Advanced Architectural Design
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Item Integration of Flexible Water Infrastructure With Local Building Systems for Emerging Small Towns of Ethiopia. The Case of Dannisagorotown, Ginchi(Addis Ababa University, 2020-11-01) Bilisaf Teferir Taressa; Tesfaye Hailu (Phd )The recent rapid urbanization and boom of building construction in Ethiopia has outpaced provision of water and sanitation infrastructure creating unsuitable working and living conditions in buildings. The general objective of the study is integration of flexible water infrastructure in local building systems to improve the standard of buildings and the livability in the emerging small towns of Ethiopia by taking Danissa Goro town as a case study area to design and demonstrate. The study area is located in Eastern Showa Zone, Oromia regional state, 125km from the city of Addis Ababa. The study investigates the negative impact of absence of water and sanitation infrastructure on housing developments, identify methods of integrating flexible water and sanitation infrastructure with local building system and assess feasibility of integrating flexible water harvesting and utilization infrastructure to the local building systems. Primary and secondary data collection methods are applied to collect quantitative and qualitative data and applied stratified interviews with 45 participants. The result of the study shows that underutilization of water sources, the absence of water infrastructure and sanitation infrastructure has a direct correlation to low quality of life, and degradation of buildings systems. Decentralized and flexible water systems are not technically complicated to integrate in local building system. Finally, the research concludes that integrating of rainwater harvesting, water conservation and wastewater disposal systems into the existing local buildings will improve the quality of life of dwellers in the emerging small towns of Ethiopia. Besides, planning and design regulations have to integrate optional spatial standard for integration of flexible water infrastructure systems as a precondition for the future development of small towns in Ethiopia. Keywords: Rapid urbanization, water harvesting, sanitation, decentralization & urban water systemItem Assessing The Spatial Characteristics and Adequacy of Housing In Refugee Camp: The Case of Keberibeya Refugee Camp Jijiga, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2025-09-01) Keniko Duguma Guta; Yonas Alemayehu Soressa; Biruk Kebede GeletuRefugees often face numerous challenges when seeking suitable housing in host countries. Despite the importance of housing in ensuring the dignity and well-being of refugees, a significant issue persists regarding the adequacy of housing in refugee camps, which remains unresolved over time. This research assesses the spatial characteristics and adequacy of housing in a refugee context, particularly in the Kebribeyah refugee camp in Jijiga, Ethiopia, through a combination Descriptive and Exploratory research approach with mixed method. Surveys, Interviews, and Spatial Analysis were used to provide comprehensive data on housing adequacy by integrating both lived experiences and physical camp conditions. The research findings show that the majority of shelters are overcrowded, dilapidated, and prone to various environmental hazards. The camp settlement exhibits an organic and amorphous pattern, which limits access to basic services, including safe drinking water, sanitation, and energy. Despite the long established history of the camp, the tension between host communities and refugees in land tenure persists, contributing to the fear of forced eviction. Overall, the camp is affected by overcrowding, poor housing conditions, and limited access to basic services. In conclusion, the Kebribeyah refugee camp faces significant challenges in providing adequate shelter for refugees who have resided in the camp for over three decades. Therefore, based on the research findings, it is recommended that an intervention be implemented to support community- and expert-driven shelter construction and settlement planning, with a balanced distribution of basic services and integration of host communities through a defined framework, to enhance sustainable development through housing adequacy. Keywords: Adequate Housing, Refugee, Refugee Shelter, Refugee SettlementItem Impact of Urbanization on Farmers’ Livelihood Transformation in Peri-Urban Areas: The Case of Koye Feche Condominium, Addis Ababa(Addis Ababa University, 2025-05-01) Rodas Mulugeta Alemu; Elias Yitbarek (Phd.)Urban development in Sub-Saharan African cities, notably in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, is witnessing rapid expansion. In response to urban poverty and the need for increased homeownership among low- and middle-income residents, the City Administration initiated a large-scale housing development project in 2005, primarily situated on the city's periphery. These areas were previously inhabited by local farmers, whose livelihoods centered on agriculture. Following the housing development, these farmers were displaced and compensated with condominium houses, significantly altering their way of life. The study delves into the repercussions of urban expansion on the peripheral community livelihood within the Koye Feche condominium. Employing both quantitative and qualitative methodologies, primary data collection methods involved in-depth interviews with key informants, survey questionnaires, and focus group discussions. A total of 201 farmers and three government officers contributed to the data collection process. Findings indicate that the expropriation of agricultural land for the integrated housing development program led to a profound transformation in housing and livelihoods. The study meticulously examines four parameters: environmental, spatial, social, and economic sustainability. It found both positive and negative impacts on the farmers' lifestyles. On the positive side, the housing development program has elicited notable advancements in environmental sustainability, better security, augmented access to healthcare services, improved transportation infrastructure, expanded employment opportunities, increased availability of religious amenities, elevated income levels, enhanced quality of life, better access to clean water sources, enriched educational opportunities, revitalized market dynamics, and optimized energy utilization. Specifically, 78% of respondents reported improved access to potable water, 65% cited better healthcare access, and 52% acknowledged income growth. However, there are negative repercussions, including the loss of agrarian lifestyles, incongruities between condominium housing and traditional farming practices, financial challenges associated with new housing, reduced food self-sufficiency, psychological stress, and dissatisfaction with new living conditions reported by 63% of respondents. Despite challenges, farmers and their families have demonstrated resilience by implementing coping mechanisms such as informal trading, urban agriculture, and diversification of income sources to uphold social values and address economic and environmental concerns. The study recommends that future urban expansion policies prioritize inclusive planning, context-sensitive compensation, and sustainable livelihood restoration strategies tailored to displaced farming communities to ensure long-term resilience and equitable development. Keywords: expropriation, Integrated Housing Development Program, peri-urban, livelihood sustainability, housing, resilienceItem Transformations of Communal Circulation Spaces in Addis Ababa's Condominiums(Addis Ababa University, 2025-06-01) Hawi Hikam Ababulgu; Alazar Assefa (PhD)This thesis, which is titled Transformations of Communal Circulation Spaces in Addis Ababa's Condominiums, is a study of the spatial and typological evolution of communal circulation spaces particularly corridors, stairs, and shared access ways of condominium Buildings. This is aimed at understanding how the evolution of design typologies through history has affected the current spatial formations and what impact these have on the day-to-day experiences and expectations of residents. Using proportionate sampling methods, data were collected from 407 residents through self-administered questionnaires, with results further supported by research methods such as direct observation, correlation analysis, univariate analysis, and ANOVA. Systematic recording and comparison of typological differences between the four generations of condominiums were made. Analysis revealed significant differences in residents' perceptions in the areas of safety, security, health and physiological comfort, circulation flow, lighting, and visual connectivity. Earlier generations, particularly the first and second generations, were more stable, coherent, and accessible, whereas recent designs manifested numerous inconsistencies and functional limitations. The observations highlight the importance of spatial restructuring on housing satisfaction and emphasize the need for the adoption of user-friendly, inclusive, and responsive design strategies to improve the quality and functionality of communal spaces in future housing developments in Addis Ababa. Keywords: Condominiums, Circulation Spaces, Communal Spaces, Evolution Keywords: Condominiums, Circulation Spaces, Communal Spaces, Evolution,Generations, Spatial Transformations, ResidentsItem Impact of Urbanization on Farmers’ Livelihood Transformation In Peri-Urban Areas: The Case of Koye Feche Condominium, Addis Ababa(Addis Ababa University, 2025-05-01) Rodas Mulugeta Alemu; Elias Yitbarek (Phd)Urban development in Sub-Saharan African cities, notably in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, is witnessing rapid expansion. In response to urban poverty and the need for increased homeownership among low- and middle-income residents, the City Administration initiated a large-scale housing development project in 2005, primarily situated on the city's periphery. These areas were previously inhabited by local farmers, whose livelihoods centered on agriculture. Following the housing development, these farmers were displaced and compensated with condominium houses, significantly altering their way of life. The study delves into the repercussions of urban expansion on the peripheral community livelihood within the Koye Feche condominium. Employing both quantitative and qualitative methodologies, primary data collection methods involved in-depth interviews with key informants, survey questionnaires, and focus group discussions. A total of 201 farmers and three government officers contributed to the data collection process. Findings indicate that the expropriation of agricultural land for the integrated housing development program led to a profound transformation in housing and livelihoods. The study meticulously examines four parameters: environmental, spatial, social, and economic sustainability. It found both positive and negative impacts on the farmers' lifestyles. On the positive side, the housing development program has elicited notable advancements in environmental sustainability, better security, augmented access to healthcare services, improved transportation infrastructure, expanded employment opportunities, increased availability of religious amenities, elevated income levels, enhanced quality of life, better access to clean water sources, enriched educational opportunities, revitalized market dynamics, and optimized energy utilization. Specifically, 78% of respondents reported improved access to potable water, 65% cited better healthcare access, and 52% acknowledged income growth. However, there are negative repercussions, including the loss of agrarian lifestyles, incongruities between condominium housing and traditional farming practices, financial challenges associated with new housing, reduced food self-sufficiency, psychological stress, and dissatisfaction with new living conditions reported by 63% of respondents. Despite challenges, farmers and their families have demonstrated resilience by implementing coping mechanisms such as informal trading, urban agriculture, and diversification of income sources to uphold social values and address economic and environmental concerns. The study recommends that future urban expansion policies prioritize inclusive planning, context-sensitive compensation, and sustainable livelihood restoration strategies tailored to displaced farming communities to ensure long-term resilience and equitable development. Keywords: expropriation, Integrated Housing Development Program, peri-urban, livelihood sustainability, housing, resilienceItem Cooperative Housing Affordability Challenges: Impact of Urban Housing Policy and Legal Framework Implementation on The Housing Cost The Case of ‘Ayera 40 Meter’ Housing Cooperatives in Gondar City, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2025-03-01) Alemseged Sintayehu Takele; Biruk Kebede GeletuCooperative housing in Ethiopia has increasingly become unaffordable for low and middle income groups. While urban housing policies have been studied, there is a gap in assessing their implementation and its impact on affordability. Therefore, the study aims to assess the impact of policy and legal framework’s implementation on the scheme’s overall cost and affordability as part of an affordability challenge of the scheme. Using 'Ayera 40 meter' site as a case site, a mixed quantitative and qualitative approach was used. Qualitative data were collected through in-depth interviews with purposely selected informants, analyzed using a thematic analysis. Whereas, quantitative data were collected through survey from 320 randomly selected cooperative members and analyzed using a frequency and descriptive analysis. Secondary data were also used from polices, proclamations, directives, reports and books. The study identified key cooperative housing affordability challenges, including unaffordable upfront costs (61.3%), construction costs (86.9%), and housing standards (93.8%). Additional issues were land provision delays, informal surveyor payments (69.4%), affordably compensation (38.1%), distant plot locations, and conflicts with local farmers (65.9%). The study also found main implementation gaps that has escalated the overall cost of the housing. A gap in members’ replacement payment escalated the entrance cost for new members, a manipulation in the land provision sequence exposed 13.8% households to extra costs via bribery, a lack of quality of plots escalated construction costs of 82.6% of households, an absence of supervision on construction timeline exposed cooperatives to a quadrupled material cost inflations, a lack of governmental legal support exposed 73.9% households to unnecessary costs & financial exploitations, and a deficiency in infrastructure provision greatly escalated cooperatives’ construction costs in many ways. The existence of Land speculation also deflected financial supports to high incomes impacting the scheme’s goal. The main implementation challenges are found to be staffing shortages, inadequate financial resources, insufficient staff training, and poor inter-organizational coordination. The study recommends the government to provide regular staff training, increase resource allocation to key offices, modernize & centralized databases, enhance supervision and transparency, as well as revise housing policies and directives regarding housing standards, upfront capital costs, vertical development incentives, cooperative-farmer conflict resolution mechanisms, and financial alternatives. Key Words: Cooperative housing, affordability challenges, urban housing policy, legal frameworks,implementation, Housing costItem Cooperative Housing Affordability Challenges: Impact of Urban Housing Policy and Legal Framework Implementation on The Housing Cost The Case of ‘Ayera 40 Meter’ Housing Cooperatives in Gondar City, Ethiopia(Addis Ababab University, 2025-03-01) Alemseged Sintayehu Takele; Biruk Kebede GeletuCooperative housing in Ethiopia has increasingly become unaffordable for low and middle income groups. While urban housing policies have been studied, there is a gap in assessing their implementation and its impact on affordability. Therefore, the study aims to assess the impact of policyand legal framework’s implementation on the scheme’s overall cost and affordability as part of anaffordability challenge of the scheme. Using 'Ayera 40 meter' site as a case site, a mixed quantitative and qualitative approach was used. Qualitative data were collected through in-depth interviews with purposely selected informants, analyzed using a thematic analysis. Whereas, quantitative data were collected through survey from 320 randomly selected cooperative members and analyzed using a frequency and descriptive analysis. Secondary data were also used from polices, proclamations,directives, reports and books. The study identified key cooperative housing affordability challenges, including unaffordable upfront costs (61.3%), construction costs (86.9%), and housing standards (93.8%). Additional issues were land provision delays, informal surveyor payments (69.4%), unaffordable compensation (38.1%), distant plot locations, and conflicts with local farmers (65.9%). The study also found main implementation gaps that has escalated the overall cost of the housing. A gap in members’ replacement payment escalated the entrance cost for new members, a manipulation in the land provision sequence exposed 13.8% households to extra costs via bribery, a lack of quality of plots escalated construction costs of 82.6% of households, an absence of supervision on construction timeline exposed cooperatives to a quadrupled material cost inflations, a lack of governmental legal support exposed 73.9% households to unnecessary costs & financial exploitations, and a deficiency in infrastructure provision greatly escalated cooperatives’ construction costs in many ways. The existence of Land speculation also deflected financial supports to high incomes impacting the scheme’s goal. The main implementation challenges are found to be staffing shortages, inadequate financial resources, insufficient staff training, and poor inter-organizational coordination. The study recommends the government to provide regular staff training, increase resource allocation to key offices, modernize & centralized databases, enhance supervision and transparency, as well as revise housing policies and directives regarding housing standards, upfront capital costs, vertical development incentives, cooperative-farmer conflict resolution mechanisms, and financial alternatives. Key Words: Cooperative housing, affordability challenges, urban housing policy, legal frameworks, implementation, Housing costItem Designation of Architectural Heritage for Sustainable Conservation of old Towns in Ethiopia: The Case of Enda Medhane Alem Area Adwa, Tigray(Addis Ababa University, 2022-04-01) Hewan Goitom Berhane; Fasil Giorghis (Associate Professor)The objective of this research is to study Adwa’s old town Enda Medhane Alem area architectural heritage and sustainable conservation approaches; specifically Answering two questions of ‘what is the architectural heritage value of Enda Medhane Alem area?’ and ‘what are the approaches to sustainably conserve the area?’ In the twenty-first century era of globalization, cities are progressively competing with one another both nationally and internationally. Modernization forces cities in to similarity in terms of finance, information technology and most importantly in patterns of urban development, and architecture. Urban and architectural heritage is the main aspect which always differentiates them. Adwa with a potential to provide us with an insight into the 17th century Ethiopian towns is currently under threat of massive urban renewal and modernization. Based on a multidimensional analysis of the heritage value the thesis identifies approaches for better benefits obtained in the development process. Critical review of the representative sampled buildings, encourages viability of the proposed recommendation. The thesis concludes; connecting cultural heritage with environmental, social and economic sustainability critically aware of the heritage value and impact of adaptive re-use. Approaches with the intent to safeguard cultural heritage and alternative heritage friendly economic endeavors are needed in order to sustain the pressure from economic interests surrounding the case area. The study extends to recommending benefits using cultural heritage as an asset in tourism development resulting in economic revitalization. The work is based on a theoretical overview of international conventions relevant to architectural heritage and best practice to cultural heritage with respect to influences of change and development. Key Words: Architectural Heritage and Sustainable ConservationItem Harmony in Vertical Living: Innovative Solutions for Integrating Apartment Buildings and Vertical Farming in Addis Ababa(Addis Ababa University, 2024-11-01) Melat Kebede; Tesfaye HailuRapid urbanization has led to an increase in demand for fresh agricultural goods and affordable housing, which has put Addis Ababa in a difficult urban position. In order to improve food security and sustainability, this study, "Harmony in Vertical Living: Innovative Solutions for Integrating Apartment Buildings and Vertical Farming in Addis Ababa," investigates the viability of incorporating vertical farming into residential complexes. The research assesses the technical, economic, social, and environmental issues of retrofitting new and existing apartment buildings with vertical farms through a combination of surveys, literature reviews, and design concepts. According to the research, this kind of integration can potentially save costs and promote sustainability while also optimizing land usage, lowering reliance on food imports, and improving air quality. In order to promote eco friendly surroundings, reduce waste, and encourage urban agriculture, the study suggests implementing vertical farming techniques in residential areas. The information offered aids citizens, decision-makers, and governmental organizations in advancing sustainable urban development and enhancing Addis Ababa's food accessibility. Key Words: Urbanization, Vertical Living (VL), Vertical Farming (VF), Integration of Vertical Living, Sustainable SolutionsItem Water Sensitive Approach for A Resilient Urban Neighborhood: The Case of Kotari Condominium(Addis Ababa Uniiversity, 2024-12-01) Feyisa Nebiyu Doboch; Tesfaye Hailu BekeleThis thesis addresses the critical issue of water shortages in rapidly urbanizing areas, specifically focusing on the Kotari Condominium in Addis Ababa Ethiopia, where residents face recurrent water supply challenges despite the area's ample surface and groundwater resources. The general objective of the research is to develop architectural and engineering solutions to enhance water resilience in urban neighborhoods. The methods involved a comprehensive analysis of water demand and supply chain infrastructure, assessment of current water resilience strategies, and identification of suitable approaches for both internal and external building spaces. The study also entailed designing a context-specific solution tailored to the unique needs of the Kotari Condominium neighborhood. Key findings from the research highlighted that significant deficiencies in the existing water supply system, including inadequate infrastructure, poor coordination among stakeholders, and the lack of effective water management practices. These issues resulted in persistent water shortages and heightened vulnerability to water-related risks. The proposed solutions focus on improving infrastructure through the adoption of advanced water-saving technologies, enhancing stakeholder coordination, and implementing integrated water management strategies that are both sustainable and resilient. Specific recommendations include upgrading the water supply network, incorporating rainwater harvesting systems, ground water extraction systems, and promoting water-efficient appliances and fixtures within buildings. The conclusions drawn from this study underscore the vital importance of sustainable and resilient water management practices in addressing urban water shortages. The research provides a model that can be adapted to similar contexts in other developing nations facing comparable challenges. By emphasizing the necessity of architectural and engineering interventions, the study offers valuable insights for policymakers, urban planners, and other stakeholders involved in urban water management. These findings contribute to the broader discourse on water resilience, highlighting the need for innovative solutions to ensure equitable access to safe and secure water and sanitation services in rapidly growing urban areas. Keywords: Water Resilience, Urban Water Management, Water Shortages, Sustainable Infrastructure, Architectural Engineering SolutionsItem Density and Functional Mix in the Inner-City Kebele Housing: The Case of Kebele 02 In Woreda 01 Lideta Sub-City, Addis Ababa(Addis Ababa University, 2022-06-01) Sisay Sulamo; Elias Yitbarek (Associate Professor)Addis Ababa’s Primacy is high and the city is faced with fast demographic growth and sprawl. Accommodating the increasing population is becoming the new task and horizontal expansion is not possible. So the City’s administration has planned to follow compact city policies and intends to further densify existing inner-city neighborhoods’ especially near the transit line. This research tries to describe in detail the density and functional mix of the study area using multiple measures at neighborhood, compound, and housing unit levels. And it also explores different ways to bring a compact form for KHU dwellers. This descriptive and inferential research employs mainly the Survey of 234 housing units using a stratified sampling method. This was also supported by 32 qualitative interviews, an Observational study, focus group discussion, and secondary data analysis. And in the analysis, the thesis uses descriptive and statistical analysis supported by quantitative computations of correlation analysis. The results of the study reveal that the compounds with kebele housing units and the Kebele houses are the main reasons for the area to have a higher level of density in all measures when compared to average city density. According to a mix of functions, the area has a higher value in land use diversity and mixedness indexes; a low level of intensity; a higher level of efficiency; and functional incompatibility. Also the transformation of housing has influenced the density and mix of function much. The research finally stresses the need for multiple measures in both aspects that allow the construction of models and detailed descriptions to understand the urban form. It also recommends choosing a more appropriate type of measure that is fit for the context of the area. Then recommends considering all factors that influence the density and mix of functions to attain the claimed results of development. And based on the form it recommends providing housing forms, especially for the existing dwellers that enable them to transform their unit for their subsequent family or for rentingItem Analysis of Housing Affordability and the Impact of Housing Stress on Well-Being in the Case of Selected Blocks of Yeka Abado Condominium Addis Ababa(Addis Ababa University, 2022-06-01) Natnael Tadesse Debele; Imam Mahmoud HassenMost researches indicate that despite several efforts to reduce housing demand in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, the housing price, rent, and mortgage prices are considered beyond the capacity of the many city dwellers. For this clear reason, affordable housing in all tenure types is considered unattainable in many cases of households. Some research indications seem that housing stress is affecting the well-being of citizens. This research investigates beyond the observations and through scientific analysis of housing affordability to determine the scale of housing affordability stress as well as the well-being of selected neighbourhoods in Yeka Abado Condominium. To reach a considerable conclusion, the methodology employed includes housing affordability measurements (ratio methods), adequacy and compatibility questionnaires, analysis of the relationship between the housing affordability stress and well being, RAND SF-36 internationally accepted questionnaire is used. To further analyze longitudinal affordability additional interviews are employed. The main result of the study shows that housing unaffordability in all tenure types shows that an increased housing expenditure decreases well-being outcomes. Overall, 75% of the residents’ dwell in units that are affordably, inadequate, and incompatible with their needs. similarly, 45.7% for rental tenure, 38.5% for mortgage tenure, and 10% for ownership tenure housing stress was recorded. Based on the relationship of housing stress and well-being mental and social functioning have been affected by housing stress. The study further forwarded that the housing affordability issue is more complex than economic affordability. The paper also indicates that those different aspects of affordability affect the well-being of dwellers. economic affordability must be considered thoroughly by all target groups and tenure types (both the owner and tenant). Furthermore, existing beneficiaries of the IHDP program should get strategic relief and an alternative affordability housing ladder. Keywords: housing stress, affordable housing, well being, adequacy, compatibilityItem The impact of Geometry on the construction of buildings and its interplay with computational design and Digital fabrication(Addis Ababa University, 2024-02-01) Eyob Alene; Asgedom Haile ( PhD )This thesis looked at the Impact of geometry on the construction of buildings and its interplay with computational design, digital fabrication and presence of specialized professionals in the AEC industry of Addis Ababa. It mainly focused on high-rise and all buildings of the city. For the two focus areas two different research methods were applied to answer the research question of the study accordingly. The first research method was an intensive building analysis based on 24 building parameters to identify the impact of geometry on the construction method and material of buildings, 40 high-rise buildings were deeply studied based on the parameters. The second research method was mainly based on a systematic questionier survey to identify the impact of geometry on the construction method and material of the entire buildings of the city. Besides the second method was used for realization of the level of the AEC industry in using advanced design and construction approaches and tools in deciding the architectural geometry and construction of all buildings of the city. The questionier survey was applied on 102 design and engineering firms. The main parts of buildings in which the research was focused on are the three major parts of a building, when combined they make a perfect geometrical solid, as a geometric solid is a combination of three surfaces to make a 3D volumetric object these are the base, vertical and overhead surfaces. Here in this thesis the base surface is the floor or slab of a building, the vertical surface is the façade of a building and the overhead top surface is the roof of a building. SPSS, STATA and advanced programing tools such as R-studio was used as a tool to make statistical analysis of data in a scientific manner. The former tools were used for descriptive statistics, correlations and multinomial regression model tests and the later tool was used to run complex multinomial logistic regression tests for datas which needs high performance statistical tools. Overall this thesis results a deeper understanding of the substantial role that geometry plays in determining construction practices and materials in the AEC industry. Through a comprehensive building analysis method, the research identified how geometric design choices influence the construction of highrise buildings under method type one approach of the research. The findings provide a valuable knowledge in understanding the relation between building design and construction. Further, on method type two study approach, the thesis deeply explored the interplay of geometry with construction and identified the impact of computational design, digital fabrication and presence of specialized professionals on the geometry of our buildings to know how much our firm are applying such advanced design and construction approaches in the AEC industry or how much the geometry of the buildings is driven by advanced design and construction tools, approaches and professionals. Key words – Geometry, Construction, Computational design, digital fabrication, specializedItem Assessment of spatial impacts of the Eastern Industry zone on the development pattern of the surrounding settlement of Dukem Town, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2024-01-01) Haile Tadese Feyisa; Birhanu Girma (PhD)This study is conducted to analyze the assessment of spatial impacts of the Eastern Industry zone on the development pattern of the surrounding settlement of Dukem, Ethiopia. Dukem town is becoming an industrial hub in the Oromia region of Ethiopia due to its proximity to the capital city, Ethio-Djibouti Railway, Bole international airport, and Expressways. Those facts impact the physical settlements of the town. The east industry zone is one of the major industry spots in town. The study included both qualitative and quantitative methodologies, including spatial analysis using GIS techniques and survey methods. According to research findings, industrial park expansion has both beneficial and negative effects on the spatial settlements surrounding the industrial parks. Specifically, the factors that positively the pattern of spatial settlements around industrial parks include the area of land acquired due to the construction of industrial parks) Establishments of EIZ, investment of other industries & manufacturing, housing preference, informal access to land, and the number of neighborhoods established after the industrial park is built. Accordingly, the trend analysis of spatial settlement impacts has shown that the built-up area increased dramatically following the establishment of EIZ from 13.91 hectares (1.31%) in 2012 to 173.14 hectares (16%) in 2012, from 316.01 hectares (30 %) in 2016 to 578.23 hectares (55%) in 2018. Built-up areas consumed a significant number of other types, increasing from 13.91 hectares (1.31 percent) in 2012 to 964.16 hectares (91 percent) in 2023, while agricultural land decreased dramatically in all years, from 1,046.77 ha (65.12 percent) in 2009 to 92.38 ha (8.71 percent) in 2023, indicating its highest contribution to built-up areas. The forecast for future growth also indicated that the surrounding settlement will be covered by additional industries and dwellings. The location is already landlocked in the north and south with Bishoftu. As a result, while developing Industrial Parks, the government's anticipated future expansion should be factored into all policy and planning decisions. Keywords: Spatial Settlement, Pattern, Industrial Park Development, Oromia Region, EthiopiaItem Wind-based Energy-Plus Aerodynamic Building Design for the City of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2023-05-01) Kiflemariam Getaneh Bisetegn; Tebebu Assefa (PhD)Alternative energy is becoming increasingly important in today's society since it is less detrimental and damaging to the environment than fossil fuels. Wind energy, a viable renewable energy source in Ethiopia, has great potential, but its utilization in Addis Ababa's buildings is restricted, and the present infrastructure is failing to satisfy rising electrical demand owing to frequent outages and significant power distribution losses. This paper presents a study on the design of energy-plus aerodynamic buildings in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The objectives of the study were to: (1) identify potential sites for wind-based energy-plus buildings; (2) carve out the form of buildings responding to wind energy harvesting; and (3) design aerodynamic buildings. The study utilized primary and secondary data from various sources, including NASA, MapServer Ethiopia, EnergyPlus, the USGS Satellite Map, and the Global Wind Atlas. The GIS-based MCDM method is used to locate wind energy sites, while software-based CFD simulation optimizes the aerodynamic form of buildings for wind-based wind energy harvesting. Addis Ababa city has 80% potential for wind energy harvesting, with high wind speed areas, including the project site located in the main city center, suitable for wind-based energy-plus buildings. In this study, the wind-based energy-plus aerodynamic was designed to minimize drag and maximize lift, resulting in a significant reduction in energy consumption and maximization of wind energy harvesting. Finally, the optimized aerodynamic building form reduces wind force by 27.64% and can generate 2,776.65 MW per year by integrating small-scale wind turbines, demonstrating its potential for wind energy integration. This study contributes to showcase Addis Ababa's transition towards renewable energy by identifying potential energy sources in built environments and designing high-rise buildings with wind-based power generation concepts. Keywords: Form Optimization, Aerodynamics, Wind Energy, Multi-Criteria Decision MakingItem The Expansion of Informal Settlements In Industrializing Cities in Ethiopia the Case of Hawassa(Addis Ababa University, 2023-06-01) Enanu Girma Melka; Wubshet Berhanu (PhD)The introduction of industrial parks in Ethiopian cities is one of the major changes currently made. There are twelve IPs working on different sectors. Hawassa IP is one of them and it focuses on textiles. The major objective of this study is to understand the expansion of informal settlements due to industrialization (development of IPs). Both primary and secondary data sources were used. Literatures, key informants, interviews and questioners were among the main data collection instruments used to examine and show the development of informal settlements due to urbanization/industrialization in the country and the city of Hawassa particularly. Officials from Industrial Parks Development Corporation, workers from Hawassa city land administration, land brokers, kebele officials and key informants have responded to the interview questions .House owners at the selected sites and laborers who work at HIP participated in the questionnaire. Data were interpreted through organizing, analysis, numerating and interpreting. The interview data was organized by grouping answers together across respondents. The questionnaire data were compared and tabulated in frequency tables and charts and supported by explanations. The findings of the study indicated that informal land transaction is a common practice on the peripheries of the city of Hawassa .Peri urban areas provide the opportunity to low class population to own land through informal land transaction. The study also found out that there is a significant migration of people to the city in search of job opportunity at HIP. As a result peripheries are home for thousands of laborers that work at HIP since they provide affordable rental rooms. Though informal land transaction is practiced at all the Peripheries even before the development of HIP, the emergence of HIP has contributed to the practice and the periphery close to the HIP is more exposed to informal land transaction. Based on the findings of the study, the author recommends to the Government (City land administration) and to the IPDC/HIP that Government should supply land with a minimum cost and at maximum speed. The community need to be informed about formal land development practices and need to have a clear understanding of the consequences at city level of informal changes that come with the development of informal settlements. IPDC need to engage in several projects to provide affordable houses/rooms for laborers so as to have a motivated workforce and remain competitive in the industry. Key terms: Industrial park, Hawassa Industrial Park, informal settlement, peri-urban areasItem The Conservation Status and Challnges of Genetemaryam Rock Hewn Church, North Wollo(Addis Ababa University, 2022-06-01) Moges Tefera; Tadese GirmayGenetemaryam is endowed with rock-cut church embodying architectural significance. However, this priceless cultural Heritages is frequently confronted with different threats. It is increasingly deteriorating and threatened by a host of both natural and anthropogenic factors. This will result in loss of the authenticity and beauty. The church is subjected to different problems such as cracking, degradation and breaking that badly affected its values. This church was carved in the late 13th century. Since then, it has been exposed to wind, rain and thermal changes as well as to the impact of human activities. This has resulted in severe degradation of the church which is considered to be in a critical condition. It is also evident that all the identify phenomena and related causes are strictly connected each other and they mutually contribute to the amplification of some degradation effect. Identifying the nature and scale of destructive forces helps to determine intervention methods. It also enables to take measures before it results in total loss of the heritage. This paper is designed with the objective of assessing the untapped potential and existing problems of this cultural heritage. Finally the study concluded with some of the conservation measures which should be undertaken to solve the problems in this churchItem Affordable Housing and Economic Sustainability the Case of the Poorest of the Poor Housing in Debre Markos City(Addis Ababa University, 2022-06-01) Michael Menberu Zewudie; Elias Yitbarek (PhD)The affordability of housing is an essential policy goal. Incorporating economic sustainability in affordable housing in the development of the poorest of the poor's housing programs has become a major concern. This paper examines the affordability and economic sustainability of the poorest of the poor affordable housing in Debre Markos city. To address this, this study uses both quantitative and qualitative methods, using questionnaire surveys, interviews, field observation, and household surveys. Households in the expanding area have lower monthly salaries than in the past, but they are satisfied with the housing quality, rental pricing, and tenure security of their dwellings, according to the data analyzed by Pearson correlation analysis. Households in the intermediate zone had significantly higher incomes after moving into their new homes. Housing is not truly affordable if it is in an inaccessible place with a long commute to work, high transportation expenditures, and land use that is homogeneous. In addition, the study examines several economic sustainability performance indicators. As a result, indicators have been established to examine new housing development schemes for the poorest of the poor. intensive literature analysis and investigation into the study area yielded a preliminary list of 15 critical economically sustainable performance indicators of affordable housing for the poorest of the poor’s. The study suggested indicators for incorporating economic sustainability into the poorest of the poor affordable housing programs. The indicators suggest using mixed-use housing and neighborhoods, economic sustainability performance indicators, house location, affordable housing for the poorest of the poor women, house management and maintenance, infrastructure, and local community participation as parameters for evaluating key dimensions of the poorest of the poor affordable housing programs' economic sustainability. Key words: Affordable housing, Sustainable housing, economic sustainability.Item The Case of Rental Houses Developed By Loza and Birhanu Construction Plc, Ayer Tena, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2022-04-01) Biruk Dereje Terefe; Imam Mahmoud HassenThe housing delivery mechanism in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia is very few and one of the delivery options is rental housing. But only the public rental housing and kebele houses are considered as an option and neglects the private rental housing for decades, the sector rental housing cover more than 55 % including both public and private rental housing stock. From the 55% of rental housing 37% is the share of private rental housing sector that means more than the half of the market. but the government didn’t consider the sector as a significant option for housing development and focused only policies which promote home ownership led by government which is unrealistic and un affordable means of housing delivery. This study examined and assessed private rental housing developer as a viable option for housing development and search the potentials and limitation for developing the sector as one of housing delivery strategies for the future. And it focuses on private rental housing developer and houses constructed by Loza and Birhanu Construction plc. The research used case study method for in depth analysis of the sector; the cases are selected only houses constructed by LBC. Plc. And the data were collected using questionnaires, interview, and analysis of documents and related literatures. The end result and findings revealed that private rental housing sector has a positive impact on the housing delivery mechanisms. Furthermore, private rental housing provision strategies needs a policy support by government and appropriate revision on the housing delivery approaches including some policy instruments focused on rental houses developed by private sector. Key words: Rental housing, private rental housing, private rental houses developers, rental housing policy instruments, Addis AbabaItem Assessing the Historic Urban Character of the Streetscape of Gandhi Street (Old Churchill Avenue) Within the Context of Development(Addis Ababa University, 2022-06-01) Junedin Ahmed Ali; Tadesse GirmayThis study is the Assessment of urban character of Gandhi Street (from Tewodros square to Mahmud Music Store), which is found in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The street exhibits the detailed artistic advancement and workmanship of 19th and 20th century Addis Ababa architecture. Which is known for its atheistic and landmark value in the city. The features of these streets are changing owing to urbanization and due to the new development of commercial activities. The Physical changes are mainly due to road side new developments. The Main features and characters of the streets have undergone rapid changes due to current redevelopment works. In this study, the researcher assessed the heritage urban characters and features of Gandhi Street on both sides longitudinally. The key changes takes place and the threats facing are emphasized in the final results. Which the street is gradually losing its original features because of undocumented and unguided renovations works, new construction that doesn’t fit the setting, as well as lack of maintenance and care by the owners heritage building. Because of this the city’s architecture heritage along the streets are losing its main elements gradually. The study mainly used on-site assessments, archival accounts, observation, and interviews to collect reliable data. Also a combination of streetscape photographic mapping and drawings are used to assess the heritage character and features of the street. As a result, based on the combined findings the researcher got two major recommendations. These are Streetscape Revitalization or conservation (The renewal of the physical fabric along the street and Find activities to attract tourists and other peoples), and preparing a legal guideline (to control incompatible changes on heritages). Finally the recommendation end up by showing sample streetscape revitalization and guideline.