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Item Typology and Mechanisms of Ethnic-based Online Hate Speech in Ethiopia: A Grounded Theory Approach(Addis Ababa University, 2024-06) Tadesse Megersa; Abebaw Minaye (PhD)Using language that devalues others is known to be the royal road to enemy-making, identity based conflict, and genocide. Parallel to the explosive growth of social media users in Ethiopia, ethnic-based hate speech has increased to the point where it is ripping Ethiopian society apart and threatening the values of democracy, human dignity, and peaceful coexistence. The present grounded theory-inspired study aims to explore the types of ethnic-based hate speech, how it occurs, and how social media users react to hate speech posts on social media. In order to address these objectives, relevant social media contents are collected from a few purposefully selected social media accounts or pages, from Facebook, YouTube news Channels, and Twitter platforms. Using a broader working definition and a checklist, hate speech data was manually collected, while comments given to a few of the hate speech posts were automatically extracted using a web link called exportcomment.com. In addition to social media content, six interviews were also conducted to support the findings obtained from the analysis of social media content. The collected data are stored in dataset, one by one until data saturation is reached. After immersion into the dataset, the analysis is guided by inductive coding as well as relevant grounded theory principles such as constant comparative analysis. Through inductive coding, hence, codes, concepts, and categories are generated and presented with thick descriptions. The finding shows four types of hate speech (dehumanization, enemification, devaluation, and attacking and repelling), three core categories of mechanisms (earned reputation, trolling and poaching, and user-fallibility), and five roles of users in reacting to hate speech posts (trolling, pacemaking, peacemaking, guarding, and informing). In addition, the findings show four interrelated contexts in which the hate speeches were framed: competition and disagreement over history and resources, the conflict in the Northern part of Ethiopia, lack of diversity tolerance, and failure of the government to uphold law and order. The study discusses the findings and provides recommendations deemed necessary to counteract hate speech. Keywords: Hate speech, dehumanization, enemification, devaluation, trolling, pacemaking, poaching, earned reputationItem Work Type Personality Traits and Selected Socio-Demographic Factors as Determinants of Organizational and Operational Police Stress in the Ethiopian Federal Police(Addis Ababa University, 2024-02) Tamirt Mulugeta; Teka Zewdie (PhD)This study examined the relationship personality traits gender, work experience, police rThis study examined the relationship personality traits gender, work experience, police r This study examined the relationship personality traits gender, work experience, police r This study examined the relationship personality traits gender, work experience, police rThis study examined the relationship personality traits gender, work experience, police r This study examined the relationship personality traits gender, work experience, police r This study examined the relationship personality traits gender, work experience, police rThis study examined the relationship personality traits gender, work experience, police rThis study examined the relationship personality traits gender, work experience, police r This study examined the relationship personality traits gender, work experience, police r This study examined the relationship personality traits gender, work experience, police r This study examined the relationship personality traits gender, work experience, police r This study examined the relationship personality traits gender, work experience, police r This study examined the relationship personality traits gender, work experience, police r This study examined the relationship personality traits gender, work experience, police r This study examined the relationship personality traits gender, work experience, police rThis study examined the relationship personality traits gender, work experience, police r This study examined the relationship personality traits gender, work experience, police r This study examined the relationship personality traits gender, work experience, police r This study examined the relationship personality traits gender, work experience, police rThis study examined the relationship personality traits gender, work experience, police r This study examined the relationship personality traits gender, work experience, police r This study examined the relationship personality traits gender, work experience, police rThis study examined the relationship personality traits gender, work experience, police r This study examined the relationship personality traits gender, work experience, police rThis study examined the relationship personality traits gender, work experience, police r This study examined the relationship personality traits gender, work experience, police rThis study examined the relationship personality traits gender, work experience, police rThis study examined the relationship personality traits gender, work experience, police r ank, ank, marital status, and type of police duty have with organizational operational stress in marital status, and type of police duty have with organizational operational stress in marital status, and type of police duty have with organizational operational stress in marital status, and type of police duty have with organizational operational stress in marital status, and type of police duty have with organizational operational stress in marital status, and type of police duty have with organizational operational stress in marital status, and type of police duty have with organizational operational stress in marital status, and type of police duty have with organizational operational stress in marital status, and type of police duty have with organizational operational stress in marital status, and type of police duty have with organizational operational stress in marital status, and type of police duty have with organizational operational stress in marital status, and type of police duty have with organizational operational stress in marital status, and type of police duty have with organizational operational stress in marital status, and type of police duty have with organizational operational stress in marital status, and type of police duty have with organizational operational stress in marital status, and type of police duty have with organizational operational stress in marital status, and type of police duty have with organizational operational stress in marital status, and type of police duty have with organizational operational stress in marital status, and type of police duty have with organizational operational stress in marital status, and type of police duty have with organizational operational stress in marital status, and type of police duty have with organizational operational stress in marital status, and type of police duty have with organizational operational stress in the Ethiopian Federal Police Commission using a cross the Ethiopian Federal Police Commission using a cross the Ethiopian Federal Police Commission using a cross the Ethiopian Federal Police Commission using a cross the Ethiopian Federal Police Commission using a cross the Ethiopian Federal Police Commission using a cross the Ethiopian Federal Police Commission using a cross the Ethiopian Federal Police Commission using a cross the Ethiopian Federal Police Commission using a cross the Ethiopian Federal Police Commission using a cross the Ethiopian Federal Police Commission using a cross the Ethiopian Federal Police Commission using a cross -sectional survey design. Using a sectional survey design. Using a sectional survey design. Using a sectional survey design. Using a sectional survey design. Using a sectional survey design. Using a sectional survey design. Using a sectional survey design. Using a sectional survey design. Using a sectional survey design. Using a stratified sampling technique, 401 (22.9% female) police personnel stratified sampling technique, 401 (22.9% female) police personnel stratified sampling technique, 401 (22.9% female) police personnel stratified sampling technique, 401 (22.9% female) police personnelstratified sampling technique, 401 (22.9% female) police personnel stratified sampling technique, 401 (22.9% female) police personnel stratified sampling technique, 401 (22.9% female) police personnel stratified sampling technique, 401 (22.9% female) police personnel stratified sampling technique, 401 (22.9% female) police personnel stratified sampling technique, 401 (22.9% female) police personnelstratified sampling technique, 401 (22.9% female) police personnel stratified sampling technique, 401 (22.9% female) police personnel stratified sampling technique, 401 (22.9% female) police personnel stratified sampling technique, 401 (22.9% female) police personnelstratified sampling technique, 401 (22.9% female) police personnelstratified sampling technique, 401 (22.9% female) police personnelstratified sampling technique, 401 (22.9% female) police personnel stratified sampling technique, 401 (22.9% female) police personnelstratified sampling technique, 401 (22.9% female) police personnelstratified sampling technique, 401 (22.9% female) police personnel stratified sampling technique, 401 (22.9% female) police personnel were selected and completed were selected and completed were selected and completed were selected and completed were selected and completed were selected and completed were selected and completed were selected and completed were selected and completed were selected and completed were selected and completed were selected and completed were selected and completed the survey. The findings revealed that officers in Ethiopian Federal Police Commission the survey. The findings revealed that officers in Ethiopian Federal Police Commission the survey. The findings revealed that officers in Ethiopian Federal Police Commission the survey. The findings revealed that officers in Ethiopian Federal Police Commission the survey. The findings revealed that officers in Ethiopian Federal Police Commission the survey. The findings revealed that officers in Ethiopian Federal Police Commission the survey. The findings revealed that officers in Ethiopian Federal Police Commission the survey. The findings revealed that officers in Ethiopian Federal Police Commission the survey. The findings revealed that officers in Ethiopian Federal Police Commission the survey. The findings revealed that officers in Ethiopian Federal Police Commission the survey. The findings revealed that officers in Ethiopian Federal Police Commission the survey. The findings revealed that officers in Ethiopian Federal Police Commission the survey. The findings revealed that officers in Ethiopian Federal Police Commission the survey. The findings revealed that officers in Ethiopian Federal Police Commission the survey. The findings revealed that officers in Ethiopian Federal Police Commission the survey. The findings revealed that officers in Ethiopian Federal Police Commission the survey. The findings revealed that officers in Ethiopian Federal Police Commission the survey. The findings revealed that officers in Ethiopian Federal Police Commission the survey. The findings revealed that officers in Ethiopian Federal Police Commission the survey. The findings revealed that officers in Ethiopian Federal Police Commission the survey. The findings revealed that officers in Ethiopian Federal Police Commission the survey. The findings revealed that officers in Ethiopian Federal Police Commission the survey. The findings revealed that officers in Ethiopian Federal Police Commission the survey. The findings revealed that officers in Ethiopian Federal Police Commission the survey. The findings revealed that officers in Ethiopian Federal Police Commission the survey. The findings revealed that officers in Ethiopian Federal Police Commission the survey. The findings revealed that officers in Ethiopian Federal Police Commission the survey. The findings revealed that officers in Ethiopian Federal Police Commission experience a high experience a high experience a high experience a high experience a high experience a high experience a high level of occupational stress, with level of occupational stress, withlevel of occupational stress, with level of occupational stress, with level of occupational stress, with level of occupational stress, with level of occupational stress, with level of occupational stress, withlevel of occupational stress, with level of occupational stress, with level of occupational stress, with organizational stress (M = organizational stress (M = organizational stress (M = organizational stress (M = organizational stress (M = organizational stress (M = organizational stress (M = organizational stress (M = organizational stress (M = 4.03 ) found to be found to be found to be higher than operational stress (M = higher than operational stress (M = higher than operational stress (M = higher than operational stress (M = higher than operational stress (M = higher than operational stress (M = higher than operational stress (M = higher than operational stress (M = 3. 89 ). Female police officers reported a higher level of ). Female police officers reported a higher level of ). Female police officers reported a higher level of ). Female police officers reported a higher level of ). Female police officers reported a higher level of ). Female police officers reported a higher level of ). Female police officers reported a higher level of ). Female police officers reported a higher level of ). Female police officers reported a higher level of ). Female police officers reported a higher level of ). Female police officers reported a higher level of ). Female police officers reported a higher level of ). Female police officers reported a higher level of ). Female police officers reported a higher level of ). Female police officers reported a higher level of ). Female police officers reported a higher level of ). Female police officers reported a higher level of ). Female police officers reported a higher level of ). Female police officers reported a higher level of ). Female police officers reported a higher level of ). Female police officers reported a higher level of operational stress than male police officers, though their organizational level did not operational stress than male police officers, though their organizational level did not operational stress than male police officers, though their organizational level did not operational stress than male police officers, though their organizational level did not operational stress than male police officers, though their organizational level did not operational stress than male police officers, though their organizational level did not operational stress than male police officers, though their organizational level did not operational stress than male police officers, though their organizational level did not operational stress than male police officers, though their organizational level did not operational stress than male police officers, though their organizational level did not operational stress than male police officers, though their organizational level did not operational stress than male police officers, though their organizational level did not operational stress than male police officers, though their organizational level did not operational stress than male police officers, though their organizational level did not operational stress than male police officers, though their organizational level did not operational stress than male police officers, though their organizational level did not operational stress than male police officers, though their organizational level did not operational stress than male police officers, though their organizational level did not operational stress than male police officers, though their organizational level did not operational stress than male police officers, though their organizational level did not operational stress than male police officers, though their organizational level did not operational stress than male police officers, though their organizational level did not operational stress than male police officers, though their organizational level did not operational stress than male police officers, though their organizational level did not operational stress than male police officers, though their organizational level did not operational stress than male police officers, though their organizational level did not operational stress than male police officers, though their organizational level did not operational stress than male police officers, though their organizational level did not significantly differ. Age and years of experience significantly differ. Age and years of experience significantly differ. Age and years of experience significantly differ. Age and years of experience significantly differ. Age and years of experience significantly differ. Age and years of experience significantly differ. Age and years of experience significantly differ. Age and years of experience significantly differ. Age and years of experience significantly differ. Age and years of experience significantly differ. Age and years of experience significantly differ. Age and years of experience significantly differ. Age and years of experience significantly differ. Age and years of experience significantly differ. Age and years of experience significantly differ. Age and years of experience significantly differ. Age and years of experience significantly differ. Age and years of experience significantly differ. Age and years of experience werewerewerewere found to have a negative association with found to have a negative association with found to have a negative association with found to have a negative association with found to have a negative association with found to have a negative association with found to have a negative association with found to have a negative association with found to have a negative association with found to have a negative association with found to have a negative association with the level the levelthe levelthe level of organizational stress (r = of organizational stress (r = of organizational stress (r = of organizational stress (r = of organizational stress (r = of organizational stress (r = of organizational stress (r = of organizational stress (r = of organizational stress (r = of organizational stress (r = -.408 and -.462, respectively). A significant negative .462, respectively). A significant negative .462, respectively). A significant negative .462, respectively). A significant negative .462, respectively). A significant negative .462, respectively). A significant negative .462, respectively). A significant negative .462, respectively). A significant negative .462, respectively). A significant negative .462, respectively). A significant negative .462, respectively). A significant negative .462, respectively). A significant negative .462, respectively). A significant negative .462, respectively). A significant negative .462, respectively). A significant negative .462, respectively). A significant negative .462, respectively). A significant negative association was also reported between operational police stress and age experience (r = association was also reported between operational police stress and age experience (r = association was also reported between operational police stress and age experience (r = association was also reported between operational police stress and age experience (r = association was also reported between operational police stress and age experience (r = association was also reported between operational police stress and age experience (r = association was also reported between operational police stress and age experience (r = association was also reported between operational police stress and age experience (r = association was also reported between operational police stress and age experience (r = association was also reported between operational police stress and age experience (r = association was also reported between operational police stress and age experience (r = association was also reported between operational police stress and age experience (r = association was also reported between operational police stress and age experience (r = association was also reported between operational police stress and age experience (r = association was also reported between operational police stress and age experience (r = association was also reported between operational police stress and age experience (r = association was also reported between operational police stress and age experience (r = association was also reported between operational police stress and age experience (r = association was also reported between operational police stress and age experience (r = association was also reported between operational police stress and age experience (r = association was also reported between operational police stress and age experience (r = association was also reported between operational police stress and age experience (r = association was also reported between operational police stress and age experience (r = association was also reported between operational police stress and age experience (r = association was also reported between operational police stress and age experience (r = association was also reported between operational police stress and age experience (r = association was also reported between operational police stress and age experience (r = association was also reported between operational police stress and age experience (r = association was also reported between operational police stress and age experience (r = association was also reported between operational police stress and age experience (r = -.303 and -.297, respectively). .297, respectively). .297, respectively). .297, respectively). .297, respectively). .297, respectively). .297, respectively). .297, respectively). .297, respectively). .297, respectively). Concerning police rank Concerning police rank Concerning police rank Concerning police rank Concerning police rank Concerning police rank Concerning police rank Concerning police rank Concerning police rank Concerning police rank beginners and lower beginners and lower beginners and lowerbeginners and lower-lev el leaders reportel leaders report el leaders reportel leaders report el leaders report el leaders reportel leaders report ed higher level of organizational and operational st higher level of organizational and operational sthigher level of organizational and operational st higher level of organizational and operational st higher level of organizational and operational st higher level of organizational and operational st higher level of organizational and operational st higher level of organizational and operational st higher level of organizational and operational stress than highress than highress than high ress than high -ranked officers. Moreover ranked officers. Moreover ranked officers. Moreover ranked officers. Moreover ranked officers. Moreover ranked officers. Moreover ranked officers. Moreover ranked officers. Moreover ranked officers. Moreover ranked officers. Moreover ranked officers. Moreover ranked officers. Moreover single single single police personnel reported the highest organizational and operational police personnel reported the highest organizational and operational police personnel reported the highest organizational and operational police personnel reported the highest organizational and operational police personnel reported the highest organizational and operational police personnel reported the highest organizational and operational police personnel reported the highest organizational and operational police personnel reported the highest organizational and operational police personnel reported the highest organizational and operational police personnel reported the highest organizational and operational police personnel reported the highest organizational and operational police personnel reported the highest organizational and operational police personnel reported the highest organizational and operational police personnel reported the highest organizational and operational police personnel reported the highest organizational and operational police personnel reported the highest organizational and operational police personnel reported the highest organizational and operational police personnel reported the highest organizational and operational police personnel reported the highest organizational and operational police personnel reported the highest organizational and operational police personnel reported the highest organizational and operational stress compared to married, stress compared to married, stress compared to married, stress compared to married, stress compared to married, stress compared to married, stress compared to married, stress compared to married, stress compared to married, divorced, separated, and widowed divorced, separated, and widoweddivorced, separated, and widoweddivorced, separated, and widowed divorced, separated, and widowed divorced, separated, and widoweddivorced, separated, and widowed divorced, separated, and widoweddivorced, separated, and widowed divorced, separated, and widoweddivorced, separated, and widowed categoriecategorie s. WithWith With personality personality personality personality traits traits , Neuroticism was found to Neuroticism was found to Neuroticism was found to Neuroticism was found to Neuroticism was found to Neuroticism was found to Neuroticism was found to Neuroticism was found to have a significant positive correlation with organizational and operational police stress (r=.163 have a significant positive correlation with organizational and operational police stress (r=.163 have a significant positive correlation with organizational and operational police stress (r=.163 have a significant positive correlation with organizational and operational police stress (r=.163 have a significant positive correlation with organizational and operational police stress (r=.163 have a significant positive correlation with organizational and operational police stress (r=.163 have a significant positive correlation with organizational and operational police stress (r=.163 have a significant positive correlation with organizational and operational police stress (r=.163 have a significant positive correlation with organizational and operational police stress (r=.163 have a significant positive correlation with organizational and operational police stress (r=.163 have a significant positive correlation with organizational and operational police stress (r=.163 have a significant positive correlation with organizational and operational police stress (r=.163 have a significant positive correlation with organizational and operational police stress (r=.163 have a significant positive correlation with organizational and operational police stress (r=.163 have a significant positive correlation with organizational and operational police stress (r=.163 have a significant positive correlation with organizational and operational police stress (r=.163 have a significant positive correlation with organizational and operational police stress (r=.163 have a significant positive correlation with organizational and operational police stress (r=.163 have a significant positive correlation with organizational and operational police stress (r=.163 have a significant positive correlation with organizational and operational police stress (r=.163 have a significant positive correlation with organizational and operational police stress (r=.163 have a significant positive correlation with organizational and operational police stress (r=.163 have a significant positive correlation with organizational and operational police stress (r=.163 have a significant positive correlation with organizational and operational police stress (r=.163 have a significant positive correlation with organizational and operational police stress (r=.163 have a significant positive correlation with organizational and operational police stress (r=.163 have a significant positive correlation with organizational and operational police stress (r=.163 have a significant positive correlation with organizational and operational police stress (r=.163 and .196) respectively. Similarly, significant positive relationship was observed between and .196) respectively. Similarly, significant positive relationship was observed between and .196) respectively. Similarly, significant positive relationship was observed between and .196) respectively. Similarly, significant positive relationship was observed between and .196) respectively. Similarly, significant positive relationship was observed between and .196) respectively. Similarly, significant positive relationship was observed between and .196) respectively. Similarly, significant positive relationship was observed between and .196) respectively. Similarly, significant positive relationship was observed between and .196) respectively. Similarly, significant positive relationship was observed between and .196) respectively. Similarly, significant positive relationship was observed between and .196) respectively. Similarly, significant positive relationship was observed between and .196) respectively. Similarly, significant positive relationship was observed between and .196) respectively. Similarly, significant positive relationship was observed between and .196) respectively. Similarly, significant positive relationship was observed between and .196) respectively. Similarly, significant positive relationship was observed between and .196) respectively. Similarly, significant positive relationship was observed between and .196) respectively. Similarly, significant positive relationship was observed between and .196) respectively. Similarly, significant positive relationship was observed between and .196) respectively. Similarly, significant positive relationship was observed between and .196) respectively. Similarly, significant positive relationship was observed between and .196) respectively. Similarly, significant positive relationship was observed between and .196) respectively. Similarly, significant positive relationship was observed between and .196) respectively. Similarly, significant positive relationship was observed between and .196) respectively. Similarly, significant positive relationship was observed between and .196) respectively. Similarly, significant positive relationship was observed between and .196) respectively. Similarly, significant positive relationship was observed between and .196) respectively. Similarly, significant positive relationship was observed between and .196) respectively. Similarly, significant positive relationship was observed between and .196) respectively. Similarly, significant positive relationship was observed between and .196) respectively. Similarly, significant positive relationship was observed between and .196) respectively. Similarly, significant positive relationship was observed between agreeableness agreeableness agreeableness agreeableness agreeableness agreeableness and police organizational stress (r=.316) operational 226). and police organizational stress (r=.316) operational 226). and police organizational stress (r=.316) operational 226). and police organizational stress (r=.316) operational 226). and police organizational stress (r=.316) operational 226). and police organizational stress (r=.316) operational 226). and police organizational stress (r=.316) operational 226). and police organizational stress (r=.316) operational 226). and police organizational stress (r=.316) operational 226). and police organizational stress (r=.316) operational 226). and police organizational stress (r=.316) operational 226). and police organizational stress (r=.316) operational 226). and police organizational stress (r=.316) operational 226). and police organizational stress (r=.316) operational 226). and police organizational stress (r=.316) operational 226). and police organizational stress (r=.316) operational 226). and police organizational stress (r=.316) operational 226). and police organizational stress (r=.316) operational 226). and police organizational stress (r=.316) operational 226). and police organizational stress (r=.316) operational 226). and police organizational stress (r=.316) operational 226). and police organizational stress (r=.316) operational 226). and police organizational stress (r=.316) operational 226). and police organizational stress (r=.316) operational 226). and police organizational stress (r=.316) operational 226). and police organizational stress (r=.316) operational 226). and police organizational stress (r=.316) operational 226). Conscientiousness was also found to have a significant positive association with organizational Conscientiousness was also found to have a significant positive association with organizational Conscientiousness was also found to have a significant positive association with organizational Conscientiousness was also found to have a significant positive association with organizational Conscientiousness was also found to have a significant positive association with organizational Conscientiousness was also found to have a significant positive association with organizational Conscientiousness was also found to have a significant positive association with organizational Conscientiousness was also found to have a significant positive association with organizational Conscientiousness was also found to have a significant positive association with organizational Conscientiousness was also found to have a significant positive association with organizational Conscientiousness was also found to have a significant positive association with organizational Conscientiousness was also found to have a significant positive association with organizational Conscientiousness was also found to have a significant positive association with organizational Conscientiousness was also found to have a significant positive association with organizational Conscientiousness was also found to have a significant positive association with organizational Conscientiousness was also found to have a significant positive association with organizational Conscientiousness was also found to have a significant positive association with organizational Conscientiousness was also found to have a significant positive association with organizational Conscientiousness was also found to have a significant positive association with organizational Conscientiousness was also found to have a significant positive association with organizational Conscientiousness was also found to have a significant positive association with organizational Conscientiousness was also found to have a significant positive association with organizational police stress (.279) and operational 179). Organizational poli police stress (.279) and operational 179). Organizational polipolice stress (.279) and police operational 179). Organizational polipolice stress (.279) and police operational 179). Organizational poli police stress (.279) and operational 179). Organizational polipolice stress (.279) and police operational 179). Organizational poli police stress (.279) and operational 179). Organizational polipolice stress (.279) and police operational 179). Organizational poli police stress (.279) and operational 179). Organizational polipolice stress (.279) and police operational 179). Organizational poli police stress (.279) and operational 179). Organizational poli police stress (.279) and operational 179). Organizational polipolice stress (.279) and police operational 179). Organizational polipolice stress (.279) and police operational 179). Organizational poli police stress (.279) and operational 179). Organizational poli police stress (.279) and operational 179). Organizational poli police stress (.279) and operational 179). Organizational poli police stress (.279) and operational 179). Organizational polipolice stress (.279) and police operational 179). Organizational poli police stress (.279) and operational 179). Organizational polipolice stress (.279) and police operational 179). Organizational poli police stress (.279) and operational 179). Organizational poli police stress (.279) and operational 179). Organizational poli police stress (.279) and operational 179). Organizational poli police stress (.279) and operational 179). Organizational poli police stress (.279) and operational 179). Organizational poli police stress (.279) and operational 179). Organizational stress was also ce stress was also ce stress was also ce stress was also ce stress was also ce stress was also ce stress was also found to have a significant negative association with extroversion and openness (r= found to have a significant negative association with extroversion and openness (r= found to have a significant negative association with extroversion and openness (r=found to have a significant negative association with extroversion and openness (r= found to have a significant negative association with extroversion and openness (r= found to have a significant negative association with extroversion and openness (r= found to have a significant negative association with extroversion and openness (r= found to have a significant negative association with extroversion and openness (r=found to have a significant negative association with extroversion and openness (r=found to have a significant negative association with extroversion and openness (r= found to have a significant negative association with extroversion and openness (r= found to have a significant negative association with extroversion and openness (r= found to have a significant negative association with extroversion and openness (r= found to have a significant negative association with extroversion and openness (r=found to have a significant negative association with extroversion and openness (r= found to have a significant negative association with extroversion and openness (r= found to have a significant negative association with extroversion and openness (r=found to have a significant negative association with extroversion and openness (r= found to have a significant negative association with extroversion and openness (r= found to have a significant negative association with extroversion and openness (r=found to have a significant negative association with extroversion and openness (r= found to have a significant negative association with extroversion and openness (r= found to have a significant negative association with extroversion and openness (r=found to have a significant negative association with extroversion and openness (r= -.137 and r= -.160) respectively. Extroversion and openness did not have a significant association with .160) respectively. Extroversion and openness did not have a significant association with .160) respectively. Extroversion and openness did not have a significant association with .160) respectively. Extroversion and openness did not have a significant association with .160) respectively. Extroversion and openness did not have a significant association with .160) respectively. Extroversion and openness did not have a significant association with .160) respectively. Extroversion and openness did not have a significant association with .160) respectively. Extroversion and openness did not have a significant association with .160) respectively. Extroversion and openness did not have a significant association with .160) respectively. Extroversion and openness did not have a significant association with .160) respectively. Extroversion and openness did not have a significant association with .160) respectively. Extroversion and openness did not have a significant association with .160) respectively. Extroversion and openness did not have a significant association with .160) respectively. Extroversion and openness did not have a significant association with .160) respectively. Extroversion and openness did not have a significant association with .160) respectively. Extroversion and openness did not have a significant association with .160) respectively. Extroversion and openness did not have a significant association with .160) respectively. Extroversion and openness did not have a significant association with .160) respectively. Extroversion and openness did not have a significant association with .160) respectively. Extroversion and openness did not have a significant association with .160) respectively. Extroversion and openness did not have a significant association with .160) respectively. Extroversion and openness did not have a significant association with .160) respectively. Extroversion and openness did not have a significant association with .160) respectively. Extroversion and openness did not have a significant association with .160) respectively. Extroversion and openness did not have a significant association with .160) respectively. Extroversion and openness did not have a significant association with .160) respectively. Extroversion and openness did not have a significant association with .160) respectively. Extroversion and openness did not have a significant association with operational police stress. The regression analysis operational police stress. The regression analysis operational police stress. The regression analysis operational police stress. The regression analysis operational police stress. The regression analysis operational police stress. The regression analysis operational police stress. The regression analysis operational police stress. The regression analysis operational police stress. The regression analysis operational police stress. The regression analysis operational police stress. The regression analysis operational police stress. The regression analysis operational police stress. The regression analysis operational police stress. The regression analysis operational police stress. The regression analysis showed that four of the personality traits showed that four of the personality traits showed that four of the personality traits showed that four of the personality traits showed that four of the personality traits showed that four of the personality traits showed that four of the personality traits showed that four of the personality traits showed that four of the personality traits showed that four of the personality traits showed that four of the personality traits showed that four of the personality traits showed that four of the personality traits (neuroticism, extroversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness) significantly predicted both (neuroticism, extroversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness) significantly predicted both (neuroticism, extroversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness) significantly predicted both (neuroticism, extroversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness) significantly predicted both (neuroticism, extroversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness) significantly predicted both (neuroticism, extroversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness) significantly predicted both (neuroticism, extroversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness) significantly predicted both (neuroticism, extroversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness) significantly predicted both (neuroticism, extroversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness) significantly predicted both (neuroticism, extroversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness) significantly predicted both (neuroticism, extroversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness) significantly predicted both (neuroticism, extroversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness) significantly predicted both (neuroticism, extroversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness) significantly predicted both (neuroticism, extroversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness) significantly predicted both (neuroticism, extroversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness) significantly predicted both (neuroticism, extroversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness) significantly predicted both (neuroticism, extroversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness) significantly predicted both (neuroticism, extroversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness) significantly predicted both (neuroticism, extroversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness) significantly predicted both (neuroticism, extroversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness) significantly predicted both (neuroticism, extroversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness) significantly predicted both (neuroticism, extroversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness) significantly predicted both (neuroticism, extroversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness) significantly predicted both (neuroticism, extroversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness) significantly predicted both (neuroticism, extroversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness) significantly predicted both (neuroticism, extroversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness) significantly predicted both (neuroticism, extroversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness) significantly predicted both (neuroticism, extroversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness) significantly predicted both (neuroticism, extroversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness) significantly predicted both (neuroticism, extroversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness) significantly predicted both (neuroticism, extroversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness) significantly predicted both (neuroticism, extroversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness) significantly predicted both (neuroticism, extroversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness) significantly predicted both police organizational and operational stress, but not openness. It can be concluded that police organizational and operational stress, but not openness. It can be concluded that police organizational and operational stress, but not openness. It can be concluded that police organizational and operational stress, but not openness. It can be concluded that police organizational and operational stress, but not openness. It can be concluded that police organizational and operational stress, but not openness. It can be concluded that police organizational and operational stress, but not openness. It can be concluded that police organizational and operational stress, but not openness. It can be concluded that police organizational and operational stress, but not openness. It can be concluded that police organizational and operational stress, but not openness. It can be concluded that police organizational and operational stress, but not openness. It can be concluded that police organizational and operational stress, but not openness. It can be concluded that police organizational and operational stress, but not openness. It can be concluded that police organizational and operational stress, but not openness. It can be concluded that police organizational and operational stress, but not openness. It can be concluded that police organizational and operational stress, but not openness. It can be concluded that police organizational and operational stress, but not openness. It can be concluded that police organizational and operational stress, but not openness. It can be concluded that personality traits personality traits personality traits personality traits personality traits personality traits werewerewerewere the si gnificant predictors of police organizational and operational stress gnificant predictors of police organizational and operational stress gnificant predictors of police organizational and operational stress gnificant predictors of police organizational and operational stress gnificant predictors of police organizational and operational stress gnificant predictors of police organizational and operational stress gnificant predictors of police organizational and operational stress gnificant predictors of police organizational and operational stress gnificant predictors of police organizational and operational stress gnificant predictors of police organizational and operational stress gnificant predictors of police organizational and operational stress gnificant predictors of police organizational and operational stress gnificant predictors of police organizational and operational stress gnificant predictors of police organizational and operational stress gnificant predictors of police organizational and operational stress gnificant predictors of police organizational and operational stress gnificant predictors of police organizational and operational stress in the Ethiopian Federa in the Ethiopian Federa in the Ethiopian Federa in the Ethiopian Federa in the Ethiopian Federa in the Ethiopian Federa l Police hinting that, for increased performance and better public l Police hinting that, for increased performance and better public l Police hinting that, for increased performance and better public l Police hinting that, for increased performance and better public l Police hinting that, for increased performance and better public l Police hinting that, for increased performance and better public l Police hinting that, for increased performance and better public l Police hinting that, for increased performance and better public l Police hinting that, for increased performance and better public l Police hinting that, for increased performance and better public l Police hinting that, for increased performance and better public l Police hinting that, for increased performance and better public l Police hinting that, for increased performance and better public l Police hinting that, for increased performance and better public l Police hinting that, for increased performance and better public l Police hinting that, for increased performance and better public l Police hinting that, for increased performance and better public l Police hinting that, for increased performance and better public l Police hinting that, for increased performance and better public l Police hinting that, for increased performance and better public l Police hinting that, for increased performance and better public l Police hinting that, for increased performance and better public services services services services police organizations should consider personality types on recruitment and task assignment. Keywords: organizational stress, operational stress, personality traitsItem Relationship between Servant Leadership and Turnover Intentions among Academic Staff in Northern Ethiopian Public Universities Using Affective Commitment as a Mediator(Addis Ababa University, 2023-10) Mulu Temere; Belay Tefera (PhD)The main objective of the study was to examine the extent and relationship between servant leadership and turnover intention among faculty in northern Ethiopian public universities. Besides, the study investigated the mediating role of affective commitment in the relationship between servant leadership and turnover intention. By design, this study is both descriptive and correlational. A sample of 153 faculty members from three northern Ethiopian public universities was used as a data source. Moreover, to consolidate the evidences, additional data were collected from nine former faculty members of the sampled universities. A stratified random sampling method was employed to select both the sample universities and the participants. Moreover, a snowball sampling technique was employed to select participants for the interview. Three standardized scales were adapted and employed. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. Findings of the descriptive analysis revealed that the levels of servant leadership, affective commitment, and turnover intentions were found to be low, moderate, and above average, respectively. The results of the multiple regression analysis revealed that sociodemographic characteristics did not significantly predict turnover intentions, but servant leadership and affective commitment did. Furthermore, the examination of the mediation analysis shows that affective commitment partially mediates the relationship between servant leadership and the intention to leave the organization. The Implications of the findings for research and practice were discussed. Keywords: servant leadership, affective commitment, turnover intentionItem “Psychological Treatments” Provided to Mental Health Patients in Torhailoch Specialized Hospital: Situation Analysis(Addis Ababa University, 2018-05) Tiruneh, Debebe; Zeleke, Seleshi (PhD)A qualitative research of explanatory case study type was applied to investigate the situation of psychological treatments that are provided to mental health patients in Torhailoch Hospital. Six psychiatric nurses and three psychiatric patients were involved in the study by using purposive sampling method. Interviews, observations and document analysis were also applied to collect data. Four points were identified as findings. The psychiatric nurses who were delivering the psychological service in the hospital had inadequate trainings regarding psychological therapies; the psychiatric nurses did not make use of any theory of psychotherapy while they were conducting group or individual therapy; the prominent psychological service that was given in the hospital was group therapy which comprised of every psychiatric patient in a single group, and focusing on providing psychoeducation; the hospital gave little attention to the use psychological means for the treatment of psychiatric patients. However, it found that the psychiatric nurses and the mental health patients had positive attitudes toward the usefulness of psychological therapies for the wellbeing of patients. Moreover, the psychiatric nurses had high interest to help patients using psychological method.Item Knowledge, attitude and practices of hotel staffs towards Ebola Virus Disease in Bole sub city, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2016-06) Tilahun, Wondwosen; Amare, Berhanu (PhD)Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) is a fatal illness. It has been causing health, economic, social and psychological problems on nationally, regionally as well as globally. The recent outbreak affected West Africa; it could spread to other countries, like Ethiopia, through trade and travel. Prevention was the best option. Hotel staff is one of the vulnerable groups for infectious disease like EVD. To design prevention strategy it is important to know their knowledge, attitude and practice towards EVD. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the status of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) of hotel staff in Bole sub city, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. To examine this descriptive study design was employed with qualitative and quantitative data collection methods. Self-administered questionnaire was used to collect quantitative data from 9 hotels 396 staffs randomly selected. The questionnaire consisted of six sections with a total of 35 questions. The questions were intended to pertain respondents’ socio demographic data, their knowledge, perception, behavior; attitude towards guest and practice towards EVD. The quantitative data were obtained from hotel managers through in depth interview. SPSS software was used to data entry and data analysis. Hence, Knowledge on the cause of EVD was good among hotel staff however their knowledge on sign, symptom were satisfactory. Majority of the staff believed that their chance of contracting EVD were low. The respondent’s attitude towards guests and health professionals returned from West Africa was fearful and suspicious. Most of the staff believed that EVD could be prevented by avoiding physical contact. The possible reason to their knowledge and believe was multimedia intervention and interpersonal risk communication. Most of the respondents used television as source of information. Further study recommended on post epidemic phase risk communication material review.Item Safety Climate Perception and its contribution for the Prediction of Actual Work Place Injuries among Workers of Kombolcha Textile Factory(Addis Ababa University, 2014-05) Seid, Esmael; Singh, Yeswant (Professor)Textile industry is characterized by a high existence of many potential hazards that can easily inflict occupational injuries among workers. Recent years have witnessed the link between the concepts of safety climate with variety of safety outcomes including accidents and injuries .Yet, safety climate measures are rarely addressed in Ethiopia. Therefore, the objective of this study was to explore the role of employees’ safety climate perception with regard to predicting occurrence occupational injuries. Moreover, the study also examines the difference in safety climate perception based on demographic factors to aid a greater understanding of the many dynamics in predicting injuries among respondents. A cross sectional study design was conducted on 255 employees’ from the three production deportments (spinning, weaving and finishing) of kombolcha textile factory. A pre tested safety climate scale which was originally developed by Cox and Cheyne (2000) was employed in order to assess the prevalent safety climate in the factory. This tool has 43 items within nine dimensions. The prevalence rate of injuries in the factory was 294 per 1000 exposed workers per year. Fingers and hands were the most affected body parts. Workers gender, age and length of service duration also appeared as significant predictors of occupational injuries. Findings from this study show, when all the nine dimensions of the safety climate tool were considered as independent variable and injuries as dependent variable, safety climate perception of employees were significant in predicting occupational injuries. The study also showed certain safety climate dimensions were more salient in predicting injuries. Finally the study implies, by using safety climate surveys as a proactive indicator of safety, organizations can modify their safety condition trough intervening to certain aspects of safety climate dimensions that are linked with injuries. Key words: Employees, demographic factors, Safety Climate Perception, dimension of safety climate, injury,Item The Implementation of Health Communication in Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahido Church: The Case of Mahibere Kidusan Head Office(Addis Ababa University, 2014-05) Abeje, Abraham; Minaye, Abebaw (PhD)This study examined the frequency of health communication of Gibi Gubae Students of AAU in the teachings of Mahibere Kidusan. Two hundred fifty five students have participated after being selected randomly. A five point Linkert Scale of health communication was used. Logistic regression was used to analyze dichotomous variables of health-related factors. Independent sample t-test and chi square tests were applied to investigate the difference between male-female students in Mahibere Kidusan. There is no significant difference between male and female on the healthy style of life score. The proportion of males who responded to prevalence of health communication is not significantly different from the proportion of females. Therefore, it is recommended that health Communication in Mahibere Kidusan should be continuous and encouraged.