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    A History of Catholicism in Wolaita from 1930 UP TO 1991
    (Addis Ababa University, 2023-02-01) Azeze Abdu; Teclehaymanot G/Selassie (Dr.)
    This thesis is a study of Catholic religion in Wolaita.It was mainly introduced to Wolaita fromthe 1930s.Catholicism evolved in Wolaita during the period of 1930s to till now. Catholicism in Ethiopia has along history. After the division of the Churches in the 5th century following the Council of Chalcedon(451) the Ethiopian Church was doctrinally separated from the Catholic Church in the West and also later largely isolated from contacts with it. The attempt to win Ethiopia to Catholicism in the reign of Susenyos ended in disastrous failure and it was not until the 19th century that Catholicism gained aratherprecarious foot hold in Ethiopia. Starting from the 1930 s it was able to make progress and my thesis and studies tries to show how it progressed from the 1920s in Wolaita. Inspite of this, however, it has so far received in adequate scholarly attention. Even the small numbers of studies on Catholicism are limited and fragmented. My thesis tries to give acomprehensive coverage of Catholicism in Wolaita and as a major aim, to put Catholicism from the 1930s to present in to the social and political context of Wolaita. Social history, often called the new social history, (though it is no longer new) is a broad branch of history that studies the experiences of ordinary people in the past. In its"golden age"it was a major growth field in the 1960s and 1970s among scholars, and still is well represented in history departments including religious history. “The spirit of the 1960s social history responding in its own way to the „winds of change‟, was pre-eminently a modernizing one, both chronologically, in the choice of historical subject matter, and methodologically, in the adoption of multi-disciplinary perspectives.”Therefore, present social history themes vary much more. The history of religion refers to the record of human religious experiences and ideas. My study therefore, is meant to fill the gap in the field of socio-cultural and religious history of Wolaita. Inaddition, this thesis can also, hopefully, contribute to the study of southern peoples and various Vicariates of Ethiopia, particularly the neighbors of Wolaita.
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    A History of Chalia Warada, 1941-1991
    (Addis Ababa University, 2023-05-01) Berhanu Abera; Tesema Ta‟a (Prof)
    The primary purpose of this thesis is to reconstruct the socio economic and political history of Chalia warada from 1941-1991. The study covers the period from the liberation of Ethiopia and the restoration of Emperor Haile Selasie I to the throne in 1941 up to the collapse of the Darg government in 1991. During this time span, the inhabitants of the warada similar to the other countryside people of in what is now Oromia region experienced important socio economic and political changes. It begins with historical study of the warada by treating various changes and cultural aspects in the warada before the Italian occupation. The restoration of Imperial administration and the reforms that were undertaken by the Imperial government in different fields, in relation to the administration and land issues and the reaction of the inhabitants of the warada to these developments will be the main concern of the discussion. In addition to this, the study treats land tenure issues, evictions and the impact of labor service and taxation in the warada. It also points out maladministration and problem of security in the warada. The study also attempted to discuss changes and developments that the warada had undertaken during the Darg period. The Darg government attempted to strength its power by adopting different measures which had impacts on the political and socio economic conditions of the people of Chalia warada. The study also tried to assess the socio economic conditions of the warada in which the area has not received much attention from the government. In this study, oral sources as well as written materials were used. Besides, there is also some archival materials were used in the study. To write this thesis, efforts have been made in order to analyze the oral sources crosschecking it with written materials. To avoid the bias in the use of oral sources necessary measures have been taken, in choosing knowledgeable informants, use of collected data, evaluating and checking them with the existing literature as important steps that were accomplished. This thesis would also help the historians as a stepping stone for the further studies of the warada since a history of Chalia was not much studied. Most of scholars who study several regions did not give attention to Chalia warada. To this end, this study pointed out various changes and developments in the warada like other parts of Oromia region.
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    A History of Hadiya People, 1886 to 1991
    (Addis Ababa University, 2022-05-01) Asrat Ermolo; Tesema Ta’a (Prof)
    Many authors are seen considering the period of Hadiya history that started from the 13th century and disappeared in the late 16th century, and made an attempt to disconnect the medieval Hadiya from todays Hadiya people. The researcher argues that, before the 13th century, the Hadiya had travelled a long historical trajectory that ultimately helped them to undertake state formation. The long process of the formation of Hadiya state was completed in the 10th century, but reached its climax of power in the 14th century. During their heydays, the Hadiya had spent times of friendships and animosity with the Christian kingdom and the neighboring states. They gave their daughter to King Zara Yacob and through her, the researcher argues that, they protected the Christian religion and state from complete annihilation by the coordinated forces of the neighboring Muslim states and Ottoman Turkey. Through her, the Hadiya had also contributed for the beginning and development of Ethiopia’s international diplomacy. Since the end of the 16th century, however, the Hadiya began to experience the period of agony and complete disintegration. The dissertation examines the history of Menilek’s expansion to southern Ethiopia, particularly the Hadiya area. It talks about the stiff resistances of the Hadiya people against the northerners in the years between 1886 and 1894. It deals with the use of modern guns by Menilek’s army against spears and arrows that the Hadiya people had employed during the war of conquest. It argues that the invasion of the partially assimilated Hadiya (Ķäbena and Maräķo) was a decisive one for Menilek to invade the other part of Hadiya easily. Lack of unity on the part of the Hadiya clans had helped the northern forces to attack one Hadiya group after the other. Mainly because of their pastoralist economy and rebellious behavior, the consecutive Ethiopian governments, since the times of incorporation, antagonized the Hadiya people and brought the neighboring ethnic groups like the Kämbata to their side. The incorporation had resulted in negative consequences on the identity of the Hadiya people. The government reorganized the Hadiya and Kämbata people into two sub-provinces. These were: ‘Lemo and Shashogo’ and ‘Kämbata’. After Ras Abata Buayalew came to the Awraja administration in 1897, the two divisions were brought to a single administration and renamed as ‘Lemo and Kämbata’. Such reorganization stayed in force till the late 1930s. During their five years stay in Ethiopia, the Italians renamed the sub-province as ‘Kämbata’, excluding the Hadiya or Lemo name. From the outset, the Hadiya were struggling to recover the identity that they lost to the Kämbata and other neighboring groups. The struggle became strong after the withdrawal of the Italians from Ethiopia. The expansion of education, following the restoration of the Ethiopian government, contributed a lot for the increment of socio-economic and political consciousness of Hadiya people. Particularly, the establishment of Wachämo highschool in Hossana in the 1960s could be considered as a turning point for the advancement of the awareness of the Hadiya people. Students began to raise the issue of land, identity and development. In the 1960s and 70s, particularly because of the identity question, there had been conflicts between the Hadiya and Kämbata students both in Hossana and Addis Abäba. It is said that the government in the Awraja (sub-province) and also the provincial level were against the identity question of the Hadiya people. It was after the coming to power of the Därg government that such questions were responded, at least partially. Following the conquest, the formerly independent people were brought to the hitherto unknown Gäbbar system. The Gäbbar system had resulted in the violation of not only the economic freedom but also the social, cultural and psychological makeup of the people. The highly intensified oppressions and exploitations of the Gäbbar system were believed to have brought the majority of the Hadiya people to tenancy. After the restoration of the Haila-Salassie government, new laws were passed on tenancy that ultimately reduced a tenant to sub-human level. Moreover, at this period, the government using different mechanisms converted the majority of the Hadiya Gäbbars to tenancy. Since the incorporation till the fall of the Haila Selassie government, tenancy dominated the livelihood of Hadiya people. Consequently, the researcher preferred to use the term Ċhisägna system (system of tenancy) for the ups and downs that the Hadiya had experienced for about a century. Following such brutal undertakings on the part of the central government, considerable number of Hadiya people left their land to large scale agricultural schemes and big towns for labor work. Some sections of the Hadiya went to the extent that they took up arms against the regime like the one done by the Jarso peasants in Badäwacho. After the late 1960s, the Hadiya students and peasants began to work together against the old regime. In 1974, the Hadiya peasants and students accepted the new government with great enthusiasm and joy. Following the intrusion of the EPRP and other civilian based parties in the area, however, the relation between the military and the Hadiya students and peasants began to take different directions. It was after the completion of the Red Terror in other parts of the country that Petros Gäbre, the then administrator, brought it to the Awraja. The terror took the lives of many promising individuals who would have been able to contribute to the development of the Awraja in particular and the country in general. This dissertation is a comprehensive study of the history of Hadiya people from 1886 to 1991. The work ruptures the centric way of looking at the Hadiya socio-economic, political and cultural history during the ‘feudo-military’ system in Ethiopia from the perspective of the north. Mainly because of lack of archival sources, the researcher relied mostly but not exclusively on oral informants. Crosschecking of one source against the other and systemic scrutiny of information are made to validate the work.
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    A History of Malaria Eradication and Control Service/Program in Ethiopia (1959-1995)
    (Addis Ababa University, 2022-06-01) Natnael Lemlem; Belete Bizuneh (PhD)
    This study explores the history of malaria eradication and control service/program in Ethiopia from 1959 to 1993. The period covers the years from the establishment of the program as a semi- autonomous government entity to address the debilitating health and socio-economic impacts of malaria on Ethiopian populations up to its final dissolution. As yet there is no in-depth historical research that examines the biomedical and socio-economic experience of The Malaria Eradication and Control Service/Program in Ethiopia. Thus, this study was designed to fill this gap by thoroughly examining the complicated history of the malaria eradication and control program from its inception until its demise in 1993. To achieve the central objective of the study, I have used numerous primary and secondary sources. The primary sources include archives, government reports and decrees, newsletters, magazines, guidelines and others. The secondary sources include books, book chapters, articles, theses and senior essays. Moreover, the study used oral information to crosscheck against the written sources and to answer some questions that could not be addressed by the written sources. Data were collected through interviews conducted mainly in Addis Ababa, Adama, Hawassa, and Dire Dawa. The study uses a qualitative research method. Consequently, an attempt has been made to critically evaluate the dynamic changes witnessed in the complicated historical development of the program with regard to strategy, structure, health, and socio-economic burdens of the disease and the biomedical and socio-economic response of the program during the period. It also examines the plans set to accomplish the objectives of the program against what was actually accomplished on the ground. Moreover, dynamic historical developments in which the program went through associated with the endeavor to align the national program with newly introduced international changes or reforms have been discussed. The major effects of regime change in shaping Malaria Eradication and Control Service/Program have also been highlighted. Lastly, it has also assessed reasons to program’s dawn graded working potential and its final dissolution. The central thesis of this thesis is therefore that the history of the MECS/P had been a history of battle between DDT and chloroquine armed anti-malaria workers and mosquito to address the health and socio-economic burdens of malaria on the Ethiopian populations in the second half of the 20th century. The study revealed that the malaria eradication and control service/program did not meet the goal it set out though the program had substantial role in reduction of malaria prevalence, which was limited both in time and scope. The study also discloses the downgraded working potential of the program through time due to internal and external factors. The program was also negatively affected by the dynamic historical developments which the program went through associated with the endeavor to align the national program with newly introduced international changes or reforms. Regime changes had also a negative impact in shaping Malaria Eradication and Control Service/Program. The thesis argues that failure of the program was started when a universal strategy applied over heterogonous areas by supposing to have the same etiology of the disease. The Malaria Eradication and Control Service/Program went to demised in 1993 by political decision of the Transitional Government of Ethiopia without achieving its goal that it established. Key words: Malaria, Eradication/control, Service/program, Strategies, Challenges, Dynamism.
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    A History of Tulama In Chilalo Awraja (1886-1974)
    (Addis Ababa University, 2022-06-01) Kimiya Aman; Girma Negash (PhD)
    This thesis deals with the History of the Tulama Oromo in Chilalo Awraja, (c.1886-1974). It covers the period from the first eviction of the Tulama Oromo since the last quarter of the 19th century to the second half of 20th century. The study deals, among other things with the genealogical trace of the Tulama Oromo, patterns of their original settlement in Shawan plateau, and later in Arsi, where they moved to due to eviction, and expansion of urbanization, Furthermore, the thesis treats the lives and mode of production While in Shawa The study attempts to respond to questions such as ; causes of their eviction, their reactions to that external pressure, and their copping up with new lives in new settlements in different periods. The study employed three procedures of collecting and analyzing historical sources. The first was collection of oral interviews that was basic method employed to obtain data for research. Informants consulted represented within their clans’ elders and from different ethnic and religious groups possessing rich knowledge on activities during the period of Imperial administration. The second category of the sources employed is published and unpublished written source (books, articles, Journals, theses, publications and proclamations) have been utilized for the research. Most of these secondary sources were obtained from the Addis Ababa University IES and Kennedy Libraries. The third valuable sources that I used were archival materials. Considerable number of variable documents and Archives in the Awarja since Imperial regime in Arsi and Shawa province were destroyed during the change of government in 1991 and a few years after. I only found a valuable archival material at National Archival and Library Agency, and few achieve in Eastern Arsi Zone Administration and CADU publications and documentation. The shortage of archival sources and the dearth of written materials have been a challenge in the reconstruction of this thesis. This work, therefore, attempts to examine the livelihood of Tulama Oromo in pre and post settlements in Arsi plateau in line with political dynamism, economic situation, and socio-cultural change. It also, raises the relationships among Oromo of Tulama with Indigenous Arsi Oromo. Furthermore, the paper examines the relationship among man and land, over a period of time on one side and man and system on other. Finally, the paper shows how the life and conditions of Tulama in Arsi Chilalo shaped. Key words: Tenants, Tulama, Arsi Chilalo, landlord, eviction. Settlements
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    The Activities of Protestant Missionaries in Introducing Modern Education and Health Services in Dambi Dollo Awaraja (Ca 1918-1974)
    (Addis Ababa University, 2017-08) Tola, Debela; Ta'a, Tesema (Prof.)
    The study is about the missionaries and the beginning of Modern Education among the Sayyo Oromo who live in Dambi Dollo and its surrounding. The study attempts to document how the Missionaries, especially the Protestant Missionaries came to the area of Sayyo and their methods of expansion as well as how they undertook the conversion activity among the Sayyo Oromo The study also deals with what the traditional religious and ritual ceremollie of the Sayyo people looked like before the introduction of either Christianity or Islam in to the area. Further investigation was also conducted to check how the Ethiopian Orthodox church expanded in the area and how it was welcomed among the Sayyo Drama. Furthermore the study tried to check how the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, the first Christian Church, which had penetrated the Sayl'o area and how if responded to the newly arrived Protestan tism as well as the relationsh ip between the Ethiopian Orthodox Christians and the Protestants. In this study special focus is given to the Missionaries modernizing efforts among the Sayyo Oromo. That means how Missionaries started building Schools, Hospitals, Clinics and different Churches. Despite the efforts of the missionaries in expanding modernization among the Sayyo Oromo they had also affected the normal life-style of the people. The research reveals that Christianity arrived among the Sayyo Oromo of Dambi Dollo and it urroundings before a century ago. Protestantism expanded in the area by convincing methods of donation and often by impressive pressures made particularly through attacking the traditional Oromo religion with its rituals. In genera! the contextual background, Political oppression, low economic status, lack of infrastructure, the event of Influenza Epidemic and other world historical events contributed to the people.,·' active conversion to Protestantism The mass conversion of the people resulted in creating new spiritual orientation, which brought about holistic change, including the undermining of indigenous cultural practices.
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    Administrative And Socio-Economic History of Sululta Woreda, 1941-1974
    (Addis Ababa University, 2020-10) Tarekegn, Tena; Wasyihun (PhD), Tamrat
    The main objective of this thesis is reconstructing the administrative and socio-economic history of Sululta Wäräda from the liberation of Ethiopia in 1941 to the end of the monarchical government, in the country, in 1974. The study covers the period from 1941to1974, in which the inhabitants of the woreda like the other residents of Shäwa Province observed important political and socio-economic developments. The study begins with historical survey of the woreda by prevailing different developments in the woreda before liberation (1941). Beside this, the study outlines the rule of the Italians in the wärääda, in the pre-1941 period.The thesis deals with the restoration of the imperial administration and the reforms that were introduced by Emperor Haile Sillassie in various fields in relation with the administration and land related issues and the importance of the reforms to the people of the wäräda will be the main area of concern. The study also outlines taxation issues and view maladministration problems in the district. In addition, the study assesses the formation of Sululta Wäräda and its administrative history in the period under discussion. The thesis also attempted to focus on nature of the land tenure system in the wäräda and its burden on the life of the inhabitants in the wäräda. The thesis also attempts to asses’ public services and infrastructural developments in the wäräda, in the last three decades of the monarchical regime.
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    Administrative and Socio-Economic History Of Sululta Woreda, 1941-1974
    (Addis Ababa University, 2020-06) Tarekegn, Tina; Wasyihun(Phd), Tamrat
    The main objective of this thesis is reconstructing the administrative and socio-economic history of Sululta Woreda from liberation of Ethiopia in 1941 to the end of the monarchical government, in the country, in 1974. The study covers the period from 1941to1974, in which the inhabitants of the woreda like the other residents of Shoa Province observed important political and socio-economic developments. The study begins with historical survey of the woreda by prevailing different developments in the woreda before liberation (1941). Beside this, the study outlines the rule of the Italians in the woreda, in the pre-1941 period.The thesis deals with the restoration of the imperial administration and the reforms that were introduced by Emperor Haile Sillassie in various fields in relation with the administration and land related issues and the importance of the reforms to the people of the woreda will be the main area of concern. The study also outlines taxation issues and view maladministration problems in the district. In addition, the study assessed the formation of Sululta Woreda and its administrative history in the period under discussion. The thesis also attempted to focus on nature of the land tenure system in the woreda and its burden on life of the inhabitants in the woreda. The thesis also attempt to asses’ public services and infrastructural developments in the woreda, in the last three decades of the monarchical regime.
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    Biographical Narration and Interpretation of Four Prisoners of War of The Ethiopian Revolutionary Army Under Eplf and Tplf, 1974-1991
    (Addiss Ababa University, 2023-02-01) Solomon W/Medhin; Surafel Gelgelo (PhD)
    The main objective of this research undertaking is to investigate the lived experiences of four ex- members of the Ethiopia Armed forces while they were under captivity o the EPLF and TPLF. This research discusses about the Ethiopian Prisoners of War who were members of the Ethiopian Revolutionary Army who were detained by the EPLF and TPLF which eventually became EPRDF forces in the period between 1974 and 1991. The thesis took some ex- Ethiopian POWs and studied their family background, recruitments and experience during their imprisonment and repatriation process. In conducting this study both, primary and secondary sources were utilized. Primary eye witness account of the POWs and documents that are found in the hands of the inmates and some archival materials are used. The secondary sources, books and articles of different scholars are the other sources used to produce this research work. Qualitative research method is employed to conduct this research. The study found out that the Ethiopian Prisoners of War were maltreated by the northeren insurgents who captured them. The need of doing this study is to contribute to the historical the historiographical research method of reconstructing past events using lived experience of prisoners of war
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    The Blue Nile Issue: A History of Hydropolitics, 1884-1974
    (Addis Ababa University, 2004-03) Mekonnen, Teferi; Ahmed, Hussein (Professor)
    The hydropolitics of the Blue Nile had an impact on developments affecting modern Ethiopia. The issue has played a crucial role in the struggle between Ethiopia and the powers over the control of the lower basin, and was transformed in the nineteenth century. The century witnessed Egypt’s vigorous attempt to secure the unimpeded flow of the Blue Nile River. This development became more acute and gained a new momentum when European powers developed an interest in the region and realized that both the economic survival of Egypt and the prosperity of the Sudan were dependent on the good will of Ethiopia that had direct jurisdiction over the source of the Blue Nile. The main objective of the thesis is to show the dynamics of the hydropoltics of the Blue Nile within the broad context of Ethiopian history. In the last quarter of the nineteenth century, the Blue Nile was one of the main factors that led the British to violate the Adwa or Hewett Treaty of 1884 and to promote the Italian colonial interest in Ethiopia up to 1896. By 1902, the British had ensured the unobstructed and continuous flow of the Blue Nile River. In the first half of the twentieth century, the British carried on protracted diplomatic negotiations with the Ethiopian government to secure a perennial water supply from the Blue Nile by constructing a dam at the outlet of Lake Tãnã and turning the lake into a water reservoir. Even though the British diplomatic efforts were a fiasco, they had an impact on the history of Ethiopia and the major events of the period. In the 1950s, Egypt’s decision to build the Aswan High Dam relegated all previous plans of developing the entire Nile Basin to insgnificance. The decision not only put the Lake Tãnã Dam project to the side line but also brought the hydropolitics of the Nile into its vortex. Subsquently, Ethiopia called for the equitable and fair utilization of the waters of the Nile as v well as planned to develop the Blue Nile Basin. This was the main factor behind Egypt’s hostile policy towards Ethiopia until the 1960s. This study argues that lack of far-sightedness particularly on the part of the powers intensified the Nile issue. The river could not be disconnected from national sentiment and treated as a common and shared natural resource among the riparian states. This is a major impediment to equitable and fair utilization of the waters of the Nile.
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    Brigadier General Taddasa Birru: A Militry-Political Biography (1922-1975)
    (Addis Ababa University, 2019-07) Kenei, Biratu; Ta’a, Tesema (Prof)
    Brigadier General Taddasa Birru: A Military-Political Biography (1922-1975) Biratu Kenei Aga Addis Ababa University, 2019 In this study, discussion on the concept of biography is taken as an academic exercise to address the disciplinary and conceptual frameworks of biography in order to situate this study within the broader field of historical inquiry. This dissertation examines the military and political activities of Brigadier General Taddasa Birru. It investigates how his military career proceeded from an ordinary guerrilla fighter in 1936 to the rank of Brigadier General in October 1963 and how his political movement followed after he joined the MTSHA in 1964. It looks into how he subsequently transformed the Association into a pan-Oromo movement and became a rallying figure of Oromo resistance since the middle of the 1960s. The dissertation examines how he used the MTSHA and its meetings as platform to promote Oromo unity and self-consciousness in order to mobilize the Oromo against the Imperial regime. It also investigates why he resumed his resistance despite regime change in 1974 and how he was captured and executed. The source materials used for this research are gathered from extensive oral interviews conducted with contemporary and knowledgeable informants, the archives of the IES of AAU, documents in private hands, including the Trial Document of the leaders of the MTSHA and his handwritten diary, newspapers, magazines, student papers and published works. The synthesis, analysis and careful examination of the sources have proven the central thesis of the dissertation both empirically and logically. Though General Taddasa was dubbed Amharized before he joined the MTSHA, the concept does not fully explain his case. In this dissertation, I argue that initially he served the Imperial regime enthusiastically as a member of the military and made his own contributions for his country until he was conscious enough to understand the existence of discriminations against the Oromo. I contend that his speeches, actions and movements within the MTSHA and later were reflective of his deep-rooted belief in Oromo cause of equality and helped to develop anti- neftegna Oromo nationalism. Government repressive measures made him more militant and radical and pushed him to the corner to chair the foundation of the OLF. The importance of this dissertation includes its presentation of the place of an individual in history, its attempt to look into Ethiopian history from a different perspective and its focus on Oromo grievances through a biographical approach.
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    The Contribution of Parental Education For Girls Academic Achievement The Case of Selected Regions in Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2014-06) Aniley, Slyane; Husen, Abdul-Aziz (PhD)
    The purpose of this study was to describe the contribution of parental education for girls academic achievement. For undertaking this study, the relevant data were gathered Fom various relevant sources, questions were set, dependent and independent variables were defined, tools for data collections were developed and fina lly the data was analyzed and inlelpreted. The instruments used for data collection were questioner, FGD, interview and observations. Parents (90), primary school female students (90), teachers (36), principal and community leaders were the sample, respondents of the study. The study was carried out in 5 primary schools of Bahirdar Zuria and 4 primary schools of Guto Gida district. The data obtained were analyzed using percentage and also coding, tabulating, graphing of the findings both in quantitative and qualitative manner. The final analysis result indicated that, Parental education contributes in increasing the parents ' involvement in their daughter 's education. Parental education changes and increases the concern of parents for the future of their girl child. Because parents know the benefit of education, parental support for the basic needs and educational material need is increased. Parental education reduces students ' absenteeism. Moreover, parental education increases the emotional attachment/ closeness of parents and children. From the above conclusion the researcher recommended that awareness creation on parental education, making parental education as a crosscutting agenda, link among stakeholders and organizing community dialogues on parental education is vital.
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    The Economic Basis of Conflict Among the Nuer and anuak Communities
    (Addis Ababa University, 1995-04) Sishagne, Shumet
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    Ethiopia in African Politics, 1956-1991
    (Addis Ababa University, 2012-04) Belachew, Belete; Zewde, Bahru (PhD)
    The nature of Ethiopia’s involvement in the affairs of the continent has elicited various interpretations. There have been rather polarized positions on the issue. For one group, consisting largely of expatriate scholars, the country remained aloof from and indifferent to developments related to the Pan-African Movement in general and the African struggle for independence in particular. The other side, on the contrary, upholds the enduring commitment of the country to the cause well before fellow Africans themselves came to the realization of their predicament. The complex realities of African politics, and hence inter-state relations, provide ample justifications for the positions of each group. In this regard, the effort to unravel the level of the country’s achievements and failures in concrete terms remains at a rudimentary stage. Ethiopia’s approaches to regional as well as continental issues and the way successive regimes designed and implemented their African policies still awaits comprehensive investigation. The thesis attempts to assess the nature of Ethiopia’s involvement in African politics between 1956 and 1991. In the process, the root causes of these divergent attitudes are scrutinized. More importantly, efforts are made to present the evolution of Ethiopia’s foreign policy directives on immediate security matters as well as general continental ix affairs. The archival sources extensively employed in the process of reconstruction have shed a new light on our understanding of the issue. The thesis argues that there is a much wider dimension to the nature of Ethiopia’s involvement in African affairs other than securing immediate interests related to Eritrean secessionism and Somali irredentism. In the mean time, though, the struggle to maintain these interests at times forced successive Ethiopian governments to violate the principles of non-intervention in the affairs of others and the territorial integrity of a nation state, the two main principles the country has steadfastly championed. Similarly, Ethiopia’s role in regional as well as continental activities reflects not only the country’s objectives but also existing realities of inter-state relations between and among Africans. The thesis clearly demonstrates that the inter-African contact entertained diverse issues other than the ideals of a Pan-African solidarity and African consciousness. Contrary to the conventional wisdom, the findings of this research establish that Ethiopia’s relations with its immediate neighbors and regional entities was much more complicated; its involvement in regional and continental affairs was fraught with confusion and controversy; and the achievements in the African field that were so much publicized were not that much impressive. In spite of this, however, the fact remains that the nature and extent of Ethiopia’s involvement in African affairs goes deeper than the customary dismissal of the matter as off-hand and occasional contacts with regional and continental actors
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    The Ethiopian Army: From Victory to Collapse 1977 - 1991
    (Addis Ababa University, 2009-05) Ayele, Fantahun; Zewde, Bahru (PhD)
    Although the army faced security problems in many parts of the country since 1975, the real test came in 1977 when most of Eritrea fell into the hands of the insurgents and the guerrilla operation in the Ogaden developed into a full-scale invasion by Somalia. By 1977, therefore, the army appeared to be on the verge of total defeat. The response to this national emergency had a long-lasting impact on the army s organization, operation and equipment. The conscription, training and deployment of a huge militia force within a short time and the crucial role it played in defeating Somalia came to influence the Darg s belief in military organization, placing the premium on quantity rather than quality. Meanwhile the Darg's quest for a reliable arms supplier bound Ethiopia to the Soviet Union which supplied the army with enormous weaponry as well as military advisers for more than a decade. Although they significantly contributed to the defeat of Somalia, the Soviet military advisers failed to plan a successful counter-insurgency operation in northern Ethiopia . The application of conventional military tactics and strategy in the war against the northern insurgents brought about only temporary relief. The huge campaigns, such as the Red Star and Bahra Nagash Operations, showed that military might alone could not stamp out the insurgency. Insurgents could only lose the war when permanently isolated from the local population. The army failed to attain that fundamental goal. Internally, the army had a number of serious institutional problems. Not only did these internal problems undermine the army's capabilities but they also demoralized the combatants. Besides, war weariness and disillusionment made the army vulnerable to the insurgents onslaught. The fall of Afabet in 1988 marked the beginning of the end. It was followed by the Shere military disaster. The coup attempt that occurred soon was aborted within hours. The appointment of new commanders and the deployment of additional conscripts could not reverse the worsening military situation. The fall of Me~ewa into EPLF hands in February 1990 made the collapse of the Second Revolutionary Army (SRA) imminent. Elsewhere other army units continued to lose additional battles Finally in May 1991 the thiopian army one of the largest and most heavily armed in Africa, disintegrated following the flight of Mangestu H. Maryam to Zimbabwe
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    The Evolution of Land .. Ownership and Tenancy in Highland Bale A Case Study of Goba, Sinana and Dodola to 1974
    (Addis Ababa University, 2001-06) Meskela, Ketema; Walde-Mariam, Tekalign (PhD)
    The evolution of land-ownership patterns in the peripheral regions had attracted little attention until recently. My study attempts to examine the extent to which local demographic and economic conditions in . hland B Ie interacted with political conditions in the aftermath of the conquest to determine access to agricultural land by local and newly arriving groups of people, and the extent to which peasant well-being was affected by these forms of access as they evolved over a period of nearly one century. The thesis starts by highlighting the pre-conquest socio-economic features in the region. The institutions that mediated the land regimes and the changes that were introduced to determine access to resources in the first half of the twentieth century are explored. The paper then shows how the previously prevailing lineage land-ownership patterns gradually gave way to private tenure. The discussion of the post-1941 history of land tenure in highland Bale focuses on the effects of the system of revenue extraction on the local people. The centralization of the fiscal system was attended by repeated land measurements that in many cases resulted in confiscation of land. Factors which threatened peasant property rights and reactions from the peasantry, therefore, occupies a great deal of space in this work. Finally, the work deals with one of the features of the imperial land tenure system in southern Ethiopia: the expansion of tenancy. The paper explores the evolution of tenancy and tenant insecurity in the region all the way to the 1974 Revolution when the entire system was abolished
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    The Evolution of Tenancy in Hararge (Ca. 1887-1975)
    (Addis Ababa University, 2016-06) Hassen, Mohammed; Zewde, Bahru (Professor)
    For most of its histOfY, f1ardrge's rural community did not get a proper historical study. In an attempt to fill this gap, this dissertation explores the agrarian histolY of f1ardrgeca 1887-1975. It examines Ihe economic, socio-cultural, legal and political histDlY of tenancy. As a vast and spacious ethno-geographical region, f1ariirge demonstrated variegated economic formations before the conquest. Hardr town and its environs settled by the Oromo agriculturalists practiced a well-developed plow-based agriculture and cultivated cereal crops such as sorghum, maize, wheat and barley slifjicient for their own subsistence while pastoral economy predominated the Cdredr plateau and some peripheral arid areas. The political and militOlY processes of the late 19'/0 centllly which led 10 the conquest and incorporation of Hardrge gave rise to the control over the means of production, mainly land. Subsequently, the transfer of property right was sanctioned by the state 's land grant and land sales. Shaping a new land holding pattern in their own[avor, the settler communities nurlured cereal culture in all parts of Hardrge and established the ascendancy of crop agriculture in the economic formation. The subject of this dissertation is therefore tracing the economic transformation wrought by property awnership and the changing patterns of production relations pom the indigenous means of subsistence to the mdlkdiiiia system since the conquesllo 1935 and then to thefidl;/ledged landlord-tenancy relatian since 1941. Since land without labor was worthless, Ihe process o[privatization of land wrought competition for labor. As labor was abundanl relalive 10 land, there emerged diflerenl forms of labor mobilization of the land hunglY productive force. One of the mechanisms through which this unequal distribution of land and labor was reconciled was lenancy. Cognizanl 0.[ this, Ihis study tries 10 demonstrate that the evolulion and spread of tenancy in f1ardrge lvas intimately associaled with the transfer of land fi'om the indigenes to the settler communities. Within that fi'Olnework the cenlral thesis of the dissertation is thaI pom among Ihe di/[erenl agrarian problems that hindered agricultural productivity in rural Hararge, tenancy figures prominently. This study views Ie nancy as a means of slllplllS appropriation in Ihe form of rent, produce and labor by the landowning class. SI.II1Jlus was appropriated through different forms o[ tenancy arrangemenls such as sharecropping, contract lenancy and labor lenancy. From these sharecropping was the dominant fo rm. It ll'CIS also an indispensable condition for the survival 0.[ Ihe landowning seltler commllnilies who were grossly undercapitalized in Ihe sense Ihal many would have been unable 10 projit pom Iheir land lvithoul it. On top of the high rental payment in the form of cash or produce, lenanlS were required to fitljill a nlllllber o[obligations and slincily labor requirements, which aggravaled Ihe plight of lenanlS and lIndermined agricullural produclivity. The dissertation analy=es these and related Ihemes "'ilhin eight chapters by using complemenlCII)' sources o[ evidence. Oral data l"ere care/ilily collecled throllgh inlervieltl. f;Veallh (?f archival sources/rom VW';OlfS centers were a/so extensively used. By bringing loge/her Ihese sources with the ideas o[ several alilhorilies on peasanl sludics. Ihe slud), atlelllplS 10 anctly=e Ihe overall piclure o.l slagnoling agriculfllral pradllclion and Ihe impoverished living conditions ol /-fardrge's rural Commumit
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    A Hisory of Horro District, 1910-1991
    (Addis Ababa University, 2015-09) Mosissa, Wagari; Ta'a, Tesema (Professor)
    This paper deals with a history of Horro district from 1910 to 1991. The core of the study deals with the settlement patterns, the livelihood and administration of the people of Horro district under the regimes of Haile Sillassie and the Darg. It was at Oda Bisil that the Jawi clans of the Arfe groups split from the rest clans and turned north and settled in the present day Horro district. The Horro Oromo who were collectively called Horro-Horritti with the passage of time extended in to different directions and settled between the Anger River and the Finca 'a River. The people of Horro believed in Waaqa since time immemorial. The people also give due respect to Qaallu. With the passage of time, however, the Qaallu Institution in Horro continued to decline because of various reasons. The local attempt of Abishe Garba of Gobaya clan to establish a strong Oromo kingdom in Horro in the second half of the 19,h century was interrupted by the illegal expansion of the GOJjame force in to the area and the neighboring districts. Despite their defeat at the battle of Embabo, the Gojjameforce established aftI'm control on Horro IInti11901. With the evacuation of the Gojjame force from Horro in the early 20,h century, however, the Shawans imposed the new social, political and economic system over the area. Horro district as part and parcel of northern Wallagga was occupied by the Italians in 1936. Despite their short reign, the Italians were known in bringing different reforms ill Horro. On the other hand the post liberation period was the period of harsh exploitation for the mass of the Horro people. With the fall of the Imperial regime the political, social and economic condition of Horro people changed. The Darg's new reform was soon followed by other legislations and declarations. Even though there was wide spread opposition among the Horro people against such legislations and declarations, the Darg implemented them almost forcefitlly. Such obligatOlY decree in Horro increased institutional instability and created uncertainty and mistrust among the people against the regime.
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    A Historical Survey of Jimma Town (1936-1974)
    (Addis Ababa University, 2002-06) Seifu, Yonas; W/Mariam, Takalign(PhD)
    This study deals with the history of Jimma town from 1936 to 1974. It explores social, economic and administrative themes, but also attempts to show the interrelationship between these themes. Socially, the town of Jimma evolved during this period from a home-town of a relatively homogenous society and culture to a place of residence for a diverse and increasingly cosmopolitan population. The period of Italian occupation (1936-1941) was socially significant because it saw the first major influx of people into the town of Jimma from beyond the borders of the former Kingdom whose name it had inherited. The Post-Liberation period (1941-74) was characterized by the evolution of an even more complex social fabric than before. An even greater influx of people and greater interaction came about partly because the imperial order retained and enhanced Jimma’s primacy in the region and partly because economic developments in the region attracted thousands of job-seekers to the town. Economically, the story of Jimma during this period was one of both continuity and change. It is a story of continuity because Jimma, which had from the very beginning been a center of trade, continued to be so during this period also. There was significant change, however, because unlike the previous decades in which Jimma served as a point of exchange or transit for elite goods (like slaves, ivory and musk) that mostly originated beyond the borders of the Oromo Kingdom, Jimma during this period developed into the chief center for the collection, organization and export of a cash crop (coffee) that grew in the countryside all around it. Economic change involved, therefore, both production and exchange. Administratively, Jimma during this period developed from the center of rule by a local dynasty that exercised authority over a small kingdom to a capital of a whole region. The background for this was set by the ending of the autonomous political existence of the Oromo Kingdom of Jimma and its full absorption into the political economy of the Ethiopian state on the eve of the Italian occupation of 1936. But the decision by the Italians to make Jimma the chief center of their activities in the whole v of southwestern Ethiopia was of even greater significance. The imperial system of administration that was put in place after Liberation simply built on that beginning. The social, economic and administrative history of Jimma are closely intertwined, however. The admixture of peoples and cultures as well as the nature of the urban social institutions that evolved in the town are closely tied to “the cash crop revolution” which brought streams of permanent and temporary residents to the town; the evolution of the town into a chief administrative center as well as the introduction of somewhat peculiar administrative and fiscal institutions came about in part due to the location of the town in the heart of the “coffee country” as southwestern Ethiopia came to be referred to. In short, both the urbanity and the urbanization of Jimma can be explained by the story of coffee production and marketing. This thesis documents these processes extensively and accounts for the growth of a major town in modern Ethiopia. After a brief background chapter, it deals with three themes of social evolution, economic activities and municipal government and administration. It argues that despite its significant growth Jimma’s development was limited due to the fact that it served merely as an outpost for an extractive system that removed resources from the region, not as a place of investment or technology with generative impact on the surrounding countryside
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    Historical Survey of Socio-Cultural Interaction Among the Peoples of Gidda Woreda, Eastern Wallagga (1936 -2000)
    (Addis Ababa University, 2018-06) Akuma, Seketa; Ta'a, Tesema (Prof.)
    This thesis is a hi t rical survey ofsocio-cultural interactions among the people ' 0 Gidda district from the Italian occupation in 1936 to the period IVhen interactions between indigenous Oromo people and the Amhara reselliers gave ri e to open war in 2000. Gidda district is located in Eastern Wallagga ::.one of Western Ethiopia. nlil the GoBame and Shoans conquered the area in the last quarter of the 191t. centwy, no new order was imposed on the socio-cultural lives of the people except for the emergence of monarchical chiefs whose powers had weakened the gadaa system. Therefore, the people of the district IVho had different clans, 'ub-clans and lineages had lived by practicing their indigenous religion and other socio-cultural practices. Throughout the period under study. three historical developments had been experienced and tram/ormed the socio-cultural interactions of the people. These are the natural socio-cultural interactions among the local people, the impacts of the newly introduced religions and the arrival of reseltlers fro m northern parts of Ethiopia. The legacies and the consequences of conquest accompanied by these three historical developments as well as other changes and continuities brought the socio-cultural t ran~form atio n among the inhabitants of the area. On the side of the ne}vly arrived reselliers, their spontaneous advent and the continual changes in their sentiments increased their interactions with the indigenous people. Consequently, combinations of cooperation and conf lict as well as interactions and isolationism characterized the relationships between the /1Vo groups. AI/o st of the time, intensity of inter-ethnic su.spicion and isolationism exceeds that of the cooperation and consistent peacefit! interactions. This problem emanates from and utmost related to the roles played by the exploitative and suppressive Ethiopian governments. Among the newly introduced religions, Orthodox Christianity and Protestantism brought remarkable socio-cultural tran~fo rmations. As the people adopted and added the ideologies of the new religions to their own, many of them modified their social lives, food and food habits, marriage practices, fimeral system and their allitudes towards different rituals to the extent that the ideologies of the two religions intermingled at least in the heart of the people. As a part of the gadaa .system, the indigenous religion of the people had already been internalized. Therefore, the newly designed administration system and the newly introduced religions faced hardships in snatching the principles of indigenous culture. Therefore, the people retained some aspects of their value system and indigenolls religion.