, 2020-06) Tarekegn, Tina; Wasyihun(Phd), Tamrat
The main objective of this thesis is reconstructing the administrative and socio-economic history of Sululta Woreda from liberation of Ethiopia in 1941 to the end of the monarchical government, in the country, in 1974. The study covers the period from 1941to1974, in which the inhabitants of the woreda like the other residents of Shoa Province observed important political and socio-economic developments. The study begins with historical survey of the woreda by prevailing different developments in the woreda before liberation (1941). Beside this, the study outlines the rule of the Italians in the woreda, in the pre-1941 period.The thesis deals with the restoration of the imperial administration and the reforms that were introduced by Emperor Haile Sillassie in various fields in relation with the administration and land related issues and the importance of the reforms to the people of the woreda will be the main area of concern. The study also outlines taxation issues and view maladministration problems in the district. In addition, the study assessed the formation of Sululta Woreda and its administrative history in the period under discussion. The thesis also attempted to focus on nature of the land tenure system in the woreda and its burden on life of the inhabitants in the woreda. The thesis also attempt to asses’ public services and infrastructural developments in the woreda, in the last three decades of the monarchical regime.
State and Society on Ethiopia’s Northwestern Borderlands: Chilga Awraja, 1935 -1991
(Addis Ababa University, 2020-07) Getaneh, Setegn; Bizuneh (Phd), Belete
This dissertation investigates and reconstructs a history of Chilga Awraja, a region which is located along Ethiopia’s northwestern borderlands adjacent to the Sudan. In Ethiopian historiography, frontier areas located along the nation’s borders have not been studied properly. One of these frontier borderlands is Chilga sub-province. Although the area was well incorporated into the Ethiopian state in the 14th century and passed through major political, social and economic changes, it was following the Italian military occupation (1936-1941) that these political and socio-economic changes led to a dynamic change among the people in the sub-province.. Thus, this dissertation seeks to analyze how the local people in Chilga sub-province reacted to the various socio-economic and political activities and integrating strategies introduced by governments based at Addis Ababa from 1935 to 1991. This dissertation is analyzed and reconstructed based on using extensively archival documents collected in Addis Ababa and Gondar and oral information gathered from informants who were participants and observers of events in Chilga sub-province. I argue that the governments based in Addis Ababa from the Italian military rulers to the Därg’s socialist state had little success in integrating Chilga Awraja to the center by using the governance tools at their disposal. Hence the area remained a sanctuary for anti-government forces mainly anti-Därg opposition groups and organizations. Largely the hostile relations between Ethiopia and the Sudan since the mid-1960s partly due to boundary dispute made Chilga Awraja a bone of contention between the two states and this greatly affected the lives of the local people. I believe that this study is a useful contribution to borderland studies in Ethiopia as well as in Africa because it elucidates how governments from the center faced challenges in administering and integrating the borderlands.
Society and State in the Balé Lowlands: Interplay of Divergent Interests in Center- Periphery Interrelations in Southeastern Ethiopia, 1891-1991
(Addis Ababa University, 2020-07) Tessema, Kefyalew; Bizuneh (Phd), Belete
For much of its scant history, Bali was known as the southern borderland of the Christian Highland Kingdom, where the latter stationed frontier guards and Muslim sultanates sent waves of raiding parties up to the 16th century. Bali’s relation with these states was thus characterized by the latter’s efforts to subdue it and Bali’s effort to maintain its autonomy. Its social landscape was diversified by the process of fusion and fission. This dissertation investigates dynamics, local narratives, regional complexities and minorities’ role in society-state relation in the period 1891 -1991. My findings show that since the conquest of the region in the 1880s, state-society relations were shaped by several dynamics with the scramble of colonialists for the region, whose legacies polarized interest of the lowlanders, changed patterns of local interactions and their collective relation with the Ethiopian state. These dynamics had accentuated both cooperation and competition in center-periphery relations by interplaying interest of agents of the center on the periphery and vice versa. The study argues against writing of the history of pastoralists for peasants, a distant view of the periphery as a homogeneous entity and silence on the audible role of riverine cultivators in the regional history. This history shows administration of the vast lowlands from distant garrisons that changed the pre-existing local power relations using its agents was unable to deliver immediate social justice and therefore the region remained socio-economiacally and politically little incorporated into the vi center. Despite the growth of public grievances into localized protest before the Italian interlude, which gave it ethnic and religious catalysts imbedded in the ideology and technology of violence, the restored regime that was incognizant of these emerging dynamics had pursued coercive rule. Consequently, the Oromo and Somali pastoralists, who had conflicting interests, created strategic alliance rallying shared Islamic faith, pastoral livelihood, history of domination and lowland ecosystem. They waged the jagahir, dhombur and sowra wars against the imperial and Därg regimes respectively in which some governors cooperated with them and loyalists among them served the state, which enjoyed also the partnership of some riverine societies. Somalia, backed by long foreign hands, had intervened in arming and training the insurgents and worsened the violent state-society relations since 1960. These resistances therefore contributed a lot for the 1974 and 1991 revolutions but brought little reform on the periphery. In the 1990s, politicization of ethnicity brought new trends in identity competitions though unable to pacify the Balé lowlands. Consequently, instability, famine, insurgency and underdevelopment have dominated its history.
A History of Oromo Literature and Identity Issues (C. 1840-1991)
(Addis Ababa University, 2019-06) Tolessa, Tesfaye; Ta’a, Tesema (Prof)
The purpose of the study is to document the reciprocal relationships between Oromo literature and identity issues in the process of the Oromo struggle against the formation of Ethiopian homogenous nation as the subject has not received proper historical study. In an attempt to fill the gap, the dissertation reconstructs a history of Afaan Oromo literature as a storehouse of Oromo identity, transcript for consciousness creation and instrument of resistance against impositions of Amhara rulers. For the study, pertinent available data were collected, interpreted and analysed qualitatively based on historical research methods using mainly narrative and analysis styles. The research findings depict that before the Oromo were conquered by the Amhara, the main emphasis of Afaan Oromo literature was the socialization of Oromo youths into ethically committed and morally strong Oromo. It was mainly used to teach the Oromo youth what was good and evil, moral and immoral, destructive and constructive, and encourage thought and action with its tales, poems, songs, epics, riddles, demonological legends, ballads, anecdotes, proverbs, lullabies, history and others. It also stored these principles in the forms of values, tension, myths, common experiences, psychological makeup and intellectual curiosity. The first attempt to write in Afaan Oromo might have come from the Muslim scholars whose efforts were to get written Afaan Oromo in a suitable script, which continued until Qubee was adopted in 1991. From c. 1840 onwards, the missionaries saw it as a language spoken by many people over large territorial areas and as a pathway to control the Oromo cultural identity and convert them to Christianity. The missionaries insisted on writing in Afaan Oromo under severe conditions that even cost them heavy prices. Consequently, from 1840 to 1899, they effectively worked on translation of the scriptures into Afaan Oromo, inscription of Afaan Oromo folklores and studies of Afaan Oromo grammar and vocabularies which gave Afaan Oromo a written basis, and from 1900 to the period of Italian conquest on teaching how to read and write in Afaan Oromo. Besides, the determination to write in Afaan Oromo and the increased consciousness of nationalism were paradoxically escalated by the attempts to suppress Afaan Oromo and Oromo cultural identity in favour of the formation of the linguistically, religiously and culturally homogenous Ethiopia from the last quarter of the nineteenth century. The Oromo grievances against the domination were articulated, recorded and passed on vertically from generation to generation and horizontally from one geographical area to another in Afaan Oromo literature. The networking of the grievances by Oromo oral literature and the consolidation of Oromo consciousness of their identity made the Oromo to consider the Italians as liberators when they began to use Afaan Oromo for education, broadcasting and office activities. These linguistic and cultural freedoms that the Oromo tasted under Italian rule made them to pose serious resistance against the restoration of Emperor Haile Sillasie. The Harar and Baalee Oromo uprisings, the Maccaa-Tuulamaa Association, the Afran Qalloo Cultural Movement and other covert movements of the Oromo were what evolved because of the imposed strict language policy and this gradually consolidated Oromo consciousness. The struggle was one factor for the decline of Emperor Haile Sillasie. The struggle to write in Afaan Oromo and the Oromo iv national question continued under the Darg until it was declared that the Oromo were a nation with their own regional state and Afaan Oromo became the written official language of the Oromia Regional State in 1991. The script adopted to write Afaan Oromo passed through intermittent linguistic studies with constant and critical debates until Qubee was adopted as standardized script to write Afaan Oromo. The script in which Afaan Oromo was to be written continued to be the subject of linguistic and political debates of the agencies engaged in issues of written Afaan Oromo throughout the study period until Qubee was officially declared as the script in which Afaan Oromo is now written.
A History of Guuto Gidda Warada, East Wallagga Zone, 1941-1991
(Addis Ababa University, 2019-06) Dinsa, Lamu; Ta’a, Tesema (Prof)
The main aim of this thesis is to reconstruct the socio-economic and political history of Guuto Gidda Warada from 1941-1991.The study covers the time from the liberation of Ethiopia and the restoration of Emperor Haila Selasie I to power in 1941, the Darg period, in which the inhabitants of the warada like the other countryside peoples of Oromia region observed important socio-economic and political developments. It begins with historical study of the warada by revealing different developments in the areaduring the Italian occupation. The restoration of the Imperial administration and the reforms that took place by the Imperial government in various fields, in relation to the administration and land related issues and taxation system will be the main area of concern. Moreover, the study attempted to assess changes and developments that the warada had gone through the military government. The Darg was interested to consolidate its power by taking different measures which had their own merits and demerits on the political and socio-economic conditions for the inhabitants of Guuto GiddaWarada. Besides this, the study has tried to address the socio-economic situation of the Warada in which the area has not made much progress. In conducting this research, oral sources as well as written materials were used. There are only few archival materials that could support the study. Thus, the study as a result, depended largely on oral sources which were gathered from the warada starting from December 2018 to February 2019. To write this thesis, efforts have been made in order to support the oral information with written literature. Moreover, to avoid problems in the use of oral sources significant measures have been taken, in selecting knowledgeable informants, use of collected data, evaluating and checking them with the existing literature was the necessary step that were carried out.
Brigadier General Taddasa Birru: A Militry-Political Biography (1922-1975)
(Addis Ababa University, 2019-07) Kenei, Biratu; Ta’a, Tesema (Prof)
Brigadier General Taddasa Birru: A Military-Political Biography (1922-1975) Biratu Kenei Aga Addis Ababa University, 2019 In this study, discussion on the concept of biography is taken as an academic exercise to address the disciplinary and conceptual frameworks of biography in order to situate this study within the broader field of historical inquiry. This dissertation examines the military and political activities of Brigadier General Taddasa Birru. It investigates how his military career proceeded from an ordinary guerrilla fighter in 1936 to the rank of Brigadier General in October 1963 and how his political movement followed after he joined the MTSHA in 1964. It looks into how he subsequently transformed the Association into a pan-Oromo movement and became a rallying figure of Oromo resistance since the middle of the 1960s. The dissertation examines how he used the MTSHA and its meetings as platform to promote Oromo unity and self-consciousness in order to mobilize the Oromo against the Imperial regime. It also investigates why he resumed his resistance despite regime change in 1974 and how he was captured and executed. The source materials used for this research are gathered from extensive oral interviews conducted with contemporary and knowledgeable informants, the archives of the IES of AAU, documents in private hands, including the Trial Document of the leaders of the MTSHA and his handwritten diary, newspapers, magazines, student papers and published works. The synthesis, analysis and careful examination of the sources have proven the central thesis of the dissertation both empirically and logically. Though General Taddasa was dubbed Amharized before he joined the MTSHA, the concept does not fully explain his case. In this dissertation, I argue that initially he served the Imperial regime enthusiastically as a member of the military and made his own contributions for his country until he was conscious enough to understand the existence of discriminations against the Oromo. I contend that his speeches, actions and movements within the MTSHA and later were reflective of his deep-rooted belief in Oromo cause of equality and helped to develop anti- neftegna Oromo nationalism. Government repressive measures made him more militant and radical and pushed him to the corner to chair the foundation of the OLF. The importance of this dissertation includes its presentation of the place of an individual in history, its attempt to look into Ethiopian history from a different perspective and its focus on Oromo grievances through a biographical approach.
Kierkegaard And The Prevalent Metaphilosophical Tradition: Critical Reflection
(Addis Ababa University, 2019-07) Teka, Belay; Gutema (Ph.D), Bekele
The Oromo of Wollega : A Historical Survey to 1910
(Addis Ababa University, 1980-07) Ta'a, Tesema; Tamrat, Taddesse (PhD)
This paper is a historical survey of the Oromo of Wollega from the . e.t/-;.(J ()..AA.. J L
History of Radio Ethiopia from 1974 to 2000
(Addis Ababa University, 2019) Siyoum, Tsigereda; Negash, Samuel (Associate Professor)
In Ethiopia, radio broadcast was established by Emperor Haile Selassie in 1933. Since its establishment, radio broadcast had played significant role in delivering information to the masses, thereby, it contributes its share in the over-all progress of the country. The present study attempts to explore the contribution of radio broadcast in the social, political, professional and economic progress of the country in the period from 1974 to 2000. Applying qualitative historical method of data analysis and cross-examining the available secondary and primary sources, the study highlights the so far ignored positive role of radio broadcast in societal progress. Though the study focuses on the period from 1974 to 2000, it also tries to shed light on the history of the radio broadcasting before that period. Radio Ethiopia started its broadcast in 1935. In 1936, the Ethiopian patriots damaged the radio telegraphic station. Thus, the Italian established new radio station at the center of Addis Ababa. This radio station was destroyed by the fascist Italians in 1941 when they evacuated the country. Soon after the liberation, the British military force started to repair the broadcasting work in Ethiopia and started regular programs. Because of high illiteracy rate in Ethiopia, radio broadcasting has been serving as a better means of disseminating information to the societies than other forms of media outlets. By using different national and international languages, it has broadcasted various programs that foster social, economic, professional and political developments of the country. Radio has also served as the best tool to create awareness among the society concerning internal and international social, economic and political issues. It also linked Ethiopia with the outside world.Radio Ethiopia has largely been depicted as a propaganda instrument of the government in power. As a public media one cannot deny that Radio Ethiopia has been a mouth piece of government. Notwithstanding such claims, the core argument of my thesis is that even under difficult circumstances Radio Ethiopia has contributed considerably in enhancing professional, institutional and journalistic developments. It played significant role in creating political, economic, social and cultural awareness, which directly or indirectly served as an engine of change.
A History of Oromo Literature and Identity Issues, (c.1840-1991)
(Addis Ababa University, 2019-06) Tolessa, Tesfaye; Ta’a, Tesema (Professor)
The purpose of the study is to document the reciprocal relationships between Oromo literature and identity issues in the process of the Oromo struggle against the formation of Ethiopian homogenous nation as the subject has not received proper historical study. In an attempt to fill the gap, the dissertation reconstructs a history of Afaan Oromo literature as a storehouse of Oromo identity, transcript for consciousness creation and instrument of resistance against impositions of Amhara rulers. For the study, pertinent available data were collected, interpreted and analysed qualitatively based on historical research methods using mainly narrative and analysis styles. The research findings depict that before the Oromo were conquered by the Amhara, the main emphasis of Afaan Oromo literature was the socialization of Oromo youths into ethically committed and morally strong Oromo. It was mainly used to teach the Oromo youth what was good and evil, moral and immoral, destructive and constructive, and encourage thought and action with its tales, poems, songs, epics, riddles, demonological legends, ballads, anecdotes, proverbs, lullabies, history and others. It also stored these principles in the forms of values, tension, myths, common experiences, psychological makeup and intellectual curiosity. The first attempt to write in Afaan Oromo might have come from the Muslim scholars whose efforts were to get written Afaan Oromo in a suitable script, which continued until Qubee was adopted in 1991. From c. 1840 onwards, the missionaries saw it as a language spoken by many people over large territorial areas and as a pathway to control the Oromo cultural identity and convert them to Christianity. The missionaries insisted on writing in Afaan Oromo under severe conditions that even cost them heavy prices. Consequently, from 1840 to 1899, they effectively worked on translation of the scriptures into Afaan Oromo, inscription of Afaan Oromo folklores and studies of Afaan Oromo grammar and vocabularies which gave Afaan Oromo a written basis, and from 1900 to the period of Italian conquest on teaching how to read and write in Afaan Oromo. Besides, the determination to write in Afaan Oromo and the increased consciousness of nationalism were paradoxically escalated by the attempts to suppress Afaan Oromo and Oromo cultural identity in favour of the formation of the linguistically, religiously and culturally homogenous Ethiopia from the last quarter of the nineteenth century. The Oromo grievances against the domination were articulated, recorded and passed on vertically from generation to generation and horizontally from one geographical area to another in Afaan Oromo literature. The networking of the grievances by Oromo oral literature and the consolidation of Oromo consciousness of their identity made the Oromo to consider the Italians as liberators when they began to use Afaan Oromo for education, broadcasting and office activities. These linguistic and cultural freedoms that the Oromo tasted under Italian rule made them to pose serious resistance against the restoration of Emperor Haile Sillasie. The Harar and Baalee Oromo uprisings, the Maccaa-Tuulamaa Association, the Afran Qalloo Cultural Movement and other covert movements of the Oromo were what evolved because of the imposed strict language policy and this gradually consolidated Oromo consciousness. The struggle was one factor for the decline of Emperor Haile Sillasie. The struggle to write in Afaan Oromo and the Oromo national question continued under the Darg until it was declared that the Oromo were a nation with their own regional state and Afaan Oromo became the written official language of the Oromia Regional State in 1991. The script adopted to write Afaan Oromo passed through intermittent linguistic studies with constant and critical debates until Qubee was adopted as standardized script to write Afaan Oromo. The script in which Afaan Oromo was to be written continued to be the subject of linguistic and political debates of the agencies engaged in issues of written Afaan Oromo throughout the study period until Qubee was officially declared as the script in which Afaan Oromo is now written.
A History of the Torban Obo Oromo in Boset Woreda, 1855-1991
(Addis Ababa University, 2018-11) Geda, Girma; Ta’a, Tesema (Professor)

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