Environmental Planning

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AIR QUALITY AT PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION STATIONS/STOPS: CONTRIBUTION OF LIGHT RAIL TRANSIT TO REDUCE AIR POLLUTION IN ADDIS ABABA
(EiABC, 2019-06) BIKIS MEQUANNIT, ADDIS; Mintesnot G. Woldeamanuel Professor, Berhanu Woldetensae (Dr.)
This study portrayed air quality at public transportation stations/stops: contribution of Light Rail Transit to reduce air pollution in Addis Ababa. In this regard,the current transportation air pollution research documents indicates that increased risks for exposure of asthma and other respiratory diseases, and cancers populations residing close proximity to roadways. The purpose of the researcher was to know the air quality at LRT, bus, taxi and bus/taxi stations by air tracking device, and health effect at sampled public transportation stations. Air quality data include particulate matter (PM), air quality index (AQI), CO2, humidity and temperature with 30 minutes observation by Air-Visual pro for each 24 sampled stations from North to South LRT line. The data were collected by using questionnaires, interviews and measurements at 24 purposively selected bus, LRT, taxi and bus /taxi stations at peak and off peak hours. All data obtained by primary data gathering instruments were analyzed with qualitative and quantitative method. Air quality data and health questionnaires analyzed in quantitative approach with regression, tables, graphs and percentage whereas, interviews and personal observation analyzed and interpreted in qualitative manner. The result suggested that the location and design of bus stops and shelter orientation is found to have a significant effect on the concentration of AQI, PM and CO2. It was observed that shelters with an opening oriented towards the roadway had consistently higher concentrations inside the bus shelter than unsheltered stops. Regarding this, 30 persons questioned at each stations, 720 in total to know the health effect of persons living/working in and around the stations. The findings indicate that out of 720 respondents, 324 (45%) were exposed for air quality related diseases residing and working close proximity to the stations. Based on the findings, air quality at public transportation stations is unhealthy, above an average of 65μg/m3 PM2.5 and 150 AQI at bus and taxi stations during peak hour. LRT stations have below 25μg/m3 PM2.5 and 70 AQI. This indicates that LRT contributed 40.63μg/m3 PM2.5 and 81.88 AQI reduction of air pollution at sampled stations daily. It is hoped this study will inform stakeholders to harmonize between transportation and land-use. Institutionalizing transportation and health, transport policy should focus on High Occupancy Vehicles and expansion of Light Rail Transit in Addis Ababa. air quality index (AQI), carbon dioxide (CO2), particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10), public transportation, LRT, bus shelter,station design, health.
Analysis of the Causes and Consequences of Flash Flood and Design for Flood Resilient Neighborhood in Kebelle 02 of Bishoftu Towon
(EiABC, 2018-10) Tilahun, Biruk; Hailu, Worku
Natural hazards are the most known catastrophes on the planet earth. They cause devastation on property and loss of human life. Flood is one of the major natural hazards. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change prediction, in the coming years the frequency and intensity of floods will increase at an alarming rate. The impact of flooding is very severe in developing countries. As a developing country, Ethiopia is one of the victim of natural hazards, of which flood is the prominent one. The country experiences two types of floods: river floods and flash floods. This research focused on flash floods that occur seasonally in Kebele 02 of Bishoftu town. The study has set objectives to identify major driving causes and effects of flash flooding, to generate maps of urban flood barrage by using data from peak runoff events, explore the coping strategy used by local residents and to propose an appropriate strategy for flood resilience in the study area. In order to meet the intended objectives, the present research followed descriptive and explanatory research methodology. The research employed field observation, survey, interview, document review and case study. The data obtained through questionnaire, interview guides and checklists were analyzed using simple descriptive statistical methods such as percentages, charts, and graphs. The qualitative analysis was presented through direct quotes followed by explanation using different spatial mapping. The study identified that: encroachment of fragile ecosystem (quarry at upper catchment), new developments, prevalence of impervious surface materials, poor solid waste management, lack of vegetation on the mountains and plain areas are the major driving factors of the flash flood in the study area. These driving factors have infrastructure and household equipment damage, health related effects due to contamination of edible items and water pollution and flood induced economic crises on the residents of the case site. Finally the study recommends appropriate strategies to bring flood resilience in the case site such as: sustainable drainage system, storm water detaining tanks, bio-retention basin, rehabilitation of the quarry and enhancing the local coping strategy of the residents. Keyword: Ethiopia, Bishoftu, flashflood, coping strategies, Resilience, sustainable drainage system
The Archite cture of Housing the case of gerji Addis Ababa
(Addis Ababauniversity, 2007-01) Enkossa, Eyob; Singh, Gurdeep(Professor)
Currently, Addis Ababa is entangled with multi faceted problem related to urban design issues. Even though some of the issues are mentioned in the revised master plan, physical development controls and the tools & mechanisms have been found weak enough in controlling and guiding the implementation of the goals and objective of the revised master plan. Moreover, the imbalance between the increasing population number and the inadequate social & physical services has brought a significant consequence in the social, economical & physical fabric of the city. Abstract Both the unplanned & planned parts of the city are characterized as haphazardly developed, which is manifested by its poor image and design of urban environment. The fast development of the city, in specific with “Gerji”, has been developed without following a proper urban design guideline. The components of urban design have not been allocated adequately in their proper location address the need of the residents. Therefore, the architecture of housing is the most basic unit qualified for an in-depth study, which in turn can contribute its share in guiding the change rationally to create convenience, comfort, efficiency play & pleasure. The six overlapping dimensions of urban design- Morphological, Perceptual, Social, Visual, Functional and Temporal- are the everyday subject matter of urban design in the process of problem solving that must be considered simultaneously making urban design holistic. Hence, a theoretical urban design guideline should be formulated to direct the rapid development of housing since it is a critical component in the social & economic fabric of nations. Based on the findings & in an attempt to initiate dialogue among stakeholders, the study outlines a general urban design guideline for Addis Ababa, in specific with “Gerji”. The proposed conceptual guideline accommodating the dimensions of urban design with temporal changes has a goal of attaining a successful urban environment conducive to the citizens of Addis Ababa. No neighborhood has also been tested previously on the touchstones of urban design dimensions and it is the belief of the author that this thesis would make a difference in making a good urban place for people and to correct the already done mistakes. Hence, a multitude of parties are concerned, since it is an integrative joined up activity, at the heart of which is a concern for making places for people and shared rather than a particular responsibility.
Architectural Intervention for Rural Farmer:Adoption of Alternative and Cost-Effective Construction Technology of Housing in ‘Wenago’ Wereda, Dilla, Southern Ethiopia
(EiABC, 2019-03) ABAYNEH ZEWDU, HANA; Fisseha, Wegayehu (PHD)
This thesis, which focuses on alternative construction technology in which a new type of house to provides great advantages over current rural housing alternatives. The major aims are to contribute knowledge about what type of construction technology appropriate and how to implement in rural-housing successfully. Cost effective alternative construction technology could be an appropriate option in rural areas, where human labour is a less restricted resource compared to monetary capital, and most of the materials needed are locally available. Data were collected by both primary and secondary methods.Detail observation, questioner and group discussion was used for gathering data from study area. The result implies the housing condition low standard and it also impact on other health related problem for the resident. The finding indicate that study area the household did not allow its occupants to work out their basic activities (the things people do) such as preparing their food, sleeping, eating, display the family & social interaction and shelter for the family and for their domestic animal, and the ways in which these are met, and whether one is in conflict with the other, is a measure of how appropriate the housing is for the activity or activities in question. Housing provides the scenario for family life, recreation, rest, sleep and social interaction it follows that many aspects of sample housing, such as overcrowding, noise, air pollution, bad odours or dampness, give rise to considerable dissatisfaction and annoyance and perhaps contribute to poor health. Conclusion of this thesis is that in the study area need cost effective housing, that have great potential for future rural housing in Ethiopia, to improve their living standard and reduce impact on their health status. The housing must be durable, higher-standard, low-cost housing for the rural society and contextually appropriate. Finally,the study recommended cost-effective construction technology of housing, that is satisfies the most bottom and fundamental human needs for shelter and other needs that people aspire home including psychological, social, and aesthetic needs and ultimately, need for self-actualization. It was found that highly minimized construction cost, including material and labour cost, can be saved by using the low-cost housing construction technologies for walling, slab and roofing system
Assessment of green infrastructures and their planning process: the case of condominium housing projects in Addis Ababa.
(EiABC, 2017-09) Hunegnaw, Diress; Maru, Mulugeta
Green infrastructures are defined as parts of urban area with a mix of street side and median trees, neighbourhood parks, sport fields, cultivated land, porous and pervious surfaces, wetlands, lakes, and streams etc that are interconnected. Thus this paper is aimed at assessing green infrastructures and their planning processes of Condominium housing projects in Addis Ababa formulating objectives to answer questions of green infrastructure typologies, land cover proportion, implementation and management strategies. The study used both qualitative and quantitative methods by administering questionnaire, interview and field observation as data collection tools using purposive and random sampling techniques. In purposive sampling; twelve professionals, six officials and six condominium associations who directly involved in the plan preparation, implementation and/or management of green infrastructures were selected while forty seven households who are living in the three selected sites such as Gerji(1), Gellan(1) and Lideta sites were selected randomly . Based on the findings and discussion it is understood that the green infrastructures which were proposed in the neighbourhood design did not define typologies but simply give general terms like green and open spaces. However, the open spaces proposed in the neighbourhood design have already existed in the sites though the management and development of such spaces are poor. Therefore, to solve the problems which has been found in the discussion; the green infrastructure typologies and their land cover proportion, implementation and management strategies should be clarified during the proposal phase and there must be coordination among stake holders taking their mandate and responsibility to implement, develop and manage green infrastructures to make the neighbourhood suitable and safe for living and working.
Assessment of Non-Point Source Pollution in Lake Awassa Watershed Using the Annualized Agricultural Non-Point Source (AnnaGnps) Model
(Addis Ababauniversity, 2008-07) Amare Shamo, Demelash; T/Mariam, Ababu (PhD)
Lake Awassa watershed is a Closed-watershed located in the Central Main Ethiopia Rift valley (MER). Despite its ecological, social, and economical functions and values, the lake and its watershed have been and being inflicted by non-point sources of pollution associated with deleterious anthropogenic activities. Better management of the environment to halt the existing problem of pollution and possibly to restore the ecosystem, requires informed decision on the root causes of the problem as well as on alternative management measures. In this study, the Annualized Agricultural Non-Point Source (AnnAGNPS) model has been used for relative assessment of non-point source pollution, prioritization of the sources of pollution and formulation and evaluation of alternative management measures. The relative comparison of the AnnAGNPS model average annual output, with respect to land use, for the year 2004 showed that cultivated land with Maize and Coffee, monocropped Maize land, and Bare land are leading sources in terms of runoff yield. In addition, Bare land, Pasture poor condition and mono-cropped Maize land are top yielding in terms of sediment. Based on nutrient yield mono-cropped Maize land, cultivated land with Maize and Coffee, and cultivated land with Maize and ‘Chat’ are principal sources in terms of Nitrogen. Bare land, Shrub land with poor condition, and Pasture poor condition are leading in terms of Organic Carbon. Mono-cropped Maize land and cultivated land with Maize and Coffee are chief sources in terms of Phosphorous. Accordingly, the study identified mono-cropped Maize land, Bare land and cultivated land with Maize and Coffee as priority areas that need alternative management option to control the non-point source pollution. The study also showed that a change from mono-cropped Maize land to mixed cultivation of Maize and ‘Chat’ would result a decrease up to 78% for water and Organic Carbon, 91% for sediment and more than 95% for Phosphorus yields, while Nitrogen yield remain unchanged. A change from Bare land to mixed cultivation of Maize and ‘Chat’ would result a decrease up to 99%, 94% and 78% for sediment, Organic Carbon and water yield, respectively, while an increase up to 100% for Nitrogen. A switch from the mixed cultivation of Maize and Coffee to mixed cultivation of Maize and ‘Chat’ would result a decrease up to 81%, 75%, 60% and 35% for water, Nitrogen, sediment and Organic carbon yield, respectively, as well as a decrease of more than 85% for Phosphorus yield. Comparison of 1965 and 2004 scenarios showed that a decrease of watershed runoff by about 28%, while there is a decrease of sediment yield by about 73%. Similarly, there were a decrease of around 32%, 50% and 35% for Nitrogen, Organic Carbon and Phosphorus yields, respectively, for the 1965 scenario from that of 2004. The result of the study showed that a change in land use system can bring about significant reduction in non-point source pollution and the spatial distribution of areas in the watershed that need immediate attention
Assessment of Soil Erosion Threats on Environmental Functions For Road Side Development: the case of Addis Adama Express Way
(Addis Ababauniversity, 2015-06) Hadera, Temnit; Zeleke, Gete (PhD)
A developed road side should provide operational, auxiliary, visual and environmental functions that are dependent on the biophysical and spatial nature and status of the surrounding landscape. It is imperative that major environmental components such as air, water, soil, fauna and flora be preserved and integrated within a road network to sustain ecological balance of the environment and service demand of the road. One of these components the soil in particular, is overlooked for its decisive role to ecologically integrate and sustain a road network for its designed years of service. Areas exposed to sever soil erosion leading to loss of water bodies and land degradation within the rights-of –way and a possible extension beyond for their critical and context sensitive objectivity, needs to be planned, designed, constructed and maintained for vegetation management and environmental preservations and remediation. In this research, soil erosion is raised as one of the critical and context sensitive environmental problem resulting in loss of minor water bodies and land degradation within the study area threatening sustainability of the Express way The problem is identified and assessed using field inventory and subsequent spatial analysis of relevant road side contextual features or topographic appearances’ by implementing RUSLE Model in Arc GIS. The contextual features or parameters are rated or weighted to pin point the extent of soil erosion and propose remedial measures further. In addition, the research outlines the need for  Conventional definition and extent of road side development  A conceptual frame work for natural resource preservation and landscape management of municipal developments, in particular the Express way, for context sensitive, critical planning and development.  identification of road side functions and values, prioritizing relevant contextual data on natures’ inventory within and beyond rights-of-ways of the Express way  Assessment models with analytical procedures to support integrated decision making and policy level considerations of road side development. Moreover, Federal and Regional policies and guidelines should be declared officially and implemented while planning, designing, constructing and maintaining non- traditional road side development. KEY WORDS: Context sensitive road side development, Environmental Function, Road side definition, Road side extent, , Soil erosion, RUSLE model
Assessment of Tannery Solid Waste Management and Characterization A Case of Ethio-Leather Industry Private Limited Company (EliCO)
(Addis Ababauniversity, 2012-11) Abajihad, Zulfikar; Woldeyes, Belay (PhD)
Tanning industry generates large quantities of solid wastes during leather manufacturing process and subsequently during effluent treatment. From this point of view, in this study assessment on solid waste management practices and physicochemical characterization of the solid wastes generated from tannery were made at Ethio-Leather Industry Private Limited Company (ELICO) so that to propose appropriate tannery solid waste management options. The assessment made showed that the types of tannery solid wastes are de-dusted salt, raw skin trimmings, hair, fleshings, splitting waste, pickle trimmings, chrome shaving, crust trimmings, finished leather trimmings and sludge. Determination of the solid waste generation rates using material balance analysis techniques shows that in processing 7,251 ton of cattle hide and sheep skins annually, the tannery generates a total of 4048.96 tonne of solid waste from beamhouse, tanning, re-tanning, finishing processes and effluent treatment plant. It was found that 859kg of solid waste is generated during processing one tonne of wet salted hide. Similarly, 262kg of solid waste is generated during processing the same amount of sheep skins. It was observed that beamhouse operations have more than 60% contributions in generating the solid wastes. The solid wastes were characterized for pH, moisture content, volatile organic compound, ash content, calorific value, carbon content, total nitrogen content, carbon to nitrogen ratio, chromium content, sodium content and calcium content using standard solid waste analysis methods and the experimental result reveals that more than 90% of the solid wastes are organic. In order to propose solid waste management options for tannery solid waste, solid waste management strategies (source reduction, recycling and composting, waste transformation/waste to energy and landfilling) were reviewed and two basic thermo-chemical waste to energy technological options (incineration and pyrolysis/gasification), biochemical conversion process (Anaerobic digestion/biomethanation) and composting were found to be viable to manage tannery solid waste and proposed based on the physico-chemical characteristics of the solid waste
Causes and Effects of Diminishing Water Volume in Lake Chelekleka, Bishoftu, Ethiopia and Strategy for Conservation
(Addis Ababauniversity, 2015-06) Assefa, Daniel; worku, Hailu (PhD)
This study aimed to examine Causes and Effects of Diminishing Water Volume in Lake Chelekleka, Bishoftu, Ethiopia and Strategy for Conservation. To meet the objective of the research, appropriate attention were taken to investigate the land use/cover changes, field observation, interviews with officials and horticulture farmers. Hence, the results of the study Shown, extent of the land use/cover change and its effects seen on Chelekleka Lake and its Swampy areas were very dramatic. That is, majority of the forest land use/covers during the (1973-2010) in Chelekleka Lake Water Shades and its surroundings were converted to crop land, settlement, degraded bare lands, and grass lands. This land use types covers much of the southern, western, Central and eastern parts of the Chelekleka Lake Watersheds and its surroundings. Besides, notably after 1986 land use/cover change was very tremendous and exhibited decline of forest lands, shrub lands, and swampy vegetation. Hence, during 1973- 1986 deforestation and soil degradation in the Chelekleka Lake Watersheds and its surroundings was very sever, which was ultimately affected the depth of the lake. In the same period majority of the forest and shrub lands in upper water course changes to grass lands, crop lands and bare-degraded lands, i.e., markedly, degraded bare land coverage was increased because of acute increase of agricultural lands. Moreover, the land use investigation data conclude the presence of a shift in land use types, for instance, agricultural lands were converted to population settlements areas and crop lands in turn expand to shrub and uncultivable land uses. Similarly irrigated vegetations also occupied the swampy areas of Chelekleka Lake. These land use changes caused massive reduction of surface water coverage and changes its shapes from deep dark blue and compacted shapes to slant shallow and light blue color shapes. Generally study concludes, all the Chelekleka lake especially, The inner and border areas of the lake Chelekleka was dramatically changed into irrigated vegetation and grass lands and hence the dying of the lake was already starting from upper and expands to its central areas. In addition to the challenges of land use change factors like high interest of Horticulture expansion, poorly planned infrastructure developments, lack of awareness and poor attention from governments, and climate change/variability exacerbate the dying of the lake. On the basis of the study findings of the research the following recommendations forwarded undertaking appropriate resource conservation and management approaches, both the lake and its buffer zone should be demarcated and administered by concerned bodies, the silt and sedimentation filled the base of the lake should be removed, appropriately designed ditch and/or bridges to transfer the streams from upper course to the lake should be implemented. Key words: Lake Chelekleka Land use land cover change
Challenges and Opportunities of Riverbank Urban Agriculture: The Case of Mekanisa, Gofa and Saris Vegetable Producer Cooperative
(2010-06) Kassa, Abrham; Worku, Worku (PhD)
This thesis sought to assess and analyze challenges and prospects of riverbank urban agriculture in one cooperative vegetable producer along Little Akaki River of Addis Ababa city. The study was basically an assessment that used both qualitative and quantitative approaches. Sample household from a total of 241 urban farmers randomly selected and nine key interview persons were selected by using purposive sampling from relevant government organizations. A structured questionnaire, interview guiding questions, photography, document analysis, and satellite images were methods and tools of data collection. The finding of the study indicates that urban agriculture activity in the study area has an impact on the natural environment especially;on soil erosion and water pollution as well as pose health risk due to contamination of vegetables with toxic substances.. Informal occupation of reserved area for urban agriculture by squatters as well as urban agriculture activities in protected area for other green development and uses are the two major challenges observed in the study area. The contribution of urban agriculture in the city includes employment creation for more than 3807 household heads and benefits more than 14,544 family members. It also serves as poverty reduction strategy for the disadvantage group of the society such as women, elder and youths who do not have job at the moment. The benefits of urban agriculture in the selected cooperative shows that it is the survival livelihood for 241 household heads and 2,500 family members. Vegetable growing along river both in the city and the cooperative more challengeable as domestic and industrial waste management are very poor and the spatial location of industries and garage close to the river. Recognizing and providing tenure security of the existing urban farmers is the primary solution for the challenges in the study area. However, in order to enforce the city structure plan, commercial forests and fruit trees should substitute the existing vegetable farms. Moreover, capacitating urban agriculture units in the city can solve technical and other problems which urban farmers face in the study area
Challenges and Opportunities of Urban Green Infrastructures in Inner Sub Cities of Addis Ababa: the case of Lideta and Kirkos Sub Cities
(EiABC, 2017-09) Kefale, Alemaw; Maru, Mulugeta
Urban green infrastructures are essential elements of cities and contribute to the quality of life in numerous ways by maintaining and regulating the environment. However, increased urbanization and development have placed urban green infrastructures under extreme pressure, while unplanned urban growth has resulted in the loss of urban landscape and ecosystems. Among the Urban green infrastructures in Addis Ababa such as Street sides and medians trees, permeable pavements, recreational parks, and river banks have challenges in inner city Areas. This study has assessed Challenges and opportunities of urban green infrastructures in Inner sub Cities of Addis Ababa: the case of Lideta and Kirkos Sub Cities; specifically assessed urban green infrastructures and challenges of recreational parks, Street sides and medians trees, and Cobblestone roads of the study area. Thus, the study used both qualitative and quantitative approaches with case study methodology where questionnaires (majorly close ended), structured open ended interviews, and observation were used as data collection methods and the analysis was done by using SPSS and Arc GIS. The sampling techniques used to do this research were purposive sampling for selection of study cases, nonprobability convenient sampling for collection of data from park users, and Stratified random sampling to collect data about Cobblestone roads. Different challenges of recreational parks were identified such as social, economic, management, technical, physical, and environmental. Furthermore the study has revealed physical, management, technical, and environmental challenges are the challenges of street sides and medians trees, and cobblestone roads in the study areas. On the other hand the study has identified opportunities of UGIs such as UGI proclamations, standards, strategies, policies, and principles among others. Based on the findings of the study it is concluded that urban green infrastructures, in Inner sub Cities of Addis Ababa, faced different challenges including social, physical, economic, environmental, technical and management challenges. Therefore, recommendations are forwarded to address these challenges and bring Sustainable UGI development and management.
Characterization and Suitability Analysis of Embankment Material with especial consideration to Core and Filter Material - A Case Study of Dendo Dam in Southern Ethiopia
(Addis Ababauniversity, 2010-03) Tumoro, Mulatu; Zeleke, Addisalem (PhD)
Dendo Dam Project is one of the Bilate Irrigation Projects undertaken by Water Works Design and Supervision Enterprise (WWDSE). The dam site is located around 347km south of Addis Ababa and bounded by geographic coordinates of 395800-399000E and 780200- 782800N. The main purpose of this dam project is to provide irrigation to the agricultural land which is situated in the northern part of Lake Abaya, southern part of Ethiopia. The success of this proFigure 1ject will highly depend on the availability of suitable embankment material as it plays great role in the design of the embankment to be constructed. Earth and rock fill embankment dams are tolerable in most of dam site particularly in seismic prone area and since everything from clay to large stones are used in their construction, it requires low capital investment and can be completed in short period of time with minimum environmental impact. However, improper use of construction material and carelessness during investigation stage causes embankment failure by piping and seepage, foundation blowouts, overtopping and others. Therefore, identification of the material based on: engineering, mineralogical, and dynamic property and the site conditions have substantial impact on the long term stability and economic feasibility of a given Embankment project. Therefore, in the light of these important points the main objective of the present study was to Characterize and carry out Suitability Analysis of embankment material with special consideration to core and filter material. For this representative samples were collected from the borrow areas, and laboratory tests were conducted to know index and engineering properties of the soils. The laboratory test conducted on soil samples during present study are: wet sieve analysis, Hydrometer analysis, Atterberg limits, shrinkage limits (linear), proctor compaction, permeability and x-ray diffraction (XRD). Test conducted on sand sample is sieve analysis. Besides, secondary data generated during previous study has also been procured from the project office. Based on the test results generated during both studies (previous and present) characterization and suitability analysis of embankment material was done. Finally, based on the results and finding of the present study, recommendations have been made
Cleaner Production Assessment In The Ethiopian Alcohol Industries A Case Study In The Sebata Alcohol & Liquor Factory
(Addis Ababauniversity, 2007-07) Teffera, Belay; Assefa, Berehanu (PhD)
Sebeta Alcohol and Liquor Factory (SALF) is a sister company of National Alcohol and Liquor Enterprise (NALE). The factory was established in 1914 in Sebeta town and uses molasses as raw material for the production of potable and technical alcohols. It consists of a distillery and filling plants. Its installed daily production capacity is 2500 liters of potable alcohol and about 5000 liters of various liquors. The current production capacity was found to be on average 2100 liters of 95.7oGL potable (fine) and 250 liters of 93oGL technical alcohols per day when the factory was running normally. Water balance, material balance and energy balance were drawn only for the distillery plant for the filling section was under maintenance during sampling. The molasses, water and energy consumption were found to be 6.3 kg, 168 liters and 22.12 MJ liters per liter of 96oGL alcohol. The average BOD, COD and TDS in the wastewater were 20,866, 53,514 and 19000 mg/l respectively. The total alcohol loss from the fermentation, decantation and distillation process units was significant with the value of 13.22 %. The stillage from mash column is found a severe source of water pollution. The fermentation efficiency (78.02%), alcohol recovery at distillation unit (83.3%) and overall alcohol conversion efficiency (65.0%) were found to be low compared to values of similar technologies in India, South Africa and Brazil. The steam generation and distribution systems were studied and the boiler combustion efficiency was found extremely low (29%) resulting from excess air supply. Similarly, other sources of heat loss were identified and carefully examined The cleaner production options were generated, selected and evaluated for the distillery plant. CO2 Recovery, Cooling water recycling, lost heat recovery in the stillage and spent lee, indirect heating, generation of methane and fertilizer from stillage were considered for improving resource utilization and reducing pollution loads. Other GHK practices were recommended to bring overall efficiency in the plant
Climate Change Trends, Projections and Vulnerability Integration to Enhance Urban Resilience Planning: The case of Addis Ababa City
(EiABC, 2019-02) Feyissa, Nahimi; Dr. Gete Zeleke, Dr.Ephrem Gebremariam; Professor Woldeamlak Bewket
Impacts of climate change continue to knock on the doors of different societies including urban dwellers. The effect is more severe in towns of developing world like Addis Ababa where level of mitigation and adaptation measures are low and detailed climate change information is lacking. Many of existing studies give no consideration to the future climatic conditions, spatial quantification and mapping of vulnerability hotspots and integration of these all together for enhanced resilience planning. They mainly focused on basic environmental plans, where most of them fail implementation due to low level of law enforcements and unavailability of up to dated cadastral information system. Taking these points into considerations, this study focuses on analyzing climate change trends, downscaling projected results from general circulation models, analyzing land surface temperature changes, quantifying and mapping climate change vulnerability at sub-city level to recommend better environmental planning options which could be implemented to minimize severe climate change risks at Addis Ababa city. To achieve these, various methodological approaches were applied in a sequential order. Using Statistical Downscaling Model (SDSM), downscaled daily maximum temperature, minimum temperature, and precipitation in 30 years intervals from the second generation of the Earth System Model (CanESM2) and Coupled Global Climate Model (CGCM3) iv under two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) Scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) and two Special Report Emission Scenarios (SRES), A1B and A2, were generated to examine future changes and their extremes. Two representative meteorological stations were selected for model calibration and validation in the SDSM. With this, ten core temperature and precipitation indices were selected to assess temperature changes and precipitation extremes. Spatio-temporal Land Surface Temperature (LST) characteristics were analyzed using four Landsat satellite image series with ten years interval from 1986 to 2017. Sub-city level Climate change vulnerability analyses were undertaken by integrating the Sullivan and Meigh’s Model of composite climate change vulnerability index and the IPCC’s approach of vulnerability assessment which comprises exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity. Fifteen subcomponents of vulnerability indicators were identified in ten sub-cities, and their values were normalized to a number which ranges between 0 and 1, with unequal weighting system, indicating as the values increased to 1, vulnerability to climate change increases. The results were mapped using ArcGIS 10.2 package. In-depth empirical field work including a survey of 399 households in four sub-cities and key informant interviews were conducted and analyzed using descriptive statistics and Chi-squared tests were used to summarize the findings in SPSS. Finally climate change resilience plans were proposed for a sustainable environmental protection and to reduce the vulnerability that could be induced by climate change. The results showed that maximum temperature, minimum temperature and mean temperature was increasing in the last 60 years. The second thirty years mean temperature average, was higher than the first thirty years average by 1.1 ºC within 1957-2016. The trend in precipitation shows only insignificant v rise wihin the last six decades. The projected maximum temperature, increases were in the range of 0.9ºC (RCP4.5) in 2020 to 2.1ºC (CGCM3A2) in 2080 at Addis Ababa Observatory. The minimum temperature is projected to increase by 0.3ºC (RCP4.5) in 2020 and 1.0 ºC in 2080 (CGCM3A1B). While the changes in maximum temperature are lower at Entoto station compared to Addis Ababa Observatory, the highest minimum temperature change is projected at Addis Ababa Observatory, which ranges from 0.25ºC in the 2020s to 1.04ºC in 2080 according to the CGCM3 model. Except for the coldest nights (TNn), the mean temperature and other temperature indices will continue to increase to the end of this century. The highest precipitation change is projected by CGCM3A2 and CanESM2 RCP8.5 at an increase of about 11.8% and 16.62% by 2080. The highest total precipitation increase is 29% (RCP4.5) in winter and 20.9% (RCP8.5) in summer by 2080. The rise in temperature will exacerbate the urban heat highland effects in warm seasons and an increase in precipitation is expected along with a possible risk of flooding due to a low level of infrastructure development and a high rate of urbanization. It is also found that land surface temperature was highly influenced by land cover types. The highest LST was found in built-up areas and barren lands. 49% and 47% of the study area had an LST range of 23°C - 27°C in 1986 and 1995 respectively. However, in 2007 and 2017, 41% and 59% of the study area had LST range of 27°C - 31°C respectively. The ten sub-cities in Addis Ababa were found in different levels of vulnerability to climate change with the highest exposure and sensitivity in Addis Ketema, Arada, and Lideta while the adaptive capacity was highest in Gulelle, Bole, and Arada sub-cities. The overall climate change vulnerability was highest in Arada, Addis Ketema and Kirkos. The result also found that 69.2% and 60.2% of the respondents vi perceived that temperature and precipitation increased within the last one to three decades respectively. Flash flood during high precipitation is common along the main roads in Kirkos, while river flooding is a major problem in summer for the residents living along the sides of Akaki River where the cost of damage is high sometimes to the loss of all property and life too. The study recommended city level and landscape level resilience plans within Addis Ababa and the surrounding mountainous landscapes.
Comparative Study of Macroinvertebrates and Diatoms as Bioindicators of River Water Quality in Addis Ababa
(Addis Ababauniversity, 2008-01) Addis, Taffere; Assefa, Berehanu (PhD)
A crucial element in planning water quality assessment, management and conservation programme of a river is the selection of the biological indicators used to appraise biodiversity and environmental conditions. The present study, therefore, aimed at comparing macroinvertebrates and diatoms as bioindicators of river water quality in Addis Ababa. A total of 16 sampling stations were selected along the course of Kebena River and Little and Big Akaki Rivers for qualitative evaluation of physical habitats and collection of samples used for the determination of the taxonomic composition and abundance of macroinvertebrates and diatoms. Riffle sites were chosen for sampling to make the comparison among sites easier. Standard methods of sampling and analysis of samples were employed throughout the study period. Biotic indices and multivariate analytical methods, particularly dissimilarity index, clustering and indirect ordinations were used for the analysis of the results. Macroinvertebrates diversity was extremely poor precluding comparison among sampling stations. The highest and lowest macroinvertebrates taxa richness was 5 and 0 respectively. Surprisingly, only two macroinvertebrates taxa were found at the upstream site of Kebena River, which had the least anthropogenic disturbance but with the least physical habitat quality (40.6 %). But, the highest diatom tax richness (30 taxa) was observed at this site followed by 17 taxa at the upstream of both Little Akaki and Big Akaki Rivers. The lowest diatom taxa richness (4 taxa) was observed near the discharge point of Awash Tannery, where other industries are also concentrated. Community loss index for diatom data was higher at sampling sites receiving industrial effluent. All diatom biotic indices were indicative of responses to load of pollution though it was not possible to select the index that could discriminate impacted sites from reference site clearly with such cross-sectional study. Generally, the study depicted that the rivers in Addis Ababa are highly affected by physical habitat degradation and pollution due to point and non-point sources. Based on biotic indices and multivariate analysis results, diatoms are found to be better than macroinvertebrates in indicating sources and degree of pollution as well as in discriminating reference site from impacted sites of the study area. Hence, studies that consider seasonal variations and all the factors that determine diatoms composition are recommended in order to develop a refined diatom-based river water quality monitoring tool for the rivers in Addis Ababa and other parts of the country. Furthermore, responsible authorities should take urgent ameliorative measures to improve water quality of the rivers in the city. Key words: macroinvertebrates; diatoms; bioindicator; water quality; monitoring; indices
Condominium buildings versus environmental sustainability
(Addis Ababauniversity, 2014-05) Seife, Netsanet; Worku, Hailu (PhD)
The growth rate of Addis Ababa’s population has resulted in a chronic housing problem expressed in the growing slums, unsanitary living conditions and a degraded environment. The Integrated Housing Development Program (IHDP), also known as the condominium housing project launched by the government in addressing this problem, even though it stands to save the city of worse environmental deterioration, has used the open and green spaces of the city; and being solely directed to solve the housing backlog, may lack environmental sustainability initiatives. In general therefore, the objective of this study is to present the concept of environmentally sustainable buildings, to study ways it has been and can be implemented and to adapt these concepts to the condominium project. To accomplish that, three sites – the Bole Gerji, the Feresbet and the Mickey Leland – were selected as case study samples. To gather data, interviews with the dwellers at the sites, observations of the site and a review of different researches and relevant literature on environmentally sustainable buildings were conducted. The data gathered using these methodologies was then analyzed and interpreted and used to develop a proposal of what could be done to include environmental sustainability concepts in the design and construction of the condominium project. The questions asked in the interviews were designed to discover how aware of environmental issues such as global warming and climate change the dwellers were. The results show that though dwellers are educated and aware of the issues of global warming and climate change, they have not taken the most optimal environmental sustainable measures they could; i.e., the long-term impacts of the measures taken to meet their immediate needs, such as parking, are not taken into consideration. The results from the site observations show that most open spaces are not used according to the original design; that the design was lacking in areas that could contribute positively to good indoor air quality and to the health and comfort of the dwellers; and that the materials used in construction are not durable. It is proposed that the condominium buildings should be designed, constructed and used incorporating environmental sustainable building concepts. Several propositions therefore are that additional sources of renewable energy other than hydroelectric power, such as solar power and biogas, be used and that water and waste should be recycled. In conclusion, it can be said that the Integrated Housing Development Program only addresses the need for housing and that environmental sustainability building concepts were not paramount in the design. After the sites were delivered to the dwellers, in general, it can be said that successful environmental sustainability concepts undertaken by them are limited to greening their immediate surroundings
A Conservation and Adaptive Reuse Study for Menelik II Palace in Holeta Genet Town, Ethiopia
(EiABC, 2017-06) Lemma, Rahel; Gottert, Leslie
Menelik II’s Palace, a national cultural heritage site, which is found in Holeta town, is one of a very few buildings that have stood time and shouldered burdens during the changing of regimes. The beautiful appearance of the building is still found in its graceful character that outshines the effects of time. Although the building is a national cultural heritage site, it also has a significant role in the recent history of Ethiopia, in its connection to the foundation of a modern military academy as well as Holeta town’s establishment and settlement. It is a living witness of the building technology and thought of the period of Emperor Menelik II. With all the precious value that the building and its compound have, it is the discovery of its present deteriorated condition which inspired this research. The primary and secondary data resources show that, the Palace building has made a significant mark on Ethiopia’s architectural history. As reviewed on the case study, the Addis Ababa Palace of Menelik II has a very similar architectural character and heritage value with the building under consideration. It has been conserved recently and shall open to the public with new function in the near future. Thus it serves as an example and the lesson what we learn should be taken to conserve and transfer such precious historic building to the next generation. After documenting the Palace building’s history and floor plan, the paper closely identifies and examines the factors contributing to its deterioration and recommends conservation options. It also identifies potential stakeholders in the process and analyzes opportunities and values as well as current challenges and threats regarding the conservation of the historic Palace building. Despite various problems related to the building’s deterioration, this study also shows the effects of abandonment and absence of ownership that have been observed on the heritage Palace. Nonetheless, the site has considerable potential for sustainable development as tourist destination and socio-cultural integration if properly managed and conserved. These findings lead to a few recommendations on valorization of Menelik II Palace building in Holeta for sustainable use.
The Contributions of Mensch En Fur Mensch En Foundation In Increasing Access to Primary Education In Illubabor Zone
(Addis Ababauniversity, 2001-06) Redate, Befekadu; Workineh, Tilahun (PhD)
The main objective of this study was to investigate the contribution of MfM Foundation in increasing access to primary education in Iliubabor Zone. To conduct this study, a descriptive survey was employed. For this purpose samples were taken from 6 primary schools that were supported by MfM in 6 Weredas. The research study involved four categories of sample population: teachers, students, school principals, Zone Education Department, and Wereda Education Officials and MfM Office officials. Questionnaire, interview and personal observation were the main instruments used to collect the data. Besides to support the study, documents and reports in the MfM Office and Zone Education Department were consulted. Data analysis was made by using statistical tools such as percentage and t-test to identify whether there are differences and agreements in the judgment of the respondents regarding the questions posed on the activities performed by MfM education project. The results of the findings revealed that MfM has provided support to primary education in three major areas; construction of new schools, renovation and expansion of the existing ones. It was found that the community was involved in the education project carried out by MfM by contributing money, site selection for the schools constructed and in the protection of the projects during and after its foundation. In addition to this, it was observed from the findings that support provided to primary education in Iliubabor by MfM, alleviated the problems of about 11 .4 per cent of the children's of the community to get schools near to their villages, chairs and desks and school facilities. On the other hand, it was found out that the major complaint of the community about the out come of the project was, most of the schools constructed, and renovated by MfM do not have fence. Finally, based on the major findings and conclusions drawn, the following major recommendations were for warded to meet the problem under the study
Conversion of Selected Addis Ababa Municipal Solid Waste to Ethanol (Case study of Yeka sub city)
(Addis Ababauniversity, 2009-01) Taye, Ashenafi; W. Sokol(Professor)
Selected municipal solid wastes (mango and banana peels and remains) were collected, proportioned, dried, and crushed to be used as samples of this research. Principally, three experiments were carried out in series for each of the samples (one after the other), namely: hydrolysis, fermentation and distillation. The effects of factors in hydrolysis step were investigated and the global optimum combination of factor values (temperature, time and acid concentration) was set by experimentation. Factorial design of threefactors- at-two-level (23 = 8) was applied to the hydrolysis step to purely investigate the effects of hydrolysis parameters on the response variable (ethanol yield). In the analysis section, the principles of factorial design were applied to calculate the main effects, interaction effects and response tendencies. Main effects were found to be -0.125, 0.375 and 0.875 for acid concentration, time and temperature respectively. This implied that, increasing temperature level could result in relatively the highest ethanol yield than the remaining factors. Interaction effects between factors were also calculated. Accordingly, TxC and txC are -10.75 and -5.75 respectively. From this theoretical ground, the factor combination was set at 1%v/v, 60minutes and 150oC and the samples were tested at this determined point and, above and below it (three extra experiments). The highest ethanol yield was 25.5mL/50g (solution) or 24.48mL/50g pure ethanol and 26mL/50g (solution) and 24.44mL/50g pure ethanol for the first 8 and the last 3 experiments respectively. The global optimum factor combination was set at 100oC, 1%v and 60minutes for hydrolysis temperature, acid concentration and hydrolysis time respectively after analysis. It was also estimated that conversion of banana and mango peels and remains to ethanol could eliminate 16.2% of the municipal solid waste in the sub city
Cost-Benefit Analysis of Replacing versus Stabilizing Expansive Soils in Road Construction (Case study for Gambella-Alwero-Rice-Project)
(Addis Ababauniversity, 2013-11) Ketema, Yitagess; Teklu, Bikila (PhD)
Expansive soils are soils that have a property of large volumetric changes, both shrinkage and swell, due to variations in their moisture content. Their bearing capacity is poor. For road to be constructed on such soils, the subgrade should be designed to minimize subsequent changes in moisture content and consequent volume changes thereby improving bearing capacity of the soil. The subgrade material for road construction within the project of Gambella-Alwero-Rice- Project, located in Gambella National Regional State - Abobo Wereda, is highly dominated with such type of expansive soils. Methods applied to improve the engineering property of such soil were either to stabilize the existing soil or to replace the soil with nonexpansive impermeable soil to the depth affected by seasonal moisture changes. The decision on which method should be used was made based on cost-benefit analysis of stabilizing versus replacing for the existing expansive soil. To come up with the cost-benefit result, initially expansive soil samples from different road section were taken. Quality test for the collected soil samples have been made in the laboratory. The laboratory test result has indicated as the existing expansive soil needs improvement to serve as subgrade for the road within the project. Following the test result, selection of relevant replacing material and stabilizing agent was done. Replacing material within 2km radius was found satisfying all tests and lime was selected as stabilizing agent. With those selected materials and stabilizing agent, cost-benefit analysis was carried out. Total Cost of Replacing the existing expansive soil with locally available suitable material was found to be 2,862,247.71 (Birr/Km) and total cost of stabilizing the existing expansive soil with Lime from Derba Cement Factory was found to be 1,974,821.28 (Birr/Km) amounting to a saving cost of 32%. From the study, the result of stabilizing the existing expansive soil as compared to replacing with non-expansive soil from the nearby forest has become economical

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