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Item Ethiopian Institute of Architecture, Building Construction and City Development (Eiabc)(Addis Ababa University, 2023-12-01) Simeneh Admasu Namaga; Mekuria Argaw (Professor)Quantification and mapping of ecosystem service is a critical endevours for the management of the ecosystems and integrating ecosystem service in land use management and planning. The study assessed the impact of Land Use Land Cover (LULC) dynamics on Ecosystem Service in the Dire and Legedadi watersheds. First, the benefits transfer method was applied to evaluate the ecosystem service value (ESV) changes in response to LULC. Second, the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) model was used to determine habitat quality and assess the watersheds' annual water yield capacity. Thirdly, the previously developed recreational indicators in the ArcGIS tool were also applied to assess recreational potential. Fourth, land suitability for apple farming was assessed using the FAO land evaluation methodology and finally, the premises of compensation for ecosystem services was assessed as a watershed management and planning tool. The findings revealed that both watersheds experienced considerable LULC changes between 1985 and 2022. Natural vegetation, grassland, and eucalyptus plantations declined dramatically as settlement and cultivation increased. As a result, both watersheds experienced a substantial decrease in ESV and habitat quality. Total ESV in the Legedadi watershed has decreased from approximately US$ 65.8 million in 1985 to approximately US$ 11.9 million in 2022, and from approximately US$ 42.7 million in 1985 to approximately US$ 9.66 million in 2022, respectively. Total ESV in the Dire watershed decreased from approximately US$ 437 thousand in 1985 to approximately US$ 59 thousand in 2022, and from xv approximately US$ 225 thousand in 1985 to approximately US$ 36 thousand in 2022, according to global and local ESV estimates. The area of high habitat quality habitat in the Legadadi watershed has shrunk from 206 km2 in 1985 to 50.26 km2 in 2022. Similarly, high habitat quality habitat has gradually declined in the Dire watershed, from 87.29 km2 in 1985 to 35.44 km2 in 2022. In terms of water-yielding capacity, the watershed’s total water yield increased between 1995 and 2021. The increase in water yield was greatly associated with increased rainfall and in the Legedadi watershed total water yield increased by 15.32%, while in the Dire watershed total water yield increased by 32.5%. Climate variability has had a greater impact on annual water yield than land use changes. The watersheds possess considerable potential for outdoor recreation, with approximately 19% and 23% of the Legedadi and Dire landscapes,respectively,exhibiting supreme recreational potential. Further, considerable land is highly suitable for apple farming, about 6.7%, and 13.1% in the Legedadi and Dire watersheds respectively. The conversion of land into other economic land uses could potentially affect the sustainable ecosystem production capacity of the watersheds. Landscape restoration integrated with a sustainable agricultural development approach would ensure the sustainability of both agricultural production and ecosystem service synergies without negatively affecting biodiversity. Therefore, the study recommends that designing market-based innovative mechanisms is critical to ensure the active participation of relevant stakeholders, particularly smallholder farmers. Keywords: LULC, Ecosystem, Watershed, ESV, Habitat quality, Water yield, Recreation, Apple, Ecosystem marketItem Quantification and Mapping of Ecosystem Services for the Conservation and Management of Dire and Legedadi Watersheds, Central Highlands of Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2023-12-01) Simeneh Admasu Namaga; Mekuria Argaw (Professor)Quantification and mapping of ecosystem service is a critical endevours for the management of the ecosystems and integrating ecosystem service in land use management and planning. The study assessed the impact of Land Use Land Cover (LULC) dynamics on Ecosystem Service in the Dire and Legedadi watersheds. First, the benefits transfer method was applied to evaluate the ecosystem service value (ESV) changes in response to LULC. Second, the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) model was used to determine habitat quality and assess the watersheds' annual water yield capacity. Thirdly, the previously developed recreational indicators in the ArcGIS tool were also applied to assess recreational potential. Fourth, land suitability for apple farming was assessed using the FAO land evaluation methodology and finally, the premises of compensation for ecosystem services was assessed as a watershed management and planning tool.The findings revealed that both watersheds experienced considerable LULC changes between 1985 and 2022. Natural vegetation, grassland, and eucalyptus plantations declined dramatically as settlement and cultivation increased. As a result, both watersheds experienced a substantial decrease in ESV and habitat quality. Total ESV in the Legedadi watershed has decreased from approximately US$ 65.8 million in 1985 to approximately US$ 11.9 million in 2022, and from approximately US$ 42.7 million in 1985 to approximately US$ 9.66 million in 2022, respectively. Total ESV in the Dire watershed decreased from approximately US$ 437 thousand in 1985 to approximately US$ 59 thousand in 2022, and from xviapproximately US$ 225 thousand in 1985 to approximately US$ 36 thousand in 2022, according to global and local ESV estimates.The area of high habitat quality habitat in the Legadadi watershed has shrunk from 206 km2 in 1985 to 50.26 km2 in 2022. Similarly, high habitat quality habitat has gradually declined in the Dire watershed, from 87.29 km2 in 1985 to 35.44 km2 in 2022. In terms of water-yielding capacity, the watershed’s total water yield increased between 1995 and 2021. The increase in water yield was greatly associated with increased rainfall and in the Legedadi watershed total water yield increased by 15.32%, while in the Dire watershed total water yield increased by 32.5%. Climate variability has had a greater impact on annual water yield than land use changes. The watersheds possess considerable potential for outdoor recreation, with approximately 19% and 23% of the Legedadi and Dire landscapes, respectively, exhibiting supreme recreational potential. Further, considerable land is highly suitable for apple farming, about 6.7%, and 13.1% in the Legedadi and Dire watersheds respectively.The conversion of land into other economic land uses could potentially affect the sustainable ecosystem production capacity of the watersheds. Landscape restoration integrated with a sustainable agricultural development approach would ensure the sustainability of both agricultural production and ecosystem service synergies without negatively affecting biodiversity. Therefore, the study recommends that designing market-based innovative mechanisms is critical to ensure the active participation of relevant stakeholders, particularly smallholder farmers. Keywords: LULC, Ecosystem, Watershed, ESV, Habitat quality, Water yield, Recreation, Apple, Ecosystem marketItem Towards Integrated Urban Flooding Risk Management in Ambo Town and Its Watershed, West Shoa Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2021-09-01) Gemechu Shale Ogato; Amare Bantider (Associate Professor); Davide Geneletti ( Associate Professor); Ketema Abebe ( Assistant Professor)A GIS-based spatial planning and land use management is asserted to be a versatile tool in building capacities for flood disaster reduction and preparedness underpinning sustainable urban development.The purpose of the study was to analyze urban flooding hazard and risk and develop integrated urban flooding risk management strategy for Ambo town and its watershed. The study adopted a mixed research approch which combined quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection and analysis. The study confirmed that residing in flood prone area, poverty, lack of alternative livelihoods, and lack of proper drainage channels are the underlying causes of socio-economicvulner ability to urban flooding risk in Ambo town. Unwillingness of people to move away from hazard-prone areas due to the nature of their livelihoods, the high prices of properties, and a lack of awareness of the risk of hazards anticipated were identified as internal barriers to governance of urban flooding risk reduction in the study area. A strong positive association was confirmed between urban households’ perception on structural and non-structural measures practiced in Ambo town and their perception on the effectiveness of the current governance of urban flooding risk reduction. A statistically significant relationship was confirmed between respondents ’access to credit and their education level, total income, and employment status. A statistically significant relationship was confirmed between respondents’ perception on their vulnerability to disease after flooding risk and their demographic and socio-economic characteristics. 63.04% of the watershed is moderate flooding hazard area while 52.9% of Ambo town is moderate flooding hazard area. 20.2% of Huluka watershed is moderate flooding risk area while 21% of Ambo town is high and very high flooding risk area. The IDF curves developed indicate that rainfall intensities increase with increase in return periods for all the seven stations and the Huluka watershed. High rainfall intensities were confirmed to be related toshort durations while low rainfall intensities related to long durations for the same return periods. Bush and shrub land, forest, grassland, and water land use/land cover type declined with68.2%, 59.3%, 32.7%, and 5.1% respectively between 1979 and 2017. Based on the land use/ land cover analyisis in the watershed, urban built-up area, cultivated land, and bare land use/land cover type increased with 351%, 105%, and 41.9% respectively between the year 1979 and 2017.Infrastructural and agricultural expansion, increased demand for wood, local environmental and biophysical drivers, rapid human population growth, economic drivers, technological drivers, policy and institutional drivers, and local socio-cultural drivers were identified as drivers of land use and xxland cover changes. There should be urban disaster risk reduction policies and strategies at national level which guide local urban disaster risk reduction interventions and the principles of good governance should be properly practiced in governance of urban flooding disaster risk reduction in Ambo town. It is vital to pay attention to the coordination between urban development and flooding hazard and risk through appropriate spatial planning and land use management in Ambo town and its watershed. Keywords: Governance, flooding, land use/land cover, land use management, spatial planningItem Rice Intensification in the fogera Wetlands: The Need for Institutional Linkage and Environmental Trade-offs To Sustain Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve(Addis Ababa University, 2023-12-01) Mare Addis Desta; Gete Zeleke (PhD)Rice (Oryzae sativa) is one of the leading food crops in the world. It is one of the most important sources of food for the world population. Most wetland areas in the world have been developed for rice-based production systems. Lake Tana area, including the Fogra Flood Plain, has been chosen by the UNESCO founded ‘Man and the Biosphere (MAB)’ Programme (1971) as a potential biosphere reserve in Ethiopia. The wetlands of Fogera are affirmed to be under threat by human activities such as unsustainable rice cultivation, sand mining, and natural threats such as the deposition of sediment with different chemicals eroded from upland agriculture areas. The present study was conducted in the Fogera wetland areas of, Amhara National Regional State (ANRS). There was a knowledge gap on the environmental trade-offs of rice intensification and mechanisms to ensure the sustainability of ecosystem functions of the wetland of Fogera Plain. Motivated to fill some of the knowledge, and research gaps, the current study investigated the environmental trade-offs of rice intensification in the Fogera Wetlands and mechanisms of sustaining Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve. The study employed a mixed research approach combining qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection, and analysis. The findings of the study indicated that the majority of the farmers (87%) had not abandoned alternative crops to produce more rice. However, normalized difference vegetation index results indicated that the area cultivated for rice is increasing while the area of other crops is decreasing. Agricultural inputs are used in rice systems but were not used before the introduction of rice. Recession farming activities have also diminished wetland areas. Water flow showed a decrease, whereas Nitrogen and Phosphorus showed an increase with Pearson’s correlation values of −0.069 and −0.072, respectively. Flow of water was negatively correlated with Nitrogen (N) and Phosphorous (P) water concentration; whereas N and P contents were positively correlated. Following the expansion of rice cultivation in Fogera wetlands, the study revealed that during the 20 years preceding 2014, the area under rice cultivation increased from 182 ha in 1995 to 9499 ha in 2014 and the amount of rice produce increased from 6701 qt in 1995 to 714,013 in 2015. The size of grazing lands was reduced from 8550ha in 1973 to 126.93 ha in 2021; wetlands from 3114 ha in 1973 to 1245.52ha in 2021; and forests from 1542 ha in 1973 to 1567.93ha in 2021. In the same period, land use/land cover changes showed a negative balance of 40% dry matter, requiring cattle feed to be increasingly supplemented through purchases, or reducing herd number. The study also indicated that the land-use changes were brought at the expense of traditional cattle production systems. Concerning the impact of rice expansion on traditional wetland management in the Fogera floodplain wetlands, the vast majority (87%) of the respondents confirmed that increases in the price of rice encouraged them to shift from cultivating conventional crops to rice farming. Major activities being pursued in the wetlands of the study area do not consider environmental tradeoffs. In conclusion, growth of intensive rice systems has had negative environmental consequences on wetland ecology. Hence, proper management is required to maintain these valuable resources and keep their role in socioeconomic development of the area. Moreover, sense of ownership of wetland resources and their benefit should be revitalized to reduce abusive utilization. Furthermore, there is a need for better education, sustainable tourism and training for green jobs, good leadership, and sustainable development policies and strategies to regulate and manage wetland uses. Above all, rice intensification strategies and other development activities in the study area need to consider environmental tradeoffs which underpins the conservation and wise utilization of wetlands. Keywords: Environmental trade-offs, Fogera wetlands, Rice intensification, Lake Tana, biosphere reserve, institutional linkage, common-pool resource management, Soil and water assessment tool, Fogera livestock breedItem Engagement of Micro and Small Enterprises In the Construction Process of Condominium Housing the Case of Basha Wolde Chilot Condominium Redevelopment Project(Addis Ababa University, 2023-06-01) Yohanna Rezene Elias; Yonas Alemayehu SoressaDue to the poor housing conditions of the city, Addis Ababa city has undergone inner city redevelopment; as a result, the government utilized the Integrated Housing Development Program (IHDP) as one of its strategies for redevelopment. The IHDP has had several benefits in improving the physical, social, and economic image of the city and creating job opportunities for micro and small enterprises (MSEs), and other actors involved. Several studies have indicated the existence of quality problems in condominium houses in the IHDP and to solve these quality issues it is vital to understand the construction process undergone. To get a deeper understanding, this study addresses the MSEs which are the largest stakeholders in the IHDP among the actors involved in the construction work by assessing their engagement in the construction of condominium housing using the relation between process and the outcomes. A case study method was conducted to provide an in-depth understanding by taking the Basha Wolde Chilot condominium as a case and both qualitative and quantitative data were used. The findings show that the types of work performed by MSEs during the IHDP process are greater than that of other sectors that participated in the program, accounting for 60% of the total work. The study classified its findings into three categories based on quality issues, time delay, and cost overruns. The insufficient training given to MSEs that lasted seven to ten days caused quality issues, moreover, inadequate supervision and approval of MSEs work created a comfortable structure for MSEs to compromise the quality of the work. In addition, the engagement of unskilled MSEs led the task to being reworked again, and MSEs who left the work contract without any notice led to work delay. Moreover, the improper usage of supplied material and usage of damaged and replaced material with low-standard material during installation created cost overrun. Because of that, the MSEs’ work in the condominium resulted in 80% of the respondents doing from simple to entire house modification and replacement. The research recommends selection of MSEs candidates in the IHDP should be based on the qualification of their working sector upon the decision of contractors. Furthermore, professionals who can guide MSEs during construction should be assigned for a better quality of the outcome and future studies could be carried out to assess other stakeholder’s engagement in the IHDP. Keywords: Micro and small enterprises, housing construction process, integrated housing development program, urban redevelopment.Item Towards Integrated Urban Flooding Risk Management In ambo Town and Its Watershed, West Shoa Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2021-09-01) Gemechu Shale Ogato; Amare Bantider(Associate Professor); Davide Genelett (Associate Professor); Ketema Abebe (Associate Professor)A GIS-based spatial planning and land use management is asserted to be a versatile tool in building capacities for flood disaster reduction and preparedness underpinning sustainable urban development. The purpose of the study was to analyze uran flooding hazard and risk and develop integrated uran flooding risk management strategy for Ambo town and its watershed. The study adopted a mixed research approch which combined quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection and analysis. The study confirmed that residing in flood prone area, poverty, lack of alternative livelihoods, and lack of proper drainage channels are the underlying causes of socio-economic vulnerability to urban flooding risk in Ambo town. Unwillingness of people to move away from hazard-prone areas due to the nature of their livelihoods, the high prices of properties, and a lack of awareness of the risk of hazards anticipated were identified as internal barriers to governance of urban flooding risk reduction in the study area. A strong positive association was confirmed between urban households’ perception on structural and non-structural measures practiced in Ambo town and their perception on the effectiveness of the current governance of urban flooding risk reduction. A statistically significant relationship was confirmed between respondents’ access to credit and their education level, total income, and employment status. A statistically significant relationship was confirmed between respondents’ perception on their vulnerability to disease after flooding risk and their demographic and socio-economic characteristics. 63.04% of the watershed is moderate flooding hazard area while 52.9% of Ambo town is moderate flooding hazard area. 20.2% of Huluka watershed is moderate flooding risk area while 21% of Ambo town is high and very high flooding risk area. The IDF curves developed indicate that rainfall intensities increase with increase in return periods for all the seven stations and the Huluka watershed. High rainfall intensities were confirmed to be related to short durations while low rainfall intensities related to long durations for the same return periods. Bush and shrub land, forest, grassland, and water land use/land cover type declined with 68.2%, 59.3%, 32.7%, and 5.1% respectively between 1979 and 2017. Based on the land use/ land cover analyisis in the watershed, urban built-up area, cultivated land, and bare land use/land cover type increased with 351%, 105%, and 41.9% respectively between the year 1979 and 2017. Infrastructural and agricultural expansion, increased demand for wood, local environmental and biophysical drivers, rapid human population growth, economic drivers, technological drivers, policy and institutional drivers, and local socio-cultural drivers were identified as drivers of land use and xix land cover changes. There should be urban disaster risk reduction policies and strategies at national level which guide local urban disaster risk reduction interventions and the principles of good governance should be properly practiced in governance of urban flooding disaster risk reduction in Ambo town. It is vital to pay attention to the coordination between urban development and flooding hazard and risk through appropriate spatial planning and land use management in Ambo town and its watershed. Keywords: Governance, flooding, land use/land cover, land use management, spatial planningItem Urban Green Space Planning, Policy Implementation and Challenges: the Case of Addis Ababa(Addis Ababa University, 2021-02) Bekele, Shibire; Yeshitela, Kumelachew (PhD)Urban green spaces play a prominent role to achieve United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals specifically, to make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe and resilient. Urban forestry and greenspaces have less priority in urban planning. Thereby, this research is intended to assess the policy and planning of urban green spaces with their potential implementation status and challenges the planning faces on ground implementation. The general objective of this study is to assess urban green space planning, policy and implementation strategies and challenges that encounter in the implementation process in Addis Ababa. To undertake this research, both primary and secondary data has been used. The primary data was collected through key informant interview, Focus group discussion and field observation. Secondary data has been analyzed from google maps, satellite images and secondary data; literatures review, policy and masterplan analysis of Addis Ababa. The stakeholders and institutional arrangement mapping have been analyzed using engagement of different stakeholders’ consultation and multi-criteria analysis. Triangulation method has been used for data validation and analysis. According to Proclamation No. 1712004; Addis Ababa City Master Plan Preparation, Issuance and Implementation the city cabinet can issue a regulation parks and vegetation protection and preservation. Existing policy and proclamations must be supported by legislative regulations and implementation frameworks to provide the basis for concrete action plans. The incentives that are stipulated by the forest policy are not implemented to the required level. stakeholders are involved in the same greenspace development program but operating in different organizational structure. Principles like Multifunctionality, connectivity, green-grey interaction and social inclusiveness are considered in the planning of the greenspace development in the 10th masterplan. Within different catchment radius, the masterplan proposed 8,364 ha of green space in the structural plan of 2017-2027. The challenges in green space planning implementation are week communication, increase in population and urbanization and lack of proper planning are listed by the key informants. Political commitments, using of new technologies and the existing greenspaces potential are the opportunities which can be scaled up. The greenspace area coverage of Addis Ababa is undulating over time. the housing projects take the lion share of the greenspace reduction. The organizational structure of the city and federal government has some overlapping duties and this can create a delay in implementation and lack of proper monitoring and evaluation. This research has come up with recommendation of establishing platform for discussion Annual and biannual discussions on the implementation of the masterplan. Create systems and forums for public participation in the decision-making process of 'key' issues, and for stakeholder involvement. Furthermore, monitoring and evaluation of projects and activities must be done by multi-institutions and involved bodies.Item Impacts of Metehara Sugar Factory on Awash River Water Quality(Addis Ababa University, 2020-01) Mengistu, Kalkidan; Adugna, Dagnachew (PhDWater quality refers the characteristic of water that influence its suitability for particular use that is how well the quality meets the needs of specific use. Good quality water has social, economical and environmental benefits and determined by its physical, chemical and biological characteristics. In our country the quality of water deteriorated through time due to various natural and anthropogenic activities. Awash River is one of the rivers found in our country and serves as a drinking source for millions of people. But it has been impaired by various types of contamination due to waste released from different socio - economic activities in its basin. This makes the lower awash community to depend on poor and unsafe water consumption that exposes them to water quality related health risks. The aim of this study was to investigate the impacts of wastewaters from Metehara sugar factory on the water quality of Awash River. Both the effluents and the river water samples at selected points were analyzed for physicochemical parameters. The results for different parameters range for turbidity (21.85-192 NTU), EC (518- 17,590 518µS/cm), temperature (20.5-44.5 0 c), phosphate (0.785-2.85 mg/L), COD (745-89,290 mg/L), BOD5 (476 mg/L-71,457 mg/L) and oil and grease (30-77 mg/L) were the major drinking water quality concern in Awash River which were higher than Ethiopian (CES 58) and WHO maximum allowable limit of drinking water standard. Most of the river samples result also shown variation after dissolved with wastewaters. This clearly indicates the pollution load of wastewaters. The river is threatened by factory's wastewaters and might induce health risk. Therefore, there should be up to date treatment plant for factory wastewater and continuous monitoring and evaluation of the effluent quality before discharging into the river should be carried outItem Design With Terrain and Gravels: Nature-Based Drainage Solutions for Sustainable Stormwater Management of Urban Areas(2019-11) Assefa, Alazar; Bergen, Marina (Professor)Rapid urban growth and global climatic variability result in frequent flooding in urban areas and pose unprecedented stress on the existing drainage infrastructures. In developed nations, a shift in urban stormwater management from relying exclusively on gray, pipe-based drainage infrastructures towards green, nature-based approaches referred to as Sustainable Drainage Systems (SuDS), among others, is currently taking place. In cities of developing countries, the existing gray infrastructures are not well developed, prompting an opportunity of performing a technical leapfrogging towards SuDS. Through vigilant adoption of this increasingly-practiced nature-based drainage solution, municipalities can provide better drainage and flood control and create a fertile ground for more co-benefits to local residents in terms of livelihood and livability. This Ph.D. thesis identifies options to improve the drainage challenge of settlements developed over higher slope terrains and low lying plains of urban areas in developing countries with the high rate of urban growth and drainage infrastructure deficit, through terrain modifications and introduction of gravel-based drainage design solutions as a nature based drainage option to control flooding and provide co-benefits. The study is presented in three parts based on two empirical studies from case sites, both developed in the south-western fringe of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, and one desktop study building upon one of the empirical studies. The case studies present the design of novel drainage and stormwater harvesting solutions constructed by using locally available materials and terrain modifications. The first design is for drainage of cobblestone streets in hilly areas. The design is referred to as Infiltration Bumper with Tree Planter (IBTP) and targets flood prevention, groundwater recharges and city greening simultaneously. The second design is for the management of stormwater in low lying residential areas. The design is referred to as Elevated Retention and Detention Basin (ERDB), and targets waterlogging prevention, stormwater harvesting, and green area improvements. The first solution (IBTP) is developed and tested to control stormwater runoff generated from the local cobblestone streets within the designated case study catchments for a 2-year storm event corresponding to 40 mm over 2 hours. The second solution (ERDB) is developed and tested to control 100% stormwater runoff generated from the Jemo condominium (the multistory residential neighborhood in Addis Ababa) within the designated case study catchments for the same storm event. The desktop-study resulted in a GIS-based planning tool for upscaling of the IBTP to a city-wide solution.Item Climate Change Trends, Projections and Vulnerability Integration to Enhance Urban Resilience Planning: The case of Addis Ababa City(EiABC, 2019-02) Feyissa, Nahimi; Dr. Gete Zeleke, Dr.Ephrem Gebremariam; Professor Woldeamlak BewketImpacts of climate change continue to knock on the doors of different societies including urban dwellers. The effect is more severe in towns of developing world like Addis Ababa where level of mitigation and adaptation measures are low and detailed climate change information is lacking. Many of existing studies give no consideration to the future climatic conditions, spatial quantification and mapping of vulnerability hotspots and integration of these all together for enhanced resilience planning. They mainly focused on basic environmental plans, where most of them fail implementation due to low level of law enforcements and unavailability of up to dated cadastral information system. Taking these points into considerations, this study focuses on analyzing climate change trends, downscaling projected results from general circulation models, analyzing land surface temperature changes, quantifying and mapping climate change vulnerability at sub-city level to recommend better environmental planning options which could be implemented to minimize severe climate change risks at Addis Ababa city. To achieve these, various methodological approaches were applied in a sequential order. Using Statistical Downscaling Model (SDSM), downscaled daily maximum temperature, minimum temperature, and precipitation in 30 years intervals from the second generation of the Earth System Model (CanESM2) and Coupled Global Climate Model (CGCM3) iv under two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) Scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) and two Special Report Emission Scenarios (SRES), A1B and A2, were generated to examine future changes and their extremes. Two representative meteorological stations were selected for model calibration and validation in the SDSM. With this, ten core temperature and precipitation indices were selected to assess temperature changes and precipitation extremes. Spatio-temporal Land Surface Temperature (LST) characteristics were analyzed using four Landsat satellite image series with ten years interval from 1986 to 2017. Sub-city level Climate change vulnerability analyses were undertaken by integrating the Sullivan and Meigh’s Model of composite climate change vulnerability index and the IPCC’s approach of vulnerability assessment which comprises exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity. Fifteen subcomponents of vulnerability indicators were identified in ten sub-cities, and their values were normalized to a number which ranges between 0 and 1, with unequal weighting system, indicating as the values increased to 1, vulnerability to climate change increases. The results were mapped using ArcGIS 10.2 package. In-depth empirical field work including a survey of 399 households in four sub-cities and key informant interviews were conducted and analyzed using descriptive statistics and Chi-squared tests were used to summarize the findings in SPSS. Finally climate change resilience plans were proposed for a sustainable environmental protection and to reduce the vulnerability that could be induced by climate change. The results showed that maximum temperature, minimum temperature and mean temperature was increasing in the last 60 years. The second thirty years mean temperature average, was higher than the first thirty years average by 1.1 ºC within 1957-2016. The trend in precipitation shows only insignificant v rise wihin the last six decades. The projected maximum temperature, increases were in the range of 0.9ºC (RCP4.5) in 2020 to 2.1ºC (CGCM3A2) in 2080 at Addis Ababa Observatory. The minimum temperature is projected to increase by 0.3ºC (RCP4.5) in 2020 and 1.0 ºC in 2080 (CGCM3A1B). While the changes in maximum temperature are lower at Entoto station compared to Addis Ababa Observatory, the highest minimum temperature change is projected at Addis Ababa Observatory, which ranges from 0.25ºC in the 2020s to 1.04ºC in 2080 according to the CGCM3 model. Except for the coldest nights (TNn), the mean temperature and other temperature indices will continue to increase to the end of this century. The highest precipitation change is projected by CGCM3A2 and CanESM2 RCP8.5 at an increase of about 11.8% and 16.62% by 2080. The highest total precipitation increase is 29% (RCP4.5) in winter and 20.9% (RCP8.5) in summer by 2080. The rise in temperature will exacerbate the urban heat highland effects in warm seasons and an increase in precipitation is expected along with a possible risk of flooding due to a low level of infrastructure development and a high rate of urbanization. It is also found that land surface temperature was highly influenced by land cover types. The highest LST was found in built-up areas and barren lands. 49% and 47% of the study area had an LST range of 23°C - 27°C in 1986 and 1995 respectively. However, in 2007 and 2017, 41% and 59% of the study area had LST range of 27°C - 31°C respectively. The ten sub-cities in Addis Ababa were found in different levels of vulnerability to climate change with the highest exposure and sensitivity in Addis Ketema, Arada, and Lideta while the adaptive capacity was highest in Gulelle, Bole, and Arada sub-cities. The overall climate change vulnerability was highest in Arada, Addis Ketema and Kirkos. The result also found that 69.2% and 60.2% of the respondents vi perceived that temperature and precipitation increased within the last one to three decades respectively. Flash flood during high precipitation is common along the main roads in Kirkos, while river flooding is a major problem in summer for the residents living along the sides of Akaki River where the cost of damage is high sometimes to the loss of all property and life too. The study recommended city level and landscape level resilience plans within Addis Ababa and the surrounding mountainous landscapes.Item Evaluation of Addis Ababa Water Supply System Using Integrated Approach(EiABC, 2019-06) Assabu Ewunetu, Getinet; Professor Hailu WorkuEthiopian Institute of Architecture, Construction and City Development, Addis Ababa University, 2019. The city of Addis Ababa gets water from Dire, Gefersa, and Legedadi reservoirs as well as miscellaneous boreholes concentrated around Akaki and scattered at both inside outside the city. Previous studies on Addis Ababa’s urban water supply are fragmented focusing on specific issues without presenting the holistic view of the system. In the present study, we assess range of aspects of the city’s water supply system in the past, present and future periods. Data were obtained through a literature review of relevant documents, personal communication, household interviews, and key informant interviews. The time series data were analyzed by stratifying the time periods, water source, and water supply branches. Descriptive statistics and various plots were used to present the most important characteristics of water consumption and production data. Addis Ababa was initially served by springs located at the foot of the Intoto mountain ridge together with a series of hand dug wells. Population growth, improved standard of life, economic diversification, and increased urban dynamics have increased the water demand over the past several decades. This has led to water source diversification (in terms of location and source type) and complex network system (due to hybrid sourcing, increased customer water line connections, pipeline aging, pressure variations related to topographic variations, service reservoirs, pumping and/or booster stations). In 2014/2015, surface and groundwater sources contributed somewhat equally (51% and 49 %, respectively) and supplied about 49 % of the demand with 45% Non-Revenue Water. Nearly half of the water demand of the city is not met. This supply deficit is causing frequent supply interruptions. The utility is supplying water via water trucks for low pressure areas where water does not reach easily. There are also efforts to develop additional groundwater sources at various well fields and develop the Sibilu and Gerbi dams. When all the proposed projects are completed, 971,483m3/d additional water will be added to the existing water supply which will increase the supply by 273%. While efforts to increase water supply are encouraging, demand side management deserves more attention than it is receiving currently. WEAP model simulations have shown significant unmet future demand for the city even with complete implementation of the proposed projects. Households with greater number of supply failures tend to have the least access to drinking water. Similarly, both water quantity and water quality are deteriorating. A good example of water quality problem is the 2017/18 outbreak of cholera incidence. Customers are highly dissatisfied with the current service delivery characterized by long time persistent problems. Unless the water utility takes immediate action to solve these problems, the current situation which is affecting the health and economic status of water customers will exacerbate. In this study, it is identified that the major causes of the lack of adequate water supply in the city are depletion of groundwater sources, huge leakage volume, population growth, construction boom or enhanced economic activity and wasting of water by customer at lower parts of the city. Unless demand side and supply side management measures are enhanced, the gap between supply and unmet demand will resume as is. : Addis Ababa, Water supply, WEAP Model, Urban water management, Water lossItem Housing Typologies of Mud Block Construction in Central Ethiopia: the Case of Three Selected Towns(EiABC, 2019-06) Birku Gobena, Dejene; Dagnachew Adugna Dr. (PHD)Earth as a construction material is the commonly available and worldwide usable material in rural and urban areas. In developing countries, this recyclable material of earth construction was used for economically efficient and sustainable Housing Projects. Thus, in Ethiopia the mud block construction is an essential in increasing sustainable solutions for the provision of shelter for every person. Weak use of locally developed building materials has resulted in huge housing shortage and expensive housing construction. The commonly used construction materials in Ethiopia are Chika/mud bet, hollow concrete block, brick, mud block and stone masonry. In investigating the housing typology of mud block construction in central Ethiopia on the three selected towns were studied through case study approaches using physical survey, interviews, and lab analysis on the compressive strength, water absorption capacity and shrinkage value of mud blocks. The findings of the present study revealed that mud block housing was affected by ingredients, climate, construction techniques and adaptability but mud block houses were more acceptable due to the use of local material & labor, economy, energy efficiency, comfortable and easy for construction. The present study recommends that researches were needed to investigate on the use of mud block construction as alternative walling material by substituting the uses of trees and other unsustainable construction material by adapting in different climatic zones of Ethiopia.Item Planning for Core areas of Wildlife Conservation at Gambella National Park Using Habitat Classification and Habitat Mapping(EiABC, 2017-06) Gatkoth Rolkier, Gatluak; Kumelachew Yeshitala Dr.Gambella National Park has a diverse set of habitat types, which Ethiopia shares with neighboring South Sudan and the Park is considered as one of the top wildlife areas of Ethiopia. The objectives of this research were to determine vegetation types, identify habitat types on recent satellite imageries, determine the abundance,distribution and density of studied wild animal species and study migration patterns of some selected wild animal species and their habitat use. The method used for vegetation data collection and studied wild animal species were transects lines, The data for studied wild animal migrations were collected by using satellite collars.PC-ORD software was used for analyzed vegetation data. Rapid Eye image 5m resolution 2012 was used to classify the habitats map of Gambella National Park. ArcGIS version 10.1 was used for analyzing animal distributions,density and study wild animals’ migration patterns and their habitats used. The cluster analysis classified,the Gambella National Park into 6 vegetation communities and the relative abundance and relative frequency was used for naming vegetation communitiy types. However, the satellite image had classified the Gambella National Park into 5 major habitat types.In general, the abundance and distribution of studied wild animal species to be the higher in dry season than wet season. The abundance and distribution of White eared kob were observed in all habitat types of Park. However, the abundance and distributions of Nile lechwe, Buffalo, Shoe bill stork, Tiang and elephant were observed in the wetlands of the Park.The majority of White eared kob and African elephant are seasonal migratory between Gambella National Park and South Sudan. The relevance of habitat types for successful migration of elephant was woodland in wet seasons and wooded grassland in dry seasons. The core area of wildlife conservation and Four other zones of the Park had been proposed. .Item AIR QUALITY AT PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION STATIONS/STOPS: CONTRIBUTION OF LIGHT RAIL TRANSIT TO REDUCE AIR POLLUTION IN ADDIS ABABA(EiABC, 2019-06) BIKIS MEQUANNIT, ADDIS; Mintesnot G. Woldeamanuel Professor, Berhanu Woldetensae (Dr.)This study portrayed air quality at public transportation stations/stops: contribution of Light Rail Transit to reduce air pollution in Addis Ababa. In this regard,the current transportation air pollution research documents indicates that increased risks for exposure of asthma and other respiratory diseases, and cancers populations residing close proximity to roadways. The purpose of the researcher was to know the air quality at LRT, bus, taxi and bus/taxi stations by air tracking device, and health effect at sampled public transportation stations. Air quality data include particulate matter (PM), air quality index (AQI), CO2, humidity and temperature with 30 minutes observation by Air-Visual pro for each 24 sampled stations from North to South LRT line. The data were collected by using questionnaires, interviews and measurements at 24 purposively selected bus, LRT, taxi and bus /taxi stations at peak and off peak hours. All data obtained by primary data gathering instruments were analyzed with qualitative and quantitative method. Air quality data and health questionnaires analyzed in quantitative approach with regression, tables, graphs and percentage whereas, interviews and personal observation analyzed and interpreted in qualitative manner. The result suggested that the location and design of bus stops and shelter orientation is found to have a significant effect on the concentration of AQI, PM and CO2. It was observed that shelters with an opening oriented towards the roadway had consistently higher concentrations inside the bus shelter than unsheltered stops. Regarding this, 30 persons questioned at each stations, 720 in total to know the health effect of persons living/working in and around the stations. The findings indicate that out of 720 respondents, 324 (45%) were exposed for air quality related diseases residing and working close proximity to the stations. Based on the findings, air quality at public transportation stations is unhealthy, above an average of 65μg/m3 PM2.5 and 150 AQI at bus and taxi stations during peak hour. LRT stations have below 25μg/m3 PM2.5 and 70 AQI. This indicates that LRT contributed 40.63μg/m3 PM2.5 and 81.88 AQI reduction of air pollution at sampled stations daily. It is hoped this study will inform stakeholders to harmonize between transportation and land-use. Institutionalizing transportation and health, transport policy should focus on High Occupancy Vehicles and expansion of Light Rail Transit in Addis Ababa. air quality index (AQI), carbon dioxide (CO2), particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10), public transportation, LRT, bus shelter,station design, health.Item Housing condition of Industrial parks workers The case of Hawassa Industrial park(EiABC, 2019-03) TEKU JEGO, SELAMAWIT; Imam M. HassenHawassa industrial park is one of the early developed industrial parks (inaugurated on June 2016 GC) found in the Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Regional State (SNNPR) of Ethiopia. Housing condition of Industrial park workers’; The case of Hawassa Industrial Park IV The park is specialized in garment production, and currently has 12,600 employees of which 10,000 are operators (low payed and nonprofessional employees) and 2,600 are professionals and expatriates. The number of employees are expected to grow to 60,000 in the next five years. Most workers have come from different rural area of SNNPR. There is none enough housing provided. The study focuses on housing condition of the low payed IP workers, unlike different studies made were related to industrial parks development economic impact and heath related issues. It assessed the physical, economic and social aspect of the housing condition of industrial park operation workers and analysed the socio-economic impact of the housing condition on the lives of these workers. The study finally forwarded possible solutions to the problems identified. The housing study was made on two purposively selected case sites (Adis Ketema and Dato Odahe areas of Hawassa industrial park employees living in both case study sites were interviewed and key informants ; Federal , regional and Zonal officials related to the study, landlords, Hawassa city administration, SMFI, the local micro finance institution were primary data sources to get an all rounded data. The study found out that the workers live in rental houses borderline affordable, however the housing scheme that is currently providing for HIP workers, aside from its inadequacy in terms of numbers has challenges of financial viability for the landlords. It also has limitations in fulfilling basic physical requirement of residence. Over crowdedness and lack of privacy was noted in these houses. But in spite of the poor housing quality and less services availability, large number of workers preferred to rent rooms in new expansion areas of the city: the rural neighbourhoods. The workers social and economic life has also been negativity affected due to their housing condition. The study finally recommended to the federal, regional and HIP system should do. Housing the IP workers need supported housing development with in and on the satellite towns would share the load. The housing development should not only be provided but must be integrated with services and infrastructures.Item Urban Green Infrastructure Development and Management System for the Emerging Towns of Oromia Special Zone Surrounding Finfinne(EiABC, 2019-06) Girma, Yared; Heyaw Terefe (Dr.)Urban green infrastructure components have gradually become an integral part of urban development strategies due to their important role in providing space for multiple ecosystem services for human well-being. Even though they have multiple benefits, they are under strong pressure particularly in rapidly developing cities of sub-Saharan Africa where relatively little is known about their development and management system. Therefore, this study attempts to evaluate the planning, implementation and management challenges of urban green infrastructure components and to provide recommendations that can address the challenges in the emerging towns of Oromia special zone surrounding Finfinne. The study used a mixture of quantitative and qualitative research approaches and techniques to achieve the intended objectives. The finding of the study shows that an average per capita urban green infrastructure component in Sululta, Sebeta and Legetafo towns is found to be 2.66 m2, 0.9 m2 and 2.17 m2 per person, respectively. Results also indicated that 71.9%, 67.9% and 73.7% of respondents in Legetafo, Sebeta and Sululta towns, respectively, do not have any urban green infrastructure component in their neighborhood while very few respondents mentioned playgrounds and sport fields. The LULC change result revealed that urban green infrastructure component has decreased by 51.8%, 31.9%, and 37.5% between the year 2003-2016 in Sebeta, Sululta and Legetafo towns, respectively. The drivers for the change were physical expansion of the built-up area, high land value, laxity in the enforcement of planning regulations, corruption, lack of coordination and limited awareness of the community about the benefits of green infrastructure components. Regarding the evaluation of the planning documents, this study identified that the principles of urban green infrastructure planning are slightly presented in the documents. At the same time, the result revealed that the existing green infrastructure components provide mono-functional services and their integration with grey structure is limited. Furthermore, result shows that issues related to connectivity of green infrastructure components are not recognized in planning documents and practices. Lack of awareness, financial constraints, insufficient professional knowledge, inadequate legal framework, absence of collaboration and poor public involvement are the most influential factors hindering the integration of urban green infrastructure planning principles into urban development. Overall, the management systems of the urban green infrastructure components have also been challenged by the above-mentioned constraints. Therefore, advanced development in budget allocation, capacity building, legal framework, awareness creation and stakeholder’s involvement are needed to promote sustainable urban green infrastructure development and management systemItem Evaluation of Addis Ababa Water Supply System Using Integrated Approach(EiABC, 2019-06) Assabu Ewunetu, Getinet; Worku, Hailu (Professor )Ethiopian Institute of Architecture, Construction and City Development, Addis Ababa University, 2019. The city of Addis Ababa gets water from Dire, Gefersa, and Legedadi reservoirs as well as miscellaneous boreholes concentrated around Akaki and scattered at both inside outside the city. Previous studies on Addis Ababa’s urban water supply are fragmented focusing on specific issues without presenting the holistic view of the system. In the present study, we assess range of aspects of the city’s water supply system in the past, present and future periods. Data were obtained through a literature review of relevant documents, personal communication, household interviews, and key informant interviews. The time series data were analyzed by stratifying the time periods, water source, and water supply branches. Descriptive statistics and various plots were used to present the most important characteristics of water consumption and production data. Addis Ababa was initially served by springs located at the foot of the Intoto mountain ridge together with a series of hand dug wells. Population growth, improved standard of life, economic diversification, and increased urban dynamics have increased the water demand over the past several decades. This has led to water source diversification (in terms of location and source type) and complex network system (due to hybrid sourcing, increased customer water line connections, pipeline aging, pressure variations related to topographic variations, service reservoirs, pumping and/or booster stations). In 2014/2015, surface and groundwater sources contributed somewhat equally (51% and 49 %, respectively) and supplied about 49 % of the demand with 45% Non-Revenue Water. Nearly half of the water demand of the city is not met. This supply deficit is causing frequent supply interruptions. The utility is supplying water via water trucks for low pressure areas where water does not reach easily. There are also efforts to develop additional groundwater sources at various well fields and develop the Sibilu and Gerbi dams. When all the proposed projects are completed, 971,483m3/d additional water will be added to the existing water supply which will increase the supply by 273%. While efforts to increase water supply are encouraging, demand side management deserves more attention than it is receiving currently. WEAP model simulations have shown significant unmet future demand for the city even with complete implementation of the proposed projects. Households with greater number of supply failures tend to have the least access to drinking water. Similarly, both water quantity and water quality are deteriorating. A good example of water quality problem is the 2017/18 outbreak of cholera incidence. Customers are highly dissatisfied with the current service delivery characterized by long time persistent problems. Unless the water utility takes immediate action to solve these problems, the current situation which is affecting the health and economic status of water customers will exacerbate. In this study, it is identified that the major causes of the lack of adequate water supply in the city are depletion of groundwater sources, huge leakage volume, population growth, construction boom or enhanced economic activity and wasting of water by customer at lower parts of the city. Unless demand side and supply side management measures are enhanced, the gap between supply and unmet demand will resume as is.Item Architectural Intervention for Rural Farmer:Adoption of Alternative and Cost-Effective Construction Technology of Housing in ‘Wenago’ Wereda, Dilla, Southern Ethiopia(EiABC, 2019-03) ABAYNEH ZEWDU, HANA; Fisseha, Wegayehu (PHD)This thesis, which focuses on alternative construction technology in which a new type of house to provides great advantages over current rural housing alternatives. The major aims are to contribute knowledge about what type of construction technology appropriate and how to implement in rural-housing successfully. Cost effective alternative construction technology could be an appropriate option in rural areas, where human labour is a less restricted resource compared to monetary capital, and most of the materials needed are locally available. Data were collected by both primary and secondary methods.Detail observation, questioner and group discussion was used for gathering data from study area. The result implies the housing condition low standard and it also impact on other health related problem for the resident. The finding indicate that study area the household did not allow its occupants to work out their basic activities (the things people do) such as preparing their food, sleeping, eating, display the family & social interaction and shelter for the family and for their domestic animal, and the ways in which these are met, and whether one is in conflict with the other, is a measure of how appropriate the housing is for the activity or activities in question. Housing provides the scenario for family life, recreation, rest, sleep and social interaction it follows that many aspects of sample housing, such as overcrowding, noise, air pollution, bad odours or dampness, give rise to considerable dissatisfaction and annoyance and perhaps contribute to poor health. Conclusion of this thesis is that in the study area need cost effective housing, that have great potential for future rural housing in Ethiopia, to improve their living standard and reduce impact on their health status. The housing must be durable, higher-standard, low-cost housing for the rural society and contextually appropriate. Finally,the study recommended cost-effective construction technology of housing, that is satisfies the most bottom and fundamental human needs for shelter and other needs that people aspire home including psychological, social, and aesthetic needs and ultimately, need for self-actualization. It was found that highly minimized construction cost, including material and labour cost, can be saved by using the low-cost housing construction technologies for walling, slab and roofing systemItem The process of regularizing informal settlements and the issue of affordability in relation to the process: The case of “Shed Sefer” woreda 10, Yeka sub city, Addis Ababa city(EiABC, 2019-04) Gebeyehu, Philmon; Yitbarek, Elias, PhD, Assist. ProfessorThis thesisstudies the process of regularization of informal settlements in the city of Addis Ababa. The studyalso looks into the issue of affordability in relation to the regularization process. The case study method was used to conduct the study. In order to get a wider information, interviews were done from 20 households, selected government officials, brokers and a review of government and municipal documents to generate empirical data. In addition to that secondary data; maps, satellite images, pictures and documents were examined. Review of different literatures concerning the regularization and related subjects were undertaken to give a better understanding on the case. Both the international and contextual conditions were included in this study. Selected cases, with different situations, were studied to illustrate the condition on the ground. The data collected from the study area has information on how the regularization process was conducted and how effective it was. The study found that the process took longer than it should have because of the low awarenesson how the regularization works. Another finding was that, those who inherit their land and those who got larger lands find it difficult to afford the land price. To tackle these impediments, the government had used different methods, but still it was difficult for some of the residents. The study recommends that,the government should let citizens participate in all the decisions made before implementing for a better outcome.Item MSE - PARK MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ADDIS ABABA The Case of Dibab Park(EiABC, 2019-06) Tsegu, Samuel; Terefe, Dr. HeyawThe urbanization phenomenon in Ethiopia has been associated with environmental problems in mostcities, including Addis Ababa. Among the problems are urban sprawl, solid and liquid waste management; water, air, and noise pollution; illegal settlements and the degradation of open green areas. Open green areas in particular have been placed under extreme pressure, thus threatening their ability to maintain basic ecological, social and economic functions. The objective of this study, therefore, was to evaluate the achievements and challenges of the Addis AbabaBeautification, Park and Cemetery Development and Administration Agency (BPCDAA) in managing the City’s open green spaces through Micro and Small Enterprise Scheme of Urban green space /park Management. The study utilized secondary data sources, interviews with the officials from the BPCDAA, the wereda case team manager and members of the MSE, as well as personal observations. The study found that the agency established a new scheme of park management with unique funding model for the park’smanagement (which is the MSE park management system). In addition to this, the study also found that this new scheme of park management system added value to the economic benefits of urban parks by creating job opportunities both for the members of the MSEs and employed support staffs. The MSE was facing some challenges such as shortage of skilled manpower, standards and guiding principles for developing, maintaining and managing the green space. Therefore, the study recommends that thecity administration requires to put in place a broad policy framework, standards and principles for park planning, design and management, facilitate coordination and reduce overlaps, in addition support with adequate and qualified manpower.