History

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The Oromo of Wollega : A Historical Survey to 1910
(Addis Ababa University, 1980-07) Ta'a, Tesema; Tamrat, Taddesse (PhD)
This paper is a historical survey of the Oromo of Wollega from the . e.t/-;.(J ()..AA.. J L
Peasant Response To Famine In Ethiopia, 1975-1985 With Special Emphasls On Manazna Gishe,Yifatna Timuga And Wolaita Awrajas
(1987) Heile Adhana, Adhana; Zawde, Bahru(PhD)
The Economic Basis of Conflict Among the Nuer and anuak Communities
(Addis Ababa University, 1995-04) Sishagne, Shumet
The Evolution of Land .. Ownership and Tenancy in Highland Bale A Case Study of Goba, Sinana and Dodola to 1974
(Addis Ababa University, 2001-06) Meskela, Ketema; Walde-Mariam, Tekalign (PhD)
The evolution of land-ownership patterns in the peripheral regions had attracted little attention until recently. My study attempts to examine the extent to which local demographic and economic conditions in . hland B Ie interacted with political conditions in the aftermath of the conquest to determine access to agricultural land by local and newly arriving groups of people, and the extent to which peasant well-being was affected by these forms of access as they evolved over a period of nearly one century. The thesis starts by highlighting the pre-conquest socio-economic features in the region. The institutions that mediated the land regimes and the changes that were introduced to determine access to resources in the first half of the twentieth century are explored. The paper then shows how the previously prevailing lineage land-ownership patterns gradually gave way to private tenure. The discussion of the post-1941 history of land tenure in highland Bale focuses on the effects of the system of revenue extraction on the local people. The centralization of the fiscal system was attended by repeated land measurements that in many cases resulted in confiscation of land. Factors which threatened peasant property rights and reactions from the peasantry, therefore, occupies a great deal of space in this work. Finally, the work deals with one of the features of the imperial land tenure system in southern Ethiopia: the expansion of tenancy. The paper explores the evolution of tenancy and tenant insecurity in the region all the way to the 1974 Revolution when the entire system was abolished
The Oromo of Salaalee A History (C. 1840-1936)
(Addis Ababa University, 2002-06) Zeleke, Tsegaye; Ta'a, Tesema(PhD)
The thesis begins with a description and analysis of the traditions of the Oromo in the region by taking into account the sixteenth century Oromo movement and the resulting contacts of the people with other ethnic groups in the region. It also discusses the pattern of settlement of the Tuulama Oromo on the present day Shawaan plateau in general and the Salaalee region in particular Furthermore, the thesis attempts to unearth the socio-political and economic history of the people of Salaalee during a few decades before its incorporation into the kingdom of Shawa in the 1870s. Those decades were the time when the Tuulama Oromo started to experience the transformation of their socio-economic and political systems, i.e. the Tuulama gadaa system increasingly became ineffective and failed to check ambitious individuals who defied the existing gadaa rules and regulations. By the time the Shawan Kingdom's territorial expansion towards the Tuulama land also reached its climax. The paper also sheds light on the unsuccessful resistance of the Tuulama Oromo in general and those found in Salaalee in particular against the Shawan forces led by Ras Darge and Ras Goobana. The discussion of the period after Salaalee's incorporation into the Ethiopian Empire highlights the impact of the incorporation on the socio-economic and political systems of the Oromo and the changes and continuities that occurred. And finally, it pinpoints the reactions and /or adaptations that the people of Salaalee made against the changing socio-political and economic systems in the early twentieth century.
A Historical Survey of Jimma Town (1936-1974)
(Addis Ababa University, 2002-06) Seifu, Yonas; W/Mariam, Takalign(PhD)
This study deals with the history of Jimma town from 1936 to 1974. It explores social, economic and administrative themes, but also attempts to show the interrelationship between these themes. Socially, the town of Jimma evolved during this period from a home-town of a relatively homogenous society and culture to a place of residence for a diverse and increasingly cosmopolitan population. The period of Italian occupation (1936-1941) was socially significant because it saw the first major influx of people into the town of Jimma from beyond the borders of the former Kingdom whose name it had inherited. The Post-Liberation period (1941-74) was characterized by the evolution of an even more complex social fabric than before. An even greater influx of people and greater interaction came about partly because the imperial order retained and enhanced Jimma’s primacy in the region and partly because economic developments in the region attracted thousands of job-seekers to the town. Economically, the story of Jimma during this period was one of both continuity and change. It is a story of continuity because Jimma, which had from the very beginning been a center of trade, continued to be so during this period also. There was significant change, however, because unlike the previous decades in which Jimma served as a point of exchange or transit for elite goods (like slaves, ivory and musk) that mostly originated beyond the borders of the Oromo Kingdom, Jimma during this period developed into the chief center for the collection, organization and export of a cash crop (coffee) that grew in the countryside all around it. Economic change involved, therefore, both production and exchange. Administratively, Jimma during this period developed from the center of rule by a local dynasty that exercised authority over a small kingdom to a capital of a whole region. The background for this was set by the ending of the autonomous political existence of the Oromo Kingdom of Jimma and its full absorption into the political economy of the Ethiopian state on the eve of the Italian occupation of 1936. But the decision by the Italians to make Jimma the chief center of their activities in the whole v of southwestern Ethiopia was of even greater significance. The imperial system of administration that was put in place after Liberation simply built on that beginning. The social, economic and administrative history of Jimma are closely intertwined, however. The admixture of peoples and cultures as well as the nature of the urban social institutions that evolved in the town are closely tied to “the cash crop revolution” which brought streams of permanent and temporary residents to the town; the evolution of the town into a chief administrative center as well as the introduction of somewhat peculiar administrative and fiscal institutions came about in part due to the location of the town in the heart of the “coffee country” as southwestern Ethiopia came to be referred to. In short, both the urbanity and the urbanization of Jimma can be explained by the story of coffee production and marketing. This thesis documents these processes extensively and accounts for the growth of a major town in modern Ethiopia. After a brief background chapter, it deals with three themes of social evolution, economic activities and municipal government and administration. It argues that despite its significant growth Jimma’s development was limited due to the fact that it served merely as an outpost for an extractive system that removed resources from the region, not as a place of investment or technology with generative impact on the surrounding countryside
A History of Painting in East Gojjam in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries: A Study of the ‘Second Gondarine Style of Painting
(Addis Ababa University, 2002-06) Ayalew, Abebaw
As early as the introduction of Christianity in the fourth century A.D. painting apparently was an important component of the Christian art of Ethiopia. Paintings that have come to light so far date back to the eleventh century A.D. This thesis attempts to study the last part of the history of painting in Ethiopia by concentrating on a small geographical unit, East Gojjam. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries the art of painting underwent significant changes. Several different ways of expressing the same theme emerged. Most important of the developments was the growing regional variation and the emergence of schools. Almost all of the paintings described and analyzed in this thesis are paintings that are yet known to scholars of art history. They are found in the different churches and monasteries of East Gojjam. In reconstructing the history of painting in East Gojjam in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries contemporary as well as later written documents are used in addition to the paintings. Oral information is also an important source for this thesis. The main focus of this thesis is showing the variations in expression, selection of themes, rendering of costume and composition at different times through the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. In the first half of the eighteenth century the Second Gondärine style of painting was introduced in East Gojjam. In the middle and second half of the century the style was widely in use for decorating church walls and manuscript illumination. The period from the 1770s to the turn of the century witnessed the flourishing of the style. Several vi churches were decorated and manuscripts were illuminated in these churches. The painting of the eighteenth century did not show significant variation. In the nineteenth century variations in expression became very wide. In the last part of the nineteenth century the art of painting flourished and a large number of painters existed. The painting of this period shows difference from the painting of the earlier period in composition. An attempt has also been made to trace the relationship between artistic and social and political developments
Political History of Tigray: Rivalry for Power (1910-1935)
(Addis Ababa University, 2003-06) G/Yohannes, Hagos; G/Selassie, Tecle-Haimanot(PhD)
Following the unexpected death of Emperor Yohannes IV, Negus Menelik was crowned Emperor and the political ambition of some of the Tigrean chiefs to crown Ras Mängäša as Yohannes IV’s heir was barred, and Tigray entered into a political turmoil. The continuous efforts to regain the throne and the rivalries among the Tigrean chiefs were, therefore, the major factors affecting the course of events after the death of Emperor Yohannes IV. After Ras Mängäša’s death, the principal antagonists in Tigray- Däjjac Gäbrä-Sellassé, Ras Sebhat, Ras Gugsa Araya, Däjjac (later Ras) Seyum were involved in constant power struggle and engaged in rivalry to influence the central government to gain favour and to obtain the overlordship of the whole province of Tigray. During the last reshuffles in the administrative posts of the country made by Emperor Menelik, on 22 April 1902, Däjjazmac Abatä Bwayaläw was appointed Wagšum and governor general of Tigray in the presence of Däjjac Seyum, Däjjac Abreha and Däjjac Gäbrä-Sellassé. Däjjac Abreha rebelled opposing the appointment of Däjjac Abatä as an overlord of Tigray and was, however, defeated at the Battle of Koräm, in October 1909. The power struggle among the Tigrean nobility continued after the Battle of Koräm, which led to the Battle of Akhora, on 25 February 1914, in which Ras Sebhat and his two sons were killed. The causes and the consequences of the battle are discussed in the thesis. The relation between the Tigrean chiefs (mainly Ras Seyum and Ras Gugsa) due to the deposition, escape and arrest of Lej Iyasu was also attempted to be identified in the thesis. In Tigray the son of Ras Seyum, Däjjac Kassa Abba Yelaq, rebelled against his father and against the central government in 1918 and he achieved initial victories. The thesis, therefore, attempts to give a highlight on the causes and results of the rebellion of Däjjac Kassa Abba Yelaq. Ras Seyum and Ras Gugsa, who were both the grandsons of Emperor Yohannes IV, remained rivals to gain the title of Negus of Tigray until the death of Ras Gugsa in 1933. They attempted to gain popularity and influence in the central government and to win the favour and support of the central government at the expense of one another. Emperor Haylä-Sellassé unable to impose an effective control over Tigray, however, attempted to achieve an internal balance of power, and finally succeeded in preventing any one of Yohannes IV’s descendants from becoming Negus, through diplomacy and marriage ties. Emperor Haylä-Sellassé, aware of the potential trouble and danger from Tigray by Ras Seyum and Ras Gugsa for being deprived of their legitimate patrimony, attempted to placate them by marriage ties to the Shewan royal family, by bonds of matrimony. As a result marriage ties were arranged between the children of the Emperor with the children of the two grand-sons of Emperor Yohannes IV, although it had little effect on the loyalty, especially, of Däjjac Haylä-Sellassé Gugsa. At the time when the Tigrean chiefs were conducting their rivalries, the Italians, who never forgot the ignominy of their defeat at the Battle of Adwa, worked hard to woo the Tigrean chiefs to their interests. Thus, they finally succeeded to gain Däjjac Haylä-Sellassé Gugsa’s defection to their side, which facilitated their penetration in to the Ethiopian interior
Lord, Zega and Peasant in Eastern Gojjam, C.1767-1901
(Addis Ababa University, 2003-06) Mengistie, Habtamu; Merid(PhD)
Lower level social and economic relationships between landlords and landless people in Eastern Gojjam in the 18th and 19 th centuries was embodied in an institution called zègenät .This work has tried to analyze the nature of agrarian and class relationships between zèga and peasant and lord in the 18th and 19 th centuries Eastern Gojjam. It is mainly aimed at analyzing the dynamics of the socio-economic relationship between lords and peasants and zègas. Here the history of peasants and a highly impoverished and subordinate social class called zèga is discussed in terms of their relationship with other classes in the social system. The land tenure system formed a crucial social element for analyzing the socio-economic relationship between peasants and zègas and lords. In other words land that was the main form of property in the past was the key point of interaction between lord and zèga and peasant. This institution has very old roots going back to at least the seventeenth century. Moreover, zègenät has close affinity to serfdom. The term zèga was applied to landless and subordinated individuals working on the land of lords and under almost complete legal and socio-economic dominations of the lords. Though the zèga class enjoyed freedom of mobility and the bond established between the zèga and the lord was not hereditary, the obligation of the zèga towards the lord has the hallmark of servitude. The state and social elites exercised a far more firm control over land including rest land and over the labor power of the peasants. The ruling elite were in a stronger position to turn away permanently considerable land from peasants to the control of corporate institutions and powerful individuals as gult land. This land transferred into the hands of social elites was usually worked by the labor of the zèga, though there was considerable number of peasants working their own land. Indeed, individuals who constituted the zèga class in the seventeenth century had originally been independent peasants working on their own land. Lords also exercised far more direct control over craftsmen although there were independent artisans working in their own place. There were many artisan zègas working under the landlords and whose obligation towards the landlords was similar to those of the farmer zèga. Trade, craftsmanship and agriculture were closely intertwined and lords had a very strong interest in all these economic activities. Any discussion of the socio-economic relationship between zèga and peasant and lord to be complete must include the way in viii which means of production was customarily transferred from generation to generation. Thus the study has also narrated the mechanism of property transfers. The ways and means by which land and rights to land were transferred took many forms. Lords holding land on behalf of churches exercised ownership rights including free disposal by sale. Sale was the most dominant mode of property transmission. The factors and concerns that lead men to choose a particular type of mechanism of property transfer are many including debt. Contrary to previous assumptions land including rest land could be mortgaged, sold and willed. The purchasers and vendors were both from the highest reach of society and from the lower layers of society. This study has explored all these issues
Memories of the Victory of Adwa: A Focus on Its commemoration. (1941-1999)
(Addis Ababa University, 2004-02) Weldegebreil, Biniam; Gebreselase, Teclehaimanot(PhD)
National Commemoration and memories of glorious past of a given nation have played significant role in shaping national identity in many parts of the world. In Africa, where colonialism resulted in the formation of new states, each of the newly born countries tried to build a distinct national identity in order to prevent disintegration. This was made possible partly by retaining a collective past that would epitomize the unity of a given people. 123 As opposed to many of the African countries, Ethiopia is not a creation of Europeans. The country has existed over a long period in spite of repeated invasions from external powers. The Victory of Adwa, which rescued the country from European colonialism, among many wars the country fought, was fought by almost all the peoples of Ethiopia. This unique Victory has been, therefore, the most celebrated and glorified part of the history of the country. This resounding Victory acquired a strong religious interpretation especial from the early times up to the Revolution. Emperor Menelik began the celebration of the Victory Day to pay homage to Saint George who was considered to have assisted the Ethiopians at the Battle of Adwa. Nevertheless, political implications of the celebration were also conspicuous when the magnificent parade was displayed before foreign representatives, which Emperor Menelik used it as a forum to display the military potential of his country to neighbouring colonialist countries. The commemoration and memories of Adwa fostered strong sense of patriotism and heroism at times the country encountered invasion from external forces throughout the twenty century. The memory people had, regarding the Victory of Adwa, was instrumental on the eve of the Italian invasion and during the resistance war in arousing many people to fight against the Italians. Adwa’s memories were also employed to reconstruct the symbols of the state in the aftermath of the liberation. The Emperor, by renovating the statue of Emperor Menelik II, put himself in the line of national contunity 124 and declared symbolically the defeat of the Italians. Emperor Hailesselasie also employed to strengthen his throne by overplaying the role of his father. During the regime of the Emperor, the fame of his father, Ras Makonnin, was glorified as a man who brought Victory to Ethiopia at the Battle of Adwa. Nevertheless, with the passage of time the Emperor subtly avoided praising Adwa and its memories to evade the contempt that could have come to his regime by praising Adwa. The new ideology introduced by the Darg, resulted in a total departure in the commemoration and the meanings given to the Victory of Adwa. The divorce of the state and religion had a direct ramification in this regard. The religious symbolism of the Victory was abandoned (at least from the state point of view) and secular interpretations of the Victory were given and overplayed. The commemorations of Adwa Day began to take place out side the Cathedral of St. George, at Menelik II Square and Revolution Square. The Darg , by colorfully celebrating the Victory of Adwa and by activating and reinvigorating the memory of the Victory, tried to undermine the old regime, got its ideology and policy delivered and mobilized the people against the tide of external invasion and internal oppositions. With the demise of the Darg, the political philosophy of the ruling regime brought about change in the commemoration as well as in the interpretations of the Victory of Adwa. EPRDF did not seem to take notice of the values of national symbols like the Victory Day of Adwa. In the first three or four years, after it took power narratives of the Victory were not published in the newspapers and its memories were not told in the government media. 125 Moreover, unlike the earlier regimes, when the commemoration was presided over by higher officials, the top leaders of the EPRDF showed their ambivalence by not presiding over the celebrations. The Centenary celebrations in particular showed vividly the ambivalence of the government. The government handed over the responsibility of celebrating the Grand National Centenary to a third party and allotted a very insignificant amount of money to its celebrations. The opposition, on the other hand, took an extreme stand rejecting the Centenary celebrations at Adwa where Ethiopians got the resounding victory in 1896. The controversy between the government and the opposition made the Centenary celebrations highly politicized. It is understood from the discussion of the theisis that the meanings and commemorations of the Victory of Adwa were maneuvered in line with the political philosophy of each of these governments. The memories and commemoration were revived and reinvigorated at times when the unity of the country was challenged, became dormant when peace and order was established and were vulnerable to manipulation for a destined political objective. In spite of this, however, Adwa was a useful past that the three regimes invariably used to mobilize the Ethiopian people against enemies and to inculcate their policies
The Blue Nile Issue: A History of Hydropolitics, 1884-1974
(Addis Ababa University, 2004-03) Mekonnen, Teferi; Ahmed, Hussein (Professor)
The hydropolitics of the Blue Nile had an impact on developments affecting modern Ethiopia. The issue has played a crucial role in the struggle between Ethiopia and the powers over the control of the lower basin, and was transformed in the nineteenth century. The century witnessed Egypt’s vigorous attempt to secure the unimpeded flow of the Blue Nile River. This development became more acute and gained a new momentum when European powers developed an interest in the region and realized that both the economic survival of Egypt and the prosperity of the Sudan were dependent on the good will of Ethiopia that had direct jurisdiction over the source of the Blue Nile. The main objective of the thesis is to show the dynamics of the hydropoltics of the Blue Nile within the broad context of Ethiopian history. In the last quarter of the nineteenth century, the Blue Nile was one of the main factors that led the British to violate the Adwa or Hewett Treaty of 1884 and to promote the Italian colonial interest in Ethiopia up to 1896. By 1902, the British had ensured the unobstructed and continuous flow of the Blue Nile River. In the first half of the twentieth century, the British carried on protracted diplomatic negotiations with the Ethiopian government to secure a perennial water supply from the Blue Nile by constructing a dam at the outlet of Lake Tãnã and turning the lake into a water reservoir. Even though the British diplomatic efforts were a fiasco, they had an impact on the history of Ethiopia and the major events of the period. In the 1950s, Egypt’s decision to build the Aswan High Dam relegated all previous plans of developing the entire Nile Basin to insgnificance. The decision not only put the Lake Tãnã Dam project to the side line but also brought the hydropolitics of the Nile into its vortex. Subsquently, Ethiopia called for the equitable and fair utilization of the waters of the Nile as v well as planned to develop the Blue Nile Basin. This was the main factor behind Egypt’s hostile policy towards Ethiopia until the 1960s. This study argues that lack of far-sightedness particularly on the part of the powers intensified the Nile issue. The river could not be disconnected from national sentiment and treated as a common and shared natural resource among the riparian states. This is a major impediment to equitable and fair utilization of the waters of the Nile.
The School Principal Performance and Its Relationship to Student Achievement in Secondary School in Western Shoa Zone
(Addis Ababa University, 2005-06) Benti, Dessalegn; Meshesha, Ayelew ( PhD)
The major purpose of the study was to examine the relationship between principals' peljormance and student achievement in some secondmy schools in western Shoa Zone. For the stlldy purpose eight secondary schools were selected by simple random sampling techniques among 12 secondary schools in Western Shoa Zone. Questionnaire was used to rate principal work efficiency. To rate principals' peljormances 50% of teachers were selected randomly by simple random sampling techniquesji"Oln each sample school and two wereda education administrators purposely participated in rating principal peljormances from each wereda education ()[fice on these sample schools. The sample schools students' GPA and different grade result in EGSECE obtained from students mark list from record office of each sample schoo!. Pearson correlation moment also computed the data to analyze the relationship between principal performance and students achievement. The study revealed that there were significant relationship of teachers' perception of prinCipal administrative jimction of planning and coordinating to students academic performance (2.00 and above GPA in EGSECE). The study correlated between wereda education administrators' perception of principal administrativejimction and students achievement (2.00 and above GPA in EGSECE). The resilli indicated significant relationship between principal administrative jimction of coordinating and entire administrative practices with students GPA. The other correlation computed between the subject teachers' perception of principal peljormance and students subject passing (grade "c" and above in EGSECE). It showed strong relationship in principal performance and students (Amharic, Mathematics, Biology AfJan Ommo and CiviC) achievement. Flirther the correlation computed among teachers and wereda education administrators' perception of principals' administrative functions and students total subjects grade "C" and above in EGSECE. The study result revealed that the principal adminislrative junction of coordinating in both of raling groups indicared a beller relalionship with studellls acadelllic peljormances.
Students' Academic Achievements as a Function of Gender, Parents' Educational Background and Learning Strategies in Dessie Town High Schools
(Addis Ababa University, 2005-06) Tadesse, Aemero; Andualem, Tamirie (PhD)
The major concem of this study was to examine how far gender, parents' educational background and leaming strategy components predicted students' academic achievement. A total of 380 s ubjects, (188 males and 192 females) were involved in the study from Dessie Town high schools. A Likert type five point scale self-report measures and a s hort supplementary questionnaire, which used to obtain demographic data, were administered. The overall academic achievement, Mathematics achievement and Language achievement scores were obtained from school records. Correlation, t-test, analysis of variance and multiple regressions we re used for analysis. Results obtained through Correlation analysis portrayed that except gender, both parents' educational background and leaming strategy components indicated significant association with academic achievement. The t-test revealed that the re existed significant average difference in mathematics achievement in favor of males and language achievement favoring females, but there was no statistically significant difference between male and female students in the overall academic achievement. Moreover, statistically s ignificant gender difference was observed in self- regulating strategy in favor of males but no s ignificant d~rerence was revealed in cognitive strategy use. The ANOVA results indicated significant students' academic achievement differences due to their parents' educational level differences. 'Students who corne form educated Parents perform better in school than their counterparts who come from uneducated parents. Similar students' academic achievement results were also observed with their patemal or male guardian and matemal or female guardian educational levels. The multiple regression analysis displayed that both parents' educational background & leaming s trategy components had statistically significant contribution on students' academic achievement, explaining 88% of the variation in academic achievement. 'Of the variables treated in the study, parents' educational background was the best predictor variable in students academic achievement.
Transformation of Land Tenure and the Role of Peasant Associations in Eastern Arsii (1974-1991)
(Addis Ababa University, 2008-07-28) Degu, Tariku; Ta’a, Tesema(PhD)
Attempts have hither to been made to study the various socio-economic and political aspects of Arsii’s land tenure by Ethiopian and expatriate scholars. In the earlier research works of different scholars the socio-economic and political conditions of Arsii after the land reform and the process of its transformation have not received attention. This work, therefore attempts to examine thoroughly basic feature of man and land relation among the Arsii Oromo and changes that had occurred as a result of the appearance of the new settlers; the eviction of tenants resulted from intensive mechanized commercial farming by tractor cultivation and prerequisites made by Chilao Agricultural Development Unit (CADU) for rural land proclamation. Moreover, problems related with the implementation of the activities endeavored by rural institutions which appeared after the land reform and consequences which led to their disintegration are examined. The study is conducted employing three methods of collecting and analyzing historical sources. Collection of oral interview is the basic method employed to obtain data for this research. Informants consulted represented elders and adults of different ethnic and religious groups possessing rich knowledge on activities of CADU-ARDU (Arsii Rural Development Unit), rural institutions and implementation of the land reform during the period of Darg administration of Arsii with reference to rural population. The second category of the sources employed is archival materials. Considerable amount of variable documents and archives on the Darg regime in Arsii were destroyed during the change of government in 1991 and a few years after. Archives in the awarja and administrative region peasant associations offices were either damaged when the offices were wrecked or deliberately destructed by leaders of rural institutions so as to get rid of rescue of accountability. I only found archival materials in eastern Arsii zone Administration office (the then Arsii Regional Administration office) and ARDU’s Library and documentation center. Published and unpublished written source (books, articles, Journals, theses, news papers, publications and proclamations) have been utilized for the research. Most of these secondary sources were obtained from the Addis Ababa University (Institute of Ethiopian studies and J.F. Kennedy Memorial Libraries) and ARDU library and documentation center. Shortage of archival sources and the dearth of written materials has been a challenge in the reconstruction of this thesis
The Ethiopian Army: From Victory to Collapse 1977 - 1991
(Addis Ababa University, 2009-05) Ayele, Fantahun; Zewde, Bahru (PhD)
Although the army faced security problems in many parts of the country since 1975, the real test came in 1977 when most of Eritrea fell into the hands of the insurgents and the guerrilla operation in the Ogaden developed into a full-scale invasion by Somalia. By 1977, therefore, the army appeared to be on the verge of total defeat. The response to this national emergency had a long-lasting impact on the army s organization, operation and equipment. The conscription, training and deployment of a huge militia force within a short time and the crucial role it played in defeating Somalia came to influence the Darg s belief in military organization, placing the premium on quantity rather than quality. Meanwhile the Darg's quest for a reliable arms supplier bound Ethiopia to the Soviet Union which supplied the army with enormous weaponry as well as military advisers for more than a decade. Although they significantly contributed to the defeat of Somalia, the Soviet military advisers failed to plan a successful counter-insurgency operation in northern Ethiopia . The application of conventional military tactics and strategy in the war against the northern insurgents brought about only temporary relief. The huge campaigns, such as the Red Star and Bahra Nagash Operations, showed that military might alone could not stamp out the insurgency. Insurgents could only lose the war when permanently isolated from the local population. The army failed to attain that fundamental goal. Internally, the army had a number of serious institutional problems. Not only did these internal problems undermine the army's capabilities but they also demoralized the combatants. Besides, war weariness and disillusionment made the army vulnerable to the insurgents onslaught. The fall of Afabet in 1988 marked the beginning of the end. It was followed by the Shere military disaster. The coup attempt that occurred soon was aborted within hours. The appointment of new commanders and the deployment of additional conscripts could not reverse the worsening military situation. The fall of Me~ewa into EPLF hands in February 1990 made the collapse of the Second Revolutionary Army (SRA) imminent. Elsewhere other army units continued to lose additional battles Finally in May 1991 the thiopian army one of the largest and most heavily armed in Africa, disintegrated following the flight of Mangestu H. Maryam to Zimbabwe
Political and Socio-Economic History of Asossa Warada 1941-1991
(Addis Ababa University, 2011-06) Abtew, Adinew; Ta’a, Tesema(PhD)
The focus of this thesis is reconstructing the administrative and socio-economic history of Asossa wäräda from 1941-1991. The study covers the period from the restoration of Emperor Haile Selassie I to power in 1941 till the downfall of the military government in 1991, in which the people of Asossa wäräda, similar to other rural populations of BélaŚangul, experienced significant political and socio-economic developments. The thesis deals with the role of strategic location and natural resources of the wäräda in attracting foreign powers. Local traditions, cultural setup and the conflict of the local chiefs to get control over political power and properties are studied. Tremendous efforts, on the other hand, have been made to assess the decline and complete termination of local self-administrative system during the imperial and the military regimes respectively. In fact, the indigenous Bärta rulers were appointed to rule over their people at different political units during the imperial period. However, the central government did not allow the people to select their immediate governors except in some cases. The study, moreover, deals with the complete rejection of the self-government and administration in the area and its subsequent political contests in the wäräda. Moreover, the thesis deals with the massive social interaction between the indigenous people and the highland peasantry after the 1974 Ethiopian revolution and the sociocultural, economic and environmental changes that followed it. Comparisons are also made on to what extent the socialist ideology was practiced on the indigenous and the newly arrived highland villagers
A History of Dambaca Warada to 1991
(Addis Ababa University, 2011-06) Yohannes, Alula; Begashaw, Kassaye(PhD)
Historical enquiry and research in Ethiopia has been for long centered on general themes and historical developments that revolve around the national historical phenomena. However, in the last decade or so attempts have been made to reconstruct the history of many localities from a local vantage point. To this end, apart from some references made in relation to the general historical developments of Gojjam, it is difficult to find the history of the wäräda explained in a relatively detailed way. It is towards filling the gap that the study has been conducted. The study concentrated on reconstructing the history of the wäräda to 1991. It starts its historical analysis for the wäräda by exposing the different developments that wäräda had experienced before the Italian occupation period. Then it tries to discuss major historical events of the wäräda during the occupation period. The restoration of the imperial rule and the changes the restored imperial administration had introduced especially in relation to administration and land relations and the subsequent reactions of the peasants of the wäräda to the introduced changes are the main themes of analysis for the period between 1941 and 1974. The study also tried to see developments that the wäräda had experienced during the Dergue regime. The new regime’s attempt to place its power on a better footing by introducing several measures at a national had its own negative and its challenges and positive effects in the socio-economic and political lives of the peoples of the wäräda are the major areas of emphasis for the study. Finally, the wäräda both during the imperial and during the Dergue regime was inadequately furnished with basic socio-economic facilities
Ethiopia in African Politics, 1956-1991
(Addis Ababa University, 2012-04) Belachew, Belete; Zewde, Bahru (PhD)
The nature of Ethiopia’s involvement in the affairs of the continent has elicited various interpretations. There have been rather polarized positions on the issue. For one group, consisting largely of expatriate scholars, the country remained aloof from and indifferent to developments related to the Pan-African Movement in general and the African struggle for independence in particular. The other side, on the contrary, upholds the enduring commitment of the country to the cause well before fellow Africans themselves came to the realization of their predicament. The complex realities of African politics, and hence inter-state relations, provide ample justifications for the positions of each group. In this regard, the effort to unravel the level of the country’s achievements and failures in concrete terms remains at a rudimentary stage. Ethiopia’s approaches to regional as well as continental issues and the way successive regimes designed and implemented their African policies still awaits comprehensive investigation. The thesis attempts to assess the nature of Ethiopia’s involvement in African politics between 1956 and 1991. In the process, the root causes of these divergent attitudes are scrutinized. More importantly, efforts are made to present the evolution of Ethiopia’s foreign policy directives on immediate security matters as well as general continental ix affairs. The archival sources extensively employed in the process of reconstruction have shed a new light on our understanding of the issue. The thesis argues that there is a much wider dimension to the nature of Ethiopia’s involvement in African affairs other than securing immediate interests related to Eritrean secessionism and Somali irredentism. In the mean time, though, the struggle to maintain these interests at times forced successive Ethiopian governments to violate the principles of non-intervention in the affairs of others and the territorial integrity of a nation state, the two main principles the country has steadfastly championed. Similarly, Ethiopia’s role in regional as well as continental activities reflects not only the country’s objectives but also existing realities of inter-state relations between and among Africans. The thesis clearly demonstrates that the inter-African contact entertained diverse issues other than the ideals of a Pan-African solidarity and African consciousness. Contrary to the conventional wisdom, the findings of this research establish that Ethiopia’s relations with its immediate neighbors and regional entities was much more complicated; its involvement in regional and continental affairs was fraught with confusion and controversy; and the achievements in the African field that were so much publicized were not that much impressive. In spite of this, however, the fact remains that the nature and extent of Ethiopia’s involvement in African affairs goes deeper than the customary dismissal of the matter as off-hand and occasional contacts with regional and continental actors
The Contribution of Parental Education For Girls Academic Achievement The Case of Selected Regions in Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2014-06) Aniley, Slyane; Husen, Abdul-Aziz (PhD)
The purpose of this study was to describe the contribution of parental education for girls academic achievement. For undertaking this study, the relevant data were gathered Fom various relevant sources, questions were set, dependent and independent variables were defined, tools for data collections were developed and fina lly the data was analyzed and inlelpreted. The instruments used for data collection were questioner, FGD, interview and observations. Parents (90), primary school female students (90), teachers (36), principal and community leaders were the sample, respondents of the study. The study was carried out in 5 primary schools of Bahirdar Zuria and 4 primary schools of Guto Gida district. The data obtained were analyzed using percentage and also coding, tabulating, graphing of the findings both in quantitative and qualitative manner. The final analysis result indicated that, Parental education contributes in increasing the parents ' involvement in their daughter 's education. Parental education changes and increases the concern of parents for the future of their girl child. Because parents know the benefit of education, parental support for the basic needs and educational material need is increased. Parental education reduces students ' absenteeism. Moreover, parental education increases the emotional attachment/ closeness of parents and children. From the above conclusion the researcher recommended that awareness creation on parental education, making parental education as a crosscutting agenda, link among stakeholders and organizing community dialogues on parental education is vital.
A Medical and Socio-Economic History of Eye Diseases (Trachoma and Glaucoma) and Blindness in Addis Ababa (1941-2013)
(Addis Ababa University, 2015-04) Umer, Mufteh; Chapple, David (PhD)
Trachoma and glaucoma are the oldest eye diseases and consequently blinding scourges that man has known since ancient times. The medical history of eye diseases in general and trachoma and glaucoma in particular is very much lagging and even ignored in Ethiopia. Data pertaining to the incidence, prevalence and situation of eye diseases in general and trachoma and glaucoma in particular in Ethiopia are fragmentary, incomplete and not sequential. Mos t researches on eye diseases in Ethiopia have been conducted by medical doctors and medical practitioners who have little or no interest in reconstructing medical history. Most of the researches done so far have focused on the prevalence of eye diseases in rural areas, especially trachoma. However, trachoma was prevalent in Addis Ababa in the past and still is prevalent. Glaucoma is also prevalent in rural and urban areas and it was and still is a major health problem but is a neglected area of study. This historical study attempts to fill this gap based on the available sources. Modem medical practice in the 20th century expanded under emperor Menelik II and his activity was continued by Emperor Haile Selassie I. The Menelilc II Hospital and Haile Selassie I Hospitals are my focus of study in which eye treatment service was given. In the past Ethiopians used to rely on traditional medicine and medical practitioners for all kind of diseases using traditional materials. This study discusses some traditional healing mechanisms to treat eye diseases in general. In addition to these traditional treatments in recent time Ethiopians have been utilizing modem medical treatment for eye diseases and the thesis attempts to reconstruct the progress of modem eye treatment and some problems related to medical treatment of eye diseases. Finally, the thesis looks at the social and economic problems of the blind and the institutional and medical response to these problems, with attempts at empowerment of sufferers from blindness.

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