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Multilevel Regression Analysis of Risk Covariates Associated with Wasting Among Ethiopian Children
(Addis Ababa University, 2024-06) Erko Sufa; Eshetu Wencheko
Wasting is defined as low weight-for-height. It often indicates recent and severe weight loss, although it can also persist for a long time. Wasting in children is associated with a higher risk of death unless treated properly. The overall aim of the study was to assess risk covariates associated with wasting among children in Ethiopia. The source of data is Ethiopia mini DHS data undertaken in 2019. The DHS program employed a multistage sampling method. A total of 5164 children under five from the nation were included in this study. Descriptive (weighted frequency table and percentage) and inferential (multilevel proportional odds model) statistical methods were employed. The descriptive results show that 92.75% of under-five children were normal, 6.06% were moderately wasted and 1.19% were severely wasted. The higher proportion of severe wasting was found in the Somali region, Harari region, among uneducated mothers, households with low income (poor and poorest), Muslim families and families with drink neither improved nor non-improved water. The results based on the proportional odds model indicate that there is a significant variation in wasting across community and household levels. The multilevel proportional odds model identified a child's sex, mother's education level, DBF, wealth index, antenatal care, source of drinking water and region of residence as significant risk covariates of wasting. We concluded that high prevalence of wasting is (over 7%) among children under five in Ethiopia, with concerningly high rates of severe wasting in specific groups. This suggests that interventions to address wasting in Ethiopia should be targeted towards these high-risk groups and consider both community-level and household-level risk covariates to reduce wasting among children in Ethiopia.
Analysis of Factors Affecting Early Marriage and School Drop Out Among Women in Kenya
(Addis Ababa University, 2024-06) Bezawit Sewalem; Mekonnen Tadesse (Professor)
Dropping out of school is described as leaving school without completing a minimum requirement due to harmful practices like early marriage, whereas early marriage is marriage before the age of 18. The primary goal of this study was to examine and identify factors that influence early marriage and school dropout in Kenya applying binary multilevel logistic regression model to the 2022 KDHS data. A community based cross-sectional study was conducted on a total 17,778 and 16,416 married and school enrolled weighted sample of women registered between February 17 and July 19, 2022 for KDHS in all regions of Kenya. From the total of 17,778 and 16,416 married and school enrolled women, 27.91% and 33.56% have experienced early marriage and school dropout respectively. Separate and binary and multilevel models were fitted with the help of STATA and SPSS version 27 software. AIC and BIC were used to compare all fitted models. Compared to other models, the binary multilevel logistic regression model provided the best fit for early marriage and school dropout. Based on the binary multilevel model, both early marriage and school dropout varied across clusters in Kenya. The results show that women in rural areas and women from the poor wealth index are more likely to be exposed to early marriage and school dropout. Therefore, there is a need for an enormous intervention on these indicators to minimize early marriage and school dropout.
Determinants of Anemia Among Under–Five Children in Tanzania
(Addis Ababa University, 2024-06) Woldesenbet Mulu; Eshetu Wencheko
Anemia is a health condition with low red blood cell count, which leaves the blood ability to carry oxygen insufficient to meet the body's metabolic needs at the cellular level. It is a global public health problem that affects people in both developing and developed countries. Worldwide the prevalence of anemia is 47% in children younger than 5 years 70% of children living in low-income countries. The primary purpose of this study is finding the major factors of anemia among children under- five years of age in Tanzania. The data source for analysis was the 2022 TDHS-MIS in under-five children anemia. Anemia level is divided into three categories non anemic, mild,,and moderate and above anemic. Included in the current study were 4149 children under the age of five. In order to determine the sociodemographic, clinical, and health-related variables and investigate the variation of anemia in clusters, descriptive statistics and multilevel model techniques were utilized. For statistical software STATA 16 was used for analysis. About 59.89% of under five children were anemic. Multilevel ordinal logistic regression model showed that child's age, mother’s anemia status, geographical zone, stunting levels, mother’s education level, mother’s age, child's gender, and recent occurrence of diarrhea impact the anemia status of children.. It is imperative that the government prioritize the development and implementation of nutrition programs, emphasize healthy habits to prevent diarrhea, and educate women to enable reducing prevalence of anemia.
Determinants of Diarrhea Among Under-Five Children in Kenya
(Addis Ababa University, 2024-06) Kedija Ahmed; Eshetu Wencheko
Diarrhea is defined as having loose or watery stools at least three times a day or more frequently. Diarrhea disease is the second most common cause of death for children under- five in the world and the first leading cause of death in Kenya. Every year, there are over 1.7 billion cases of diarrhea in children worldwide, and 525,000 children under the age of five died from preventable diarrheal illnesses. Descriptive statistics and multilevel binary logistic regression analysis were conducted to assess the prevalence of diarrhea and to identify factors that affect childhood diarrhea, respectively. The overall prevalence of diarrhea in Kenya was 14.80%. Multilevel binary logistic regression analysis showed that age of child, Birth order, region, residence, education level of mother, HH wealth index, number of U-5 children in the HH, mother age, media exposure and rotavirus vaccine have statistically significant associated with occurrence of diarrhea in Kenya. Government and concerned stakeholders should work for further reduction of diarrhea prevalence among under-five children in Kenya.
Determinants of Time to Second Birth Among Women of Reproductive Age in Ethiopia: an Application of Parametric Shared Frailty Model
(Addis Ababa University, 2024-06) Sintayehu Birhanu; Derbachew Asfaw
The term "birth interval" denotes the duration between the birth of one child and the subsequent birth. This study aimed to discern the factors influencing the second birth interval among women in Ethiopia, utilizing a parametric shared frailty model. Data was sourced from the 2019 Ethiopian Mini Demographic and Health Survey, comprising 5846 women aged 15-49 years. Both accelerated failure time and gamma shared frailty models were employed in this study, with the performance of fitted models compared using AIC. The findings revealed that 4,678 (80.02%) women experienced a second birth. The log-logistic gamma shared frailty model demonstrated the lowest AIC value and was consequently selected for final analysis. The analysis from the fitted log-logistic gamma shared frailty model highlighted the significance of clustering effects. Moreover, factors such as women’s age, marital status, level of education, place of residence, age at first birth, contraceptive usage, and child survival status emerged as the most influential determinants of the second birth interval. Conversely, variables like wealth index and breastfeeding status were found to be insignificant covariates. Specifically, an increase in women’s age correlated with a decrease in the time to the second birth, while factors such as marital status, level of education, rural residency, being aged 20-24 years at first birth, and contraceptive usage were associated with longer intervals between births. Government health policies and interventions aimed at enhancing maternal and child health programs should prioritize women’s education, and efforts should be made to encourage and facilitate the use of contraceptive methods for family planning and birth spacing purposes.
Survival Analysis of Time-to-Death of Hemodialysis Patients: the Case of Icmc General Hospital
(Addis Ababa University, 2024-07) Endale Yehualashet; Eshetu Wencheko
Hemodialysis (HD) is a life-saving treatments for those with end-stage kidney disease. The main goal of this research is to identify the effect of covariates that affect the survival analysis of time – to – death of hemodialysis patients in ICMC General Hospital. The research is based on a retrospective cohort study. The data were extracted from a secondary source obtained from the records of 149 hemodialysis patients who were registered between March 1, 2019, and March 1, 2024, at ICMC General Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Among the total of 149 patient, 98 patients (65.77%) were still alive at the end of the study period, while the remaining 51 patients (34.23%) died during the study period. The total risk time for these patients was 15,693 person-weeks and the overall incidence rate of death is 32 per 10,000 person-weeks with median survival time of 207 weeks. Kaplan-Meier survival curves and the log-rank test were used to compare the survival experiences of different categories of patients. The semi-parametric Cox proportional hazards model was fitted to identify survival analysis of time–to–death of the hemodialysis patients by using statistical software STATA-16. The model considered provided good fit for the data. The results of Cox model analysis showed that age, types of vascular access, frequency of dialysis, hemoglobin level, creatinine, white blood cell count, red blood cell count and oxygen saturation showed significant effect on the survival time-to-death of patients undergoing hemodialysis within the study area. However, gender, hematocrit, calcium, adequacy of dialysis, iron and erythropoietin did not have significant effect. The study suggests that healthcare providers and clinicians should consider the identified statistically significant factors when assessing and managing hemodialysis patients in order to improve survival outcomes.
Impact of Breast-Feeding and Other Determinants on the Physical Development of Under-Five Children in Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2024-06) Motuma Badassa; Eshetu Wencheko
As it has been active and all time concern of public health, it is the priority to study more about breast-feeding to support the recommendation of global and national health organizations and their stakeholders. Therefore, we designed the study to identify the potential determinants that have significant impact on physical development of children in Ethiopia and indeed we aimed at studying and stress the impact of breast-feeding on the physical development of under five children in the country. We employed multilevel ordinal logistic regression model on BMI categorized into three ordered categories, to study the effects of all covariates at respective levels. We based our study on the 2019 Ethiopian Mini Demographic and Health Survey (2019 EMDHS) collected in collaboration of USAID, ESS and EPHI in 2019 and we accessed the data from DHS program after procedural requirement and getting permission to use the data set only for academic research work purpose as per the terms of agreement of DHS program. The statistical analysis based on the data that consists of 4825 U5 children whose height and weight recorded during the data collection was generated results that show the existence of significant association between covariates and physical development. The major findings show that breast-feeding status: breast-feeding for one year and less (AOR = 1.781, p < 0.001), breast-feeding for two years (AOR = 1.144, p < 0.01) and breast-feeding for two years and above (OR 0.511, p < 0.05) is found statistically significant factor of physical development of U5 children in Ethiopia. Similarly, Vaccination status: partial vaccination (AOR = 0.625, p < 0.05) and complete vaccination (AOR = 0.544, p < 0.05) is significant factor. Likewise community media access, mother’s education level, health facility, family economic status, ANC, PNC, professional delivery assistance, nutritional status, sex, age, residence are statistically significant determinants of U5 children physical development. We forwarded our recommendation to mothers to breast-feed their child at least for two years beginning breast-feeding within an hour after delivery and continue providing only their breast milk for 6 months after birth. My second recommendation is for the government to prioritize expanding health facilities in order to support the continuation of life-cycles from which particularly breast-feeding. Finally, we recommend health centers and professionals to encourage breastfeeding and initiate breast-feeding at hospital; this recommendation stems from the observation that not all children born at hospital are immediately start breast-feeding.
Determinants of Under-Five Child Mortality in Ethiopia: a Spatial and Multilevel Count Regression Analysis
(Addis Ababa University, 2024-06) Gebremedhin Melkie; Mekonnen Tadesse
Introduction:- The under-five mortality rate serves as a significant indicator of child health and overall development within countries, highlighting the quality of life within a given population. Tragically, millions of children below the age of five lose their lives each year. In Ethiopia, the burden of under-five deaths remains unevenly distributed. Objective:- This study aims to examine the spatial distribution of under-five mortality in Ethiopia and identify factors impacting number of under-five child deaths using spatial analysis methods and multilevel count regression models. Materials and Method:- the data was retrieved from the EMDHS 2019, and the total unweighted number of 5753 women were used in this study. Various count models were considered and the multilevel zero inflated negative binomial model happened to be the best model to fit under-five child mortality data. IRR (incidence rate ratio) has been used for interpretations. Hotspot and cold spot, as well as kriging interpolation analysis were done for describing the spatial variation of under-five child mortality. Result:- Spatial patterns in the number of under-five deaths were observed. The global Moran’s I value (I = 0.416267, z score =5.410983, P value < 0.001) revealed a substantial group of under-five child mortality throughout the country. Under-five death had a statistically significant regional clustering pattern among Ethiopian children. The multilevel zero inflated negative binomial model fit results revealed that the expected number of under-five child mortality in female headed households is 1.27 times higher than the expected number of under-five deaths in male headed households (IRR=1.27). Also, the expected number of under-five deaths in rural areas is 0.6356 times the expected number of under-five deaths in urban areas. Likewise, when water is accessible on the premises, the number of under-five deaths is 0.05779 times lower compared to where obtaining water takes more than 30 minutes. And the expected number of under-five deaths when the mother uses contraceptive methods decreased by a factor of 0.79 (IRR=0.79) compared to the expected number of under-five deaths when the mother is not using contraception. Moreover, the expected number of under-five deaths for a birth order of 2nd and 3rd, 4th and 5th, and 6th and above is 2.10, 4.0812 and 9.73 times the expected number of under-five deaths for a first birth respectively. Moreover, multiple birth increases the incidence rate of under-five mortality (IRR=1.5595). The spatial analysis verified hot and cold spot areas of under-five mortality among under-five children in Ethiopia Conclusion:- The spatial analysis verified hot(high risky) and cold (less risky) spot of under-five mortality among under-five children in Ethiopia. The zero inflated negative binomial model revealed that under-five deaths per mother differ in age at first birth time, current contraceptive use, birth order, and type of birth. Place of residence, time to get water, household size, sex of household head and age of household head are statistically significant factors. Policy makers should develop targeted policies that consider the specific challenges and needs of different regions to address geographical variations in under-five mortality.
Analysis of Effect of Fine Particulate Matter and Meteorological Factors on Acute Upper Respiratory Infection Hospital Admission in Addis Ababa Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2022-06-12) Eyasu, Yosef; Temesgen, Shibru (PhD)
Air pollution has become the greatest health concern in our world, especially in respiratory diseases. The concentration of particulate matter of size less than or equal to 2.5 in micrometer (PM2.5) in Addis Ababa is higher than that of the 2021 WHO guidelines limit of the annual average of 5μg/m3 and a daily average of 15 μg/m3 for the last four years of the study period. US EPA controlled single air quality monitor data of PM2.5 concentration for location Addis Ababa-Central is obtained from AirNow.gov and it is used with meteorological data for analysis of health effect. Poisson Generalized Additive Model (GAM) is utilized for the analysis of variables under study from January 1, 2018, to December 31, 2021, in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. In this study, statistically significant association between fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and acute upper respiratory infection hospital admission in Addis Ababa city and its health effect is observed. Relative risk of acute upper respiratory infection hospital admission associated with 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 concentration was 1.08 (95% CI: 1.06-1.11). We have also observed a positive effect of relative humidity and precipitation on respiratory infection. Therefore reducing the pollutant concentration in the city needs due attention to help people from difficulty in breathing.
Correlates of Harmful Traditional Practices: The Case of Women in Ethiopia Path
(Addis Ababa University, 2009-06) Yohannes, Zemene; Abegaz, Fentaw (PhD)
This study attempts to identify the correlates of harm/iii traditional practices on Elhiol'ian women and to assess the predictive validity of some selected variables such as age, region. place of residence, educational level, ethnicity, religion, Fequency of reading news pOIJer or magazine, Fequency of watching TV, .Fequency of listening radio. weallh index. knowledge and allitude an harm/iii traditional practices. In this study, the dala colieeled by Central Statistical Agency (CSA) for the 2005 Demographic and [{eailh Survey (DIIS) were used. The study consists of 14,070 randomly selected women in Elhiopio. Preliminary analysis is carried out through bivariate analysis. Then combined elkel ollhe variables is analyzed using logislic and probit regression models. The resull shows Ihol age, region, educational level, religion, place of residence, wealth index. ethnicil)!, and attitude on harmjiil traditional practices are significanl correlates of harln/it! Imdil ional practices. In order to decrease or discontinue harm/iii traditional praC/ices like Ielnale circumcision and marriage by abduction, strategies should be designed in a such way IhCil would focus on and address the most important correlates identified inlhis stud),
An Assessment of the Variation of the Export Trade of Ethiopia across Continents and Over Time
(Addis Ababa University, 2009-07) Yebabe, Yohannes; G/Yohannes, Emmanuel (PhD)
Time Series Analysis on the Outgoing International Telephone Calls to Saudi Arabia (1989 G.C. - 1996 G.C.)
(Addis Ababa University, 1999-06) Mohammed, Yimam; Omer, Mohammed (PhD)
A Comparative Simulation Study of the Heteroscedasticity Consistent Covariance Matrix Estimators in the Linear Regression Model
(Addis Ababa University, 2008-06) Alem, Yegnanew; Olubusoye, Olusanya E. (PhD)
III the context of econometric methods of estimation the variances of OLS estimates derived under the assumption of homoscedasticity are not consistent when there is heteroscedasticity and their use can lead to incorrect inferences. Thus, this paper sets out to examine the performance of several modified versions of heteroscedasticity consistent covariance matrix (HCCM) estimator (namely HCO, HC I , HC2, and HC3) of White (1980) and white and MackiJU10n (1985) over a range of sample sizes. Most applications that use HCCM appear to rely on HCO, yet tests based on the other HCCM estimators are found to be consistent even in the presence of heteroscedasticity of an unknown form . Based on Monte Carlo experiments which compare the performance of the t statistic, it was found out that HC2 and HC3 estimators precisely out perform the others in small samples. In particular HC3 estimator for samples of size less than 100 was found to be better than the other HCCM estimators; when samples are 250 or larger, other versions of the HCCM can be used. Added to that, it was cost advantageous to employ HC3 instead of ordinary least square covariance matrix (OLSCM) even when there is li ttle evidence of hetreoscedastici ty. Key words White estimator, Monte Carlo Simulation, Linear Regression, Heterosexuality
Factors Affecting Saturation Flow at Signalized Intersections in Addis Ababa
(Addis Ababa University, 2011-01) Ambelu, Worku; GlYohannes, Emmanuel (PhD)
This study was conducted to identify factors affecting saturation flow at signalized intersections in Addis Ababa. Secondary data collected using headway method, synchronous method and asynchronous method were used for the analysis. The data consisted of headways, number and type of vehicles, number of lanes in an approach, approach grade, green time length of a signal, lane width, number of pedestrians crossing vehicle flows, and percentage of large buses that made vehicle flows in a lane (as derivative information). Lane wise saturation flows were determined using headway ratio method, synchronous regression method and asynchronous reg ression method. Passenger car equivalents for each class of vehicles were also estimated. The saturation flow estimated from the th ree methods was regressed on the independent variables. Based on the coefficient of determination, synchronous regression method was found to have better explanatory power. Slope of an approach and number of pedestrians crossing vehicle flows were found to be significant factors affecting saturation flow of veh icles at signalized intersections when the synchronous method was applied to estimate saturation flows. Therefore, attention should be paid to approach grade while designing new road intersections and modifying existing ones and pedestrians should be given sufficient awareness so that they do not disrupt traffic flow during green phase of traffic signal.
Statistical Analysis of the Performance of Micro Finance Institutions: The Case of Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2008-06) Anduanbessa, Tsegaye; G/yohannes, Emmanuel (PhD)
Nowadays, governments and many development agents pay great attention to the development and enhancement of Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) anticipating that they are the shortest way to end poverty. Many scholars and stakeholders also acknowledge that MFIs are the possible panacea to under development but they stress on the proper supervision and regulation of these MFIs as they are mobilizing susceptible resources. However, evaluating the performance of MFIs is found to be among the most controversial issues throughout the world leave alone in countries like Ethiopia where the micro financing business is at its infant age. Different researchers and practitioners found in different corners of the world employ various kinds of approaches to scrutinize the performance of MFIs. It is crucial for countries to measure the performance of their MFIs and identify the major determinants of their performance, at any cost, in order to see their relevance and prospects prior to new policy developments, strategic planning and so on. Tlus paper, therefore, tried to give statistical insight in measuring the performance of MFIs in the country and the determinants of their performance. A cross-sectional data from the 2006 fiscal calendar balance sheet of 26 MFIs is utilized to make the study. An effort is also made to observe the trend of the industry with respect to some indicators by collecting time series data. Consequently, the factor analysis part of the study identified that Deposit mobilized from clients, Number of Active Borrowers, and Gross Loan Portfolio load lugh on one component fortlling tl,e outreach performance dimension of tl,e MFIs in tl,e country. On the other hand, Profit Margin, OSS, Return on Asset and Gross Loan Portfolio to Total Asset Ratio load lugh on the other component fortlung tl,e financial viability dimension of tl,e MFIs. The factor scores also identified tllat ACSI and Ocssco are among tl,e best performing MPIs, whereas, Aggar and Metemamen are among the least performants in the country in every dimension. In order to identify the determinants of tl,e performance of tl,e MFIs, on the two dimensions, a SUR model was fitted on the scores synthesized by tl,e factor analysis anticipating tl,e performances of outreach and sustainability of the MFIs are interrelated. However, tl,e Breusch Pagan test exposed tl,at tl,ere is no evidence to reject tl,e hypotllesis that the errors are not correlated across equations (0"12 = 0). Besides, the significant positive correlation between outreach and sustainability performance dimensions approves that there is no trade-off between the two dimensions in the case of our particular country MFIs. The number/ types of financial services rendered, the number of staffs per branch and their capital are found to determine the outreach performance of the MFIs in the country. It was also noted that capital has an adverse impact on the outreach efforts of the MFIs. The unregulated growth of capital has a negative impact on bodl outreach and sustainability of d,e MFIs dlough it is not significant on the case of sustainability. MFIs in the country tend to focus on d,eir capital for weir loan-able funds rad,er dun on deposit mobilization. Moreover, d,e fmancial viability of We MFIs is found to be highly determined by the average amount of loans disbursed to individuals, the fll1ancial revenue ratio and d,e cost per borrower ratio. The signs of these determinants agree to the expect,~tions set on the study. To the surprise of d,e author, d,e number of branches that MFIs have is found not to affect the performance of the MFIs contrary to d,e expectation set. Intrinsically, one expects Wat We number of branches that d,e MFIs have affects d,e outreach and sustain ability performance of the MFIs significandy, but Wat is not We case in this particular study.
A Multlvaviate Time Series Analysis of Agrometeorological Data to Assess the Effect of Climate Variability on Production of Sorghum: The Case of Melkassa, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2011-06) Mideksa, Tigist; Gotu, Butte (PhD
Climate change affects all economic sectors to some degree, but the agricultural sector is perhaps the most sensitive and vulnerable. In the last three decades, Ethiopia has been affected by climare-related hazards. Agriculture, the most dominant sector in the national economy, has been most at risk because of its dependence on seasonal rainfall. Anticipated climate change has negatively impacted the agricultural sector due to increased temperatures and decreased or greater variability in precipitation, leading to increased food insecurity. The aim of this thesis is to study the effects of rainfall and temperature on sorghum yield over long period of time. The study consists of thirty two years consecutive summer seasons total summer rainfall in mm, average temperature in degree centigrade and sorghum yield of medium maturing Gambella- 1107 variety in quintal per hectare (Qlh) which is used as a control variety in Melkossa Research Center of E1AR. Multivariate time series analysis that is Vector Auto Regressive model is used for this study. The results obtained show that rainfall and yield are highly variable. Rainfall shock has significant impact on rainfall temperature and yield, temperature shock has a significant impact on temperature rainfall and yield and also yield shock has a significant impact on yield. It was observed that rainfall variation could fully be explained by its own innovations. For temperature, in the first round, 56% variation of temperature has resulted ji-om the shock of its own innovation and 44% variation resulted from the change in rainfall. Yield variation of up to 48.1% is explained by changes in rainfall amounts, the percentage contribution of yield shock for its forecast variance is around 48.6%. There exist high inter annual variability in summer rainfall total which is an evidence to climate variability in the study area and also yield is highly variable. Past year and following year rainfall temperature and yield are autocorelated and rainwater is a principal component in determining sorghum yield. Keywords: VAR, Sorghum(Gambella#1107 variety), Melkassa
Household Level Determinants of Poverty in Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2013-06) Kebede, Teshome; Sharma, M.K. (Prof.)
Poverty has turned out to be a great global social and economic problem. In Ethiopia, it is multifaceted and deep rooted The objective of this study was to analyze the impact of socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of households on poverty in Ethiopia, both in urban and rural areas, using the latest Household Income, Consumption and Expenditure Survey (HICES) 2010-11 data. The study used a logistic regression model to identify determinants of wellbeing of the household by considering poverty status as dependent variable. Different households are classified as either poor or not-poor on the basis of absolute poverty line yearly per capita consumption of Birr 3781. Results showed that households that own agricultural land, headed by educated person and head of the household employed (self-employed or employed in the formal sector) are more likely to exit from poverty tmp. The results of the logistic regression also implied that household wellbeing is negatively affected by being headed by female, having large household size and high dependency ratio. Moreover, the study revealed that the probability of being poor is higher in rural areas. Any policy or program that is geared towards eradicating poverty in the counlly must recognize the impact of these factors in order for it to succeed.
Determinants of Urban Household Poverty in Addis Ababa
(Addis Ababa University, 2008-07) Hibstu, Tegodie; G/Yohannes, Emanuel (PhD)
It is true that urban areas are hopes of life for they are centers of income, commerce, wealth, education and the like. On the other hand, there are several challenges of which one of them is urban poverty. In Ethiopia, while a number of studies have been conducted in rural areas, those concerning urban poverty are limited. Obviously it is important to understand the nature and scale of urbani zation, the various deriving forces that affect it and determinants of urban poverty as linked to this process. Thus, this study assesses the determinants of urban household poveliy in Addis Ababa based on survey data using logi stic regression. Based on the cost of basic needs approach, out of the 3462 surveyed households, 14 15 of them were found to be poor, that is, the head count is 40.9%. The poverty gap and severity of poverty indices were found out to be, O. I 5 and 0.07, respectively. This calls for urgent intervention aimed at fighting poverty. Among thc variables (factors) us cd in this study, place of residence, household size, income source, educational and employment status of heads of households, ownership of house and ownership of tap water inside the compound were found out to be significant detenninants of the poverty status of households in Addis Ababa.
Comparative Analysis of Pertility Infant and Child Mortality in Somali and Affar Region
(Addis Ababa University, 1998-06) Teshome, Tamirat; Teferaa, Yilma (PhD)
A Production Function Analysis for Private Peasant Holdings Crop Farms in Ethiopia: An Application of Robust Regression
(Addis Ababa University, 2009-06) Kassahun, Taddesse; Abegaz, Fentaw (PhD)
This study applied production function analysis for private peasant holdings crop farms in Ethiopi a. Four major crop producing regions viz., Tigray, Amhara, Oromia and SNNP were included in the study. Three regression models for production fun ction namely, linear, exponential and Cobb Douglas were considered and thoroughly assessed {'or stati stical model diagnostics. The statistical model diagnostics and checking suggested that crop production function for each of the regions was found to be appropriately represented by the Cobb-Douglas production function based on data from the 2007/08 (2000 EC) agricultural sample survey. The Cobb-Douglas production function was first fitted for each region using ordinary least squares (OLS) regression. As expected, the parameter estimates using OLS were mi sleading due to the occurrence of several outlying cases and hence robust regression was taken as a viable alternative. Based on the results of robust regression, many of the parameter est imates took on the expected signs, the R2 values were substantially increased and the standard errors of parameter estimates were decreased at large. In general, robust regression results indicated that farm size, fe rtili zer, seed, oxen power and human labor were playing a pivotal role for the maximization of crop yield in each of the studied regions. From among these variables, the great contribution was found to be due to farm size in each of the regions with SNNP an exception in whi ch the great share was due to human labor. However, the contribution of education variable for crop yie ld was found to be stati sti cally insignificant and received negative sign in Tigray and Amhara regions. Counter to expectations, the coefficient estimate for irrigation variable in Tigray, Amhara and SNNP regions had come to obtain negative sign though it was not found to be stati stically significant. The product ion elasticities for each of the inputs at each region except farm size in Tigray, Amhara and Oromia suggested that the relation between inputs and output was inelastic, i.e., ho lding other {actors constant, the marginal return to each factor wi ll decrease as more of the factors are used. Additionally, crop production functions revealed that returns to scale were estim ated to be greater than unity in each of the regions indi cating increasing returns to scale.

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