Veterinary Obestrics and Gynaecology

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Isolation of Thermophilic Campylobacter Species in Chicken Meat and in Fecal Samples Taken from Poultry Farms in Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2011-06-01) Yohannes Semahegne; Akafite Teklu
A cross-sectional study was conducted from October, ·2010 to May, 2011 on apparently healthy broiler chickens (n=263) to assess the extent of colonization and the subsequent contamination of chicken carcass with thermophlic Campylobacter species in Debre Zeit. The study involved six randomly selected broiler farms (2 large and 4 small scale farms) situated in Debre Zeit, where broilers are raised and slaughtered. From the total of 526 fecal and carcass swab samples, thermophilic Campylobacler species were isolated in 284 (54%) samples. Thermophilic Campylobacter spp. were isolated from 149 (56.65%) of the 263 fecal swab samples investigated from six poultry fanns. Among the 149 viable isolates, 141 (94.63%) were identified as C.jejuni while only 8 (5.37%) were identified as C. coli. On the other hand, 135 (51.33%) of the carcass swab samples were found positive for thermophilic Campylobacter spp. 133 (89.26%) of these isolates were identified as C. jejuni and only 2 (1.34%) were isolates of C. coli. There were statistically significant differences in the isolation rates of Campylobacter species among large and small production scale, and amongst the farms studied. However, there were no statistically significant differences in the isolation rate of Campylobacter species between the sexes and between the types of sample examined. The results of this study indicate that thermophilic campylobacters are very frequent among poultry in Ethiopia, suggesting possible risks of infection to people through the consumption of contaminated poultry products or through contact with infected poultry
Study on Prevalence of Salmonella in Cottage Cheese and Cheese Made from Pasteurized Milk and Its Public Health Importance in Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2011-06-01) Yalew Tefera; Akafite Teklu
This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of Salmonella spp . in cottage cheese and cheese made from pasteurized milk in Debre Zeit and to assess the effect of storage time on isolation rate of Salmonella from cottage cheese. Samples for analysis were collected from Debre Zeit open market, Adada Dairy Processing Association and Genesis farms from September 2010 to April 2011. All together 384 cheeses (192 cottage and 192 cheese made from pasteurized milk) were collected and analyzed for the prevalence of Salmonella. Isolation and identification was performed according Global Salm-Surv (2003) and ISO 6579 (2002) standard methods. A total of 6 Salmonella species were recovered from 384 of the samples analyzed (1.6%). All the isolated Salmonella species were from cottage cheese (3.13%) and no Salmonella species were isolated form samples brought from Adaa Dairy Processing Association and Genesis farms. There was statistically significant (P = 0.004) difference in the prevalence of Salmonella between cottage cheese and cheese made from pasteurized milk. Statistically significant (P = 0.027) variation was also observed in the isolation rate of Salmonella in the storage time of cottage cheese in which higher prevalence was observed in cottage cheese stored for only one day. The results of the present study indicated that the temperature used for making cottage cheese in the study area is not sufficient to destroy Salmonella totally or contaminated after making the cheese. Therefore, it poses public health risk to the consumer. The pasteurization temperature in pasteurized milk used for cheese making in the milk processing pl ants is sufficient to kill Salmonella. This study also revealed that the fresh cottage cheese have higher Salmonella isolation rate than the stored cheese
Studies on the Prevalence, Ecology and Antibiogram of Staphylococcus Species Isolated from Chickens Slaughtered at Small and Large Scale Poultry Farms in Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2012-06-01) Sihin Tesfaye; Mahendra Pal
A cross-sectional study to determine the prevalence, species involved and antimicrobial profile of Staphylococcus species isolated from chicken carcass, equipment and hands of apparently healthy the abattoirs workers was undertaken from November 2011 to April 2012. A total of 384 samples consisting of chicken carcass (n=340), abattoir equipment (n=24) and workers' hands (n=20) were taken from large and small scale poultry farms in Debre Zeit. A total of 187 (47.7%) Staphylococcus species were isolated from chicken carcass and immediate slaughter environment and were further identified to species level by important conventional biochemical tests. Furthermore, species identification was made by OmniLog reading. From the total of 187 staphylococci isolated, Staphylococcus aureus, S. intermedius, S. hyicus and coagulase negative staphylococci species contributed 13.8%, 9.6%, 6.8% and 17.4%, respectively. Regarding the origin of the samples, among isolates of the carcass swabs 12.4%, 9.1 %, 6.5% and 17.7% were identified as S. aureus, S. intermedius, S. hyicus and coagulase negative staphylococci, correspondingly. While in the immediate slaughter environment the rates of isolation were 25.0%, 13.6%, 9.1% and 15.9%, respectively for the aforementioned species. Consequently, statistically significant association (p= 0.022) was observed in the prevalence of S. aureus between the two types of sample origin. No statistically significant associations of the prevalence of the rest species were detected amongst the carcass and environmental samples. In the large scale farms, the prevalence of Staphylococcus species were, S. aureus 11.5%, S. intermedius 8.3%, S. hyicus 6.3% and CNS 16.7%. In the small scale farms the isolation rates of the isolates were S. aureus 16.1 %, S. intermedius 10.9%, S. hyicus 7.3% and CNS 18.2%. A higher isolation frequency of all species was noted in the small scale farms; however, these differences were not statistically significant. In this study, varying level of resistance of S. aureus (100%) to bacitracin, methicillin, neomycin and polymixin was noticed. The susceptibility pattern indicated S. aureus isolates exhibited varying level of resistance to two or more antimicrobial agents. 66.6% of the isolates showed susceptibility to the tested drugs
Study on Factors affecting The Success of Artificial Insemination Program in the Cattle, Siltie Zone
(Addis ababa Universty, 2012-04-20) Hamid Jemal; Alemayehu Lemma
Efficiency of al1ificial insemination sel-Vlce might be lower due to vanous factors including failure of estrus detection, poor management, inadequate nutlition and poor quality of semen. Failure of estms detection and improper timing of insemination has been the single most known factor in dairy animals. In this study, the perfomlance of the conventional method of AI delivery was evaluated to compare with improved estrus detection method through artificial estrus vaginal mucus discharges were found to be the most common estrus manifestations observed byconventional insemination service was 2.34±0.OS . Bellowing, standing to be mounted andininduction. Pregnancy rate was compared between dairy animals inseminated by the conventional way and those inseminated after estrus induction using synthetic prostaglandin. Pregnancy rate for the whole of the study group using AI was 42.9%. There was also a significant breedfor the whole of the study group using AI was 42.9%. There was also a significant breed difference in pregnancy rate (p
Outbreak Investigation, Virus Isolation, and Molecular Detection of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus (LSDV) in Selected Areas of East Shewa Zone, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2012-06-01) Rgbe Haftu; Tesfaye Sisay
The study was undertaken to investigate outbreaks of lumpy skin disease (LSD), isolate and identify LSDV at molecular level, to asses the economic significance of lumpy skin disease in the study area, and to asses the protection of the vaccine for lumpy skin disease given at field condition. The study was conducted from September 20 II-April 2012 in selected areas of eastern Shewa. LSD Outbreaks were reported from 4 different areas of Eastern Shewa; Adama (5 intensive fattening farms), Wenji (4 intensive fattening farms), Mojo (small holders) and Welenchit (small holders). In total 2174 local Zebu breed cattle, the majority composed of males (98.8%), were visited and clinically diagnosed. From the total of visited cattle 296 (13.78%),108 (5.03%) and I (3.84%) morbidity, mortality and abortion rates were recorded respectively. Analysis of the outbreak statistics revealed a relatively consistent morbidity rate with highest value in Adam a (15.67%) followed by Wenji (10.26%), Wolenchit (8.8%), and Mojo (7.0 I %) was recorded respectivly. Highest mortality rate was observed in Adama (5.99%) followed by Wenji (3.42%), Welenchit (2.4%) and Mojo (0%) respectively. Isolation and identification of the agent was conducted based on cell culture and PCR results. LSDV genome was extracted and identified in all 22 skin nodules by PCR. Furthermore, LSD causes a great economic loss in the study area. Questionnaire survey based assessment on protection of the vaccine showed that the current vaccine (KSGPV) lIsed in the area was not protective and high percentage of morbidity (15.1%) and mortality (5.37%) rates were reported among vaccinated animals but efficacy test of the vaccine under laboratory protocol in six seronegative calves showed that the vaccine was immunologically protective
Epidemiology of Rabies in Ethiopia and Evaluation of the Rapid Immunodiagnostic Test Kit for Rabies Diadnosis
(Addis Ababa University, 2011-12-01) Reta Tesfaye; Teshale Sori
The aims of this study were to investigate the epidemiology of rabies in humans and animals and to evaluate the diagnostic performances of the Anigen Rapid Rabies Ag Test Kit. Retrospective data of 2008-20 II and 20091l 0 were used to analyze rabies in animals and humans, respectively, mainly in and around Addis Ababa. A questionnaire was developed and used to get additional epidemiological information during the study period (March to September, 2011). A total of 935 brain samples were examined during 2008-20 II. Of this total number, 77.6% (N=726) samples were positive for rabies. The highest proportion, 87.2% (N=633) of the positive cases was recorded in dogs followed by cats, 5.1 % (N=37). The frequencies of occurrence of rabies in other species were very limited. This showed that dogs remain the dominant species in maintenance and transmission of rabies to humans and other animals in Ethiopia. Further analysis of characteristics of rabid dogs showed that owned, adult, non-vaccinated, male dogs were most frequently diagnosed positive for rabies virus. Furious form of rabies was the most commonly reported form of the disease in rabid dogs. Rabies cases were reported throughout the year with slight variations among the months of the year. Its occurrence showed variation among administrative regions depending on their distance from the laboratory. A total of 2345 people received post-exposure prophylaxis in 20 I 0/20 II against rabies due to exposure to rabid or rabies suspected animals and humans. The greater proportion of post-exposure prophylaxis was given to humans exposed to rabid or rabies suspected dogs. Fermi type vaccine was the most common, 81% (1887/2337), vaccine type used for post-exposure prophylaxis. The majority, 72.3% (165312286), of the post- exposure prophylaxis was given to humans bitten by animals with an unknown rabies status. The mean number of exposed humans per rabid animal was about 3 with a range of 0 to 15 persons. The gold standard test for rabies diagnosis is the fluorescent antibody test, requiring a fluorescent microscope and additional laboratory equipment. Recently, a rapid and easy immunodiagnostic test was developed which needs no specialized laboratory equipment and needs less expertise. Anigen Rapid Rabies Ag Test Kit was evaluated using 115 brain samples collected from dogs, cats and bovines. The sensitivity and specificity of the rapid immunodiagnostic test were 96.5 (95% CI: 90.0 - 99.3%) and 100% (95% CI: 88.4 - 100%), respectively compared to the fluorescent antibody test. This test could be useful for field use particularly in rabies surveillance and also for targeted post-exposure prophylaxis where the standard test is not available. Strategy for control and elimination of rabies should be in place and implemented in Ethiopia. Furthermore, the rapid immunodiagnostic test kit should be evaluated at larger scale using samples from different species of animals. Strategies for the application of the rapid immunodiagnostic test for the improvement of rabies surveillance and subsequent post exposure prophylaxis should also be studied
Effect of Processed Layer Litter as a Replacement of Noug Cake on Feed Intake, Milk Yield and Composition of Lactating Cows
(Addis Ababa University, 2010-06-01) Netsanet Ayalew; Mekonen H/mariam
A study was conducted between September 2009 and March 2010 to assess the level of poultry litter use in Deberzeit town and to evaluate the replacement effect of layer litter in feed intake, milk yield and composition lactating dairy cows. Seventy five milk producers were interviewed by using semi-structured questionnaire. They were selected randomly from membership list of Adda' a Liben Dairy and Dairy products marketing Association. Eight lactating animals at mid lactation stage were assigned to four treatments containing poultry litter 0 %( control), 5%, 10% & 15% in across over design. Significant proportions (60%) of dairy producers were found to use poultry litter as an ingredient for dairy cattle feed with mean inclusion rate of 21 % in a concentrate mixture. The price of poultry litter whether it is processed (162 birr per quintal) or unprocessed (84 birr per quintal) was lower than the price of Noug cake (240 birr per quintal) during the study period. Bad flavor and bad taste of milk were the main reasons for those who stopped using poultry litter as feed ingredient. Higher proportion of respondents did not have any complain regarding the health of dairy animals due to feeding poultry litter. No significant difference (p>0.05) was observed in total dry matter intake among the four treatments. There were no significant difference observed in milk yield & composition among the four dietary treatments. However, there were significant differences among treatments when observed across periods in feed intake, milk yield and composition. It can, therefore, concluded that poultry litter can be good replacement for resource poor producers
Bacteriological Studies on the Respiratory Tracts of Apparently Healthy and Pneumonic Camels (Camel Us Dromedaries) in Selected Districts of Afar Region, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2012-06-01) Mu'uz Gebru; Tesfaye Sisay
A cross-sectional study was conducted to isolate and characterize the normal bacterial flora and bacterial agents implicated in pneumonia from the respiratory tract of the apparently healthy and pneumonic camels in the selected districts of Asayita and Dubti woredas of Afar Region. A total of 532 samples including 384 nasal swabs, 74 lung tissues and the same number of corresponding tracheal swabs were collected for bacteriological examination from September 2011 to May 2012. Generally, 903 bacterial isolates that constituted 14 different genera were identified from both the field and abattoir based study. The 384 nasal specimens collected yielded a total of 641 bacterial isolates. CNS, 28.6%, Bacillus, 13.5%, S. aureus, 13.3% and E. coli, 7.8% were the leading bacterial species isolated from the nasal tracts of apparently healthy camels. Nasal swabs collected from the pneumonic camels revealed S. aureus, CNS, Bacillus species and K. pneumoniae at a rate of 28.0%, 11.7%, 11.3% and 7.0%, respectively. E. coli, 12.7%, Proteus species, 10.9%, and K. pneumoniae, 9.1 % were recognized at higher proportions among the 55 bacteria identified from the normal lungs. On the other side, S. aureus, S. equi subsp. eqlli and P. multocida were the frequently encountered species in the pneumonic lungs with the incidence of 16.3%, 13.0% and 10.9%, respectively. The majority of the isolates colonized all the anatomical sites investigated. However, a general decrease in the isolation rate was observed as one goes down the respiratory passageways. There was a statistically significant difference between the health status of the camels as well as along the anatomical sites studied with the isolation rates of the major camel respiratory pathogens (p<0.05). Streptococcus eqlli subsp. equi, S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus and S. pneumoniae were identified using the Omnilog®-Biolog identification system at the Institute of Biodiversity Conservation, Addis Ababa. The majority of the strains of the camel respiratory pathogens were found susceptible to norfloxacin, streptomycin and gentamicin but resistant to the action of ampicillin and tetracycline on the invitro test. Further studies on the demonstration of the role of other microorganisms, the pathogenicity of S. equi subsp. equi, identification of the serotypes involved and development of polyvalent vaccine are recommended to allow the progress of preventive methods
A Study on Preyalence, Risk Factors and Economic Impact of Sheep Pox in North and South Kordofan States of the Sudan
(Addis Ababa University, 2011-12-01) Mohammed Elsadig; Abdelhamid Elfadil
The Current study is an attempt to better understand the epidemiology of sheep pox in the Kordofan region in the western part of the Sudan, which is one of the largest production sites for sheep. The specific objectives were the investigation of potential risk factors associated with sheep pox outbreaks, an assessment of the economic impact of sheep pox disease, the estimation of seroprevalence of sheep pox and to evaluate the test performance characteristics of the indirect ELISA test employed in this study. To practically achieve the objectives, the study was designed as a cross-sectional survey in the Kordofan region, with collection of specimen from the target population of sheep from March to September 2011 ; a concurrent questionnaire did address animal owners and vetelinary professionals. The current study revealed that the estimated overall sero prevalence of SPP in Kordofan region was 20.1 % and that SPP prevails both in SKS and in NKS. Also, a number of risk factors like locality, herd size, insect bites and rain fall/year and traditional treatment were found to be significantly associated with SPP occurrence in the Kordofan region. The average cost of SPP was estimated at 20.5% of ":sheep flock production costs. The Indirect ELISA test to detect antibodies to capripox viruses was evaluated to have a diagnostic sensitivity of 33.33% and a diagnostic specificity of 60%. For VNT, 12 out of the 22 samples were positive, having Neutralization Indices (N.I 2: 1.5) of 3.5, 3, 2.5, 2 and 1.5 recorded for 25%, 8.3%, 8.3%, 25% and 33.3 % of-positive samples, respectively
Study on the Risk of Human Taeniasis and Prevalenc of Bovine Cysticercosis in Jimma Town, South western Oromia
(Addis Ababa University, 2012-06-01) Meron Talu; Getachew Terefe
A cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2011-March 2012 to estimate the prevalence of Cysticercosis in cattle slaughter at Jimma abattoir and risk of human infection through raw meat consumption at butcheries of Jimma town. Interview was conducted on 120 residents to know the risk of infection through raw meat consumption. Active abattoir survey and questionnaire survey were performed to accomplish the study. Of the total 600 inspected animals, 15 animals had varying number of C. bovis giving a prevalence 2.5% (15/600), a total of 41 cysts were collected and anatomical distribution of cysticerci were; 12 (29.3%) in shoulder muscle, 9 (21.9%) in neck muscle, 5 (12.2%) in tongue, 5 (12.2%) in heart, 4 (9.8%) in masseter muscle, 4 (9.8%) in liver and 2 (4.9%) in kidney. Of the total 120 interviewed respondents/ consumers, 66.6% (80/120) had contracted the disease at least once in the last two years and maximum infestation was three times per year. The majority of the respondent had an experience of raw meat consumption as a result of traditional and cultural practice. The infestation varied significantly (p< 0.05) with age group, sexes, habit of raw meat consumption and religion of the respondents. However, there was no significance (p>0.05) difference between educational level and martial status of the respondents. The findings of this study indicated the importance of cysticercosis and taeniasis in public health aspects in the area. Therefore, due attention should be given to the public awareness and strict routine meat inspection in order to safe guard the public health and promote beef industry in the country
Cultural Characterization, Molecular Detection and In-Vitro Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile of Streptococcus equi subsp. Equi from Donkeys Suspected of Strangles in Central Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2012-06-01) Manyahilushal Etana; Tesfaye Sisay
Cultural characterization and molecular detection of Streptococcus equi subsp. equi from strangles suspected naturally infected donkeys was conducted in central Ethiopia from September 20 II to April, 2012 . Antibiotic susceptibility profile of the isolates was also studied. Basic bacteriology for isolation and characterization, PCR for genome detection and disc method for antibiotic susceptibility were used. A total of 87 donkeys were sampled. Out of these 21 (24.1 %) donkeys had only nasal discharge, 47 (54%) had both nasal discharge and swelling of either submandibular or retropharyngeal lymph nodes, 2 (2.3%) had parotid lymph node involvement, 12 (13.8%) had severe guttural pouch empyema and extended head and neck with strider breathing and also 5 (5 .8%) donkeys chondroid positive at postmortem. Young donkeys were affected with severe form of the disease, swelling of lymph nodes of the head region and guttural pouch empyema, than adults (p<0.05). Culturally, a total of 189 bacterial isolates belonging to II genera were obtained. These were Streptococcus spp. (42.3%), Staphylococcus spp. (18%), Neisseria spp. (1 .6%), Enterococcus spp. (10.1 %), Bacillus spp. (7.9%), COlynebaclerium spp. (4.8%), Rhodococcus spp. (2.1 %), Pasteurella spp. (5.8%), AClinomycels spp. (3.7%), Pseudomonas spp.( 2.1 %) and Proteus spp. (1.6%). Swab samples had contributed for the majority of the isolates (87.8%). The isolation rate of S. equi subsp. equi from aspirate samples was 40% being significantly (p<0.05) higher than swab samples 14%. The detection rate by PCR was 72% and 87% from swabs and aspirates samples, respectively. The molecular method was more sensitive (p<0.05) compared to cultural method . which was significantly (p<0.05) higher compared to cultural method. The in- vitro antibiotic susceptibility test of S. equi subsp. equi revealed that all isolates were found to be susceptible to ampicillin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, norfloxacin, erythromycin, vancomycin, cephalothin, doxycycline, ceftriaxone and tetracycline; however, all of the isolates were resistant to sulphonamide, kanamycin and streptomycin. Despite its lack of sensitivity relative to PCR, cultme is of value because it definitively establishes infection. Routine use of both microbial culture and PCR analysis of samples maximize detection of S. equi subsp. equi. Aspirates, when possible, are the preferred sample to increase the sensitivity of both culture and PCR assays
Epidemiologial Study on Ectoparasites of Small Ruminants in Three Selected Agro-Ecological Areas in Oromia Regional State and Their Impact on Tanning Industry, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2010-06-01) Kebede Beyecha; Moses Kyule
A cross-sectional study was conducted in three selected agro-ecologies of Oromia regional state and Modjo and Ethiopia tanneries, Ethiopia between October, 2009 and April, 2010 with the objectives of determining the prevalence of ectoparasites in sheep and goats, investigating the effect of risk factors on ectoparasite prevalence distribution and assessing the pickled and wet blue skin defects. Simple and systematic samplings were used. The results of cross sectional clinical examination indicated that out of 1325 sheep and 979 goats examined, 637 sheep (48.1%) and 487goats (49.7%) were infested with one or more ectoparasites. The ectoparasites identified on sheep were Damalinia ovis (27.2%), Melophagus ovinus (16.4%), ticks infestation (11.2%), Ctenocephalides species (2.3%), Linognathus species (l.5%), and sarcoptic mange (l.2%). Tn goats, ticks infestation (24.6%), Linognathus species (16.5%), sarcoptic mange (8.8%), and Ctenocephalides species (5.1 %) were identified type of ectoparasites. The overall prevalence of ectoparasites in lowlands, midlands and highlands was, respectively 38.5%, 47.3% and 52.9% in sheep and 49.5%, 564.5% and 33.0% in goats. Statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) was observed in prevalence of D. ovis among agro-ecologies (highland (36.6%), midland (20.9%) and lowland (14.0%)) and M ovinus between midland (1.9%) and highlands (31.7%).The risk of tick infestation of sheep in lowland and midland was 9.883 times and 13.988 times, respectively higher than highlands. There was also significant difference in prevalence of Ctenocephalides between lowland and highland (OR= 4.738, P = 0.011) and midland and highland (OR= 8.073 , p= 0.000). However no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05) was observed in Linognathus and sarcoptic mange of sheep. In goats, there was statistically significant difference (p< 0.05) in prevalence of ticks among agro-ecologies, L.stenopsis between lowland and highland and sarcoptic mange between lowland and midland. Both in sheep .and goats no statistically significant difference in prevalence of all identified ectoparasites (p > 0.05) was observed between male and females. Statistically significant difference in prevalence of D. ovis was observed between young (32.0%) and adult (24.1 %) sheep (p< 0.006). In goats, the risk of Ctenocephalides in young was 2.430 times higher than adults. There was also statistically significant difference (p < 0.000) in prevalence of sarcoptic mange between young and adult goats. In prevalence of M avis, D. ovis and sarcoptic mange, statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) was observed between poor and good body condition sheep. There was also significant difference in prevalence of sarcoptic mange between poor and good conditioned goats (OR = 7.565, p = 0.000). A study on 716 pickled sheep skins and 716 wet blue goat skins showed cockle ('ekek') was the second dominant defect both on pickled skins (60.2%) and wet blue skins (45.1%). Other major skin defects observed in this study were scratches, scars, and flaying. There was significant association between cockle and scars ("l = 15 .257, p = 0.000) and cockle and scratches (l = 6.965, p = 0.008) on pickled sheep skins. There was also significant association on wet blue goat skins between the cockle and scratches ("l = 1 0.598, p =0.001); however no significant association was observed between cockle and scars (l = 1.983, p = 0.195). This current study also indicates that the proportion of skins with cockle were higher in lower grades than top grades. The results of questionnaire survey revealed that sixty eight owners (91.8%) in lowland, 74 (91.13%) midland and 68 (91.89%) highland knew one or more parasitic skin diseases on sheep and goats. Half of interviewed farmers (lowland) believed that mange had effects on the value of affected skins, while the majority of the respondents in all surveyed ago ecologies did not consider that keds, lice and ticks affected the sale of skins. The overall findings of the study indicate the need of strategic ectoparasite control program in the study area
On Station Evaluation of Different Grains as Carrier for Thermostable (12) Newcastle Disease Vaccine Virus, Debrezeit,Ethlopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2011-06-01) Kassaw Amssalu; Reta Deguma
In the current experimental study the suitability of different local grams as a carrrier for thermostable Newcastle disease vaccine 12 for oral immunization of chickens was assessed by haemagglutination inhibition test and challenge experiment. The study was conducted at school of veterinary medicine, Debrezeit, Ethiopia from December 20 10 until June 20 II. A total of 225 chicks were divided in to 15 treatment groups and each treatment group had 15 chickens kept in separate pens. The chickens were vaccinated with 12 vaccine by conventional methods (drinking water), cracked maize and wheat, millet, barely and sorghum which were used in untreated , parboiled and cracked form. Chickens were vaccinated three times at the age of 2, 5, 15 weeks Following the primary and the second vaccination the result showed that only chickens vaccinated with conventional methods and vaccine coated cracked maize and parboiled barely gave GM antibody titer of 2: log23 but at third dose of vaccine except for chickens vaccinated with untreated and cracked form of sorghum, barely, millet all vaccinated birds showed GM antibody titer of 2: log2232. At this time chicken vaccinated by conventional, cracked maize and parboiled barely were found to produce the highest GM titer of log227.1, log226.s and log225.1 respectively but the least response (log22 I 9) was observed in chicken vaccinated by vaccine coated cracked sorghum. The experimental challenge showed that 80% mortality rate in the unvaccinated control group. The vaccine applied by drinking-water, cracked maize, parboiled barely was found 100% protective against the challenge. High protection capacity was also observed with 12 delivered by parboiled wheat (85%). Similarly 80% protection rate was found with vaccine coated untreated wheat, and parboiled sorghum. Limited survival rate ( 60%) was observed in the chicken under, untreated millet and cracked millet treatment group. The least survival rate with high mortality was observed in chicken treated with vaccine coated sorghum. Generally in the current experimental study cracked maize, parboiled barley, parboiled wheat, parboiled sorghum and untreated wheat found to be good candidate carrier for 12 vaccine virus
Abattoir Based Study of Epidemiology of Caprine Tuberculosis Using Conventional and Molecular Tools
(Addis Ababa University, 2011-12-01) Benti Deressa; Gobena Ameni
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease occurring in several animal species including domestic and wild animals, as well as humans. A cross-sectional study was conducted from March to September 2011 on 1990 randomly selected male goats slaughtered at Luna Export Abattoir to estimate the prevalence of tuberculosis (TB), evaluate associated risk factors, and molecularly characterize the causative agents. Postmortem examination, mycobacterial culturing, Genus typing, region of difference (RD) based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and spoligotyping were the techniques used in the study. The overall prevalence of caprine tuberculosis was 3.5 % (69/1 990).There was marked variation in TB prevalence between the age categories and it was significantly higher in older goats (> 1.5 year) (X2 =6.436; P=O.OII).Variation of the disease between the different goat types and origins were not statistically significant (P>0.05). Mediastinal lymph node was the most severely (0.52±O.084) and frequently (42%) affected tissue of goats. Culture and acid fast bacillus positivity was confirmed in 12 % (8/69) of the goats with grossly visible tuberculous lesion. Up on further molecular characterization using multiplex PCR, five of the culture positive isolates showed signal for the Genus Mycobacterium, of which four were identified to be members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Deletion typing targeting RD4 performed on the four isolates showed the evidence of the presence of RD4 in three isolates which appeared on the gel. Further characterization of the three isolates using RD9 deletion typing has showed that all of them were M tuberculosis. Spoligotyping of the isolates confirmed that one of the isolate is SIT53where as the other two were new strains. The isolation of M tuberculosis from goats in this study suggests evidence of transmission from humans. This also raises the concern of the risk of transmission from goat-to-human and the need to raise awareness among pastoralists consuming raw milk and meat derived from goats
Evaluation of Biochemical Determinants of Successful Conception in Dairy Cows in and around Bishoftu, Ethiopia
(Addis Abeba University, 2024) Kutelo Kussia; Alemayehu Lemma
The influence of biochemical characteristics of cervical mucus at the time of estrus were evaluated on conception rates of normal-cycling and repeat-breeding dairy cows. A total of 62 Holstein-Friesian dairy cows, 38 normal-cycling and 24 repeat-breeding cows, were included in the study. Vaginal electrical resistance (VER) was measured before artificial insemination and cows were categorized into three VER groups (150-180, 181-220 and >220 Ω). The cows were also grouped into three body weight ranges (300-350, 351-400 and 401-450 kg). Cervical fluid parameters including pH, spinnbarkeit, sperm penetration and crystallization patterns were measured or scored and pregnancy was diagnosed by ultrasonography after 30 days post-AI The overall conception rate was 54.84% with a significant difference (P<0.05) between normal cycling cows (63.2%) and repeated breeders (41.7%). The mean (±SD) VER was in the order of 219.03±66.17Ω and 221.67±41.77Ω for normal-cycling and repeated breeding cows, respectively. The average pH and spinnbarkeit value of cervical fluid were 7.38±0.32, 5.76±2.2cm in normal cycling and 7.32±0.27, 5.85±3.77cm in repeat breeder cows, respectively. The mean(±SD) VER of pregnant and nonpregnant cows were 202.15±31.15Ω and 241.79±73.56Ω, respectively. Body weight, timing of insemination and VER showed significant effects (P<0.05). Conception rates were highest for cows weighing 351- 400 kg(75%), inseminated 7-12 hours (71.43%) after standing estrus and VER of 181-220 Ω 84.21%). Interestingly, although there was some tendency for influence of the cervical fluid pH, this was not statistically significant, but sperm penetration, spinnbarkeit value and crystallization patterns of cervical fluid did (P<0.05). Cows with normal sperm penetration (72.2%), spinnbarkeit of 7-9 cm (87.5%) and typical crystallization patterns of cervical mucus (76.47%) had comparatively higher conception rates. In conclusion, sperm penetration, spinnbarkeit, vaginal electrical resistance and crystallization pattern are useful predictors of optimal insemination timing in Holstein cows.
Evaluation on the Modulation Effect of High Protein and Energy Diet on Estrus Characteristics, Prolificacy and Pregnancy Rate in Menz Breed Sheep
(Addis Abeba University, 2024) Animaw Andargie; Alemayehu Lemma
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of short-term nutritional supplementation on the body weight, onset and duration of estrus, pregnancy rate, prolificacy, and plasma glucose level in Menz breed ewes. Twenty-four healthy and normally cycling ewes were distributed to two treatment groups T1: (Lupin; n=8), T2; (Barley; n=8) and one control group C: (Control; n=8) using randomized block design. Estrus was synchronized with double prostaglandin injections given 9 days apart to achieve the target late luteal phase of estrous cycle. Grass hay was provided as the basal diet for ewes in all treatment and control groups. In addition to grass hay, ewes were allowed to graze for 8 hours during the day time, and they had free water access. Ewes in the treatment group T1 were supplemented with 500g of Lupin grain per head per day, divided into 250g in the morning and 250g in the evening. Similarly, ewes in treatment group T2 were supplemented with 500g of Barley grain, also divided into 250g portions for morning and evening. The supplementation lasted for 9 consecutive days during the late luteal phase of the estrous cycle. The average weight of ewes did not vary between or within the groups (P > 0.05). The mean time to onset of estrus (mean+SD) varied significantly (P < 0.05) between the treatment groups T1 (29.25+2.88), T2 (31.5+2.95), and the control group C (42+1.96). The supplemented groups T1 and T2 accelerate the ewes to come into estrus earlier than nonsupplemented control group (C). The duration of estrus (mean+SD) also varied significantly (P < 0.05) between the treatment groups T1, T2, and the control group (C). The non-supplemented control group, exhibited the shortest estrus duration (29.13+1.44), followed by treatment group T2 (35.63+2.71) and T1 (41.5+2.19). The supplemented groups of ewes demonstrated an extended duration of estrus than the non-supplemented control group. The plasma glucose concentration revealed a significant difference (P < 0.05) across all groups and the duration of supplement administration. The pregnancy rate varied significantly (P < 0.05) between the groups, with the rate of 100% in Lupin supplemented group, 87.5% in Barley supplemented group, and 50% in non-supplemented Control group. The prolificacy rate was also varied significantly (P < 0.05) with the rate of 50% in Lupin supplemented groups of ewes, followed by the Barley supplemented group (13%) and 0% in non-supplemented Control group. It could be concluded that Lupin supplementation improves response to estrus, plasma metabolic profile, pregnancy and prolificacy rate in ewes. We recommend a detailed study on the effect of Lupin on reproductive hormones and more other blood metabolites.
Modulation of Ovarian Function to Improve Suitability for Reproductive Biotechnology Application in Local and Crossbred Cattle
(Addis Ababa University, 2022) Tilaye Demissie; Alemayehu Lemma
Ovarian function is influenced by various intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Breed related variations, nutrition; local environmental conditions are among the major sources of differences in response to application of reproductive biotechnologies. It is of paramount importance to understand specific ovarian functions amenable to modifications in order to improve suitability for advanced technologies such as fixed time artificial insemination (FTAI), ultrasound guided ovum pickup (OPU) and in vitro embryo production (IVP). In the first part of this study, estrus sign/s that best correlate with the time of ovulation and pregnancies rate to insemination at FTAI was evaluated in 27 Boran*Holstein crossbred dairy heifers. The second part explored ovarian response to estrus synchronizing hormones by cow realated factors and pregnancy rate to FTAI after ovulation synchronization using GnRH and PGF2α with or without progesterone augmentation (CIDR vaginal insert) in native Borans and Boran*Holstein crossbred dairy cows. The third part assessed the effect of CL, follicle ablation, administration of different doses/frequency of FSH, and different coasting period in Boran cows. Result indicated that, the frequency of occurrence of various estrus signs, length of estrus, and onset of estrus, was not affected (P>0.05) by estrus type. Irrespective of estrus type, standing estrus (r=1, P<0.05), and mounting other heifers (r=0.87, P<0.05) showed a strong positive correlation with ovulation time. Ovulation rate and pregnancy rate on day 32 was significantly higher (P<0.05) in cows that received CIDR augmentation to the double GnRH and PGF2α protocol compared to those that did not. When time of insemination was considered conception rate to insemination 19h post second GnRH administration was significantly higher (P<0.05) for Ovsynch group compared to Cosynch group. Presence of CL did not influence mean number of follicles aspirated, oocyte recovery rate, and quality of oocyte and cleavage rate. Divided dose of 175 IU FSH and 350 IU FSH ignificantly (P<0.05) improved the mean number of medium and large follicles compared to single dose while the 48h coasting period significantly improved (P<0.05) oocyte grade, oocyte maturation rate and cleavage rate. It could be concluded that standing estrus best predict ovulation time. Insemination scheduled at 19h of standing estrus significantly increase conception rate as this sign best correlates with the mean time of ovulation. Further, CIDR priming to the synchronization protocol greatly improve ovulation rate and subsequent pregnancy. Follicular ablation and administration of divided doses of FSH prior to OPU and a coasting period of just 48hr improves follicular population and oocyte recovery rate. Hwever, future studies are recommended to answer why Boran cows’ with morphologically smaller CL than Boran*Holstein cows have larger amount of progesterone than Boran*Holstein. Why some heifers that ovulated to D0 GnRH did not ovulate to D9 GnRH. As some of the CL that were present at day of start were lost at PGF2α the effect of stages of estrus cycle at the start of hormone treatment shoud be assessed both in Boran and Boran*Holstein cattle.
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) Exposure in Dairy Cattle in Southern and Central Ethiopia and Potential Association with Reproductive Performance
(Addis Ababa University, 2022) Kassaye Aragaw; Fekadu Regassa
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is an important viral pathogen of cattle with a worldwide distribution. Although infection with the virus is usually subclinical, it may cause wideranging clinical conditions in cattle. Its main economic significance results from its effect on reproductive performance of cattle. It causes embryonic mortality and absorption, abortion, stillbirth, fetal malformation and birth of weak calves depending on stage of pregnancy during infection. In cetain outbreaks it may cause severe morbidity and mortality in susceptible herds depending on the strain of the virus. Despite the economic importance of the virus in almost every major cattle producing countries of the world only few studies have so far been conducted in Ethiopia. Those few works were also mostly limited to serological studies in limited geographic areas. There is lack of reports regarding occurrence of active disease or outbreaks associating infection with clinical conditions and losses. There is also so far no published work on the genotype of the virus prevalent in the country. Therefore this study was designed with aims to estimate the seroprevalence, identify associated risk factors and assess association of BVDV serostatus with reproductive wastage in dairy cows in Ethiopia. The study also attempted to detect and characterize BVDV nucleic acid in samples collected from bovine abortions and sera collected from selected animals. Accordingly, sera were collected from 954 randomly selected cattle from 98 dairy herds in southern and central Ethiopia. These sera samples were tested for BVDV antibodies using a commercial ELISA. Fetal tissue samples and placenta from 30 bovine abortions and sera from 26 selected cattle were also collected for detection of BVDV nucleic acid using reverse transcription (RT)-PCR. Among screened sera samples 20.9% (95%CI, 18.4, 23.6) were tested positive to BVDV antibodies. The herd prevalence was 50% (95%CI, 40.1, 59.9) and the intra-herd prevalence ranged between 2.6% and 100% (mean = 31.4%) in positive herds. Geographic region, herd size and animal arrangement in the farm had significant association with serostatus (p <0.05). Cattle from southern Ethiopia and herds of large size had 2.8 (95%CI; 1.9, 4.2) and 2.6 (95%CI; 1.5, 4.6) times higher odds of being seropositive compared to their counterparts, respectively. Serostatus to BVDV was associated with history of anestrus, repeat breeding (RB), mastitis and extended calving interval (CI) (p <0.05). Animals with history of extended CI and mastitis were 1.7 (95%CI; 1.0, 2.7) and 2.2 (95%CI; 1.5, 3.2) times more likely to be seropositive compared with those with normal CI and no history of mastitis, respectively. On the other hand, animals with history of anestrus and RB were less likely to be seropositive to BVDV compared to cattle with no such history. All samples tested with RT-PCR were negative for BVDV nucleic acid. Our study highlights the association of BVDV infection with some important reproductive performance traits and potential risk factors. The study also demonstrated high occurrence of reproductive health problems in dairy cattle in Ethiopia and that the reproductive performance of dairy cattle in the study herds is suboptimal.
Quality of Semen and Its Implication on Fertility of Breeding Bulls: A Multiparametric Analysis Using Computer Assisted Semen Analyzer and Functional Tests of Semen Produced at Livestock Development Institute
(Addis Ababa University, 2022) Kefelegn Seyoum; Alemayehu Lemma
Various factors are believed to influence the quality of semen in breeding bulls. Among them breed, bull selection and management, diseases and evaluation methods are believed to be the most important one. Poor semen evaluation, such as used in the conventional methods that do not address aspects of the complex spermatozoon structure and subsequent fertilization process implies the production of semen with low conception rate compromising success of artificial insemination. Reports confirm that the Ethiopian Livestock Development Institute (LDI) uses the conventional method and produces semen characterized by low conception rate. A multiparametric semen evaluation using advanced technology and functional tests that sets a higher standard for approval would improve the quality of semen. Accordingly, a computer based integrated semen analysis system, and acrosomal and plasma membrane integrity tests were applied on semen collected from 14 breeding bulls (Boran = 4, Boran* Holstein Frisian Crosses = 4 and Holstein Frisian = 6). Bulls were additionally investigated for incipient general and reproductive diseases. After the initial conventional assessment, semen was evaluated using advanced multiparametric method at fresh, chilled and frozen stages for various semen quality parameters. There were significant (P < 0.05) breed differences between Boran and Holstein Frisian breeds in scrotal circumference (33.20 Vs 38.40cm), testes volume (254.40 Vs 367.50cm3), testes weight (264.10 Vs 381.40g), semen volume (9.81 Vs 11.39ml), pH (6.31 Vs 6.58), spermatozoa head abnormality (5.02 Vs 3.42%), Hypo osmotic swelling reactivity (39.55 and 49.46%) and acrosome intact live spermatozoa (43.29 and 49.67%), respectively. Total sperm morphological abnormality (18.10%) were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the Crosses. Motility was significantly higher (82.5%, P < 0.05) in fresh Boran semen while the same parameter was higher in chilled (70.2%) and frozen (42.9%) semen from HF bulls. All kinematic parameters (VCL, VAP, VSL, ALH, BCF, LIN, STR, and WOB) were significantly different (P<0.05) at all stages of semen production among the three breeds, being lower for Cross breed bulls. The ISAS method and the functional tests applied in this study invalidated some of the values of sperm parameters from the conventional method. Moreover, results of HOST, acrosome integrity and sperm morphological defects were associated with one or more of sperm motion characteristics which were not revealed if only conventional method was used. With minimum cut-off values (total motility=40% and progressive motility=15%) in frozen semen, nearly 56% of semen produced at LDI failed to fulfill the minimum approval requirements by ISAS. This was very apparent in semen of Cross bulls for both parameters (total motility 33.1 Vs 12.9% progressive motility) and to that of total motility (33.9%) in Boran semen. All bulls investigated were found to have no general and/or reproductive health problems that influenced the quality of semen. It is therefore plausible to assume that poor semen quality resulting from absence of a more rigorous evaluation method could be one of the factors contributing to the low conception rate at the field level. The significance of introducing advanced methods of semen evaluation is incontrovertible; however, this finding has to be complemented with more field studies and investigation of risk factors in the female individual to get a complete picture. As LDI is bearing a huge national responsibility in advancing the cross breeding program based on AI, it becomes invariably mandatory to start using state of the art methods of breeding soundness examination and semen evaluation.
Ovarian Follicular Dynamics and Conception Rate in Boran Cows Previously Subjected to Repeated Ovum Pick Up
(Addis Ababa University, 2021) Gezahegn Berhan; Tefera Yilma
The study was conducted to investigate the effect of repeated ovum pick-up on ovarian follicular dynamics, serum estrogen and progesterone pattern, and the conception rate of Boran cows. Eight Boran cows were estrous synchronized by 500μg PGF2α at 11 days intervals. After the second PGF2α injection ovaries were scanned by transrectal ultrasonography every 12 hrs for the first two days and then every 6 hrs until ovulation. From the day of ovulation onwards, the ovaries were examined twice daily (at 12 hrs interval) to characterize the growth and regression pattern of ovarian follicles during two consecutive estrous cycles. A blood sample was collected every other day to evaluate estrogen and progesterone concentrations. The mean (±SEM) IOI was 21.1±1.19 days for cows with two waves and 22.66±0.57 days for cows with three waves. The length of the IOI was not significant (P>0.05) by follicular waves. The mean (±SEM) number of days from the emergence of cohort follicles to ovulation of dominant follicle of the ovulatory wave was significantly (P<0.05) greater (10.80±1.03 days) for two wave cows than three-wave cows (7.50±0.70 days). The mean (±SEM) diameter of the preovulatory follicle was significantly (P<0.05) larger for cows with two waves (14.29±1.36mm) than for cows with three waves (12.30±1.01mm). The mean (±SEM) growth rate of the dominant follicle that finally ovulated was significantly (P<0.05) higher (1.16±1.2mm/day) in the three-wave cycle than in two-wave cycles (0.85±0.1mm/day). The mean (±SEM) serum concentrations of estrogen and progesterone were 28.73±6.56 pg/ml and 0.88±0.40 ng/ml, respectively during the proestrous and estrous. While during the late diestrous cycle, serum estrogen and progesterone were 11.01±1.61pg/ml and 2.67±0.12 ng/ml, respectively. 87.5 % of cows were found conceived on ultrasound 32 days after insemination. In conclusion, based on ovarian follicular dynamics, serum estrogen and progesterone pattern, and conception rate repeated ovum pick does not significantly affect the fertility of Boran cows. Boran cows were characterized by a higher incidence of two-wave cycles.

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