Veterinary Obestrics and Gynaecology

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Subclinical Endometritis and its Effect on Reproductive Performance of Crossbred Dairy Cows in Debre Zeit
(2007-06) Bacah Belachew; Fekadu Regassa
In this study 59 postpartum crossbred dairy cows were selected from three different farming scales (smallholders, medium sized and large scale dairy farms). Each cow had a normal parturition and had no abnormal uterine discharge by vaginoscopy or no abnormality in rectal palpation. Then the cows were examined for subclinical endometritis by examination of endometrial lavage sample for the presence of neutrophils at the 4th and 8th weeks postpartum. The prevalence of cytologically diagnosed subclinical endometritis was 47.5% at the 4th and 30.5% at the 8th weeks of postpartum. In the three farming scales the prevalence of subclinical endometritis was 64.7% in small holders, 40.7% in medium sized and 40.0% in large-scale farms at the 4th week of postpartum (P = 0.240). While prevalence of 41.2%, 26.7% and 25.9% was recorded at the 8th week of postpartum (P = 0.526) in small, medium and large scale dairy farms respectively. Parity did not influence the prevalence of subclinical endometritis at the 4th week of postpartum (P = 0.492). Cytologically diagnosed subclinical endometritis was greatly associated with impaired reproductive performance. Cows that had subclinical endometritis at the 4th week postpartum required a mean of 2.4 services per conception compared to 1.7 services per conception for normal cows (P = 0.000) where as at the 8th week postpartum 2.7 services per conception were required for cows with subclinical endometritis, compared to 1.7 for normal cows (P = 0.001). For cows with subclinical endometritis at the 4th weeks postpartum the median calving to first service interval were 96 days and 80 days for normal cows (P = 0.000) while at the 8th week postpartum it was100 days for cows with subclinical endometritis and 82 days for normal cows. For cows with subclinical endometritis at the 4th weeks postpartum the median days open were 174 and 152 for normal cows (P =0.001) while at the 8th week of postpartum it was 178 for cows with subclinical endometritis and 155 days for cows without subclinical endometritis (P = 0.000). Also, there was a significant difference in first service conception rate between cows with and without subclinical endometritis at the 8th week of postpartum (3.4 versus 27.1%; P < 0.05). From those cows diagnosed negative for subclinical endometritis at the 8th week postpartum Proportionally 51% of cows confirmed to be pregnant with in 180 days, whereas from those positive cows for subclinical endometritis only 2% confirmed to be pregnant. The proportion of cows confirmed to be pregnant with in 180 days were 41 and 12% for normal cows and cows with subclinical endometritis at the 4th week of postpartum respectively. These results also indicated that there was an association between subclinical mastitis and IX subclinical endometritis at the 4th (P = 0.012) and 8th (P = 0.031) week of postpartum. From the follow up findings, it was observed that risk factors like poor body condition scores at the 4th week of postpartum had an association with subclinical endometritis (P = 0.017). Dairy cows with no regular exercise had a higher prevalence of subclinical endometritis than those exercising regularly (53.6 versus 46.4%; P = 0.026). In conclusion subclinical endometritis diagnosed by endometrial cytology in the postpartum period had a detrimental effect on current reproductive performance.
Ultrasonographic Studies on Ovarian Dynamics and Associated Estrus Manifestations of Jennies Under Controlled Management
(2008-06) Kebede Hassen; Alemayehu Lemma
Serial ultrasonographic study was conducted on nine Jennies aged 5-14 years from December 2007 to April, 2008 with the objective of characterizing ovarian follicular activities and estrus manifestations under controlled management. The jennies were housed, fed on hay and concentrate, regularly watered and were not working during the study. Ovarian follicular activity was determined from number and size distribution of follicles, length of interovulatory interval, growth rate of preovulatory follicles, diameter of follicles at the onset of estrus and incidence of ovulation. Estrus manifestations were characterized using length of estrus and estrous cycle. The mean (± SD) number of follicle detected per ovary was 5.45 ± 2.25(range 1 -16) with sizes ranging from 2.88mm to 44mm.The mean (± SD) size of follicle encountered at the onset of estrus was 25.9 ± 3.7 mm (range 20.9 – 34.4) while that of the preovulatory follicles at -1 day before ovulation was 36.81 ± 3.78mm. The mean (± SD) interovulatory interval, estrus and estrous cycle length were 25.4 ± 3.6; 7.85± 2.99 and 24.22 ± 7.43 days respectively. The mean (± SD) growth rate of the preovulatory follicle after day of divergence, which fell on -8 day before ovulation was 1.89 ±0.33mm/day (P<0.001). Follicles were known to grow in cohorts constituting two or more waves. Serum progesterone profile followed the same patterns of ovarian dynamics with peak values being detected during mid luteal phase. Serum progesterone assay revealed blood progesterone profiles of <1.0 ng /ml during estrus and up to 11ng /ml during mid - luteal phase which has shown the presence of ovarian cyclicity through out the study period with patterns following follicular dynamics. Majority (82.14%) of the estrus manifestations were significantly (p<0.005) associated with ovulations. Body condition was positively correlated (r = 0.52, P< 0.001) with the diameter of the preovulatory follicle and negatively with the number of follicles per ovary (p<0.01). Estrus length was also found to be positively correlated to size of preovulatory follicle at onset of estrus (r = 0.412, p<0.05) and negatively correlated to interovulatory interval (r = -0.548, p<0.05). Ovarian follicular dynamics in jennies are generally equine prototype with subtle differences. In contrast to previous reports of reproductive activity under traditional management systems, this study confirmed as improved management can also improve the ovarian activity. However, it still remains to be verified as to see the relative and individual effects of management factors on follicular activity.
Ultrasonographic Studies on Ovarian Dynamics and Assciated Estrus Manifestations of Jennies Under Controlled Management
(Debre Zeit, 2008-06) Hassen Kebede; Lemma Alemayehu
Serial ultrasonographic study was condueted on nine Jennies aged 5-14 years from December 2007 to April.2008 with the objective of characterizing ovarian follicular activities and estrus manifestations under controlled management.The jennies were housed, fed on hay and concentrate, regularly watered and were not working during the study.Ovarian follicular activity was derermined from number and size distribution of follicles.
Study on Prevalence of Major Gi Nematodiosis of Small Ruminants in three Selected Sites of Afar Region ,Ethiopia
(Debre Zeit, 2008-06) Dereje Shiferaw; Yacob, Hailu
The current study was conductcd to determine thc prevalcncc of GIT nemntodcs of sheep and goats in three different districts of Afar Region from Octoher 2007 to April 2008.A total of 480 (180 sheep and 300 goats) animals were subjected to post mortem exnminations and 2314 fecal samples were analyzed usin g standard coprological techniques (flotation and modified McMaster faecal worm egg counts). Questionpaire surve'y was conducted in randomly selected 6 PA's and 60 households from three districts. Results from coprological examination rcvealed the overall prevalence of nematocies in sheep and goats was 55 %and 22.5 % respectively. During post mortem examination, of five nematode species (Haemonchus contotus,89.1%), (Oesophagostomum venulasum,
Effect of Traditional Husbandry on Reproductive Performance of Goats in Benishangul-Gumuz Region
(2008-06) Begashaw Yeshawork ; Alemayehu Lemma
Study was conducted from October 2007 to April 2008 in six districts of two administrative zones of the Benishangul-Gumuz region to determine the reproductive performance of goats under traditional husbandry system. Structure questionnaire and a field clinical survey studies were used on a total of 200 randomly selected households. The entire goats owned by the households were clinically examined for the presence of any health problem. Records of animal identification, parameters of reproductive performance such as weaning age and age at puberty, litter size, KI, the type of management practice and clinical parameters were taken on pre-designed format. The type of management was measured from conditions of housing (absence or presence), feeding (presence of supplementation), and health (getting veterinary service). The level of management was categorized as poor, moderate and good according to Song et al., (2006). Accordingly, goats were primarily (68%) kept for income generation while some (26%) keep goats for both income generation and/or meat. The common housing practice was either poor (48.5%) or inexistent (51.5%). Feeding on natural pasture with supplementation (commonly maize, sorghum or kitchen waste) constitute 29% while the remaining 71% were known to exclusively depend on grazing. The major production constraints were health problems (53%); poor genetic potential (20.43%) and shortage of feed (20.32%). Generally, goats reached puberty at 6.5±1.22 (male) and 6.7±1.22 months (female). The mean (±sd) kidding interval was 252.35±31.46 days with a mean (±sd) litter size of 1.6±0.3. Annual reproductive rate was found to be 2.2kids/year. The mean (±sd) weaning age was 4.74±0.7 months. All animals were clinically examined on the basis of the history, inspection, palpation, percussion, auscultation and information was taken from each household during the study period. Out of 461 clinically examined animals the incidence of external parasitism, internal parasitism; reproductive diseases, and infectious diseases were in the order of 80.7 %, 23.2%, 16.1% and 22.8 %, respectively. The primary goat feed resource was natural pasture and river was a main source of water. The prevailing housing is rudimentary and difficulty for management of different categories of goats. Over all management level, especially health management and feeding regime were found to be the ix primary factors significantly affecting the reproductive parameters of goats. Kidding interval and weaning age were the most affected parameters by existing traditional husbandry in the study area.
Study on Breeding Soundness and Fertility of Senar Jackass (Equus Asinus) in North Gondar,Amhara Region ,Ethiopia
(Debre Zeit, 2009-06) Aweke Tsega; Lemma Alemayehu
This study was carried out with an objective of evaluating the breeding sundness, fresh and chilled semen.and fertility of Senar jackasses.The physical characteristies such as the body weight. Height. Body condition. and age of the jacks was measured and recorded.
Epidemiologial Study on Ectoparasites of Small Ruminants in Three Selected Agro-Ecological Areas in Oromia Regional State and Their Impact on Tanning Industry, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2010-06-01) Kebede Beyecha; Moses Kyule
A cross-sectional study was conducted in three selected agro-ecologies of Oromia regional state and Modjo and Ethiopia tanneries, Ethiopia between October, 2009 and April, 2010 with the objectives of determining the prevalence of ectoparasites in sheep and goats, investigating the effect of risk factors on ectoparasite prevalence distribution and assessing the pickled and wet blue skin defects. Simple and systematic samplings were used. The results of cross sectional clinical examination indicated that out of 1325 sheep and 979 goats examined, 637 sheep (48.1%) and 487goats (49.7%) were infested with one or more ectoparasites. The ectoparasites identified on sheep were Damalinia ovis (27.2%), Melophagus ovinus (16.4%), ticks infestation (11.2%), Ctenocephalides species (2.3%), Linognathus species (l.5%), and sarcoptic mange (l.2%). Tn goats, ticks infestation (24.6%), Linognathus species (16.5%), sarcoptic mange (8.8%), and Ctenocephalides species (5.1 %) were identified type of ectoparasites. The overall prevalence of ectoparasites in lowlands, midlands and highlands was, respectively 38.5%, 47.3% and 52.9% in sheep and 49.5%, 564.5% and 33.0% in goats. Statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) was observed in prevalence of D. ovis among agro-ecologies (highland (36.6%), midland (20.9%) and lowland (14.0%)) and M ovinus between midland (1.9%) and highlands (31.7%).The risk of tick infestation of sheep in lowland and midland was 9.883 times and 13.988 times, respectively higher than highlands. There was also significant difference in prevalence of Ctenocephalides between lowland and highland (OR= 4.738, P = 0.011) and midland and highland (OR= 8.073 , p= 0.000). However no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05) was observed in Linognathus and sarcoptic mange of sheep. In goats, there was statistically significant difference (p< 0.05) in prevalence of ticks among agro-ecologies, L.stenopsis between lowland and highland and sarcoptic mange between lowland and midland. Both in sheep .and goats no statistically significant difference in prevalence of all identified ectoparasites (p > 0.05) was observed between male and females. Statistically significant difference in prevalence of D. ovis was observed between young (32.0%) and adult (24.1 %) sheep (p< 0.006). In goats, the risk of Ctenocephalides in young was 2.430 times higher than adults. There was also statistically significant difference (p < 0.000) in prevalence of sarcoptic mange between young and adult goats. In prevalence of M avis, D. ovis and sarcoptic mange, statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) was observed between poor and good body condition sheep. There was also significant difference in prevalence of sarcoptic mange between poor and good conditioned goats (OR = 7.565, p = 0.000). A study on 716 pickled sheep skins and 716 wet blue goat skins showed cockle ('ekek') was the second dominant defect both on pickled skins (60.2%) and wet blue skins (45.1%). Other major skin defects observed in this study were scratches, scars, and flaying. There was significant association between cockle and scars ("l = 15 .257, p = 0.000) and cockle and scratches (l = 6.965, p = 0.008) on pickled sheep skins. There was also significant association on wet blue goat skins between the cockle and scratches ("l = 1 0.598, p =0.001); however no significant association was observed between cockle and scars (l = 1.983, p = 0.195). This current study also indicates that the proportion of skins with cockle were higher in lower grades than top grades. The results of questionnaire survey revealed that sixty eight owners (91.8%) in lowland, 74 (91.13%) midland and 68 (91.89%) highland knew one or more parasitic skin diseases on sheep and goats. Half of interviewed farmers (lowland) believed that mange had effects on the value of affected skins, while the majority of the respondents in all surveyed ago ecologies did not consider that keds, lice and ticks affected the sale of skins. The overall findings of the study indicate the need of strategic ectoparasite control program in the study area
Effect of Processed Layer Litter as a Replacement of Noug Cake on Feed Intake, Milk Yield and Composition of Lactating Cows
(Addis Ababa University, 2010-06-01) Netsanet Ayalew; Mekonen H/mariam
A study was conducted between September 2009 and March 2010 to assess the level of poultry litter use in Deberzeit town and to evaluate the replacement effect of layer litter in feed intake, milk yield and composition lactating dairy cows. Seventy five milk producers were interviewed by using semi-structured questionnaire. They were selected randomly from membership list of Adda' a Liben Dairy and Dairy products marketing Association. Eight lactating animals at mid lactation stage were assigned to four treatments containing poultry litter 0 %( control), 5%, 10% & 15% in across over design. Significant proportions (60%) of dairy producers were found to use poultry litter as an ingredient for dairy cattle feed with mean inclusion rate of 21 % in a concentrate mixture. The price of poultry litter whether it is processed (162 birr per quintal) or unprocessed (84 birr per quintal) was lower than the price of Noug cake (240 birr per quintal) during the study period. Bad flavor and bad taste of milk were the main reasons for those who stopped using poultry litter as feed ingredient. Higher proportion of respondents did not have any complain regarding the health of dairy animals due to feeding poultry litter. No significant difference (p>0.05) was observed in total dry matter intake among the four treatments. There were no significant difference observed in milk yield & composition among the four dietary treatments. However, there were significant differences among treatments when observed across periods in feed intake, milk yield and composition. It can, therefore, concluded that poultry litter can be good replacement for resource poor producers
On Station Evaluation of Different Grains as Carrier for Thermostable (12) Newcastle Disease Vaccine Virus, Debrezeit,Ethlopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2011-06-01) Kassaw Amssalu; Reta Deguma
In the current experimental study the suitability of different local grams as a carrrier for thermostable Newcastle disease vaccine 12 for oral immunization of chickens was assessed by haemagglutination inhibition test and challenge experiment. The study was conducted at school of veterinary medicine, Debrezeit, Ethiopia from December 20 10 until June 20 II. A total of 225 chicks were divided in to 15 treatment groups and each treatment group had 15 chickens kept in separate pens. The chickens were vaccinated with 12 vaccine by conventional methods (drinking water), cracked maize and wheat, millet, barely and sorghum which were used in untreated , parboiled and cracked form. Chickens were vaccinated three times at the age of 2, 5, 15 weeks Following the primary and the second vaccination the result showed that only chickens vaccinated with conventional methods and vaccine coated cracked maize and parboiled barely gave GM antibody titer of 2: log23 but at third dose of vaccine except for chickens vaccinated with untreated and cracked form of sorghum, barely, millet all vaccinated birds showed GM antibody titer of 2: log2232. At this time chicken vaccinated by conventional, cracked maize and parboiled barely were found to produce the highest GM titer of log227.1, log226.s and log225.1 respectively but the least response (log22 I 9) was observed in chicken vaccinated by vaccine coated cracked sorghum. The experimental challenge showed that 80% mortality rate in the unvaccinated control group. The vaccine applied by drinking-water, cracked maize, parboiled barely was found 100% protective against the challenge. High protection capacity was also observed with 12 delivered by parboiled wheat (85%). Similarly 80% protection rate was found with vaccine coated untreated wheat, and parboiled sorghum. Limited survival rate ( 60%) was observed in the chicken under, untreated millet and cracked millet treatment group. The least survival rate with high mortality was observed in chicken treated with vaccine coated sorghum. Generally in the current experimental study cracked maize, parboiled barley, parboiled wheat, parboiled sorghum and untreated wheat found to be good candidate carrier for 12 vaccine virus
Study on Prevalence of Salmonella in Cottage Cheese and Cheese Made from Pasteurized Milk and Its Public Health Importance in Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2011-06-01) Yalew Tefera; Akafite Teklu
This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of Salmonella spp . in cottage cheese and cheese made from pasteurized milk in Debre Zeit and to assess the effect of storage time on isolation rate of Salmonella from cottage cheese. Samples for analysis were collected from Debre Zeit open market, Adada Dairy Processing Association and Genesis farms from September 2010 to April 2011. All together 384 cheeses (192 cottage and 192 cheese made from pasteurized milk) were collected and analyzed for the prevalence of Salmonella. Isolation and identification was performed according Global Salm-Surv (2003) and ISO 6579 (2002) standard methods. A total of 6 Salmonella species were recovered from 384 of the samples analyzed (1.6%). All the isolated Salmonella species were from cottage cheese (3.13%) and no Salmonella species were isolated form samples brought from Adaa Dairy Processing Association and Genesis farms. There was statistically significant (P = 0.004) difference in the prevalence of Salmonella between cottage cheese and cheese made from pasteurized milk. Statistically significant (P = 0.027) variation was also observed in the isolation rate of Salmonella in the storage time of cottage cheese in which higher prevalence was observed in cottage cheese stored for only one day. The results of the present study indicated that the temperature used for making cottage cheese in the study area is not sufficient to destroy Salmonella totally or contaminated after making the cheese. Therefore, it poses public health risk to the consumer. The pasteurization temperature in pasteurized milk used for cheese making in the milk processing pl ants is sufficient to kill Salmonella. This study also revealed that the fresh cottage cheese have higher Salmonella isolation rate than the stored cheese
Isolation of Thermophilic Campylobacter Species in Chicken Meat and in Fecal Samples Taken from Poultry Farms in Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2011-06-01) Yohannes Semahegne; Akafite Teklu
A cross-sectional study was conducted from October, ·2010 to May, 2011 on apparently healthy broiler chickens (n=263) to assess the extent of colonization and the subsequent contamination of chicken carcass with thermophlic Campylobacter species in Debre Zeit. The study involved six randomly selected broiler farms (2 large and 4 small scale farms) situated in Debre Zeit, where broilers are raised and slaughtered. From the total of 526 fecal and carcass swab samples, thermophilic Campylobacler species were isolated in 284 (54%) samples. Thermophilic Campylobacter spp. were isolated from 149 (56.65%) of the 263 fecal swab samples investigated from six poultry fanns. Among the 149 viable isolates, 141 (94.63%) were identified as C.jejuni while only 8 (5.37%) were identified as C. coli. On the other hand, 135 (51.33%) of the carcass swab samples were found positive for thermophilic Campylobacter spp. 133 (89.26%) of these isolates were identified as C. jejuni and only 2 (1.34%) were isolates of C. coli. There were statistically significant differences in the isolation rates of Campylobacter species among large and small production scale, and amongst the farms studied. However, there were no statistically significant differences in the isolation rate of Campylobacter species between the sexes and between the types of sample examined. The results of this study indicate that thermophilic campylobacters are very frequent among poultry in Ethiopia, suggesting possible risks of infection to people through the consumption of contaminated poultry products or through contact with infected poultry
Epidemiology of Rabies in Ethiopia and Evaluation of the Rapid Immunodiagnostic Test Kit for Rabies Diadnosis
(Addis Ababa University, 2011-12-01) Reta Tesfaye; Teshale Sori
The aims of this study were to investigate the epidemiology of rabies in humans and animals and to evaluate the diagnostic performances of the Anigen Rapid Rabies Ag Test Kit. Retrospective data of 2008-20 II and 20091l 0 were used to analyze rabies in animals and humans, respectively, mainly in and around Addis Ababa. A questionnaire was developed and used to get additional epidemiological information during the study period (March to September, 2011). A total of 935 brain samples were examined during 2008-20 II. Of this total number, 77.6% (N=726) samples were positive for rabies. The highest proportion, 87.2% (N=633) of the positive cases was recorded in dogs followed by cats, 5.1 % (N=37). The frequencies of occurrence of rabies in other species were very limited. This showed that dogs remain the dominant species in maintenance and transmission of rabies to humans and other animals in Ethiopia. Further analysis of characteristics of rabid dogs showed that owned, adult, non-vaccinated, male dogs were most frequently diagnosed positive for rabies virus. Furious form of rabies was the most commonly reported form of the disease in rabid dogs. Rabies cases were reported throughout the year with slight variations among the months of the year. Its occurrence showed variation among administrative regions depending on their distance from the laboratory. A total of 2345 people received post-exposure prophylaxis in 20 I 0/20 II against rabies due to exposure to rabid or rabies suspected animals and humans. The greater proportion of post-exposure prophylaxis was given to humans exposed to rabid or rabies suspected dogs. Fermi type vaccine was the most common, 81% (1887/2337), vaccine type used for post-exposure prophylaxis. The majority, 72.3% (165312286), of the post- exposure prophylaxis was given to humans bitten by animals with an unknown rabies status. The mean number of exposed humans per rabid animal was about 3 with a range of 0 to 15 persons. The gold standard test for rabies diagnosis is the fluorescent antibody test, requiring a fluorescent microscope and additional laboratory equipment. Recently, a rapid and easy immunodiagnostic test was developed which needs no specialized laboratory equipment and needs less expertise. Anigen Rapid Rabies Ag Test Kit was evaluated using 115 brain samples collected from dogs, cats and bovines. The sensitivity and specificity of the rapid immunodiagnostic test were 96.5 (95% CI: 90.0 - 99.3%) and 100% (95% CI: 88.4 - 100%), respectively compared to the fluorescent antibody test. This test could be useful for field use particularly in rabies surveillance and also for targeted post-exposure prophylaxis where the standard test is not available. Strategy for control and elimination of rabies should be in place and implemented in Ethiopia. Furthermore, the rapid immunodiagnostic test kit should be evaluated at larger scale using samples from different species of animals. Strategies for the application of the rapid immunodiagnostic test for the improvement of rabies surveillance and subsequent post exposure prophylaxis should also be studied
Abattoir Based Study of Epidemiology of Caprine Tuberculosis Using Conventional and Molecular Tools
(Addis Ababa University, 2011-12-01) Benti Deressa; Gobena Ameni
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease occurring in several animal species including domestic and wild animals, as well as humans. A cross-sectional study was conducted from March to September 2011 on 1990 randomly selected male goats slaughtered at Luna Export Abattoir to estimate the prevalence of tuberculosis (TB), evaluate associated risk factors, and molecularly characterize the causative agents. Postmortem examination, mycobacterial culturing, Genus typing, region of difference (RD) based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and spoligotyping were the techniques used in the study. The overall prevalence of caprine tuberculosis was 3.5 % (69/1 990).There was marked variation in TB prevalence between the age categories and it was significantly higher in older goats (> 1.5 year) (X2 =6.436; P=O.OII).Variation of the disease between the different goat types and origins were not statistically significant (P>0.05). Mediastinal lymph node was the most severely (0.52±O.084) and frequently (42%) affected tissue of goats. Culture and acid fast bacillus positivity was confirmed in 12 % (8/69) of the goats with grossly visible tuberculous lesion. Up on further molecular characterization using multiplex PCR, five of the culture positive isolates showed signal for the Genus Mycobacterium, of which four were identified to be members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Deletion typing targeting RD4 performed on the four isolates showed the evidence of the presence of RD4 in three isolates which appeared on the gel. Further characterization of the three isolates using RD9 deletion typing has showed that all of them were M tuberculosis. Spoligotyping of the isolates confirmed that one of the isolate is SIT53where as the other two were new strains. The isolation of M tuberculosis from goats in this study suggests evidence of transmission from humans. This also raises the concern of the risk of transmission from goat-to-human and the need to raise awareness among pastoralists consuming raw milk and meat derived from goats
A Study on Preyalence, Risk Factors and Economic Impact of Sheep Pox in North and South Kordofan States of the Sudan
(Addis Ababa University, 2011-12-01) Mohammed Elsadig; Abdelhamid Elfadil
The Current study is an attempt to better understand the epidemiology of sheep pox in the Kordofan region in the western part of the Sudan, which is one of the largest production sites for sheep. The specific objectives were the investigation of potential risk factors associated with sheep pox outbreaks, an assessment of the economic impact of sheep pox disease, the estimation of seroprevalence of sheep pox and to evaluate the test performance characteristics of the indirect ELISA test employed in this study. To practically achieve the objectives, the study was designed as a cross-sectional survey in the Kordofan region, with collection of specimen from the target population of sheep from March to September 2011 ; a concurrent questionnaire did address animal owners and vetelinary professionals. The current study revealed that the estimated overall sero prevalence of SPP in Kordofan region was 20.1 % and that SPP prevails both in SKS and in NKS. Also, a number of risk factors like locality, herd size, insect bites and rain fall/year and traditional treatment were found to be significantly associated with SPP occurrence in the Kordofan region. The average cost of SPP was estimated at 20.5% of ":sheep flock production costs. The Indirect ELISA test to detect antibodies to capripox viruses was evaluated to have a diagnostic sensitivity of 33.33% and a diagnostic specificity of 60%. For VNT, 12 out of the 22 samples were positive, having Neutralization Indices (N.I 2: 1.5) of 3.5, 3, 2.5, 2 and 1.5 recorded for 25%, 8.3%, 8.3%, 25% and 33.3 % of-positive samples, respectively
Study on Factors affecting The Success of Artificial Insemination Program in the Cattle, Siltie Zone
(Addis ababa Universty, 2012-04-20) Hamid Jemal; Alemayehu Lemma
Efficiency of al1ificial insemination sel-Vlce might be lower due to vanous factors including failure of estrus detection, poor management, inadequate nutlition and poor quality of semen. Failure of estms detection and improper timing of insemination has been the single most known factor in dairy animals. In this study, the perfomlance of the conventional method of AI delivery was evaluated to compare with improved estrus detection method through artificial estrus vaginal mucus discharges were found to be the most common estrus manifestations observed byconventional insemination service was 2.34±0.OS . Bellowing, standing to be mounted andininduction. Pregnancy rate was compared between dairy animals inseminated by the conventional way and those inseminated after estrus induction using synthetic prostaglandin. Pregnancy rate for the whole of the study group using AI was 42.9%. There was also a significant breedfor the whole of the study group using AI was 42.9%. There was also a significant breed difference in pregnancy rate (p
Study on Factors Affecting the Success of Artificial Insemination Program in Cattle, Siltie Zone
(Addis Ababauniversity, 2012-06) Hamid Jemal; Kassa Tesfu
Efficiency of artificial insemination service might be lower due to various factors including failure of estrus detection, poor management, inadequate nutrition and poor quality of semen. Failure of estrus detection and improper timing of insemination has been the single most known factor in dairy animals. In this study, the performance of the conventional method of AI delivery was evaluated to compare with improved estrus detection method through artificial estrus induction. Pregnancy rate was compared between dairy animals inseminated by the conventional way and those inseminated after estrus induction using synthetic prostaglandin. Pregnancy rate for the whole of the study group using AI was 42.9%. There was also a significant breed difference in pregnancy rate (p<0.05, 34.4%; n=203 local breeds, and 66.6%; n=72 in cross breeds) among the study animals. The pregnancy rate was 48.1% (n=77) for induced animals while it was 28.2% (n=85) for those that were inseminated without estrus induction. There was a significant difference (p<0.05) in pregnancy rate between induced and non induced animals. The mean (±SE) length of induction to first estrus sign and estrus to AI were 57.49±1.9 hrs and 8.62±0.15 hrs (range 6-12.3 hrs), respectively. The overall mean (±SE) service per conception in conventional insemination service was 2.34±0.05. Bellowing, standing to be mounted and vaginal mucus discharges were found to be the most common estrus manifestations observed by dairy owners as a reason for AI. Animals inseminated after vaginal mucus discharge had a significantly higher rate of pregnancy compared to other estrus signs. There was also a significant difference (p<0.05) in pregnancy rate among animals inseminated at different times with the highest record being for animals brought on-time (6-12 hrs of first estrus manifestation). In conclusion, estrus manifestation and body conditions were the two most important factors associated with pregnancy rate. The use of artificial induction of estrus has improved the success of AI though dramatic changes were to be obtained only after a concomitant improvement of the body condition of the cows. Keywords: AI, Cows, Estrus detection, Estrus induction, Pregnancy rate
Studies on the Prevalence, Ecology and Antibiogram of Staphylococcus Species Isolated from Chickens Slaughtered at Small and Large Scale Poultry Farms in Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2012-06-01) Sihin Tesfaye; Mahendra Pal
A cross-sectional study to determine the prevalence, species involved and antimicrobial profile of Staphylococcus species isolated from chicken carcass, equipment and hands of apparently healthy the abattoirs workers was undertaken from November 2011 to April 2012. A total of 384 samples consisting of chicken carcass (n=340), abattoir equipment (n=24) and workers' hands (n=20) were taken from large and small scale poultry farms in Debre Zeit. A total of 187 (47.7%) Staphylococcus species were isolated from chicken carcass and immediate slaughter environment and were further identified to species level by important conventional biochemical tests. Furthermore, species identification was made by OmniLog reading. From the total of 187 staphylococci isolated, Staphylococcus aureus, S. intermedius, S. hyicus and coagulase negative staphylococci species contributed 13.8%, 9.6%, 6.8% and 17.4%, respectively. Regarding the origin of the samples, among isolates of the carcass swabs 12.4%, 9.1 %, 6.5% and 17.7% were identified as S. aureus, S. intermedius, S. hyicus and coagulase negative staphylococci, correspondingly. While in the immediate slaughter environment the rates of isolation were 25.0%, 13.6%, 9.1% and 15.9%, respectively for the aforementioned species. Consequently, statistically significant association (p= 0.022) was observed in the prevalence of S. aureus between the two types of sample origin. No statistically significant associations of the prevalence of the rest species were detected amongst the carcass and environmental samples. In the large scale farms, the prevalence of Staphylococcus species were, S. aureus 11.5%, S. intermedius 8.3%, S. hyicus 6.3% and CNS 16.7%. In the small scale farms the isolation rates of the isolates were S. aureus 16.1 %, S. intermedius 10.9%, S. hyicus 7.3% and CNS 18.2%. A higher isolation frequency of all species was noted in the small scale farms; however, these differences were not statistically significant. In this study, varying level of resistance of S. aureus (100%) to bacitracin, methicillin, neomycin and polymixin was noticed. The susceptibility pattern indicated S. aureus isolates exhibited varying level of resistance to two or more antimicrobial agents. 66.6% of the isolates showed susceptibility to the tested drugs
Cultural Characterization, Molecular Detection and In-Vitro Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile of Streptococcus equi subsp. Equi from Donkeys Suspected of Strangles in Central Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2012-06-01) Manyahilushal Etana; Tesfaye Sisay
Cultural characterization and molecular detection of Streptococcus equi subsp. equi from strangles suspected naturally infected donkeys was conducted in central Ethiopia from September 20 II to April, 2012 . Antibiotic susceptibility profile of the isolates was also studied. Basic bacteriology for isolation and characterization, PCR for genome detection and disc method for antibiotic susceptibility were used. A total of 87 donkeys were sampled. Out of these 21 (24.1 %) donkeys had only nasal discharge, 47 (54%) had both nasal discharge and swelling of either submandibular or retropharyngeal lymph nodes, 2 (2.3%) had parotid lymph node involvement, 12 (13.8%) had severe guttural pouch empyema and extended head and neck with strider breathing and also 5 (5 .8%) donkeys chondroid positive at postmortem. Young donkeys were affected with severe form of the disease, swelling of lymph nodes of the head region and guttural pouch empyema, than adults (p<0.05). Culturally, a total of 189 bacterial isolates belonging to II genera were obtained. These were Streptococcus spp. (42.3%), Staphylococcus spp. (18%), Neisseria spp. (1 .6%), Enterococcus spp. (10.1 %), Bacillus spp. (7.9%), COlynebaclerium spp. (4.8%), Rhodococcus spp. (2.1 %), Pasteurella spp. (5.8%), AClinomycels spp. (3.7%), Pseudomonas spp.( 2.1 %) and Proteus spp. (1.6%). Swab samples had contributed for the majority of the isolates (87.8%). The isolation rate of S. equi subsp. equi from aspirate samples was 40% being significantly (p<0.05) higher than swab samples 14%. The detection rate by PCR was 72% and 87% from swabs and aspirates samples, respectively. The molecular method was more sensitive (p<0.05) compared to cultural method . which was significantly (p<0.05) higher compared to cultural method. The in- vitro antibiotic susceptibility test of S. equi subsp. equi revealed that all isolates were found to be susceptible to ampicillin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, norfloxacin, erythromycin, vancomycin, cephalothin, doxycycline, ceftriaxone and tetracycline; however, all of the isolates were resistant to sulphonamide, kanamycin and streptomycin. Despite its lack of sensitivity relative to PCR, cultme is of value because it definitively establishes infection. Routine use of both microbial culture and PCR analysis of samples maximize detection of S. equi subsp. equi. Aspirates, when possible, are the preferred sample to increase the sensitivity of both culture and PCR assays
Bacteriological Studies on the Respiratory Tracts of Apparently Healthy and Pneumonic Camels (Camel Us Dromedaries) in Selected Districts of Afar Region, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2012-06-01) Mu'uz Gebru; Tesfaye Sisay
A cross-sectional study was conducted to isolate and characterize the normal bacterial flora and bacterial agents implicated in pneumonia from the respiratory tract of the apparently healthy and pneumonic camels in the selected districts of Asayita and Dubti woredas of Afar Region. A total of 532 samples including 384 nasal swabs, 74 lung tissues and the same number of corresponding tracheal swabs were collected for bacteriological examination from September 2011 to May 2012. Generally, 903 bacterial isolates that constituted 14 different genera were identified from both the field and abattoir based study. The 384 nasal specimens collected yielded a total of 641 bacterial isolates. CNS, 28.6%, Bacillus, 13.5%, S. aureus, 13.3% and E. coli, 7.8% were the leading bacterial species isolated from the nasal tracts of apparently healthy camels. Nasal swabs collected from the pneumonic camels revealed S. aureus, CNS, Bacillus species and K. pneumoniae at a rate of 28.0%, 11.7%, 11.3% and 7.0%, respectively. E. coli, 12.7%, Proteus species, 10.9%, and K. pneumoniae, 9.1 % were recognized at higher proportions among the 55 bacteria identified from the normal lungs. On the other side, S. aureus, S. equi subsp. eqlli and P. multocida were the frequently encountered species in the pneumonic lungs with the incidence of 16.3%, 13.0% and 10.9%, respectively. The majority of the isolates colonized all the anatomical sites investigated. However, a general decrease in the isolation rate was observed as one goes down the respiratory passageways. There was a statistically significant difference between the health status of the camels as well as along the anatomical sites studied with the isolation rates of the major camel respiratory pathogens (p<0.05). Streptococcus eqlli subsp. equi, S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus and S. pneumoniae were identified using the Omnilog®-Biolog identification system at the Institute of Biodiversity Conservation, Addis Ababa. The majority of the strains of the camel respiratory pathogens were found susceptible to norfloxacin, streptomycin and gentamicin but resistant to the action of ampicillin and tetracycline on the invitro test. Further studies on the demonstration of the role of other microorganisms, the pathogenicity of S. equi subsp. equi, identification of the serotypes involved and development of polyvalent vaccine are recommended to allow the progress of preventive methods
Study on the Risk of Human Taeniasis and Prevalenc of Bovine Cysticercosis in Jimma Town, South western Oromia
(Addis Ababa University, 2012-06-01) Meron Talu; Getachew Terefe
A cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2011-March 2012 to estimate the prevalence of Cysticercosis in cattle slaughter at Jimma abattoir and risk of human infection through raw meat consumption at butcheries of Jimma town. Interview was conducted on 120 residents to know the risk of infection through raw meat consumption. Active abattoir survey and questionnaire survey were performed to accomplish the study. Of the total 600 inspected animals, 15 animals had varying number of C. bovis giving a prevalence 2.5% (15/600), a total of 41 cysts were collected and anatomical distribution of cysticerci were; 12 (29.3%) in shoulder muscle, 9 (21.9%) in neck muscle, 5 (12.2%) in tongue, 5 (12.2%) in heart, 4 (9.8%) in masseter muscle, 4 (9.8%) in liver and 2 (4.9%) in kidney. Of the total 120 interviewed respondents/ consumers, 66.6% (80/120) had contracted the disease at least once in the last two years and maximum infestation was three times per year. The majority of the respondent had an experience of raw meat consumption as a result of traditional and cultural practice. The infestation varied significantly (p< 0.05) with age group, sexes, habit of raw meat consumption and religion of the respondents. However, there was no significance (p>0.05) difference between educational level and martial status of the respondents. The findings of this study indicated the importance of cysticercosis and taeniasis in public health aspects in the area. Therefore, due attention should be given to the public awareness and strict routine meat inspection in order to safe guard the public health and promote beef industry in the country

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