Advanced Architectural Design
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Item Density and Functional Mix in the Inner-City Kebele Housing: The Case of Kebele 02 In Woreda 01 Lideta Sub-City, Addis Ababa(Addis Ababa University, 2022-06-01) Sisay Sulamo; Elias Yitbarek (Associate Professor)Addis Ababa’s Primacy is high and the city is faced with fast demographic growth and sprawl. Accommodating the increasing population is becoming the new task and horizontal expansion is not possible. So the City’s administration has planned to follow compact city policies and intends to further densify existing inner-city neighborhoods’ especially near the transit line. This research tries to describe in detail the density and functional mix of the study area using multiple measures at neighborhood, compound, and housing unit levels. And it also explores different ways to bring a compact form for KHU dwellers. This descriptive and inferential research employs mainly the Survey of 234 housing units using a stratified sampling method. This was also supported by 32 qualitative interviews, an Observational study, focus group discussion, and secondary data analysis. And in the analysis, the thesis uses descriptive and statistical analysis supported by quantitative computations of correlation analysis. The results of the study reveal that the compounds with kebele housing units and the Kebele houses are the main reasons for the area to have a higher level of density in all measures when compared to average city density. According to a mix of functions, the area has a higher value in land use diversity and mixedness indexes; a low level of intensity; a higher level of efficiency; and functional incompatibility. Also the transformation of housing has influenced the density and mix of function much. The research finally stresses the need for multiple measures in both aspects that allow the construction of models and detailed descriptions to understand the urban form. It also recommends choosing a more appropriate type of measure that is fit for the context of the area. Then recommends considering all factors that influence the density and mix of functions to attain the claimed results of development. And based on the form it recommends providing housing forms, especially for the existing dwellers that enable them to transform their unit for their subsequent family or for rentingItem Analysis of Housing Affordability and the Impact of Housing Stress on Well-Being in the Case of Selected Blocks of Yeka Abado Condominium Addis Ababa(Addis Ababa University, 2022-06-01) Natnael Tadesse Debele; Imam Mahmoud HassenMost researches indicate that despite several efforts to reduce housing demand in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, the housing price, rent, and mortgage prices are considered beyond the capacity of the many city dwellers. For this clear reason, affordable housing in all tenure types is considered unattainable in many cases of households. Some research indications seem that housing stress is affecting the well-being of citizens. This research investigates beyond the observations and through scientific analysis of housing affordability to determine the scale of housing affordability stress as well as the well-being of selected neighbourhoods in Yeka Abado Condominium. To reach a considerable conclusion, the methodology employed includes housing affordability measurements (ratio methods), adequacy and compatibility questionnaires, analysis of the relationship between the housing affordability stress and well being, RAND SF-36 internationally accepted questionnaire is used. To further analyze longitudinal affordability additional interviews are employed. The main result of the study shows that housing unaffordability in all tenure types shows that an increased housing expenditure decreases well-being outcomes. Overall, 75% of the residents’ dwell in units that are affordably, inadequate, and incompatible with their needs. similarly, 45.7% for rental tenure, 38.5% for mortgage tenure, and 10% for ownership tenure housing stress was recorded. Based on the relationship of housing stress and well-being mental and social functioning have been affected by housing stress. The study further forwarded that the housing affordability issue is more complex than economic affordability. The paper also indicates that those different aspects of affordability affect the well-being of dwellers. economic affordability must be considered thoroughly by all target groups and tenure types (both the owner and tenant). Furthermore, existing beneficiaries of the IHDP program should get strategic relief and an alternative affordability housing ladder. Keywords: housing stress, affordable housing, well being, adequacy, compatibilityItem The impact of Geometry on the construction of buildings and its interplay with computational design and Digital fabrication(Addis Ababa University, 2024-02-01) Eyob Alene; Asgedom Haile ( PhD )This thesis looked at the Impact of geometry on the construction of buildings and its interplay with computational design, digital fabrication and presence of specialized professionals in the AEC industry of Addis Ababa. It mainly focused on high-rise and all buildings of the city. For the two focus areas two different research methods were applied to answer the research question of the study accordingly. The first research method was an intensive building analysis based on 24 building parameters to identify the impact of geometry on the construction method and material of buildings, 40 high-rise buildings were deeply studied based on the parameters. The second research method was mainly based on a systematic questionier survey to identify the impact of geometry on the construction method and material of the entire buildings of the city. Besides the second method was used for realization of the level of the AEC industry in using advanced design and construction approaches and tools in deciding the architectural geometry and construction of all buildings of the city. The questionier survey was applied on 102 design and engineering firms. The main parts of buildings in which the research was focused on are the three major parts of a building, when combined they make a perfect geometrical solid, as a geometric solid is a combination of three surfaces to make a 3D volumetric object these are the base, vertical and overhead surfaces. Here in this thesis the base surface is the floor or slab of a building, the vertical surface is the façade of a building and the overhead top surface is the roof of a building. SPSS, STATA and advanced programing tools such as R-studio was used as a tool to make statistical analysis of data in a scientific manner. The former tools were used for descriptive statistics, correlations and multinomial regression model tests and the later tool was used to run complex multinomial logistic regression tests for datas which needs high performance statistical tools. Overall this thesis results a deeper understanding of the substantial role that geometry plays in determining construction practices and materials in the AEC industry. Through a comprehensive building analysis method, the research identified how geometric design choices influence the construction of highrise buildings under method type one approach of the research. The findings provide a valuable knowledge in understanding the relation between building design and construction. Further, on method type two study approach, the thesis deeply explored the interplay of geometry with construction and identified the impact of computational design, digital fabrication and presence of specialized professionals on the geometry of our buildings to know how much our firm are applying such advanced design and construction approaches in the AEC industry or how much the geometry of the buildings is driven by advanced design and construction tools, approaches and professionals. Key words – Geometry, Construction, Computational design, digital fabrication, specializedItem Assessment of spatial impacts of the Eastern Industry zone on the development pattern of the surrounding settlement of Dukem Town, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2024-01-01) Haile Tadese Feyisa; Birhanu Girma (PhD)This study is conducted to analyze the assessment of spatial impacts of the Eastern Industry zone on the development pattern of the surrounding settlement of Dukem, Ethiopia. Dukem town is becoming an industrial hub in the Oromia region of Ethiopia due to its proximity to the capital city, Ethio-Djibouti Railway, Bole international airport, and Expressways. Those facts impact the physical settlements of the town. The east industry zone is one of the major industry spots in town. The study included both qualitative and quantitative methodologies, including spatial analysis using GIS techniques and survey methods. According to research findings, industrial park expansion has both beneficial and negative effects on the spatial settlements surrounding the industrial parks. Specifically, the factors that positively the pattern of spatial settlements around industrial parks include the area of land acquired due to the construction of industrial parks) Establishments of EIZ, investment of other industries & manufacturing, housing preference, informal access to land, and the number of neighborhoods established after the industrial park is built. Accordingly, the trend analysis of spatial settlement impacts has shown that the built-up area increased dramatically following the establishment of EIZ from 13.91 hectares (1.31%) in 2012 to 173.14 hectares (16%) in 2012, from 316.01 hectares (30 %) in 2016 to 578.23 hectares (55%) in 2018. Built-up areas consumed a significant number of other types, increasing from 13.91 hectares (1.31 percent) in 2012 to 964.16 hectares (91 percent) in 2023, while agricultural land decreased dramatically in all years, from 1,046.77 ha (65.12 percent) in 2009 to 92.38 ha (8.71 percent) in 2023, indicating its highest contribution to built-up areas. The forecast for future growth also indicated that the surrounding settlement will be covered by additional industries and dwellings. The location is already landlocked in the north and south with Bishoftu. As a result, while developing Industrial Parks, the government's anticipated future expansion should be factored into all policy and planning decisions. Keywords: Spatial Settlement, Pattern, Industrial Park Development, Oromia Region, EthiopiaItem Wind-based Energy-Plus Aerodynamic Building Design for the City of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2023-05-01) Kiflemariam Getaneh Bisetegn; Tebebu Assefa (PhD)Alternative energy is becoming increasingly important in today's society since it is less detrimental and damaging to the environment than fossil fuels. Wind energy, a viable renewable energy source in Ethiopia, has great potential, but its utilization in Addis Ababa's buildings is restricted, and the present infrastructure is failing to satisfy rising electrical demand owing to frequent outages and significant power distribution losses. This paper presents a study on the design of energy-plus aerodynamic buildings in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The objectives of the study were to: (1) identify potential sites for wind-based energy-plus buildings; (2) carve out the form of buildings responding to wind energy harvesting; and (3) design aerodynamic buildings. The study utilized primary and secondary data from various sources, including NASA, MapServer Ethiopia, EnergyPlus, the USGS Satellite Map, and the Global Wind Atlas. The GIS-based MCDM method is used to locate wind energy sites, while software-based CFD simulation optimizes the aerodynamic form of buildings for wind-based wind energy harvesting. Addis Ababa city has 80% potential for wind energy harvesting, with high wind speed areas, including the project site located in the main city center, suitable for wind-based energy-plus buildings. In this study, the wind-based energy-plus aerodynamic was designed to minimize drag and maximize lift, resulting in a significant reduction in energy consumption and maximization of wind energy harvesting. Finally, the optimized aerodynamic building form reduces wind force by 27.64% and can generate 2,776.65 MW per year by integrating small-scale wind turbines, demonstrating its potential for wind energy integration. This study contributes to showcase Addis Ababa's transition towards renewable energy by identifying potential energy sources in built environments and designing high-rise buildings with wind-based power generation concepts. Keywords: Form Optimization, Aerodynamics, Wind Energy, Multi-Criteria Decision MakingItem The Expansion of Informal Settlements In Industrializing Cities in Ethiopia the Case of Hawassa(Addis Ababa University, 2023-06-01) Enanu Girma Melka; Wubshet Berhanu (PhD)The introduction of industrial parks in Ethiopian cities is one of the major changes currently made. There are twelve IPs working on different sectors. Hawassa IP is one of them and it focuses on textiles. The major objective of this study is to understand the expansion of informal settlements due to industrialization (development of IPs). Both primary and secondary data sources were used. Literatures, key informants, interviews and questioners were among the main data collection instruments used to examine and show the development of informal settlements due to urbanization/industrialization in the country and the city of Hawassa particularly. Officials from Industrial Parks Development Corporation, workers from Hawassa city land administration, land brokers, kebele officials and key informants have responded to the interview questions .House owners at the selected sites and laborers who work at HIP participated in the questionnaire. Data were interpreted through organizing, analysis, numerating and interpreting. The interview data was organized by grouping answers together across respondents. The questionnaire data were compared and tabulated in frequency tables and charts and supported by explanations. The findings of the study indicated that informal land transaction is a common practice on the peripheries of the city of Hawassa .Peri urban areas provide the opportunity to low class population to own land through informal land transaction. The study also found out that there is a significant migration of people to the city in search of job opportunity at HIP. As a result peripheries are home for thousands of laborers that work at HIP since they provide affordable rental rooms. Though informal land transaction is practiced at all the Peripheries even before the development of HIP, the emergence of HIP has contributed to the practice and the periphery close to the HIP is more exposed to informal land transaction. Based on the findings of the study, the author recommends to the Government (City land administration) and to the IPDC/HIP that Government should supply land with a minimum cost and at maximum speed. The community need to be informed about formal land development practices and need to have a clear understanding of the consequences at city level of informal changes that come with the development of informal settlements. IPDC need to engage in several projects to provide affordable houses/rooms for laborers so as to have a motivated workforce and remain competitive in the industry. Key terms: Industrial park, Hawassa Industrial Park, informal settlement, peri-urban areasItem The Conservation Status and Challnges of Genetemaryam Rock Hewn Church, North Wollo(Addis Ababa University, 2022-06-01) Moges Tefera; Tadese GirmayGenetemaryam is endowed with rock-cut church embodying architectural significance. However, this priceless cultural Heritages is frequently confronted with different threats. It is increasingly deteriorating and threatened by a host of both natural and anthropogenic factors. This will result in loss of the authenticity and beauty. The church is subjected to different problems such as cracking, degradation and breaking that badly affected its values. This church was carved in the late 13th century. Since then, it has been exposed to wind, rain and thermal changes as well as to the impact of human activities. This has resulted in severe degradation of the church which is considered to be in a critical condition. It is also evident that all the identify phenomena and related causes are strictly connected each other and they mutually contribute to the amplification of some degradation effect. Identifying the nature and scale of destructive forces helps to determine intervention methods. It also enables to take measures before it results in total loss of the heritage. This paper is designed with the objective of assessing the untapped potential and existing problems of this cultural heritage. Finally the study concluded with some of the conservation measures which should be undertaken to solve the problems in this churchItem Affordable Housing and Economic Sustainability the Case of the Poorest of the Poor Housing in Debre Markos City(Addis Ababa University, 2022-06-01) Michael Menberu Zewudie; Elias Yitbarek (PhD)The affordability of housing is an essential policy goal. Incorporating economic sustainability in affordable housing in the development of the poorest of the poor's housing programs has become a major concern. This paper examines the affordability and economic sustainability of the poorest of the poor affordable housing in Debre Markos city. To address this, this study uses both quantitative and qualitative methods, using questionnaire surveys, interviews, field observation, and household surveys. Households in the expanding area have lower monthly salaries than in the past, but they are satisfied with the housing quality, rental pricing, and tenure security of their dwellings, according to the data analyzed by Pearson correlation analysis. Households in the intermediate zone had significantly higher incomes after moving into their new homes. Housing is not truly affordable if it is in an inaccessible place with a long commute to work, high transportation expenditures, and land use that is homogeneous. In addition, the study examines several economic sustainability performance indicators. As a result, indicators have been established to examine new housing development schemes for the poorest of the poor. intensive literature analysis and investigation into the study area yielded a preliminary list of 15 critical economically sustainable performance indicators of affordable housing for the poorest of the poor’s. The study suggested indicators for incorporating economic sustainability into the poorest of the poor affordable housing programs. The indicators suggest using mixed-use housing and neighborhoods, economic sustainability performance indicators, house location, affordable housing for the poorest of the poor women, house management and maintenance, infrastructure, and local community participation as parameters for evaluating key dimensions of the poorest of the poor affordable housing programs' economic sustainability. Key words: Affordable housing, Sustainable housing, economic sustainability.Item The Case of Rental Houses Developed By Loza and Birhanu Construction Plc, Ayer Tena, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2022-04-01) Biruk Dereje Terefe; Imam Mahmoud HassenThe housing delivery mechanism in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia is very few and one of the delivery options is rental housing. But only the public rental housing and kebele houses are considered as an option and neglects the private rental housing for decades, the sector rental housing cover more than 55 % including both public and private rental housing stock. From the 55% of rental housing 37% is the share of private rental housing sector that means more than the half of the market. but the government didn’t consider the sector as a significant option for housing development and focused only policies which promote home ownership led by government which is unrealistic and un affordable means of housing delivery. This study examined and assessed private rental housing developer as a viable option for housing development and search the potentials and limitation for developing the sector as one of housing delivery strategies for the future. And it focuses on private rental housing developer and houses constructed by Loza and Birhanu Construction plc. The research used case study method for in depth analysis of the sector; the cases are selected only houses constructed by LBC. Plc. And the data were collected using questionnaires, interview, and analysis of documents and related literatures. The end result and findings revealed that private rental housing sector has a positive impact on the housing delivery mechanisms. Furthermore, private rental housing provision strategies needs a policy support by government and appropriate revision on the housing delivery approaches including some policy instruments focused on rental houses developed by private sector. Key words: Rental housing, private rental housing, private rental houses developers, rental housing policy instruments, Addis AbabaItem Assessing the Historic Urban Character of the Streetscape of Gandhi Street (Old Churchill Avenue) Within the Context of Development(Addis Ababa University, 2022-06-01) Junedin Ahmed Ali; Tadesse GirmayThis study is the Assessment of urban character of Gandhi Street (from Tewodros square to Mahmud Music Store), which is found in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The street exhibits the detailed artistic advancement and workmanship of 19th and 20th century Addis Ababa architecture. Which is known for its atheistic and landmark value in the city. The features of these streets are changing owing to urbanization and due to the new development of commercial activities. The Physical changes are mainly due to road side new developments. The Main features and characters of the streets have undergone rapid changes due to current redevelopment works. In this study, the researcher assessed the heritage urban characters and features of Gandhi Street on both sides longitudinally. The key changes takes place and the threats facing are emphasized in the final results. Which the street is gradually losing its original features because of undocumented and unguided renovations works, new construction that doesn’t fit the setting, as well as lack of maintenance and care by the owners heritage building. Because of this the city’s architecture heritage along the streets are losing its main elements gradually. The study mainly used on-site assessments, archival accounts, observation, and interviews to collect reliable data. Also a combination of streetscape photographic mapping and drawings are used to assess the heritage character and features of the street. As a result, based on the combined findings the researcher got two major recommendations. These are Streetscape Revitalization or conservation (The renewal of the physical fabric along the street and Find activities to attract tourists and other peoples), and preparing a legal guideline (to control incompatible changes on heritages). Finally the recommendation end up by showing sample streetscape revitalization and guideline.Item Indoor Air Pollution: Pragmatic Smoke Mitigating Interventions For Reducing Co and PM2.5 IN Traditional Tukul Houses The Case of Butajira Area(Addis Ababa University, 2023-10-01) Dagmawit Kidane Belihu; Denamo A. Nuramo (Associate Professor)A considerable number of people are residing in substandard spaces that fall below the WHO recommended air quality limits which includes exposure to indoor air pollution. The wide use of solid biomass coupled with indoor cooking are major contributing factors for high concentration of indoor air pollutants in Ethiopia. Over 95% of the Ethiopian population relies on solid biomass for household energy consumption and majority of them reside in rural vernacular houses where multiple functional spaces are overlapped in a single space. The lack of ventilation in these spaces and the amount of time spent indoors from cooking to sleeping etc. makes the occupants vulnerable to multiple health problems. The common health problems in the study area are recognized as side effects of prolonged exposure to indoor air pollutants. This research investigates the relationship between indoor air pollution in rural tukul houses and architectural modifications that can decrease selected indoor air pollutant concentrations in Butajira, Southern part of Ethiopia. The aim was to measure the 24hr PM2.5 and CO concentrations, study the architectural features of the tukuls and experiment with ventilation by providing multiple openings and altering the interior layout to study the indoor air pollution level reduction. A controlled experimental study was conducted in three selected households. The experiment had four phases where the first one measured the initial pollutant concentration levels, the second one introduced a window in the south-west orientation, the third one provided a second opening to control the air path and the final phase altered the location of the cook stove to achieve maximum efficiency. The results of the experiment confirmed the current pollutant concentrations profoundly exceed ideal WHO limits. The lowest before intervention CO concentrations were over two times higher than homes without indoor cooking and WHO recommended limits. Similarly, the lowest initial PM2.5 limits were 13 times higher than the maximum WHO limits. In two of the study houses the intervention successfully decreased both CO and PM2.5 concentrations. The best results were recorded in the fourth phase where PM2.5 dropped by 49.6% and CO showed an 87.6% decrease. The combined intervention where both openings and interior layout were altered showed the most positive results. In one study house the impact of context, activity pattern and existing architectural elements resulted in increased measurements. It was concluded that the contextual influence at an urban scale, interior layout/partition, cooking pattern and complete detachment of cooking spaces have the best potential for improving indoor air quality in existing tukul houses. Keywords:INDOOR AIR POLLUTION, VENTILATION, OPENING DESIGN, CONTROLLED EXPERIMENT, TUKUL HOUSESItem Investigating the Effect of Currency Devaluation on Contractors: A Case Study on Selected Public Building Projects(Addis Ababa University, 2022-05-01) Haimanot Nibret Mengistu; Wubishet Jekale (PhD)The National Bank of Ethiopia devalued Birr by 15% against United States Dollar (USD) in October 2017. Since then, the construction industry in Ethiopia has faced price volatility on construction materials. According to prior studies, the construction industry is influenced by currency devaluation, resulting in high inflation, volatile market pricing, and material shortages. This price increase causes contractors to fail in finishing their projects within the acceptable time and quality boundaries, as well as within the anticipated cost boundary. This delays their progress in every way. However, the extent of the impact on construction projects is not well-understood and needs to be studied more closely. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to investigate the effect of currency devaluation on contractors. In particular, this paper aims to determine the effect of currency devaluation on public building projects that were commenced before currency devaluation occurred. It also focuses on contributory trade of works induced by currency devaluation and minimizing the risk of economic loss in construction projects due to currency devaluation for current and future occurrences. Based on a review of literature on the effect of currency devaluation on the Ethiopian construction sector and other countries' currency devaluation issues and measures, a case study research technique was utilized. Secondary data was obtained through document review. Analysis of data demonstrated the impact of the construction project, contributory trade, and strategies that the government should enforce to minimize the risk of devaluation on contractors. The result reviled that the construction cost of four public building projects in Addis Ababa increased by 18.12%, 17.72%, 16.51% and 13.94% because of the price escalation of construction materials tied to the currency devaluation of the Birr. Further, reinforced concrete work, wall and floor finishing work were found contributory to currency devaluation. The study concludes that compensating contractors who work for government projects and were adversely affected by the recent economic legislation adopted by the Government during 2017 to tackle the current crisis and adjusting the value of most contributory trade of works induced by currency devaluation to be increased or decreased based on an index minimizes the risk resulting from currency fluctuation for the future occurrence. On this basis, the government of Ethiopia should pass decisions that allow contracts to be increased or decreased, based on a price index. Keywords: Currency Devaluation, Construction Materials, Construction IndustryItem Space and Domestic Activity In A 20/80 Condominium Housing Unit The Case of Gellan Iii condominium, Addis Ababa(Addis Ababa University, 2022-10-01) Biruktawit Yeshigeta Aklilu; Elias Yitbarek Alemayehu (PhD)The Ethiopian government has implemented the Integrated Housing Development Program (IHDP) to tackle housing challenges in Addis Ababa amid rapid urbanization. Previous researches have shown that the IHDP has had problems regarding responsiveness of the units and urban design to occupants’ needs and activities. This study examines how Gellan III condominium inhabitants utilize their housing units for domestic activities, the impact of spatial design on these activities and the vice versa. Using qualitative methods, including semi-structured interviews and space syntax analysis, the study reveals clear distinctions between chore and leisure activities, with communal and individual activities being inversely related. Women predominantly perform household chores, with most activities centered in the living room and kitchen. The corridor and living room are highly integrated and control most activities, while the kitchen, bedroom, bathroom, and balcony are more private and less integrated. The corridor is pivotal in distributing activities to other rooms, followed by the living room. Domestic activities and spatial design mutually influence each other, depending on household characteristics, activity spatial needs, and space adaptability. Some domestic activities have been minimized, relocated, disappeared, or mechanized due to spatial constraints. Spatial modifications include adding rooms, functional changes, demolition, and enlargement due to rooms being smaller than the needs of the activity, lack of designated activity spaces, and household size mismatch with house typology, privacy needs, and storage issues. The study recommends designing typologies with end-user participation, incorporating Ethiopian vernacular housing studies, and considering the relationship between activity spaces. Allocation of house typologies, partition design and material selection of walls should consider the dynamism of household. Additionally, it suggests developing kitchen designs tailored to Ethiopian needs rather than European standards, creating wider corridors, and allocating space for all activities. These adjustments aim to address the dynamic needs of households and improve the functionality of housing units. Keywords: Condominium, domestic activities, spatial design, space syntaxItem Identifying Supply and Demands of Ecosystem Services From Urban Street Trees, and Design Through Nature-Based Solutions for Longterm Provision of Ecosystem Service in Hawassa City, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2024-06-01) Mezida Fekede; Kumelachew Yeshitela ( Professor )Urban trees offer a variety of advantages due to the variety of tasks they carry out. Theyare an important component of urban and suburban areas and can change the way streets look and offer a variety of ecosystem service (regulating, provisioning, supporting, and cultural) benefits. However, urban trees are highly influenced by people and other factors that can negatively affect ecosystem service provision. When street trees are planted in Hawassa, ecosystem service is not taken into account; instead, the emphasis is placed on aesthetics, shade, and quickly growing plants rather than user demand and the ecosystem service provision by the street tree that led to ecosystem service supply and demand imbalance. This study was conducted on five different streets in Hawassa city and ecosystem services examined in the study are local climate regulation, air quality regulation, storm water management, aesthetic value, recreation and human health, biodiversity, food provision, and sense of place. The objectives of the study are assessing the existing street tree species type and street scape element, identifying challenge of street tree development and management, and identifying the supply and demands of ecosystem service provision from urban street trees. During the study, 1588 mature trees, representing 37 species, 22 families, and 665 sapling trees, representing 13 species and 11 families have been identified. The study was conducted by collecting data from street user and officials who have direct involvement in urban planning managing and developing the street and by conducting observations on the selected streets. In analyzing the data descriptive statistic for the questionnaire filled by street user and simple qualitative analysis are used for information from key informant interview and observation made on the street. Results indicated that the availability of street scape elements are rated from very poor to medium. Likewise, it also indicated that there is a lack of street scape element along the street and the study also highlight several challenges associated with street trees, lastly, most participants demanded a very high level of ecosystem services provided by street trees, especially for local climate regulation, air quality regulation, storm water management, and sense of place indicates that there is a significant gap between the provision of and demand for ecosystem services provided by street trees in urban areas. In general, the study forwards a recommendation for enhancing he current status of street tree and for future development and forwards new possible design prototypes that considers street scape element in relation street tree to maximize the valueof ecosystem provision. Keywords: Urban street tree, Ecosystem service, Ecosystem supply, Ecosystem Demand ,streetscape elementItem Urban Redevelopment in Partnership Joint Venture Between Landholders and Private Developers In Global-6 and Urael Apartment Projects, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2024-04-01) Betelhem Hailegebriel Mulugeta; Yonas Alemayehu SoressaA joint venture redevelopment project between landholder and private developer is the main concern of this study, because it is a current and relevant issue in developing countries. The objective of the study is to investigate the characteristics of the current practice of JVR projects between landholder and private developer in the cases of Global 6 and Urael apartment, Addis Ababa. Therefore, this research is done in order to answer the questions of how JVR is practiced in the actual projects, what advantages and disadvantages it has, and what should be done so as to enhance the use of JV strategies for urban redevelopment projects. The scope of the study is limited to JVR projects between landholders and private developers in the case of Global 6 and Urael apartment in the past decade and a half. This research is qualitative research by using a case study research method in order to gain an in-depth understanding of the actual practice, and data is gathered through observation, interviews, and document reviews. Thematic data analysis method was used for this study through the process of analyzing the collected data with the reference of the research questions. The study identified the following findings: A JVR project between landholders and private developer’s benefits partners through enabling the landholders to practice their priority right of developing their land; minimizing initial investment cost, and resource sharing. The processes of JVR projects are information gathering, decision making by stakeholders, preparing schematic design, landholders choosing their preferred house, JV formation and agreement signing, cash payment, transferring landholding rights to the developer, overall design preparation, land acquisition, acquiring building permit, site clearance, construction, supervision and housing handover. The major challenges of JVR projects are lack of trust on the landholder’s side, opposing the idea of transferring landholding rights to the developer, absence of proper implementation of legal framework due to many reasons, like the proposed land use of the area, and other restrictions from the government side. Finally, based on the finding of the study recommendations are forwarded for policy makers, government and for private developers. Policy recommendations include: prepare a policy to incorporate a JV strategy for urban redevelopment projects; develop a clear legal agreement guideline describing the rights, responsibilities and the amount of share of the stakeholders; and make the legal framework flexible. Keywords: Urban redevelopment, Joint venture redevelopment, Partnership, Landholder, Addis AbabaItem User-Initiated House Transformation for Income Generation; The Case of Individual Private Neighborhood in Woreda 07, Akaki Kality, Addis Ababa(Addis Ababa University, 2022-10-01) Bonny Tesfaye Degefa; Elias Yitbarek (PhD)As the capital, Addis Ababa struggles to accommodate influx of population, it is apparent that changes on all levels and sectors are taking place. Spatially the city has been densifying and the built-up elements are increasing so as to keep up with the housing demand of the people. This research focuses on the transformations that took place in a dominantly private owned settlement located in Akaki Kality, Woreda 07, for the purpose of income generation. And the kind of transformations that took place and for what functions these transformed spaces are used, the challenges of the transformations and the prospects. To study these aspects, data was collected from selected households in the study area using semi-structured questionnaires, key informant interviews with sub city office employee and Woreda level building permit office. According to the data collected the research found that transformation of housing/compound for the purpose of income generation is common and they are continuing transforming and planning to transform. Based on the studied cases the residents were able to accommodate their needs and cope with the spatial transformations that directly impact them socio economically. These transformations have posed some challenges like landuse incompatibility, accessibility issue due to overflow of activities and in some cases pollution of sound for residents. The transformations are consciously planned activities done by each transformer, although it is an unplanned and spontaneous development at a neighborhood level as it‟s not planned cohesively and conclusively for the area. The study concludes that the residents‟ livelihood is directly linked to the housing/compound they own as they derive their significant portion of income from it. Reinforcing the sustainable livelihood framework that entails that livelihood is directly linked to the physical capital and the factors such as policy and regulation being factors mediating the dynamic. The ownership status of the residents has given them a level of freedom and rights in exploring ways in transforming to generate income from the physical capital they possess. Based on the findings, the recommended points are to regularize the transformations taking place at a compound level and planning intervention at a neighborhood level so as to minimize the challenges caused by the transformations and to maximize the benefit the transformers gain. Keywords: housing transformation, income generation, private owned housing,Item Urban redevelopment-Induced displacement and Temporary resettlement The case of residents displaced from legehar to basha wolde Chilot condominium(Addis Ababa University, 2022-11-01) Tseday Tesfaye Fesseha; Yonas Alemayehu Soressa; Biruk Kebede GeletuDisplacement of inner city residents followed by resettlement usually takes place for the implementation of urban redevelopment projects. These projects are either comprehensively planned early on, including the plans of resettlement, or otherwise enabled based on the need of the actors who initiated them. The latter context usually encounters complications at implementation and displacement with resettlement proceeds haphazardly. Also, the resettlement could take place as temporary: it is the uncertain stage and city officials sometimes promise permanent resettlement. Hence, sudden displacement coupled with the unreliability of temporary resettlement affect the displaced people in the housing, economic and social aspect. In Addis Ababa, a redevelopment project is underway in Legehar. For the implementation of these projects, 170 households are displaced from government-owned properties and have temporarily resettled to Basha Wolde condominium. The temporary relocatees are accommodated in studio and one bedroom condominium units as renters of the government. This paper aims to document and assess the processes and outcomes of the displacement and temporary resettlement, which are induced by Legehar redevelopment project. The research employed case study method and used qualitative and quantitative data that are collected through key informant interviews, questionnaires, life stories and direct observations. The result of the research disclosed that the process of the temporary resettlement is disorganized: legal framework of temporary resettlement is absent, a resettlement action plan wasn’t devised and the principles of displacement and resettlement weren’t taken into account. Nonetheless, the displaced residents are benefitted with the accessibility and habitability of the temporary accommodation that has good access to services and infrastructure. In addition, although the temporary accommodation has higher rental price compared to Legehar house, it is still considered affordable compared to the price of similar housing units in the city. The research recommends that: a temporary resettlement policy must be formulated, resettlement action plan should be prepared and implemented for every resettlement, early informed consent should be ensured, socio-economic consideration and community participation should be ensured. Keywords: Redevelopment-induced displacement, temporary resettlement, resettlement process, resettlement outcome, Legehar relocatees IItem Space and Domestic Activity in A 20/80 Condominium Housing Unit The Case of Gellan Iii Condominium, Addis Ababa(Addis Ababa University, 2022-10-01) Biruktawit Yeshigeta Aklilu; Elias Yitbarek Alemayehu (PhD)The Ethiopian government has implemented the Integrated Housing Development Program (IHDP) to tackle housing challenges in Addis Ababa amid rapid urbanization. Previous researches have shown that the IHDP has had problems regarding responsiveness of the units and urban design to occupants’ needs and activities. This study examines how Gellan III condominium inhabitants utilize their housing units for domestic activities, the impact of spatial design on these activities and the vice versa. Using qualitative methods, including semi-structured interviews and space syntax analysis, the study reveals clear distinctions between chore and leisure activities, with communal and individual activities being inversely related. Women predominantly perform household chores, with most activities centered in the living room and kitchen. The corridor and living room are highly integrated and control most activities, while the kitchen, bedroom, bathroom, and balcony are more private and less integrated. The corridor is pivotal in distributing activities to other rooms, followed by the living room. Domestic activities and spatial design mutually influence each other, depending on household characteristics, activity spatial needs, and space adaptability. Some domestic activities have been minimized, relocated, disappeared, or mechanized due to spatial constraints. Spatial modifications include adding rooms, functional changes, demolition, and enlargement due to rooms being smaller than the needs of the activity, lack of designated activity spaces, and household size mismatch with house typology, privacy needs, and storage issues. The study recommends designing typologies with end-user participation, incorporating Ethiopian vernacular housing studies, and considering the relationship between activity spaces. Allocation of house typologies, partition design and material selection of walls should consider the dynamism of household. Additionally, it suggests developing kitchen designs tailored to Ethiopian needs rather than European standards, creating wider corridors, and allocating space for all activities. These adjustments aim to address the dynamic needs of households and improve the functionality of housing units Key:words: Condominium, domestic activities, spatial design, space syntaxItem Malpractices in Government-Sponsored Housing Projects and Their Impact on Affordability: The Cases of Bole Arabsa and Koye Feche Project Sites In Addis Ababa, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2024-06-01) Mihretu Daniel Mekuria; Biruk Kebede Geletu; Yonas Alemayehu SoressaDespite government efforts, condominium housing prices in Addis Ababa remain out of reach for a significant portion of the population. Concerns are mounting that malpractices are exacerbating this affordability problem. To investigate this, the study examines the prevalence of malpractices in government-sponsored housing projects and how they impact housing affordability, focusing on the Bole Arabsa and Koye Feche project sites. By employing a case study-mixed methods design, the researcher utilized primary and secondary data sources. A stratified random sampling technique ensured a representative sample of 251 respondents. To gather and generate both qualitative and quantitative data, in-depth interviews, surveys, focus group discussions, observations, and document reviews were employed. The collected data was analyzed using descriptive, thematic, and ratio analysis techniques before being presented in tables, charts, diagrams, and narrative text formats. The study findings revealed the participation of unskilled and inexperienced stakeholders throughout the process, the use of substandard materials, delayed deliveries of materials, and late payments. Consequently, construction was extended, quality suffered, and prices rose. Ratio analysis confirmed these issues, with an average Schedule Performance Index (SPI) of 0.27 and a Cost Performance Index (CPI) of 0.47, indicating significant delays and cost overruns. In conclusion, this study reveals how pervasive malpractices during housing production disproportionately impact low-income groups seeking affordable housing by creating a significant barrier, leading to inflated costs and hindering their ability to secure safe and stable living. Finally, to ensure the delivery of affordable housing and eliminate the root causes of project delays, quality issues, price hikes, and affordability concerns, this research recommends a multi-pronged approach such as merit-based stakeholder selection, enhanced quality control measures, improved supply chain management, streamlined payment processes, and fostering stakeholder commitment. Keywords: Malpractices in housing construction, Government-sponsored Housing, housing Affordability, Addis AbabaItem A Comparative Study Between A Single Case From Redeveloped and another one From Not-Yet Redeveloped Inner -City Neighbou rhoods of Addis Ababa(Addis Ababa University, 2024-05-01) Takele Gebreyohannes Habte; Yonas Alemayehu Soressa; Biruk Kebede GeletuThe research conducted in Addis Ababa focuses on Assessing urban redevelopment effect on social cohesion and crime: A comparative Study between a single case from redeveloped and another one from not-yet redeveloped inner-city neighbourhoods of Addis Ababa, with the research rationale of seeking a theoretical relationship between urban redevelopment, social cohesion, and crime. Hypothetically urban redevelopments change social structures and this results in lesser social cohesion and undermine the role of social cohesion for informal guardianships. Two case studies and survey method are utilized for collecting household survey questionnaires with a sample size of 325 and 285 households from Senga Tera Firdbet I condominium and Geja Sefer respectively for qualitative and quantitative data. Beside this, secondary recorded crime archive data were applied to compare results with the perceived crime. Applying quantitative analysis, including correlation, regression models and analysis of qualitative data comparative study were conducted between the cases. The findings indicate that the study area that is not yet redeveloped, Geja Sefer, exhibits higher levels of social cohesion compared to the redeveloped, Senga Tera Firdbet I condominium neighbourhood. It is observed that there is a moderately significant correlation between the major social cohesion indicator variable and the perception of crime. The common denominator among the social cohesion indicator variable used that influences perception of crime in both cases are group and networks, trust and place attachments. Even though it is hard to generalize from the small samples, but from the analysis there is gap between perceived and actual crime experienced. Recommendations from multiple sources of analysis and reviewed literatures includes integrate intentionally planned mix of various services, enhance easy mobility and connectivity, designing of meeting points, redevelopment should be cohesive through maintaining social cohesions that exist, encompass inhabitants in the process of planning and design, supports existing social organization, reinforce communal infrastructure, and design wide-ranging communal spaces, aware the communities on current security situations, increase community policing through open channels, since there is no any organized formal communication between the various unit owners' associations establish formal organization and encourage open dialogue and idea sharing among residents. This study helps to provide comparative empirical evidence on urban redevelopment effects on social cohesion and crime between the two cases that can enhance existing knowledge. Key:words: Crime, Inner-City, Perception of crime, Social cohesion, and Urban redevelopment