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The Activities of Protestant Missionaries in Introducing Modern Education and Health Services in Dambi Dollo Awaraja (Ca 1918-1974)
(Addis Ababa University, 2017-08) Tola, Debela; Ta'a, Tesema (Prof.)
The study is about the missionaries and the beginning of Modern Education among the Sayyo Oromo who live in Dambi Dollo and its surrounding. The study attempts to document how the Missionaries, especially the Protestant Missionaries came to the area of Sayyo and their methods of expansion as well as how they undertook the conversion activity among the Sayyo Oromo The study also deals with what the traditional religious and ritual ceremollie of the Sayyo people looked like before the introduction of either Christianity or Islam in to the area. Further investigation was also conducted to check how the Ethiopian Orthodox church expanded in the area and how it was welcomed among the Sayyo Drama. Furthermore the study tried to check how the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, the first Christian Church, which had penetrated the Sayl'o area and how if responded to the newly arrived Protestan tism as well as the relationsh ip between the Ethiopian Orthodox Christians and the Protestants. In this study special focus is given to the Missionaries modernizing efforts among the Sayyo Oromo. That means how Missionaries started building Schools, Hospitals, Clinics and different Churches. Despite the efforts of the missionaries in expanding modernization among the Sayyo Oromo they had also affected the normal life-style of the people. The research reveals that Christianity arrived among the Sayyo Oromo of Dambi Dollo and it urroundings before a century ago. Protestantism expanded in the area by convincing methods of donation and often by impressive pressures made particularly through attacking the traditional Oromo religion with its rituals. In genera! the contextual background, Political oppression, low economic status, lack of infrastructure, the event of Influenza Epidemic and other world historical events contributed to the people.,·' active conversion to Protestantism The mass conversion of the people resulted in creating new spiritual orientation, which brought about holistic change, including the undermining of indigenous cultural practices.
Administrative And Socio-Economic History of Sululta Woreda, 1941-1974
(Addis Ababa University, 2020-10) Tarekegn, Tena; Wasyihun (PhD), Tamrat
The main objective of this thesis is reconstructing the administrative and socio-economic history of Sululta Wäräda from the liberation of Ethiopia in 1941 to the end of the monarchical government, in the country, in 1974. The study covers the period from 1941to1974, in which the inhabitants of the woreda like the other residents of Shäwa Province observed important political and socio-economic developments. The study begins with historical survey of the woreda by prevailing different developments in the woreda before liberation (1941). Beside this, the study outlines the rule of the Italians in the wärääda, in the pre-1941 period.The thesis deals with the restoration of the imperial administration and the reforms that were introduced by Emperor Haile Sillassie in various fields in relation with the administration and land related issues and the importance of the reforms to the people of the wäräda will be the main area of concern. The study also outlines taxation issues and view maladministration problems in the district. In addition, the study assesses the formation of Sululta Wäräda and its administrative history in the period under discussion. The thesis also attempted to focus on nature of the land tenure system in the wäräda and its burden on the life of the inhabitants in the wäräda. The thesis also attempts to asses’ public services and infrastructural developments in the wäräda, in the last three decades of the monarchical regime.
Administrative and Socio-Economic History Of Sululta Woreda, 1941-1974
(Addis Ababa University, 2020-06) Tarekegn, Tina; Wasyihun(Phd), Tamrat
The main objective of this thesis is reconstructing the administrative and socio-economic history of Sululta Woreda from liberation of Ethiopia in 1941 to the end of the monarchical government, in the country, in 1974. The study covers the period from 1941to1974, in which the inhabitants of the woreda like the other residents of Shoa Province observed important political and socio-economic developments. The study begins with historical survey of the woreda by prevailing different developments in the woreda before liberation (1941). Beside this, the study outlines the rule of the Italians in the woreda, in the pre-1941 period.The thesis deals with the restoration of the imperial administration and the reforms that were introduced by Emperor Haile Sillassie in various fields in relation with the administration and land related issues and the importance of the reforms to the people of the woreda will be the main area of concern. The study also outlines taxation issues and view maladministration problems in the district. In addition, the study assessed the formation of Sululta Woreda and its administrative history in the period under discussion. The thesis also attempted to focus on nature of the land tenure system in the woreda and its burden on life of the inhabitants in the woreda. The thesis also attempt to asses’ public services and infrastructural developments in the woreda, in the last three decades of the monarchical regime.
The Blue Nile Issue: A History of Hydropolitics, 1884-1974
(Addis Ababa University, 2004-03) Mekonnen, Teferi; Ahmed, Hussein (Professor)
The hydropolitics of the Blue Nile had an impact on developments affecting modern Ethiopia. The issue has played a crucial role in the struggle between Ethiopia and the powers over the control of the lower basin, and was transformed in the nineteenth century. The century witnessed Egypt’s vigorous attempt to secure the unimpeded flow of the Blue Nile River. This development became more acute and gained a new momentum when European powers developed an interest in the region and realized that both the economic survival of Egypt and the prosperity of the Sudan were dependent on the good will of Ethiopia that had direct jurisdiction over the source of the Blue Nile. The main objective of the thesis is to show the dynamics of the hydropoltics of the Blue Nile within the broad context of Ethiopian history. In the last quarter of the nineteenth century, the Blue Nile was one of the main factors that led the British to violate the Adwa or Hewett Treaty of 1884 and to promote the Italian colonial interest in Ethiopia up to 1896. By 1902, the British had ensured the unobstructed and continuous flow of the Blue Nile River. In the first half of the twentieth century, the British carried on protracted diplomatic negotiations with the Ethiopian government to secure a perennial water supply from the Blue Nile by constructing a dam at the outlet of Lake Tãnã and turning the lake into a water reservoir. Even though the British diplomatic efforts were a fiasco, they had an impact on the history of Ethiopia and the major events of the period. In the 1950s, Egypt’s decision to build the Aswan High Dam relegated all previous plans of developing the entire Nile Basin to insgnificance. The decision not only put the Lake Tãnã Dam project to the side line but also brought the hydropolitics of the Nile into its vortex. Subsquently, Ethiopia called for the equitable and fair utilization of the waters of the Nile as v well as planned to develop the Blue Nile Basin. This was the main factor behind Egypt’s hostile policy towards Ethiopia until the 1960s. This study argues that lack of far-sightedness particularly on the part of the powers intensified the Nile issue. The river could not be disconnected from national sentiment and treated as a common and shared natural resource among the riparian states. This is a major impediment to equitable and fair utilization of the waters of the Nile.
Brigadier General Taddasa Birru: A Militry-Political Biography (1922-1975)
(Addis Ababa University, 2019-07) Kenei, Biratu; Ta’a, Tesema (Prof)
Brigadier General Taddasa Birru: A Military-Political Biography (1922-1975) Biratu Kenei Aga Addis Ababa University, 2019 In this study, discussion on the concept of biography is taken as an academic exercise to address the disciplinary and conceptual frameworks of biography in order to situate this study within the broader field of historical inquiry. This dissertation examines the military and political activities of Brigadier General Taddasa Birru. It investigates how his military career proceeded from an ordinary guerrilla fighter in 1936 to the rank of Brigadier General in October 1963 and how his political movement followed after he joined the MTSHA in 1964. It looks into how he subsequently transformed the Association into a pan-Oromo movement and became a rallying figure of Oromo resistance since the middle of the 1960s. The dissertation examines how he used the MTSHA and its meetings as platform to promote Oromo unity and self-consciousness in order to mobilize the Oromo against the Imperial regime. It also investigates why he resumed his resistance despite regime change in 1974 and how he was captured and executed. The source materials used for this research are gathered from extensive oral interviews conducted with contemporary and knowledgeable informants, the archives of the IES of AAU, documents in private hands, including the Trial Document of the leaders of the MTSHA and his handwritten diary, newspapers, magazines, student papers and published works. The synthesis, analysis and careful examination of the sources have proven the central thesis of the dissertation both empirically and logically. Though General Taddasa was dubbed Amharized before he joined the MTSHA, the concept does not fully explain his case. In this dissertation, I argue that initially he served the Imperial regime enthusiastically as a member of the military and made his own contributions for his country until he was conscious enough to understand the existence of discriminations against the Oromo. I contend that his speeches, actions and movements within the MTSHA and later were reflective of his deep-rooted belief in Oromo cause of equality and helped to develop anti- neftegna Oromo nationalism. Government repressive measures made him more militant and radical and pushed him to the corner to chair the foundation of the OLF. The importance of this dissertation includes its presentation of the place of an individual in history, its attempt to look into Ethiopian history from a different perspective and its focus on Oromo grievances through a biographical approach.
The Contribution of Parental Education For Girls Academic Achievement The Case of Selected Regions in Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2014-06) Aniley, Slyane; Husen, Abdul-Aziz (PhD)
The purpose of this study was to describe the contribution of parental education for girls academic achievement. For undertaking this study, the relevant data were gathered Fom various relevant sources, questions were set, dependent and independent variables were defined, tools for data collections were developed and fina lly the data was analyzed and inlelpreted. The instruments used for data collection were questioner, FGD, interview and observations. Parents (90), primary school female students (90), teachers (36), principal and community leaders were the sample, respondents of the study. The study was carried out in 5 primary schools of Bahirdar Zuria and 4 primary schools of Guto Gida district. The data obtained were analyzed using percentage and also coding, tabulating, graphing of the findings both in quantitative and qualitative manner. The final analysis result indicated that, Parental education contributes in increasing the parents ' involvement in their daughter 's education. Parental education changes and increases the concern of parents for the future of their girl child. Because parents know the benefit of education, parental support for the basic needs and educational material need is increased. Parental education reduces students ' absenteeism. Moreover, parental education increases the emotional attachment/ closeness of parents and children. From the above conclusion the researcher recommended that awareness creation on parental education, making parental education as a crosscutting agenda, link among stakeholders and organizing community dialogues on parental education is vital.
The Economic Basis of Conflict Among the Nuer and anuak Communities
(Addis Ababa University, 1995-04) Sishagne, Shumet
Ethiopia in African Politics, 1956-1991
(Addis Ababa University, 2012-04) Belachew, Belete; Zewde, Bahru (PhD)
The nature of Ethiopia’s involvement in the affairs of the continent has elicited various interpretations. There have been rather polarized positions on the issue. For one group, consisting largely of expatriate scholars, the country remained aloof from and indifferent to developments related to the Pan-African Movement in general and the African struggle for independence in particular. The other side, on the contrary, upholds the enduring commitment of the country to the cause well before fellow Africans themselves came to the realization of their predicament. The complex realities of African politics, and hence inter-state relations, provide ample justifications for the positions of each group. In this regard, the effort to unravel the level of the country’s achievements and failures in concrete terms remains at a rudimentary stage. Ethiopia’s approaches to regional as well as continental issues and the way successive regimes designed and implemented their African policies still awaits comprehensive investigation. The thesis attempts to assess the nature of Ethiopia’s involvement in African politics between 1956 and 1991. In the process, the root causes of these divergent attitudes are scrutinized. More importantly, efforts are made to present the evolution of Ethiopia’s foreign policy directives on immediate security matters as well as general continental ix affairs. The archival sources extensively employed in the process of reconstruction have shed a new light on our understanding of the issue. The thesis argues that there is a much wider dimension to the nature of Ethiopia’s involvement in African affairs other than securing immediate interests related to Eritrean secessionism and Somali irredentism. In the mean time, though, the struggle to maintain these interests at times forced successive Ethiopian governments to violate the principles of non-intervention in the affairs of others and the territorial integrity of a nation state, the two main principles the country has steadfastly championed. Similarly, Ethiopia’s role in regional as well as continental activities reflects not only the country’s objectives but also existing realities of inter-state relations between and among Africans. The thesis clearly demonstrates that the inter-African contact entertained diverse issues other than the ideals of a Pan-African solidarity and African consciousness. Contrary to the conventional wisdom, the findings of this research establish that Ethiopia’s relations with its immediate neighbors and regional entities was much more complicated; its involvement in regional and continental affairs was fraught with confusion and controversy; and the achievements in the African field that were so much publicized were not that much impressive. In spite of this, however, the fact remains that the nature and extent of Ethiopia’s involvement in African affairs goes deeper than the customary dismissal of the matter as off-hand and occasional contacts with regional and continental actors
The Ethiopian Army: From Victory to Collapse 1977 - 1991
(Addis Ababa University, 2009-05) Ayele, Fantahun; Zewde, Bahru (PhD)
Although the army faced security problems in many parts of the country since 1975, the real test came in 1977 when most of Eritrea fell into the hands of the insurgents and the guerrilla operation in the Ogaden developed into a full-scale invasion by Somalia. By 1977, therefore, the army appeared to be on the verge of total defeat. The response to this national emergency had a long-lasting impact on the army s organization, operation and equipment. The conscription, training and deployment of a huge militia force within a short time and the crucial role it played in defeating Somalia came to influence the Darg s belief in military organization, placing the premium on quantity rather than quality. Meanwhile the Darg's quest for a reliable arms supplier bound Ethiopia to the Soviet Union which supplied the army with enormous weaponry as well as military advisers for more than a decade. Although they significantly contributed to the defeat of Somalia, the Soviet military advisers failed to plan a successful counter-insurgency operation in northern Ethiopia . The application of conventional military tactics and strategy in the war against the northern insurgents brought about only temporary relief. The huge campaigns, such as the Red Star and Bahra Nagash Operations, showed that military might alone could not stamp out the insurgency. Insurgents could only lose the war when permanently isolated from the local population. The army failed to attain that fundamental goal. Internally, the army had a number of serious institutional problems. Not only did these internal problems undermine the army's capabilities but they also demoralized the combatants. Besides, war weariness and disillusionment made the army vulnerable to the insurgents onslaught. The fall of Afabet in 1988 marked the beginning of the end. It was followed by the Shere military disaster. The coup attempt that occurred soon was aborted within hours. The appointment of new commanders and the deployment of additional conscripts could not reverse the worsening military situation. The fall of Me~ewa into EPLF hands in February 1990 made the collapse of the Second Revolutionary Army (SRA) imminent. Elsewhere other army units continued to lose additional battles Finally in May 1991 the thiopian army one of the largest and most heavily armed in Africa, disintegrated following the flight of Mangestu H. Maryam to Zimbabwe
The Evolution of Land .. Ownership and Tenancy in Highland Bale A Case Study of Goba, Sinana and Dodola to 1974
(Addis Ababa University, 2001-06) Meskela, Ketema; Walde-Mariam, Tekalign (PhD)
The evolution of land-ownership patterns in the peripheral regions had attracted little attention until recently. My study attempts to examine the extent to which local demographic and economic conditions in . hland B Ie interacted with political conditions in the aftermath of the conquest to determine access to agricultural land by local and newly arriving groups of people, and the extent to which peasant well-being was affected by these forms of access as they evolved over a period of nearly one century. The thesis starts by highlighting the pre-conquest socio-economic features in the region. The institutions that mediated the land regimes and the changes that were introduced to determine access to resources in the first half of the twentieth century are explored. The paper then shows how the previously prevailing lineage land-ownership patterns gradually gave way to private tenure. The discussion of the post-1941 history of land tenure in highland Bale focuses on the effects of the system of revenue extraction on the local people. The centralization of the fiscal system was attended by repeated land measurements that in many cases resulted in confiscation of land. Factors which threatened peasant property rights and reactions from the peasantry, therefore, occupies a great deal of space in this work. Finally, the work deals with one of the features of the imperial land tenure system in southern Ethiopia: the expansion of tenancy. The paper explores the evolution of tenancy and tenant insecurity in the region all the way to the 1974 Revolution when the entire system was abolished
The Evolution of Tenancy in Hararge (Ca. 1887-1975)
(Addis Ababa University, 2016-06) Hassen, Mohammed; Zewde, Bahru (Professor)
For most of its histOfY, f1ardrge's rural community did not get a proper historical study. In an attempt to fill this gap, this dissertation explores the agrarian histolY of f1ardrgeca 1887-1975. It examines Ihe economic, socio-cultural, legal and political histDlY of tenancy. As a vast and spacious ethno-geographical region, f1ariirge demonstrated variegated economic formations before the conquest. Hardr town and its environs settled by the Oromo agriculturalists practiced a well-developed plow-based agriculture and cultivated cereal crops such as sorghum, maize, wheat and barley slifjicient for their own subsistence while pastoral economy predominated the Cdredr plateau and some peripheral arid areas. The political and militOlY processes of the late 19'/0 centllly which led 10 the conquest and incorporation of Hardrge gave rise to the control over the means of production, mainly land. Subsequently, the transfer of property right was sanctioned by the state 's land grant and land sales. Shaping a new land holding pattern in their own[avor, the settler communities nurlured cereal culture in all parts of Hardrge and established the ascendancy of crop agriculture in the economic formation. The subject of this dissertation is therefore tracing the economic transformation wrought by property awnership and the changing patterns of production relations pom the indigenous means of subsistence to the mdlkdiiiia system since the conquesllo 1935 and then to thefidl;/ledged landlord-tenancy relatian since 1941. Since land without labor was worthless, Ihe process o[privatization of land wrought competition for labor. As labor was abundanl relalive 10 land, there emerged diflerenl forms of labor mobilization of the land hunglY productive force. One of the mechanisms through which this unequal distribution of land and labor was reconciled was lenancy. Cognizanl 0.[ this, Ihis study tries 10 demonstrate that the evolulion and spread of tenancy in f1ardrge lvas intimately associaled with the transfer of land fi'om the indigenes to the settler communities. Within that fi'Olnework the cenlral thesis of the dissertation is thaI pom among Ihe di/[erenl agrarian problems that hindered agricultural productivity in rural Hararge, tenancy figures prominently. This study views Ie nancy as a means of slllplllS appropriation in Ihe form of rent, produce and labor by the landowning class. SI.II1Jlus was appropriated through different forms o[ tenancy arrangemenls such as sharecropping, contract lenancy and labor lenancy. From these sharecropping was the dominant fo rm. It ll'CIS also an indispensable condition for the survival 0.[ Ihe landowning seltler commllnilies who were grossly undercapitalized in Ihe sense Ihal many would have been unable 10 projit pom Iheir land lvithoul it. On top of the high rental payment in the form of cash or produce, lenanlS were required to fitljill a nlllllber o[obligations and slincily labor requirements, which aggravaled Ihe plight of lenanlS and lIndermined agricullural produclivity. The dissertation analy=es these and related Ihemes "'ilhin eight chapters by using complemenlCII)' sources o[ evidence. Oral data l"ere care/ilily collecled throllgh inlervieltl. f;Veallh (?f archival sources/rom VW';OlfS centers were a/so extensively used. By bringing loge/her Ihese sources with the ideas o[ several alilhorilies on peasanl sludics. Ihe slud), atlelllplS 10 anctly=e Ihe overall piclure o.l slagnoling agriculfllral pradllclion and Ihe impoverished living conditions ol /-fardrge's rural Commumit
A Hisory of Horro District, 1910-1991
(Addis Ababa University, 2015-09) Mosissa, Wagari; Ta'a, Tesema (Professor)
This paper deals with a history of Horro district from 1910 to 1991. The core of the study deals with the settlement patterns, the livelihood and administration of the people of Horro district under the regimes of Haile Sillassie and the Darg. It was at Oda Bisil that the Jawi clans of the Arfe groups split from the rest clans and turned north and settled in the present day Horro district. The Horro Oromo who were collectively called Horro-Horritti with the passage of time extended in to different directions and settled between the Anger River and the Finca 'a River. The people of Horro believed in Waaqa since time immemorial. The people also give due respect to Qaallu. With the passage of time, however, the Qaallu Institution in Horro continued to decline because of various reasons. The local attempt of Abishe Garba of Gobaya clan to establish a strong Oromo kingdom in Horro in the second half of the 19,h century was interrupted by the illegal expansion of the GOJjame force in to the area and the neighboring districts. Despite their defeat at the battle of Embabo, the Gojjameforce established aftI'm control on Horro IInti11901. With the evacuation of the Gojjame force from Horro in the early 20,h century, however, the Shawans imposed the new social, political and economic system over the area. Horro district as part and parcel of northern Wallagga was occupied by the Italians in 1936. Despite their short reign, the Italians were known in bringing different reforms ill Horro. On the other hand the post liberation period was the period of harsh exploitation for the mass of the Horro people. With the fall of the Imperial regime the political, social and economic condition of Horro people changed. The Darg's new reform was soon followed by other legislations and declarations. Even though there was wide spread opposition among the Horro people against such legislations and declarations, the Darg implemented them almost forcefitlly. Such obligatOlY decree in Horro increased institutional instability and created uncertainty and mistrust among the people against the regime.
A Historical Survey of Jimma Town (1936-1974)
(Addis Ababa University, 2002-06) Seifu, Yonas; W/Mariam, Takalign(PhD)
This study deals with the history of Jimma town from 1936 to 1974. It explores social, economic and administrative themes, but also attempts to show the interrelationship between these themes. Socially, the town of Jimma evolved during this period from a home-town of a relatively homogenous society and culture to a place of residence for a diverse and increasingly cosmopolitan population. The period of Italian occupation (1936-1941) was socially significant because it saw the first major influx of people into the town of Jimma from beyond the borders of the former Kingdom whose name it had inherited. The Post-Liberation period (1941-74) was characterized by the evolution of an even more complex social fabric than before. An even greater influx of people and greater interaction came about partly because the imperial order retained and enhanced Jimma’s primacy in the region and partly because economic developments in the region attracted thousands of job-seekers to the town. Economically, the story of Jimma during this period was one of both continuity and change. It is a story of continuity because Jimma, which had from the very beginning been a center of trade, continued to be so during this period also. There was significant change, however, because unlike the previous decades in which Jimma served as a point of exchange or transit for elite goods (like slaves, ivory and musk) that mostly originated beyond the borders of the Oromo Kingdom, Jimma during this period developed into the chief center for the collection, organization and export of a cash crop (coffee) that grew in the countryside all around it. Economic change involved, therefore, both production and exchange. Administratively, Jimma during this period developed from the center of rule by a local dynasty that exercised authority over a small kingdom to a capital of a whole region. The background for this was set by the ending of the autonomous political existence of the Oromo Kingdom of Jimma and its full absorption into the political economy of the Ethiopian state on the eve of the Italian occupation of 1936. But the decision by the Italians to make Jimma the chief center of their activities in the whole v of southwestern Ethiopia was of even greater significance. The imperial system of administration that was put in place after Liberation simply built on that beginning. The social, economic and administrative history of Jimma are closely intertwined, however. The admixture of peoples and cultures as well as the nature of the urban social institutions that evolved in the town are closely tied to “the cash crop revolution” which brought streams of permanent and temporary residents to the town; the evolution of the town into a chief administrative center as well as the introduction of somewhat peculiar administrative and fiscal institutions came about in part due to the location of the town in the heart of the “coffee country” as southwestern Ethiopia came to be referred to. In short, both the urbanity and the urbanization of Jimma can be explained by the story of coffee production and marketing. This thesis documents these processes extensively and accounts for the growth of a major town in modern Ethiopia. After a brief background chapter, it deals with three themes of social evolution, economic activities and municipal government and administration. It argues that despite its significant growth Jimma’s development was limited due to the fact that it served merely as an outpost for an extractive system that removed resources from the region, not as a place of investment or technology with generative impact on the surrounding countryside
Historical Survey of Socio-Cultural Interaction Among the Peoples of Gidda Woreda, Eastern Wallagga (1936 -2000)
(Addis Ababa University, 2018-06) Akuma, Seketa; Ta'a, Tesema (Prof.)
This thesis is a hi t rical survey ofsocio-cultural interactions among the people ' 0 Gidda district from the Italian occupation in 1936 to the period IVhen interactions between indigenous Oromo people and the Amhara reselliers gave ri e to open war in 2000. Gidda district is located in Eastern Wallagga ::.one of Western Ethiopia. nlil the GoBame and Shoans conquered the area in the last quarter of the 191t. centwy, no new order was imposed on the socio-cultural lives of the people except for the emergence of monarchical chiefs whose powers had weakened the gadaa system. Therefore, the people of the district IVho had different clans, 'ub-clans and lineages had lived by practicing their indigenous religion and other socio-cultural practices. Throughout the period under study. three historical developments had been experienced and tram/ormed the socio-cultural interactions of the people. These are the natural socio-cultural interactions among the local people, the impacts of the newly introduced religions and the arrival of reseltlers fro m northern parts of Ethiopia. The legacies and the consequences of conquest accompanied by these three historical developments as well as other changes and continuities brought the socio-cultural t ran~form atio n among the inhabitants of the area. On the side of the ne}vly arrived reselliers, their spontaneous advent and the continual changes in their sentiments increased their interactions with the indigenous people. Consequently, combinations of cooperation and conf lict as well as interactions and isolationism characterized the relationships between the /1Vo groups. AI/o st of the time, intensity of inter-ethnic su.spicion and isolationism exceeds that of the cooperation and consistent peacefit! interactions. This problem emanates from and utmost related to the roles played by the exploitative and suppressive Ethiopian governments. Among the newly introduced religions, Orthodox Christianity and Protestantism brought remarkable socio-cultural tran~fo rmations. As the people adopted and added the ideologies of the new religions to their own, many of them modified their social lives, food and food habits, marriage practices, fimeral system and their allitudes towards different rituals to the extent that the ideologies of the two religions intermingled at least in the heart of the people. As a part of the gadaa .system, the indigenous religion of the people had already been internalized. Therefore, the newly designed administration system and the newly introduced religions faced hardships in snatching the principles of indigenous culture. Therefore, the people retained some aspects of their value system and indigenolls religion.
History and Identity in Northeast Ethiopia with Particular Reference to Raya-Azabo, 1543-1974
(Addis Ababa University, 2020-12) Menasbo, Negga; Haile, Dr. Adhana
This paper is an ethnographic study of the peoples of Raya-Azäbo sub-province situated in northeastern Ethiopia. It deals with why, how and when each section of the study area was settled/ resettled by about half a dozen peoples namely the Dobe‟a, the Tegreña, the Oromo, the Amhara, the Agäw and the Afar beginning from the middle of the sixteenth century well up to the second half of the twentieth. The other vital theme discussed in connection to this issue deals with the sort of interethnic relations that have existed between each one of the aforementioned groups and how they gradually transformed themselves from a discordant connection to an amicable one as viewed from the vantage point of time and space. The next relevant problem dealt with in this paper is that the key role of the Ethiopian state played in shaping intergroup relations. Heads of states ranging from Zära Yaeqob cum his son/ successor, Bä‟edä Mariam, in the fifteenth century, to Eyasu II in the eighteenth and Yohannes IV at the end of the nineteenth century are, in this case, worth mentioning as the prominent ones. In connection to this point the study shows that the emperors at times to protect their own economic interests meaning either to collect annual tribute or to keep open the long range caravan trade traversing through the region or else to provide security to the Christian Amhara/ Tegrean highland cultivators, who were repeatedly menaced by the incursions of the adjacent Dobe‟a, Afar and Oromo pastoralists groups, led them to involve deeply in matters of communal strife and thereby they played a crucial role in shifting the balance of power in favor of the former. The concluding point of discussion in this study is the issue on how the multitudes of peoples of Raya-Azäbo have managed to overcome the earlier mutually hostile inter-group relations as well as how they steadily come together to constitute a community of identical socio-cultural make up. In this regard, agrarian transformations on the side of the pastoralist lowlanders and acute shortage of land and oxen on the side of highland cultivators are considered as the main catalysts that facilitated a continued economic and social interaction between the members of the six groups in the Fertile Valley. Thus, the aforesaid symbiotic economic and social relations, in time, gave rise to exogamous intermarriage and other forms of social contact between each one of them and thereby prompted them to form a collective identity termed as Raya.
History of Bale Mountains National ParK: 1970 to the Present
(Addis Ababa University, 2015-11) Kedir, Dessu
The BAINP is located in the southeastern part of Ethiopia within Bale zone of the Oromia Regional State. The existing literature reveals there were only fe\V permanent Oromo set/lers in the Bale Alountains before the inauguration of the national park in the area and the settlers livelihood was partially depend on the hunting of wild animals. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries hunting big game animals \Vas seen as a source of prestige in Ethiopian SOCiety. Wild animals were also hunted for commercial purpose. Tireless ~fJOriS were made by the Ethiopian government and the agents of UNESCO to save the most endangered and endemic wildlife as well as conserve outstanding and splendor environment in Ethiopia. Based on the recommendations of UNESCO some areas of the counlly were selected for the development of national parks. Accordingly the process of establishing the national park began in the 1950s and 1960s to save the countl)' 's fauna and flora species from complete damage. Bale Mountains were one of those areas rich in wildlife resources and attention of UNESCO agents. This thesis begins with the geographical features of the BtvflllP and offers analysis on the management 0/ wildlife resources and parks in Ethiopia. jt also provides a brief description of human activities and the process of the establishment o/the EMNP and subsequent conservation policy and implementations by different governments. Moreover, if also gives the trend of tourism in the 8MNP since its establishment to the present comprehensively. j was able to use a combination of primwy and secondmy sources to reconstruct the thesis. The archival sources, reports, memo, traveler accounts, lellers and other published and unpublished secondary sources are important materials to reconstruct the thesis.
A History of Bule Hora Town from its Foundation to 1991
(Addis Ababa University, 2016-11) Alemu, Abebe; Ta'a, Tesema (Professor)
This study deals with the history of Bule Hora townfrom its foundation to 1991.Its foundation can be traced back to the early decade of the twentieth century with the coming of Menilek 's forces to the region. Prior to the conquest and incorporation of the region, the site served the Guji Oromo of the area as a center where the Gada ritual and ceremonial activities were carried out. Since the area was a center of bandits who came from various places, soon after the conquest Balcha Safo sent his soldieries to the region and they camped at the traditional site. The officials and soldieries as well as those who came with them had permanently settled in and around the camp. The military center eventually evolved into a garrison town.Jts location on the long distance trade route network and the prevalence of peace and stability in the region with the help of officials and soldiers of the garrison relatively contributed to its early growth. Some improvement was also seen during the Italian occupation period due to the construction of the dry weather roads that connected Bule Hora with central parts of the country and the southern regions. The town showed growth in the post Italian period, particularly in the 1950s and 1960s. It was in these years that various social, economic and administrative institutions were established and attracted immigrants to the area in large numbers. Above all, the construction of the Addis Ababa-Moyle highway that passes through the town played an important role in the growth and development of the tow n. After the construction of the road a large number of merchants and people from the surrounding and other distant areas came to the town to do business. The location of the town with a rich agricultural and livestock production region also enhanced the growth and development of the town. Although the growth and development of the town declined owning to the instability that prevailedfollowing the 1974 revolution, it began to revive since 1980. This was due the restoration of peace and stability in the region and the improvement and establishment of urban service giving institutions as well as the construction of all weather roads that connected the rural hinterlands and neighboring areas with the town.
A History of Däbrä Bäkur Abunä Sét Monastery in Hahaile, Ahiferom Wäräda Tigray, Ethiopia from Its Foundation up to 1991.
(Addis Ababa University, 2019-11) Teklebrhan, Leake; G/Selassie (Ph.D.), Teclehaimanot
Ethiopia is one of the most ancient countries in the world with rich history and civilization. Most scholars stated that, one of the factors that contributed for the Ethiopian civilization is the introduction of Christianity in the fourth century. From the contribution of the introduction of Christianity is the expansion of Christianity and spread of monasteries in Ethiopia. Furthermore, the medieval period of Ethiopia witnessed the spread of Christianity and the foundation of several monasteries. Hence, several religious men and saints were emerged in Tigray and they established different monasteries in the name of themselves. Among the monasteries that established in Tigray was Däbrä Bäkuer Abunä Sét Monastery. The monastery found in the northern part of Ethiopia in central Zone at Ahiferom Wäräda; and it may be establish in the end of thirteen Century. Nevertheless, it is little known about the monastery in oral sources and written documents. However, the glorious period of the monastery began when Abunä Sét met with king Dawit I and the church received a monastery status. Since this period the monastery has a close contact with royal court. The main aspire of this thesis is to reconstruct a History of Däbrä Bäkuer Abunä Sét Monastery of Hahile Sub-Wäräda, Ahiferom Wäräda from its foundation to 1991. The study covers the time from its establishment until 1991. The study begins with geographical setting and historical background of the Wäräda. Along with, the Däbrä Bäkuer Abunä Sét Monastery was one of the monasteries of Ethiopia, which have a rich in ancient and various equipment; therefore, this study tries to assess the treasures found in the monastery and their deposition conditions. This monastery was one of the centers of traditional education. Based on this, the thesis endeavors to assess the traditional school of the monastery. In addition, this thesis also tries to look the construction of the building and the wall and parchment paintings that includes religious and secular depictions. Furthermore, the study also examines to set out the source of income of the Monastery. The main of income of the monastery was gult land that granted by the Ethiopian emperors besides the offering until the land nationalization policy of Dareg regime in 1975. Thus, the main revenue of the monastery lost. This indicates the monastery was highly depending on the land. Nevertheless, after 1975 the land was distributed to the surrounding community. Thus, from this time own wards the monastery had become dependent on the parish. As a result, the life in the monastery became challenging and many monks was displaced to other monasteries and the traditional education which was given in the monastery enter in to endanger. Gradually the religious education that given in the monastery was became a nebab bet (reading house) only. The Wäräda generally and the area specifically has a rich archaeological sites, monasteries, court place, and other historical places and events then to investigate them it needed more study. Then, I recommend for scholars or voluntaries to make a historical and archaeological study to know more about the Hahile Sub-Wäräda specifically and Ahiferom Wäräda in generally.
A History of Dambaca Warada to 1991
(Addis Ababa University, 2011-06) Yohannes, Alula; Begashaw, Kassaye(PhD)
Historical enquiry and research in Ethiopia has been for long centered on general themes and historical developments that revolve around the national historical phenomena. However, in the last decade or so attempts have been made to reconstruct the history of many localities from a local vantage point. To this end, apart from some references made in relation to the general historical developments of Gojjam, it is difficult to find the history of the wäräda explained in a relatively detailed way. It is towards filling the gap that the study has been conducted. The study concentrated on reconstructing the history of the wäräda to 1991. It starts its historical analysis for the wäräda by exposing the different developments that wäräda had experienced before the Italian occupation period. Then it tries to discuss major historical events of the wäräda during the occupation period. The restoration of the imperial rule and the changes the restored imperial administration had introduced especially in relation to administration and land relations and the subsequent reactions of the peasants of the wäräda to the introduced changes are the main themes of analysis for the period between 1941 and 1974. The study also tried to see developments that the wäräda had experienced during the Dergue regime. The new regime’s attempt to place its power on a better footing by introducing several measures at a national had its own negative and its challenges and positive effects in the socio-economic and political lives of the peoples of the wäräda are the major areas of emphasis for the study. Finally, the wäräda both during the imperial and during the Dergue regime was inadequately furnished with basic socio-economic facilities
A History of Damot Gale Wa'ra'da, 1941-2006
(Addis Ababa University, 2016-09) Balcha, Paulos; Chapple, David (PhD)
The thesis is a reconstruction of the history of Damot Gale Wdrdda in the period between 1941 and 2006 based on archival sources and informants with use also of secondary sources. Damot Gale was conquered by Menelik's forces in 1894, which ended the old conditions and introduced the harsh ndfteiiiia-gdbbar exploitation system. The Italian occupation of Damot Gale in 1937 resulted in abolition of ndftenna exploitation and slavery. This improvement was only limited because the Italians came to exploit not to give fi·eedom. As result the local people were happy at the end of Italian rule. In the Imperial period Damot Gale was neglected by the government, little development took place and the peasants who were the majority of the population, were oppressed by landlords and heavy taxation. In the period Orthodox Christianity dominated and restricted Protestantism, CatholiCism, and Islam. But the Protestants nevertheless increased. The downfall of the Imperial regime in 1974 was greeted with great joy by the oppressed majority in Damot Gale. Land reform highly delighted the peasants of Damot Gale, but the introduction of villagization, the resettlement program, various types of cooperatives, the persecution of Protestants, and forced conscription of the youth for national military service extinguished the early feeling. Thus the people of Damot Gale turned to opposition and hoped for the downfall of military government. The downfall of the military Ddrg Regime in 1991 created some chaos and disorder in Damot Gall The Transitional Government restored peace and stability immediately. The establishment of the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) in 1995 introduced democracy in self-administration, freedom of religion, the right to use one's own language and others and Wolaitta people demanded and obtained se(f-administration under "Wolaitta Zone " rather than "North Omo " and after protest and disturbances, to use Wolaittatto language as the medium of instruction in school rather than the imposed WoGaGoDa. The main thrust of my thesis is to show how a poor and neglected, largely agricultural and peasant area, has experienced changes, some positive others negative, under different regimes from 1941-2006.

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