Browsing by Author "Mamo Hassen (PhD)"

Now showing 1 - 20 of 24
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Anemia among Pregnant Women in Kelela Health Center, South Wollo, Northeast Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2016-09) Mohammed Aragaw; Mamo Hassen (PhD)
    Anemia is a significant health challenge in both low- and high-income countries with major consequences in public health as well as socio-economic development. It is regarded as a major risk factor for unfavorable outcome of pregnancy both for the mother and the fetus. Current setting-specific information on this formidable threat is essential to design and implement appropriate control interventions. However, there is lack of adequate information on the magnitude of anemia among pregnant women in Kelela, northeast Ethiopia. This study was, therefore, done to determine the prevalence of anemia and associated factors among pregnant women attending Kelela health center (KHC). A cross-sectional study was carried out among pregnant women who came for their antenatal care follow-up between January and May 2016. A pretested questionnaire was used to gather socio-economic, demographic and clinical characteristics of the participants. Hemoglobin (Hb) was measured using the Sahli-Hellinge method and anemia status determined (Hb<11.0g/dl). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to test the association between anemia and socio-demographic variables (p<0.05). The prevalence of anemia was 58.8% (n=243); mild 40.8%, moderate 59.8%, and no severe cases. Women having birth interval of <2 years were twice likely to be anemic than those with ≥2 years birth interval (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 2.235, 95% confidence interval (CI) 8.427-8.677, p 0.001). Moreover, anemia was significantly higher among the multigravidae (AOR 0.212, 95% CI 0.048-0.941, p 0.041) and those in their third trimester of pregnancy (AOR 6.582, 95% CI 1.851-23.401, p 0.004). The prevalence of anemia in the study was high, although there were no severe cases, calling for immediate intervention. Keywords: Anemia, pregnancy, prevalence, maternal, KHC
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Assessement of Typhoid Fever in Masha Town and Its Surrounding, South Wollo, Northeast Ethiopia.
    (Addis Ababa University, 2017-08-02) Ali Alebachew; Mamo Hassen (PhD)
    Typhoid fever (TF) caused by Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica, serovar Typhi is a major public health concern in low-income countries. In Ethiopia, like any other sub-Saharan African country, the condition is worsened due to shortage of safe potable water and toilet access, low health education and overall high illiteracy level. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of TF and its established risk factors in Masha town and its surroundings, northeast Ethiopia. In this health facility-based cross-sectional study design, all patients attending Masha Health Center (MHC) between October 2016 and February 2017 formed the source population and those clinically suspected of TF were successively recruited. A structured questionnaire was administered to capture socio-demographic, dietary and knowledge-related variables in association to the risk of TF. Blood samples collected, sera separated and tested by the slide-agglutination (Widal) method using commercially available S. typhi somatic (O) and flagella (H) antigens. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to test the association between socio-demographic variables and seropositivity for salmonella antigens used with p-value ≤0.05 considered statistically significant. Out of 490 patients diagnosed 346(70.6%) were TF seropositive the highest proportion (74.5%) of cases occurring among children 1-15 years followed by 16-45 years old adults (72.2%). Lower age (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 2.259, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.227-4.161, p=0.009), males 246(74.8%) TF positive with (AOR 2.064, 95% CI 1.301-3.275, p=0.002), lack of toilet 270(55.1%) from this 202(74.8%) TF positive with (AOR 1.713, 95% CI 1.331-2.906, p=0.037), and illiteracy 173(77.2%) TF positive with (AOR 3.940, 95% CI 1.926-8.063, p<0.0001), family member 5 and more 215(75.5%) with (AOR) 2.103 95% CI 1.213-3.171 p=0.029 were independent significant predictors of TF seropositivity. TF is a serious public health burden in the locality calling for scale-up of intervention strategies including provision of safe water supply, toilet coverage and health education.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Assessment on the Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Among Patients Visiting Boru Meda Hospital, Dessie Town, Northeast Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2018-08-08) Eshetu Belayneh; Mamo Hassen (PhD)
    Cutaneous leishmaniasis is the most common form of leishmaniasis, but it is a neglected tropical disease that mainly affects the poorest populations of the world since they live in poorly constructed houses, migration to endemic areas of cutaneous leishmaniasis infection because of famine, have poor waste management system and the likes. This study aimed at determining the prevalence and associated risk factors of cutaneous leishmaniasis among the community who visited Boru Meda Hospital (BMH) skin treatment department, in Dessie town, northeastern Ethiopia. The study was conducted from November 1, 2017 to May 31, 2018. The study used a retrospective study design that employed descriptive quantitative study techniques to assess the prevalence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the study area from January 1, 2012 to May 31, 2018. In addition to this primary data were collected from skin patients using a questionnaire. The study population was those individuals, who visited the hospital for cutaneous cases and data of cutaneous leishmaniasis positive individuals from which were recorded at the hospital. For primary data collection 354 individuals were included in the study by convenient sampling technique. Statistical analysis was carried out using the SPSS IBM version 20 software. The overall prevalence of cutaneous leishmaniasis from January 1, 2012 to May 31, 2018 was 1.5% and there was increasing trend with year of examination. All localized, diffused and mucosal cutaneous leishmaniasis were observed. Dessie town had the highest prevalence of cutaneous leishmaniasis infection with 291(32.8%) patients out of 888 cases. Cutaneous leishmaniasis positivity in males was 61.1%) and 38.9% in females. Lack of knowledge about cutaneous leishmaniasis (AOR=3.911,95% CI=1.344-11.383, p=0.012), living in houses constructed with mud and grass (AOR=4.199, CI=1.676-10.517, p=0.002), presence of cracks in walls of houses(AOR=3.154,CI=1.412-7.043,p=0.005,sleeping on the floor(AOR=9.882,CI=2.66016.709, p=0.000),lack of using bed net during sleeping(AOR=8.829,CI=3.824-8.689, p=0.000),presence of trees (AOR=5.210, CI=2.21112.277, p=0.000) and irrigation areas near houses(AOR=8.102, CI =1.879-12.436, p=0.000), presence of dogs, rats and other animals in the compound or living houses(AOR= 2.272, CI=1.003-5.140,p=0.049) and travel to cutaneous leishmaniasis endemic areas(AOR=13.969, CI=4,401-14.338, p=0.000) were significantly associated risk factors with cutaneous leishmaniasis.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    The Effect of Crude Leaf Extracts of Osyris quadripartita Salzm. ex Decne against Plasmodium berghei inSwiss Albino Mice
    (Addis Ababa Universty, 2014-10) Girma Senait; Mamo Hassen (PhD)
    Continuous emergence of multi-drug-resistant malaria parasites and their rapid spread across the globe warrant urgent search for new anti-malaria chemotherapeutics. Traditional medicinal plants have been the main sources for screening active phytochemicals against malaria. Accordingly, this study was aimed at evaluating the anti-malarial activity of Osyris quadripartita Decn.which is used for malaria treatment by local people around Fiche, north-central Ethiopia. Using aqueous, chloroform and methanol crude leaf extracts of the plant have been prepared and tested for toxicity and anti-malarial efficacy in Plasmodium berghei-infectedSwiss albino mice. Methanol solvent gave the highest yield of the plant extract. Acute toxicity study results indicated that the plant extract did not show any sign of toxicity up to 2000mg/kg. To assess the effect of the plants on the parasite, a 4-day suppressive standard test was performed. Data were analyzed using paired t-test and ANOVA. Both aqueous and methanol extract of O.quadripartita significantly (P<0.05) suppressed parasitemia and prevented packed cell volume (PCV) reduction and body weight gain in dose dependent manner.In addition, they prolonged the mean survival time. On the contrary, chloroform extract of O. quadripartita significantly (P<0.05) inhibited parasitemia, prevented body weight loss, prevented PCV reduction and prolonged survival time in all doses. The most efficacious extract was that of chloroform, which showed the highest parasitaemia suppression (41.26%) at 600mg/kg whereas its methanol extract caused 24.4% suppression at 200 mg/kg dose tested. Furthermore, aqueous extract of the plant showed 21.67% suppression at the same dose tested. The finding supports the traditional use of the plants for the treatment of malariathough parasite clearance was not achieved.Further evaluation of this plant is, however, needed before it is recommended for the control of malaria. Key words: Antimalarial activity, Osyris quadripartita,invivo, Plasmodium berghei, Swiss albino mice, Ethiopia
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Health Status in Adolescent and Adult HIV/AIDS Cases on ART at Alembank Health Center, West Addis Ababa.
    (Addis Ababa University, 2018-08-08) Seid Neffisa; Mamo Hassen (PhD)
    Although the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) which is the cause of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) continues to be a major global public health problem, with the introduction of antiretroviral therapy (ART) a major breakthrough is achieved. However, the success rate of the ART service is variable from setting to setting influenced by multiple factors. The present study assessed the health status ofpeople living with HIV/AIDS attending ART service at Alembank Health Center, southwestern Addis Ababa. It is a retrospective cohort study that examinedthe records of participants on ART for a minimum of six months and a maximum of fiveyears.Baseline and post-ART initiation socio-demographic as well as clinical data such asCD4 count, body mass index, hemoglobin level, functional status and WHO HIV-stagingwereorganized the central outcome variable being CD4 count. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 16.0 and Microsoft Excel statistical software. Paired t-test and correlation (Pearson bivariate) were performed to test change in mean CD4 count after ART initiation and the association between the socio-demographic and clinical factors.Statistically significance of the associations was set at p≤0.05.The records of 388participants (64.9% female and 35.1% male) were complete and analyzed. The mean and median CD4 count increments, respectively,were 180.3(61.1%)and 183.5(72.2%)cells/μl from the baseline.Adherence was significantlycorrelated withincrease in CD4 count (p=0.044) and functional status (p=0.018) indicating thatwith good adherence CD4 count increases and performance improves. Also, asignificant relationshipwas observed between the WHO HIV-staging and nutritional status (p=0.008), with better nutritional status there is improvement in HIV clinical stage.Overall, there was significant increase in the mean of CD4 count, improvement in performance status and WHO clinical staging (from III&IV to I&II) compared to the baseline demonstrating the betterment of health status of the cohort. Hence, the study confirms that ART therapy with good adherence is effective in improving the health status of people living with HIV/AIDS.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    In Vitro Anti-Bacterial Activities of Aqueous, Ethanol and Chloroform Crude Extracts of Olinia Rochetiana, Vernonia Myriantha and Diclipteria Laxata
    (Addis Ababa University, 2018-01-04) Erdedo Ayana; Mamo Hassen (PhD)
    With the advent of antibiotics, bacterial diseases which claimed enormous lives in the past have been put under control. However, the emergence and rapid spread of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains is reversing this success and searching for newer antibacterial agents is currently a top priority. This study was, thus, aimed at assessing the anti-microbial activities of three traditional medicinal plants: Vernonia myriantha, Diclipteria laxata and Olinia rochetiana. The leaves of the three plants and stem-bark of the last one was collected from their natural habitat in Hadiyya, southwest Ethiopia, washed and air-dried in shade and ground into a powder. Each plant powder was soaked in water, ethanol and chloroform in separate Erlenmeyer flasks in a 1:10 solute-solvent ratio and placed on a water bath shaker for 72 hours. The extracts were concentrated in a rotary evaporator and dried on an oven at 35 and the aqueous extract was freeze-dried using a lyophilizer. The crude extracts were tested for their in vitro antibacterial activities, in vivo acute toxicity and phytochemical content. The extracts were tested against selected 3 clinical and 4 standard test bacterial strains by using agar well-diffusion method and the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC). The ethanol leaves and stem-bark extracts of O. rochetiana inhibited the growth of all bacterial strains at a concentration of 250mg/mL. The inhibition zones, ranged from 20.33±0.57mm for clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa to 25.66±0.57mm for standard Salmonella typhi strains. The values for these same extracts were 20.66±2.51mm and 24.33±1.15mm for standard P. aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus strains respectively. The chloroform extract was similarly effective against all of the strains with inhibition zones between 19.00±1.73mm against P. aeruginosa and 22.66±2.51mm for S. aureus. Comparatively, the ethanol extract of O. rochetiana had the lowest MIC (1.95mg/mL) and MBC of 31.25mg/mL against S. aureus. The highest MIC (7.81mg/mL) and MBC (62.50mg/mL) were noted against P. aeruginosa. On the other hand, chloroform extract of O. rochetiana leaf showed the lowest MIC (3.9mg/mL) and MBC (62.5mg/mL) against S. aureus and the highest MIC (15mg/mL) and MBC (125mg/mL) were recorded against P. aeruginosa. The ethanol extract of V. myriantha showed growth inhibition only on S. aureus (21.00±1.7mm). While none of D. laxata extracts demonstrated any antibacterial activity, only the aqueous extract failed concerning O. rochetiana and V. myriantha. The ethanol and chloroform extracts of O. rochetiana and ethanol extract of V. myriantha were not toxic to Swiss albino mice up to dose 2000mg/kg. Both plants tested for terpenoids and glycosides showed positive result, but none for resin. Tannins, phenols, steroids and saponins were detected only in O. rochetiana, and flavonoid and alkaloid only in V. myriantha. It is worth considering these two plants for future antibacterial discovery studies in light of their potential and safety.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    In Vitro Anti-Bacterial Activities of Aqueous, Ethyl Acetate and Methanol Crude Extracts of Allophylus Abyssinicus and Ligustrum Vulgare Leaves on Selected Human Pathogenic Bacteria
    (Addis Ababa University, 2019-05-05) Mengistu Enat; Mamo Hassen (PhD)
    Bacterial diseases are a large burden of morbidity and mortality globally. Emergence of antimicrobial resistance is a major public health problem worldwide, particularly in low-and middle-income countries. Therefore, screening of energetic antimicrobial drugs from herbal sources is important. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of two medicinal plants: Allophylus abyssinicus (Hochst.) Radlk and Ligustrum vulgare leaves which were collected from the premises of Addis Ababa University, College of Natural and computational Sciences. Plant samples were air dried in shade and ground into powder separately. Each powder was soaked in water, methanol and ethyl acetate in 1:10 solute-solvent ratio then, placed on a shaker for 72 hours. The filtered extracts were concentrated in a rotary evaporator and lyophilizer for alcoholic and aqueous extracts respectively. Antibacterial activity test was conducted against selected human pathogenic bacterial species (clinical and standard strains) using the agar-well diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) were determined using broth dilution method. Furthermore, the extracts phytochemical content was identified and safety of the plant was tested on Swiss albino mice. The methanol crude extracts of both plants had relatively higher antibacterial activity than aqueous extracts. Standard Staphyllococcus aureus strain was the most susceptible test organism in both methanol and aqueous extracts of both plants. But both clinical and standard strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were resistant to all extracts. The lowest MIC and MBC of both plants were also recorded for methanol extracts against the standard Staphyllococcus aureus strain. Flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, steroids, saponins, tannins, steroidal glycosides and glycosides were detected in both plants. Both plants leaves extracts were not toxic up to 2000mg/kg on the test mice. Future antibacterial activity test on the fractionates of both plants are needed to obtain more promising results.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    In Vitro Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of Field Collected (Jimma and Yirgacheffe) Coffee Beans and Roasted-Ground Shop Coffee From Addis Ababa
    (Addis Ababa University, 2019-05-03) Tasew Tsedale; Mamo Hassen (PhD)
    Coffee has long been among the first beverages consumed worldwide and most traded commodities. The coffee extract is reported to show antibacterial and antioxidant activities. Ethiopia as the land of origin of the Coffea arabica and producer and exporter of different coffee varieties has not yet developed enough studies on the health aspects of coffee. This study aimed at investigating the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of coffee bean samples collected from two coffee-growing regions of Ethiopia, Yirgacheffe and Jimma, as well as roasted ground coffee bean sample from a coffee shop in Addis Ababa. The antibacterial test was conducted on medium-roasted, boiled water extracts. Qualitative phytochemical test was conducted to assess the availability of most common secondary metabolites on roasted sample extracts. Agar well-diffusion bacterial susceptibility test, minimum inhibitory concentration test and minimum bactericidal concentration tests were determined against eight bacterial strains to assess the antimicrobial activities of the coffee samples using chloramphenicol as positive control. The antioxidant activity assessment was done following the DPPH IC50 percent inhibition test and DPPH antioxidant content measure procedure on light roasted and green coffee bean samples as well as light roast shop sample methanol extracts. The susceptibility test data was analyzed using (Minitab.v17.1.0.) one-way ANOVA mean ± SD (p˂0.05). All coffee samples showed strong antibacterial and antioxidant activities. However, samples from Yirgacheffe, Jimma and the shop sample showed significant variation in both their antibacterial as well as antioxidant activities. The different coffee bean samples activity was also variable against the different test bacteria. The study highlighted the health importance of Ethiopian coffee using field samples. In-depth investigations using samples from wider agro-ecological regions and localities and testing fractionates is necessary.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Individual, Household and Environmental Variables in Relation to Some Neglected Tropical Diseases in Hara Health Center, South Wollo, Northeast Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2016-09) Endris Nuru; Mamo Hassen (PhD)
    Intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) are common health concerns in low-income countries like Ethiopia. Current information on the magnitude of the problem in a locality is vital to devise appropriate control strategies. The objective of this study was, therefore, to assess the prevalence of IPIs and associated risk factors among patients visiting Hara health center, northeast Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2015 to April 2016 involving participants recruited through the convenience sampling method. A structured questionnaire was used to determine environmental, socio-demographic and behavioral factors related to IPIs. Stool specimen were collected and examined for the existence of IPIs using the direct-saline wet mount technique. Bivariate and multiple logistic regression analysis were done with p-value less than 0.05 considered statistically significant. The overall prevalence of intestinal parasites was 42.3% (n=430). A total of seven intestinal parasite species were detected. The predominant parasite was Entamoeba histolytica/dispar/moshkovskii (142(33.02%), followed by Giardia lamblia (26(6.0%), Enterobius vermicularis (5(1.2%), Taenia species (5(1.2%), Trichuris trichiura (2(0.5%), Hymenolepis nana (1(0.2%) and Ascaris lumbricoides (1(0.2%). The study showed that source of drinking water (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 2.954, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.410-6.192, p<0.0001), hand washing before meal (AOR 2.647, 95% CI 1.194-5.871, p 0.017) and hand washing after toilet (AOR 3.396, 95% CI 1.454-7.931, p 0.005), way of using water (AOR 2.745, 95% CI 1.137-6.626, p 0.025), type of toilet (AOR 2.517, 95% CI 1.037-6.109, p 0.041), residence (AOR 2.157, 95% CI 1.178-3.950, p 0.013), garbage disposal mechanism (AOR 0.180, 95% CI, 0.055-0.589, p 0.005), awareness about IPIs (AOR 0.137, 95% CI 0.074-0.256, p<0.0001) and age (AOR 7.984, 95% CI 4.346-14.667, p<0.0001) were significantly associated with IPIs-positivity. IPIs were a common health problem in the study area. Health education on personal and environmental hygiene coupled with improved accessibility to safe drinking water is needed. Keywords: logistic regression, intestinal parasites, Entamoeba histolytica/dispar/moshkovskii, Giardia lamblia, Enterobius vermicularis, Taenia spp, Trichuris trichiura, Hymenolepis nana, Ascaris lumbricoides, prevalence.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Intestinal Parasitic Infections among Patients Visiting Gorebellllaa Health Center,, North--Central Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2001-09) Deneke Asnakech; Mamo Hassen (PhD)
    Intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) which are neglected globally remain among substantial public health concerns in Ethiopia. Up-to-date epidemiological information on these infections is indispensable to effectively control them in a locality. This study was thus aimed at evaluating the extent of IPIs and status of related sanitary practices among patients visiting Gorebella health center, north-central Ethiopia. Patients visiting Gorebella health center in January-April 2016 who were suspected of IPIs were recruited in a cross-sectional survey. Socio-demographic data were gathered using a semi-structured questionnaire. Stool samples were processed by the direct saline smear method. Data entry and analysis was done using SPSS software (version 20). Out of 403 samples examined, 282(70.0%) had one or more intestinal parasites belonging to six different species or types. E. histolytica/dispar/moshkovskii was detected in 205(72.2%) patients followed by G. intestinalis (35(12.4%), A. lumbericoides (33(11.7%), hookworm (12(3.0%), Taenia spp (7(1.7%) and H. nana (4(1.0%). More than half (268(66.5%) of the cases had single infection and only 14(3.5%) were mixed. The result demonstrated the high magnitude of symptomatic IPI in the study area. Simple health promotion actions including education must be scaled-up to sustainably reduce the burden of IPI in the community. The very high prevalence calls for initiation of a deworming scheme in the locality. Keywords: Intestinal parasites, Prevalence, Ethiopia
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Intestinal Parasitic Infections and Associated Determinant Factors Among Patients Visiting Kutaber Health Center, South Wollo, Northeast Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2018-08-08) Mohammed Ahmed; Mamo Hassen (PhD)
    Intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) are one of pronounced health problems in Ethiopia. The objective of this study was, thus, to assess the prevalence of IPIs and associated determinant factors among patients visiting Kutaber health center (KHC). Across-sectional study was conducted from October 2017-March 2018 using convenient sampling technique. Structured questionnaire was prepared and used to identify, socio demographic, behavioral and other related risk factors. Stool specimens were collected from all study participants and were examined for intestinal parasites identification using direct saline smear-method. Finally, data entry and analysis were done using SPSS software (21vertion). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was done. P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. In this study 450 patients were participated in the final analysis, of those, 216 were males and 234 females. Majority of study participants 264 live in surrounding rural place of the study area, while the rest 186 live in the urban area. The proportion of age group, 5-14 years old (36.4%), 15 -24 years old (18.9%) and the majority of the study participants (44.7%) were ≥ 25 years old. Out of 450 samples examined 179(39.8%) patients had one or more intestinal parasites belonging to six different types(species) including mixed intestinal parasites. From the different intestinal parasites identified in the study area, protozoan infection was the most predominant. Among the intestinal protozoan parasites Entamoeba histolytica/dispar/moshkovskii was found to be 99(22%) and Gardia lamblia 46(10.2%). The prevalence of other intestinal helminths was Hymenolepis nana 12(2.7%), Entorbius vermicularis 10(2.2%), Ascariasis lumbricoides 7(1.6%), and Trichuris trichiura 2(0.4%). Among the 450 samples examined 176 (39.1%) of the cases had single infection and only 3(0.7%) were mixed parasites. Intestinal parasitic infections were prevalent among the study participants specially in the aged group 5-14 years old and those living in rural areas. Therefore, control measures including, health center and school-based education on personal hygiene and environmental sanitation, water supply and treatment should be taken in to account to reduce the prevalence of intestinal parasites in the study area, because IPIs will be difficult to control by drugs alone. Periodic evaluation of community is also necessary to provide useful information for appropriate control and management of these infections.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Light Emitting Diode Fluorescent Microscopy and Genexpert MTB/RIF Assay for the Diagnosis of Tuberculosis Against LJ Culture Among Patients Attending Ambo Hospital, West-Central Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2016-05-05) Gadissa Alemu; Mamo Hassen (PhD); Kebede Abebaw (PhD)
    One of the most important reasons for the high number of tuberculosis (TB)-related deaths in low-income countries is due to the challenge of diagnosis. The simple and cheaper light-emitting diode fluorescent microscopy (LED-FM) having long life-span, not producing ultraviolet (UV) light, minimal power requirements and better performance is recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO), in 2009 to replace the conventional microscopy in both high- and low-volume laboratories. The WHO has also endorsed (in 2010) one more technique, GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay (Xpert), for better TB diagnosis particularly among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected cases. However, the relative performance of both of these tools differs from setting to setting in reference to culture as a gold standard. This study was, thus, aimed at evaluating these tools for TB detection in individuals visiting Ambo Hospital, west-central Ethiopia. Cross-sectional early-morning sputum samples were collected from presumptive TB patients attending Ambo Hospital between January and August 2015. Socio-demographic data were captured using a semi-structured questionnaire. Clinical information was gathered from patients’ medical records. The sputum samples were diagnosed using LED-FM, Xpert, concentrated Ziehl-Neelsen (cZN) staining and Lowenstein-Jensen (LJ) medium culture. Drug sensitivity test (DST) was also conducted. Totally, 362 sputum samples were collected and processed. Of these, 36(9.9%) samples were positive by LED-FM, 42(11.6%) by cZN and 50(13.8%) by Xpert. All 362 samples were cultured but 22 were contaminated and 8 nontuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) leaving only 332 with a definite culture status. From these 332, 45(13.6%) had culture-confirmed TB with 11(24.4%) being HIV co-infected. Two samples were rifampicin resistant by both DST and Xpert. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of LED-FM and Xpert were 77.8, 100, 100 and 96; and 93.3, 98, 97.5 and 98.9% respectively. Xpert demonstrated 100 and 71.4% sensitivity in smear positive-culture positive and smear negative-culture positive sputum samples in detecting MTB respectively and increased MTB detection rate by 28% compared to dLED-FM.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Past-Eight Year Trend and Current Status of Malaria Prevalence in Kuergang Town, Nuer Zone, Gambella
    (Addis Ababa University, 2019-08-08) Lule Abe; Mamo Hassen (PhD)
    Malaria is one of the major public health problems worldwide. In Ethiopia there is significant decline in disease burden, however the overall trend of malaria prevalence is not studied or not documented in different locality. The aim of this study was to analyses the past eight years and current status of malaria prevalence in Kuergang town, Nuer zone, Gamblla. Retrospective laboratory record review was conducted in Kuergang health center (2011 to 2018), which was carefully reviewed from September, to December. In this study the prospective data from September 2018 to February 2019 was also analyzed. Patients visiting the health center between September 2018 and February 2019 were successively recruited .Blood samples were drawn and examined by following standard procedures. A total of 10850 examined blood films were prepared and examined from malaria suspected patients at Kuergang health center. Of the examined blood films 5223(48.1%) were confirmed as RDT positive. The trend of malaria prevalence in the study seems slightly fluctuated. Malaria cases were higher in males 2963(56.7%) than 2260(43.3%) females. P. falciparum and p. vivax were accounted for 3804(72.8%) and 925(17.7%) respectively. From the total positive cases 494(9.5%) were mixed (P-falciparum and P. vaivax ).In the prospective study a total of 2808 suspected cases of malaria were reported at Kuergang health center. Of this 924(33.0%) were RDT positive. Among these positive cases 526 (57.0%) and 398(43.0%) were males and females respectively. Higher number of malaria cases was observed in >18 age category. There was higher percentage 750 (81.1%) of p. falciparum infection than p. vivax 106 (11.5%) and mixed 68(7.4%) cases. In prospective study there was peak malaria transmission period in September 201(58.9%) and October 249(39.7%).From June to September malaria prevalence was high in the past eight years. This study showed that more males were infected with malaria in retrospective study. P. falciparum was the dominant parasite in both retrospective and prospective study. Seasonal variation should be well recognized with special focus given to annual peak seasons (months), to prevent high malaria transmission.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Prevalence and Incidence of Malaria in Tora Town and Childhood Malaria in Tora Primary Hospital, Silte Zone, South Centeral Ethiopia.
    (Addis Ababa University, 2019-08-08) Shewmolo Shemsi; Mamo Hassen (PhD)
    Malaria is caused by a protozoan Parasites belonging to the genus, Plasmodium. There are five Plasmodium species: P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae, and P. knowlesi. Malaria is taking life of a child every two minutes in Sub-Sahara Africa. During the main transmission seasons from September to December but, the lowest transmission seasons in April to May following short rains. Thus, the public health burden of malaria is huge in Ethiopia. Children, particularly under-five including new born and infants less than 12 months of age are one of the most vulnerable groups to malaria. This study was intended to investigate the prevalence and incidence of malaria in the Tora town. They were used secondary and primary data collection methods, and also simple random sampling techniques were used based on the available data. The retrospective survey was conducted in Tora health office, and prospective survey was conducted in Tora primary Hospital. These data were analyzed by Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 23 and Chi-squared (X2). On average 770 slide confirmed cases visited in Tora health office in each year. Over the whole 2741 (50.8%) and 2650 (49.2%) of the case were attributed to P. falciparum and P. vivax mono-infectious, respectively in Tora health office. However, no positive results confirmed in six months in 2019. From 2012 to 2018 prevalence malaria were decreasing, the variation were statically significant, and 2019 Six months no malaria cases confirmed and the variations were statically significant. Both secondary and primary data showed decreasing trend of malaria in the town. The study gives a hint that planning for elimination of the disease in the locality may be achievable in the near coming. Nevertheless, Malaria control interventions must be maintained and scaled-up to sustainably reduce its risk and possibly decrease from the locality.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Prevalence of Anemia a Among Pregnant Women at Tending an Tenatal Careat Selam Heaoth Center Addis Ababa, Ethopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2016-09) Fassli Rahel; Mamo Hassen (PhD)
    Anemia is a widespread health problem among pregnant women causing maternal/infant morbidity and mortality mainly in low-income countries. Understanding of the magnitude of anemia and related socio-demographic variables in a specific setting would help scale-up preventive and therapeutic measures in a locality. The aim of this study was, therefore, to estimate the prevalence of anemia among pregnant women attending antenatal care at Selam Health Center, northwest Addis Ababa. The study was conducted from December 2015 to February 2016. Questionnaire and face-to-face interview methods were used to gather pertinent data on socio-demography, clinical history and maternal characteristics of the participants. Venous blood was drawn to measure haemoglobin (Hb) and define anemia (Hb<11.0g/dl). The overall prevalence of anemia was 16.3% (n=480). Majority of the participants (52%) have mild anemia (10-10.9gm/dl).Those with human immunodeficiency virus(OR=3.67,95%CI:1.7-7.90,P value=0.001), or with intestinal parasitic infection (OR=3.46, 95% CI:1.67-7.20,Pvalue=0.001) or having lower inter-pregnancy gap (OR=7.312,95%CI:3.041-17.587,Pvalue=0.001) were significant predictors of anemia .The prevalence of anemia in this study was lower than reports from some other parts of Ethiopia, due to early antenatal care follow up and better health care awareness among the participants, the figure is sizeable and in need of attention. Keywords: anemia, haemoglobin, pregnancy, prevalence, Selam health center, antenatal
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Prevalence of Anemia Among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Care at Selam Health Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2016-09-03) Fassil Rahel; Mamo Hassen (PhD)
    Anemia is a widespread health problem among pregnant women causing maternal/infant morbidity and mortality mainly in low-income countries. Understanding of the magnitude of anemia and related socio-demographic variables in a specific setting would help scale-up preventive and therapeutic measures in a locality. The aim of this study was, therefore, to estimate the prevalence of anemia among pregnant women attending antenatal care at Selam Health Center, northwest Addis Ababa. The study was conducted from December 2015 to February 2016. Questionnaire and face-to-face interview methods were used to gather pertinent data on socio-demography, clinical history and maternal characteristics of the participants. Venous blood was drawn to measure haemoglobin (Hb) and define anemia (Hb<11.0g/dl). The overall prevalence of anemia was 16.3% (n=480). Majority of the participants (52%) have mild anemia (10-10.9gm/dl).Those with human immunodeficiency virus(OR=3.67,95%CI:1.7-7.90,P value=0.001), or with intestinal parasitic infection (OR=3.46, 95% CI:1.67-7.20,Pvalue=0.001) or having lower inter-pregnancy gap (OR=7.312,95%CI:3.041-17.587,Pvalue=0.001) were significant predictors of anemia .The prevalence of anemia in this study was lower than reports from some other parts of Ethiopia, due to early antenatal care follow up and better health care awareness among the participants, the figure is sizeable and in need of attention.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Prevalence of Anemia Among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Care at Selam Health Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Lfitttittltlltt,I,Tii
    (Addis Ababa University, 2016-09-02) Fassiil Rahel; Mamo Hassen (PhD)
    Anemia is a widespread health problem among pregnant women causing maternal/infant morbidity and mortality mainly in low-income countries. Understanding of the magnitude of anemia and related socio-demographic variables in a specific setting would help scale-up preventive and therapeutic measures in a locality. The aim of this study was, therefore, to estimate the prevalence of anemia among pregnant women attending antenatal care at Selam Health Center, northwest Addis Ababa. The study was conducted from December 2015 to February 2016. Questionnaire and face-to-face interview methods were used to gather pertinent data on socio-demography, clinical history and maternal characteristics of the participants. Venous blood was drawn to measure haemoglobin (Hb) and define anemia (Hb<11.0g/dl). The overall prevalence of anemia was 16.3% (n=480). Majority of the participants (52%) have mild anemia (10-10.9gm/dl).Those with human immunodeficiency virus(OR=3.67,95%CI:1.7-7.90,P value=0.001), or with intestinal parasitic infection (OR=3.46, 95% CI:1.67-7.20,Pvalue=0.001) or having lower inter-pregnancy gap (OR=7.312,95%CI:3.041-17.587,Pvalue=0.001) were significant predictors of anemia .The prevalence of anemia in this study was lower than reports from some other parts of Ethiopia, due to early antenatal care follow up and better health care awareness among the participants, the figure is sizeable and in need of attention
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Prevalence of Hypertension and Associated Risk Factors in Adults of Kombolcha in South Wollo, northeast Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2017-08-04) Hassen Biniem; Mamo Hassen (PhD)
    Hypertension (HTN) is an important public health challenge because of its connection with the risk of developing other cardiovascular diseases. To effectively control this disease it is necessary to understand the level of HNT in different settings and associated risk factors. This study, therefore, aimed at assessing the prevalence of HTN and related factors in Kombolcha, northeast Ethiopia. A cross-sectional multi-stage sampling design was used. Data collected using a two-step approach in accordance with the World Health Organization (WHO) procedure. Anthropometric and blood pressure measurements were done for the participants together with administering a structured questionnaire to gather data on socio-demographic, physical activity, dietary habit and nutritional status. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used for data analysis. Out of 318 adults over the age of 20 years residing in Kombolcha town and is suburbs, 168(54.2%) were males and 140(45.8%) females. The prevalence of HTN was 30.7% (95% confidence interval (CI):1.96) with 30.2% male and 31.5% female. Age, sex, body mass index (BMI), walking or riding a bicycle for 1-4 days/week, having a single family size and dietary diversity score (DDS) were significantly associated with the risk of HTN (p-value ˂0.05). Specifically, Male sex is 3 times at increased risk of developing HTN than females (AOR: 3.255, 95% CI: 1.116-9.491, p: 031). Study subjects with higher BMI were found to be 2 times at risk of developing HTN than the study subjects with normal BMI (AOR: 4.128 95% CI: 0.042-0.385, p: 0.000). Study participants who walk or ride a cycle for 1-2 days/week were develop HTN 2 times than who walk or ride a cycle for more days/week (AOR: 2.760, 95% CI: 2.233-8.146, p: 0.000). Those study participants who had not do sport were develop HTN 5 times than who do moderately or vigorously for 20 minute days of the week. Study participants who have more sedentary lifestyle like by watching TVs, playing game, khat chewing was at higher risk of developing HTN(AOR: 2.649, 95% CI: 0.052-0.427, p: 0.000).) This study revealed a high prevalence of HTN; together with high prevalence of unhealthy dietary pattern, nutritional status and lifestyle behavior. This is an alarm for public awareness creation, regular community screening for HTN, and proper preventive and treatment measures in those with high blood pressure.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Prevalence of Malaria among Patients Attending Wolkite Health Center, South-Central Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2017-09) Bereka Degifie; Mamo Hassen (PhD)
    Following reports on decreases in malaria cases and deaths recently many countries embarked on malaria elimination and some even succeeded in doing so. Ethiopia is following suit and aims to eliminate the disease in certain localities by 2020. To meet this goal continuous evaluation of malaria-situation nationwide is necessary. This study is part of such an effort. The study assessed the current status and recent past malaria trend in Wok'ite town and its environs, south-central Ethiopia. Finger-prick blood samples were collected from malaria suspected patients visiting Wok'ite Health Center between September 2016 and January 2017 smears were prepared, Giemsa-stained and examined. Retrospective data (2012 - January 2017) in the Health Center was also extracted. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze the data. Out of 16,573 smears screened in the current cross-sectional 1272(7.8%) were positive with 446(35.0%) and 826(65.0%) of the cases attributed to Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax respectively. All cases were monoinfections. In the past five-and-half years 32,619 malaria-slide-confirmed cases were recorded (36.02% P. falciparum, 63.98% P. vivax). Total number of febrile patients examined in the years was missing in the health record system and estimation of malaria prevalence during the target period was not possible. Malaria was rising the first two successive years and then started declining continuously. However, control measures must be upgraded and closer surveillance be in place to achieve the malaria elimination target. Keywords: Malaria, Plasmodium, Wolk'ite, Cross-sectional, Elimination
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    The Prevalence of Malaria and the Associated Risk Factors in Jiga area, Northwest Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa Universty, 2014-12) Ayalew Seble; Mamo Hassen (PhD)
    Malaria remains among leading causes of morbidity and mortality globally. In Ethiopia the public health and socio-economic impact of malaria is huge. It contributes highly to the country’s poverty and underdevelopment. This study aimed at assessing the current situation of the disease in relation to relevant socio-demographic and environmental factors in Jiga area, northwest Ethiopia. Descriptive cross-sectional household (HH) survey was carried out in November-December 2013. Out of 2,574 HHs (11,815 people), 392 were randomly selected from three purposely selected clusters/Kebeles, the smallest administrative units in government structure. Heads of the selected HHs or any member of age ≥18 years, when the former was not at home during the visit, were interviewed using a pre-tested structured questionnaire to capture relevant data on socio-demographic/environmental variables and malaria control interventions. Further, randomly selected afebrile 392 inhabitants of the selected HHs within selected clusters were tested for malaria by malaria rapid diagnostic test (mRDT) using finger-prick blood samples. Eleven participants (2.8%) were found to be mRDT positive. Out of the screened inhabitants 95.9% had longlasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and 76.1% self-reported to sleep under net the previous night. Insecticide residual spray (IRS) coverage was similarly reported to be 85.5%. Binary logistic regression analyses revealed that low-income inhabitants were significantly positively associated with malaria infection (odds ratio (OR) = 1.165, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.2100-6.4671, p=0.047). The association between proximity to mosquito breeding site and malaria incidence was also significant (p=0.025). In multivariate analysis while HH income level and number of LLINs/HH were positively associated with significantly reduced malaria prevalence with p-values 0.049 (OR=4.5, 95% CI: 1.004-20.163) and 0.004 (OR=0 .508, 95% CI: 0.074-3.46), respectively, HH distance from mosquito breeding site significantly increased the risk of malaria ((OR=0.077, 95% CI: 0.010-0.587), p=0.013). Ownership and use of LLINs in the previous night, IRS coverage, and other socio-demographics were not significantly associated with malaria cases. The recorded malaria prevalence estimate is unexpectedly higher, relative to the most recent nationwide report, given the extensively undergoing control interventions, survey population and period, limitations of mRDT implicating the sustained risk of malaria in Jiga area with the involvement of multiple locality-specific factors. Therefore further work has to be done in scaling-up the implementation of proven malaria control tools in addition to the employment of other complimentary strategies. Keywords: Indoor residual spraying, long-lasting insecticidal net, mRDT, malaria, prevalence, Jabi- Tehnan, Jiga