Veterinary Obestrics and Gynaecology

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A Study on Preyalence, Risk Factors and Economic Impact of Sheep Pox in North and South Kordofan States of the Sudan
(Addis Ababa University, 2011-12-01) Mohammed Elsadig; Abdelhamid Elfadil
The Current study is an attempt to better understand the epidemiology of sheep pox in the Kordofan region in the western part of the Sudan, which is one of the largest production sites for sheep. The specific objectives were the investigation of potential risk factors associated with sheep pox outbreaks, an assessment of the economic impact of sheep pox disease, the estimation of seroprevalence of sheep pox and to evaluate the test performance characteristics of the indirect ELISA test employed in this study. To practically achieve the objectives, the study was designed as a cross-sectional survey in the Kordofan region, with collection of specimen from the target population of sheep from March to September 2011 ; a concurrent questionnaire did address animal owners and vetelinary professionals. The current study revealed that the estimated overall sero prevalence of SPP in Kordofan region was 20.1 % and that SPP prevails both in SKS and in NKS. Also, a number of risk factors like locality, herd size, insect bites and rain fall/year and traditional treatment were found to be significantly associated with SPP occurrence in the Kordofan region. The average cost of SPP was estimated at 20.5% of ":sheep flock production costs. The Indirect ELISA test to detect antibodies to capripox viruses was evaluated to have a diagnostic sensitivity of 33.33% and a diagnostic specificity of 60%. For VNT, 12 out of the 22 samples were positive, having Neutralization Indices (N.I 2: 1.5) of 3.5, 3, 2.5, 2 and 1.5 recorded for 25%, 8.3%, 8.3%, 25% and 33.3 % of-positive samples, respectively
Abattoir Based Study of Epidemiology of Caprine Tuberculosis Using Conventional and Molecular Tools
(Addis Ababa University, 2011-12-01) Benti Deressa; Gobena Ameni
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease occurring in several animal species including domestic and wild animals, as well as humans. A cross-sectional study was conducted from March to September 2011 on 1990 randomly selected male goats slaughtered at Luna Export Abattoir to estimate the prevalence of tuberculosis (TB), evaluate associated risk factors, and molecularly characterize the causative agents. Postmortem examination, mycobacterial culturing, Genus typing, region of difference (RD) based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and spoligotyping were the techniques used in the study. The overall prevalence of caprine tuberculosis was 3.5 % (69/1 990).There was marked variation in TB prevalence between the age categories and it was significantly higher in older goats (> 1.5 year) (X2 =6.436; P=O.OII).Variation of the disease between the different goat types and origins were not statistically significant (P>0.05). Mediastinal lymph node was the most severely (0.52±O.084) and frequently (42%) affected tissue of goats. Culture and acid fast bacillus positivity was confirmed in 12 % (8/69) of the goats with grossly visible tuberculous lesion. Up on further molecular characterization using multiplex PCR, five of the culture positive isolates showed signal for the Genus Mycobacterium, of which four were identified to be members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Deletion typing targeting RD4 performed on the four isolates showed the evidence of the presence of RD4 in three isolates which appeared on the gel. Further characterization of the three isolates using RD9 deletion typing has showed that all of them were M tuberculosis. Spoligotyping of the isolates confirmed that one of the isolate is SIT53where as the other two were new strains. The isolation of M tuberculosis from goats in this study suggests evidence of transmission from humans. This also raises the concern of the risk of transmission from goat-to-human and the need to raise awareness among pastoralists consuming raw milk and meat derived from goats
Association of Subclinical Mastitis and Lameness with Reproductive Performance and Subclinical Endometritis in Zebu X Friesian Crossbred Dairy Cows In And Around Jimma Town Dairy Farms, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2023) Nuraddis Ibrahim; Fekadu Regassa
A longitudinal observational study was conducted to assess the association of subclinical mastitis and lameness with reproductive performance and subclinical endometritis in crossbred dairy cows. The California Mastitis Test and cytobrush technique were used to screen for subclinical mastitis and subclinical endometritis, respectively. Samples positive for subclinical mastitis were subjected to bacteriological analysis. Lameness in cows was also assessed using a 5-point locomotion scoring system. Analysis of progesterone and cortisol concentrations in blood serum of cows was performed using electrochemiluminescence immunoassay “ECLIA”. A total of 84 clinically healthy cows were tested for subclinical mastitis using the California Mastitis Test. The prevalence of subclinical mastitis at cow level was 51.2% (43/84). The prevalence of subclinical mastitis in 108 lame cows was 53.7% (58 of 108). Based on the results, the 192 cows according to the study were divided into the following four groups: Group I (n=43) cows with subclinical mastitis, Group II (n=50) are lame cows, Group III (n=58) lame cows with subclinical mastitis and Group IV (n=41) healthy cows (control group). Lame cattle are also classified as no lameness, mild lameness, moderate lameness, lameness, and severe lameness. Mean number of days from calving to first mating interval was highly significantly longest in lame cows with subclinical mastitis (122.71±28.6) than for lame cows (120.98±31.3), subclinical mastitis cows (120.51±24.5) and healthy cows (85.15±28.3) (P<0.05). Mean number of services per conception was significantly highest in lame cows with subclinical mastitis (3.66±1.31) than lame cows (3±1.6), subclinical mastitis cows (2.51±0.83) and healthy cows (1.59±0.81) (P<0.05). Cows clinically lame had a longest calving to first service interval when compared with cows which were never lame and those mildly lame. The difference was significant (P<0.05). Lowest conception and pregnancy rates at first services were observed in lame cows with subclinical mastitis. Cows that were clinically lame had a lowest conception rate at first services than cows that were never lame and mildly lame, although the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). Clinically lame cows had a lowest pregnancy rate at first services than cows that were never lame and mildly lame (P<0.05). Risk factors analysis revealed that prevalence of subclinical mastitis, lameness and in lame cows with subclinical mastitis significantly differed with the parity and body condition score (P<0.05). The present study revealed that subclinical mastitis and lameness were significantly and directly associated with subclinical endometritis (P<0.05). Progesterone concentrations highly decreased in lame cows with subclinical mastitis than in subclinical mastitis and lameness alone while the cortisol concentrations also highly increased in lame cows with subclinical mastitis. The major bacterial isolate was Staphylococcus aureus. In conclusion these results provide further evidence that combined occurrence of subclinical mastitis and lameness inflict harmful effects on fertility and hormonal profiles of dairy cows than those diagnosed with mastitis and lameness alone, emphasizing the relevance of mastitis and lameness control programs in dairy farms.
Bacteriological Studies on the Respiratory Tracts of Apparently Healthy and Pneumonic Camels (Camel Us Dromedaries) in Selected Districts of Afar Region, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2012-06-01) Mu'uz Gebru; Tesfaye Sisay
A cross-sectional study was conducted to isolate and characterize the normal bacterial flora and bacterial agents implicated in pneumonia from the respiratory tract of the apparently healthy and pneumonic camels in the selected districts of Asayita and Dubti woredas of Afar Region. A total of 532 samples including 384 nasal swabs, 74 lung tissues and the same number of corresponding tracheal swabs were collected for bacteriological examination from September 2011 to May 2012. Generally, 903 bacterial isolates that constituted 14 different genera were identified from both the field and abattoir based study. The 384 nasal specimens collected yielded a total of 641 bacterial isolates. CNS, 28.6%, Bacillus, 13.5%, S. aureus, 13.3% and E. coli, 7.8% were the leading bacterial species isolated from the nasal tracts of apparently healthy camels. Nasal swabs collected from the pneumonic camels revealed S. aureus, CNS, Bacillus species and K. pneumoniae at a rate of 28.0%, 11.7%, 11.3% and 7.0%, respectively. E. coli, 12.7%, Proteus species, 10.9%, and K. pneumoniae, 9.1 % were recognized at higher proportions among the 55 bacteria identified from the normal lungs. On the other side, S. aureus, S. equi subsp. eqlli and P. multocida were the frequently encountered species in the pneumonic lungs with the incidence of 16.3%, 13.0% and 10.9%, respectively. The majority of the isolates colonized all the anatomical sites investigated. However, a general decrease in the isolation rate was observed as one goes down the respiratory passageways. There was a statistically significant difference between the health status of the camels as well as along the anatomical sites studied with the isolation rates of the major camel respiratory pathogens (p<0.05). Streptococcus eqlli subsp. equi, S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus and S. pneumoniae were identified using the Omnilog®-Biolog identification system at the Institute of Biodiversity Conservation, Addis Ababa. The majority of the strains of the camel respiratory pathogens were found susceptible to norfloxacin, streptomycin and gentamicin but resistant to the action of ampicillin and tetracycline on the invitro test. Further studies on the demonstration of the role of other microorganisms, the pathogenicity of S. equi subsp. equi, identification of the serotypes involved and development of polyvalent vaccine are recommended to allow the progress of preventive methods
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) Exposure in Dairy Cattle in Southern and Central Ethiopia and Potential Association with Reproductive Performance
(Addis Ababa University, 2022) Kassaye Aragaw; Fekadu Regassa
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is an important viral pathogen of cattle with a worldwide distribution. Although infection with the virus is usually subclinical, it may cause wideranging clinical conditions in cattle. Its main economic significance results from its effect on reproductive performance of cattle. It causes embryonic mortality and absorption, abortion, stillbirth, fetal malformation and birth of weak calves depending on stage of pregnancy during infection. In cetain outbreaks it may cause severe morbidity and mortality in susceptible herds depending on the strain of the virus. Despite the economic importance of the virus in almost every major cattle producing countries of the world only few studies have so far been conducted in Ethiopia. Those few works were also mostly limited to serological studies in limited geographic areas. There is lack of reports regarding occurrence of active disease or outbreaks associating infection with clinical conditions and losses. There is also so far no published work on the genotype of the virus prevalent in the country. Therefore this study was designed with aims to estimate the seroprevalence, identify associated risk factors and assess association of BVDV serostatus with reproductive wastage in dairy cows in Ethiopia. The study also attempted to detect and characterize BVDV nucleic acid in samples collected from bovine abortions and sera collected from selected animals. Accordingly, sera were collected from 954 randomly selected cattle from 98 dairy herds in southern and central Ethiopia. These sera samples were tested for BVDV antibodies using a commercial ELISA. Fetal tissue samples and placenta from 30 bovine abortions and sera from 26 selected cattle were also collected for detection of BVDV nucleic acid using reverse transcription (RT)-PCR. Among screened sera samples 20.9% (95%CI, 18.4, 23.6) were tested positive to BVDV antibodies. The herd prevalence was 50% (95%CI, 40.1, 59.9) and the intra-herd prevalence ranged between 2.6% and 100% (mean = 31.4%) in positive herds. Geographic region, herd size and animal arrangement in the farm had significant association with serostatus (p <0.05). Cattle from southern Ethiopia and herds of large size had 2.8 (95%CI; 1.9, 4.2) and 2.6 (95%CI; 1.5, 4.6) times higher odds of being seropositive compared to their counterparts, respectively. Serostatus to BVDV was associated with history of anestrus, repeat breeding (RB), mastitis and extended calving interval (CI) (p <0.05). Animals with history of extended CI and mastitis were 1.7 (95%CI; 1.0, 2.7) and 2.2 (95%CI; 1.5, 3.2) times more likely to be seropositive compared with those with normal CI and no history of mastitis, respectively. On the other hand, animals with history of anestrus and RB were less likely to be seropositive to BVDV compared to cattle with no such history. All samples tested with RT-PCR were negative for BVDV nucleic acid. Our study highlights the association of BVDV infection with some important reproductive performance traits and potential risk factors. The study also demonstrated high occurrence of reproductive health problems in dairy cattle in Ethiopia and that the reproductive performance of dairy cattle in the study herds is suboptimal.
Characterization of Camelus Dromedarius in Ethiopia: Production Systems, Reproductive Performances and Infertility Problems
(Addis Ababauniversity, 2015-03) Simenew Keskes ; Regassa, Fekadu
A cross-sectional questionnaire survey and focused group discussions were conducted to characterize production systems and reproductive performances of dromedary camels among Afar, Somali and Borana Zone of Oromia region, Ethiopia. A total of 299 households were included in the study during the period of October 2011 to March 2013. Husbands dominate in their roles for camel husbandry practices and almost all of them are illiterates. About 68.2%, 98% and 48% of Afar, 24 Somali and Borana pastoralists respectively preferred camels as their first choice over other livestock species kept mainly for milk and meat production as well as transportation. The camel management dominating in the study areas of Afar and Somali regions is traditional nomadic. Mature female camels were dominant and in the camel herd of Somali (54.87%) and Borana (33.8%), but no such numerical data could be found from Afar as they did not want to disclose their herd size. In Afar camels, mean SD age at first calving was 64.7±8.9 months and their calving interval was 31.2±8.7 months. Mean SD age at first calving and calving interval were 62.16±10.44 and 23.28±3.36 months respectively among Somali camels. Among Borana camels 69.6±7.2 months of age at first calving and 28.8 ±5.3 months of calving intervals were recorded. Age at first calving and calving interval could be minimized to a reasonable time by proper husbandry practices and health care. The mean lactation lengths were not statistically different among the three regions. Diseases and predators were reported as the main causes of calf mortality in the study areas. Calf mortality rate could be reduced by preventing predators attack and if other disease prevention and management cares were in place it could also be reduced to minimum. Animal diseases, lack of pasture and security were the main constraints in camel production of the study areas. For the better productivity of camels, the major constraints such as disease problems, lack of pasture and tribal conflicts should be mitigated. Proper husbandry and health services can play significant roles in the long term improvement of camel production and productivity of the region. Taking into account the adaptation of camels in the drought prone area and their productivity potential, policy makers, researchers and funding agencies should give attentions to camel health problems and improve food security in the ever widening desertification in the region. Key Words: Camelus dromedarius, Ethiopia, production system, reproductive performances
Comparison of Conception Rate of Frozen Semen from Two Extenders and Methods of Early Pregnancy Diagnosis Using Ultrasonography, And Progesterone Analysis in Dairy Cattle
(2019-06) Shimelis Abiy; Alemayehu Lemma
Semen extenders used in Ethiopia are imported and expensive. Pregnancy detection is mostly through rectal palpation. This study was designed to compare conception rates of frozen semen prepared by commercial (Bioxcell) and homemade (Tris egg yolk) extenders. Further, evaluate advanced methods of early pregnancy diagnosis (18th to 22nd days post AI) using Progesterone analysis and Ultrasonography. Post-thaw semen viability, forward motility, live percent and morphological abnormality were 67±2.6%; 43.59±3.7%; 47.22±1.8% and 42.12±1.26% for TEY preserved semen, respectively; while the same parameters were 68.11±2.6%; 40.83±4.0%; 46.52±1.7% and 41.64±1.1% for Bioxcell preserved semen, respectively. HOS test was higher in TEY (8.87±0.72) extended semen than that of BioXcell extended semen (4.45±1.20%). A total 120 animals were included for both study, 48 animals for conception rate of semen extenders (14 heifers and 34 cows) were equally grouped and inseminated (24 by Bioxcell – G-I and 24 by Tris egg yolk – G-II). First service conception rate was 50% for G-I and 70.8% for G-II. Though conception rate was higher in G-II, there were statistically non significant but higher values between the groups. Nevertheless, conception rate was higher for both heifers and cows within G-II (71.42% and 70.58% in G-II compared to 42.85% and 52.94% in G-I). From a total of 72 animals inseminated for early pregnancy detection, pregnancy was confirmed on Days 18th and 22nd by RMPT and serum P4 analysis 42(58.4%) and 37(51.4%) respectively, and on Day 28th Ultrasonography 32 (44.5%) post AI. Although pregnancy detection with RMPT was statistically non significant but the values was higher between the tests. RMPT was the most sensitive (88.9%) but less specific (72.2%) taking Ultrasonography as a gold standard. Pregnancy later performed by transrectal palpation on Day 40 post AI showed 27 (37%) indicating the presence of corpus luteum and early embryonic mortality. RMPT was found to be relatively cheaper, and easier to apply under field condition. Results comparable to ultrasonography can be found if the test is repeated 7-8 days later. In conclusion, semen extenders can be locally prepared to mitigate the cost commercial extenders with even better conception results. Diagnosis of pregnancy can also be made at an earlier stage using a RMPT under the field conditions of Ethiopia.
Cultural Characterization, Molecular Detection and In-Vitro Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile of Streptococcus equi subsp. Equi from Donkeys Suspected of Strangles in Central Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2012-06-01) Manyahilushal Etana; Tesfaye Sisay
Cultural characterization and molecular detection of Streptococcus equi subsp. equi from strangles suspected naturally infected donkeys was conducted in central Ethiopia from September 20 II to April, 2012 . Antibiotic susceptibility profile of the isolates was also studied. Basic bacteriology for isolation and characterization, PCR for genome detection and disc method for antibiotic susceptibility were used. A total of 87 donkeys were sampled. Out of these 21 (24.1 %) donkeys had only nasal discharge, 47 (54%) had both nasal discharge and swelling of either submandibular or retropharyngeal lymph nodes, 2 (2.3%) had parotid lymph node involvement, 12 (13.8%) had severe guttural pouch empyema and extended head and neck with strider breathing and also 5 (5 .8%) donkeys chondroid positive at postmortem. Young donkeys were affected with severe form of the disease, swelling of lymph nodes of the head region and guttural pouch empyema, than adults (p<0.05). Culturally, a total of 189 bacterial isolates belonging to II genera were obtained. These were Streptococcus spp. (42.3%), Staphylococcus spp. (18%), Neisseria spp. (1 .6%), Enterococcus spp. (10.1 %), Bacillus spp. (7.9%), COlynebaclerium spp. (4.8%), Rhodococcus spp. (2.1 %), Pasteurella spp. (5.8%), AClinomycels spp. (3.7%), Pseudomonas spp.( 2.1 %) and Proteus spp. (1.6%). Swab samples had contributed for the majority of the isolates (87.8%). The isolation rate of S. equi subsp. equi from aspirate samples was 40% being significantly (p<0.05) higher than swab samples 14%. The detection rate by PCR was 72% and 87% from swabs and aspirates samples, respectively. The molecular method was more sensitive (p<0.05) compared to cultural method . which was significantly (p<0.05) higher compared to cultural method. The in- vitro antibiotic susceptibility test of S. equi subsp. equi revealed that all isolates were found to be susceptible to ampicillin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, norfloxacin, erythromycin, vancomycin, cephalothin, doxycycline, ceftriaxone and tetracycline; however, all of the isolates were resistant to sulphonamide, kanamycin and streptomycin. Despite its lack of sensitivity relative to PCR, cultme is of value because it definitively establishes infection. Routine use of both microbial culture and PCR analysis of samples maximize detection of S. equi subsp. equi. Aspirates, when possible, are the preferred sample to increase the sensitivity of both culture and PCR assays
Effect Of Breed, Parity and Body Condition on Fficacy of Double and Single Pgf2α Bovine Estrus Synchronization Protocol in Boran and Crossbreed Dairy Cattle in Bishoftu, Ethiopia
(2018-06) Demisse Ejigayehu; Alemayehu Lemma
From January 2017 to June 2018 study was conducted to evaluate efficacy of single and double bovine estrus synchronization in boran and cross breed dairy cattle in Bishoftu, Ethiopia. Estrus Synchronization is one of the reproductive management tools. Failure to detect estrus in timely and accurate manner is a major factor limiting reproductive efficiency. For this different factors may suggested. The current study was conducted with the hypothesis of, breed, parity; body condition score can influence estrus synchronization with the objectives of evaluating estrus response rate of double and single PGF2α, studying estrus characteristics and effect of breed, parity and body condition on the outcomes of single and double PGF2α. Randomized block design were employed, a total of 54 animals’ heifers and cows of local and cross breed were selected, and 36 for double and 18 single PGF2α. Animals were grouped based on treatment, parity, body condition and breed. Insemination was done based on standing to be mounted signs of estrus and pregnancies were diagnosed after 21 days post insemination using ultrasonography. Results of the study showed that an overall estrus response of 72.2% and conception rate were 30%. Body condition of cows/heifers significantly (p<0.05) effect on estrus response, treatment protocol and parity also influence interval to estrus. Estrus characteristics such as restlessness (57.4%), standing to be mounted (53.7%) and mounting others (51.9%) were the most frequent observed signs, were standing o be mounted significantly influence(p<0.05) ovulation.On conclusion; estrus response was influenced by body condition, but treatment protocol, parity and breed had no effect. Interval to estrus was influenced by parity and treatment protocol. On the other hand estrus characteristics like standing to be mounted had influence on ovulation rate. 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Effect of Breed, Parity and Body Condition on Ovarian Response and Conception Rate of Boran and Zebu-Holstein Crossbred Dairy Cows Subjected to Ovsynch or Co-Synch Protocol
(2018-06) Alebachew Tilahun ; Alemayehu Lemma
A study was carried out to evaluate the effect of parity, breed and body condition on ovarian response and conception rate of Boran (n=17) and Zebu-Holstein cross (n=18) dairy cows bred by Ovsynch or Co-synch timed artificial insemination. Ovarian response (ovulation and luteolysis) and pregnancy diagnosis were made by ultrasound and progesterone assay. For progesterone assay blood samples were collected at day 0, 5, 7, 9, 15 and day 21 of the experiments. The overall ovulation rate was 85.7%, of which 90% and 80% in Ovsynch and Co-synch, respectively. In this study, body condition, breed, and parity did not influence ovulation rate in both protocols (P>0.05). The overall conception rate was 60%, (55% in Ovsynch and 66.7% in Co-synch). Conception rate was relatively higher in Boran (70.6%) compared to crossbred (50%). However, the difference in conception rate was not statistically significant (P>0.05). Conception rate was significantly higher in primiparous (73.7%) compared to multiparous dairy cows (43.8%) (P <0.05). Conception rate was not influenced by body condition and breed in both protocols. The mean diameter of corpus luteum was 18.3±1.31 mm for animals with good body condition while it was 11.84±0.93 for those with low to moderate body condition and mean difference of corpus luteum was statistically significant (P<0.05). However, breed and parity did not influence mean size of corpus luteum. Twenty-seven cows (77.1%) had functional corpus luteum on day seven of the treatment (progesterone >1 ng/ml) and the progesterone was reduced to less than 1 ng/ml in 22 cows (81.5%) on day nine after PGF injection. In five cows (18.5%) the progesterone remained at levels greater than 1 ng/ml after PGF2α treatment (day 9). The result of this study demonstrated that conception was higher in Boran cows than Zebu-Holstein cross. Based on the result, it could also be concluded that both Ovsynch and Co-synch can give acceptable level of conception with the established TAI protocols.
Effect of Processed Layer Litter as a Replacement of Noug Cake on Feed Intake, Milk Yield and Composition of Lactating Cows
(Addis Ababa University, 2010-06-01) Netsanet Ayalew; Mekonen H/mariam
A study was conducted between September 2009 and March 2010 to assess the level of poultry litter use in Deberzeit town and to evaluate the replacement effect of layer litter in feed intake, milk yield and composition lactating dairy cows. Seventy five milk producers were interviewed by using semi-structured questionnaire. They were selected randomly from membership list of Adda' a Liben Dairy and Dairy products marketing Association. Eight lactating animals at mid lactation stage were assigned to four treatments containing poultry litter 0 %( control), 5%, 10% & 15% in across over design. Significant proportions (60%) of dairy producers were found to use poultry litter as an ingredient for dairy cattle feed with mean inclusion rate of 21 % in a concentrate mixture. The price of poultry litter whether it is processed (162 birr per quintal) or unprocessed (84 birr per quintal) was lower than the price of Noug cake (240 birr per quintal) during the study period. Bad flavor and bad taste of milk were the main reasons for those who stopped using poultry litter as feed ingredient. Higher proportion of respondents did not have any complain regarding the health of dairy animals due to feeding poultry litter. No significant difference (p>0.05) was observed in total dry matter intake among the four treatments. There were no significant difference observed in milk yield & composition among the four dietary treatments. However, there were significant differences among treatments when observed across periods in feed intake, milk yield and composition. It can, therefore, concluded that poultry litter can be good replacement for resource poor producers
Effect of Traditional Husbandry on Reproductive Performance of Goats in Benishangul-Gumuz Region
(2008-06) Begashaw Yeshawork ; Alemayehu Lemma
Study was conducted from October 2007 to April 2008 in six districts of two administrative zones of the Benishangul-Gumuz region to determine the reproductive performance of goats under traditional husbandry system. Structure questionnaire and a field clinical survey studies were used on a total of 200 randomly selected households. The entire goats owned by the households were clinically examined for the presence of any health problem. Records of animal identification, parameters of reproductive performance such as weaning age and age at puberty, litter size, KI, the type of management practice and clinical parameters were taken on pre-designed format. The type of management was measured from conditions of housing (absence or presence), feeding (presence of supplementation), and health (getting veterinary service). The level of management was categorized as poor, moderate and good according to Song et al., (2006). Accordingly, goats were primarily (68%) kept for income generation while some (26%) keep goats for both income generation and/or meat. The common housing practice was either poor (48.5%) or inexistent (51.5%). Feeding on natural pasture with supplementation (commonly maize, sorghum or kitchen waste) constitute 29% while the remaining 71% were known to exclusively depend on grazing. The major production constraints were health problems (53%); poor genetic potential (20.43%) and shortage of feed (20.32%). Generally, goats reached puberty at 6.5±1.22 (male) and 6.7±1.22 months (female). The mean (±sd) kidding interval was 252.35±31.46 days with a mean (±sd) litter size of 1.6±0.3. Annual reproductive rate was found to be 2.2kids/year. The mean (±sd) weaning age was 4.74±0.7 months. All animals were clinically examined on the basis of the history, inspection, palpation, percussion, auscultation and information was taken from each household during the study period. Out of 461 clinically examined animals the incidence of external parasitism, internal parasitism; reproductive diseases, and infectious diseases were in the order of 80.7 %, 23.2%, 16.1% and 22.8 %, respectively. The primary goat feed resource was natural pasture and river was a main source of water. The prevailing housing is rudimentary and difficulty for management of different categories of goats. Over all management level, especially health management and feeding regime were found to be the ix primary factors significantly affecting the reproductive parameters of goats. Kidding interval and weaning age were the most affected parameters by existing traditional husbandry in the study area.
Epidemiologial Study on Ectoparasites of Small Ruminants in Three Selected Agro-Ecological Areas in Oromia Regional State and Their Impact on Tanning Industry, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2010-06-01) Kebede Beyecha; Moses Kyule
A cross-sectional study was conducted in three selected agro-ecologies of Oromia regional state and Modjo and Ethiopia tanneries, Ethiopia between October, 2009 and April, 2010 with the objectives of determining the prevalence of ectoparasites in sheep and goats, investigating the effect of risk factors on ectoparasite prevalence distribution and assessing the pickled and wet blue skin defects. Simple and systematic samplings were used. The results of cross sectional clinical examination indicated that out of 1325 sheep and 979 goats examined, 637 sheep (48.1%) and 487goats (49.7%) were infested with one or more ectoparasites. The ectoparasites identified on sheep were Damalinia ovis (27.2%), Melophagus ovinus (16.4%), ticks infestation (11.2%), Ctenocephalides species (2.3%), Linognathus species (l.5%), and sarcoptic mange (l.2%). Tn goats, ticks infestation (24.6%), Linognathus species (16.5%), sarcoptic mange (8.8%), and Ctenocephalides species (5.1 %) were identified type of ectoparasites. The overall prevalence of ectoparasites in lowlands, midlands and highlands was, respectively 38.5%, 47.3% and 52.9% in sheep and 49.5%, 564.5% and 33.0% in goats. Statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) was observed in prevalence of D. ovis among agro-ecologies (highland (36.6%), midland (20.9%) and lowland (14.0%)) and M ovinus between midland (1.9%) and highlands (31.7%).The risk of tick infestation of sheep in lowland and midland was 9.883 times and 13.988 times, respectively higher than highlands. There was also significant difference in prevalence of Ctenocephalides between lowland and highland (OR= 4.738, P = 0.011) and midland and highland (OR= 8.073 , p= 0.000). However no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05) was observed in Linognathus and sarcoptic mange of sheep. In goats, there was statistically significant difference (p< 0.05) in prevalence of ticks among agro-ecologies, L.stenopsis between lowland and highland and sarcoptic mange between lowland and midland. Both in sheep .and goats no statistically significant difference in prevalence of all identified ectoparasites (p > 0.05) was observed between male and females. Statistically significant difference in prevalence of D. ovis was observed between young (32.0%) and adult (24.1 %) sheep (p< 0.006). In goats, the risk of Ctenocephalides in young was 2.430 times higher than adults. There was also statistically significant difference (p < 0.000) in prevalence of sarcoptic mange between young and adult goats. In prevalence of M avis, D. ovis and sarcoptic mange, statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) was observed between poor and good body condition sheep. There was also significant difference in prevalence of sarcoptic mange between poor and good conditioned goats (OR = 7.565, p = 0.000). A study on 716 pickled sheep skins and 716 wet blue goat skins showed cockle ('ekek') was the second dominant defect both on pickled skins (60.2%) and wet blue skins (45.1%). Other major skin defects observed in this study were scratches, scars, and flaying. There was significant association between cockle and scars ("l = 15 .257, p = 0.000) and cockle and scratches (l = 6.965, p = 0.008) on pickled sheep skins. There was also significant association on wet blue goat skins between the cockle and scratches ("l = 1 0.598, p =0.001); however no significant association was observed between cockle and scars (l = 1.983, p = 0.195). This current study also indicates that the proportion of skins with cockle were higher in lower grades than top grades. The results of questionnaire survey revealed that sixty eight owners (91.8%) in lowland, 74 (91.13%) midland and 68 (91.89%) highland knew one or more parasitic skin diseases on sheep and goats. Half of interviewed farmers (lowland) believed that mange had effects on the value of affected skins, while the majority of the respondents in all surveyed ago ecologies did not consider that keds, lice and ticks affected the sale of skins. The overall findings of the study indicate the need of strategic ectoparasite control program in the study area
Epidemiology of Rabies in Ethiopia and Evaluation of the Rapid Immunodiagnostic Test Kit for Rabies Diadnosis
(Addis Ababa University, 2011-12-01) Reta Tesfaye; Teshale Sori
The aims of this study were to investigate the epidemiology of rabies in humans and animals and to evaluate the diagnostic performances of the Anigen Rapid Rabies Ag Test Kit. Retrospective data of 2008-20 II and 20091l 0 were used to analyze rabies in animals and humans, respectively, mainly in and around Addis Ababa. A questionnaire was developed and used to get additional epidemiological information during the study period (March to September, 2011). A total of 935 brain samples were examined during 2008-20 II. Of this total number, 77.6% (N=726) samples were positive for rabies. The highest proportion, 87.2% (N=633) of the positive cases was recorded in dogs followed by cats, 5.1 % (N=37). The frequencies of occurrence of rabies in other species were very limited. This showed that dogs remain the dominant species in maintenance and transmission of rabies to humans and other animals in Ethiopia. Further analysis of characteristics of rabid dogs showed that owned, adult, non-vaccinated, male dogs were most frequently diagnosed positive for rabies virus. Furious form of rabies was the most commonly reported form of the disease in rabid dogs. Rabies cases were reported throughout the year with slight variations among the months of the year. Its occurrence showed variation among administrative regions depending on their distance from the laboratory. A total of 2345 people received post-exposure prophylaxis in 20 I 0/20 II against rabies due to exposure to rabid or rabies suspected animals and humans. The greater proportion of post-exposure prophylaxis was given to humans exposed to rabid or rabies suspected dogs. Fermi type vaccine was the most common, 81% (1887/2337), vaccine type used for post-exposure prophylaxis. The majority, 72.3% (165312286), of the post- exposure prophylaxis was given to humans bitten by animals with an unknown rabies status. The mean number of exposed humans per rabid animal was about 3 with a range of 0 to 15 persons. The gold standard test for rabies diagnosis is the fluorescent antibody test, requiring a fluorescent microscope and additional laboratory equipment. Recently, a rapid and easy immunodiagnostic test was developed which needs no specialized laboratory equipment and needs less expertise. Anigen Rapid Rabies Ag Test Kit was evaluated using 115 brain samples collected from dogs, cats and bovines. The sensitivity and specificity of the rapid immunodiagnostic test were 96.5 (95% CI: 90.0 - 99.3%) and 100% (95% CI: 88.4 - 100%), respectively compared to the fluorescent antibody test. This test could be useful for field use particularly in rabies surveillance and also for targeted post-exposure prophylaxis where the standard test is not available. Strategy for control and elimination of rabies should be in place and implemented in Ethiopia. Furthermore, the rapid immunodiagnostic test kit should be evaluated at larger scale using samples from different species of animals. Strategies for the application of the rapid immunodiagnostic test for the improvement of rabies surveillance and subsequent post exposure prophylaxis should also be studied
Estrus Response of Boran and Boran-Holstein Crossed Cattle to Pgf2α and Pregnancy Rates to Sexed and Conventional Semen, Holeta, Ethiopia
(2020-06) Boneya Galma; Tefera Yilma
The study was conducted majorly to evaluate pregnancy rate to sex sorted semen and high grade non sex sorted imported semen in a 2X2 factorial design in Boran and Boran X Holstein cross cows and heifers. The effect of some animal related factors which may affect pregnancy rate and heat characteristics of different breeds and party were evaluated. A total of 71cows/heifers consisting of 36 Boran and 35 Boran x Holstein of which 49 were cows and 22 heifers were purposively selected and synchronized using PGF2, twenty five Boran (69.4%) and twenty seven Boran x Holstein cross (77.1) were responded to PGF2 and exhibited estrus. When response to PGF2 was compared by parity, 65.3% cows (n=32) and 90.9% heifers (n=20) exhibited estrus. Parity has statistically significant (P<0.05) effect on estrus response in which heifers showed higher response rate than cows whereas, breeds, body condition score and treatment (response at single or double PGF2) did not show significant effects on estrus response (P>0.05). Average duration of estrus was significantly longer in Boran x Holstein cross breed than Boran breed. However, average interval to onset of estrus and duration of standing estrus were not significant differ (P>0.05) by both breed and parity. A multivariable logistic regression model including the breed, parity, body condition score, treatment, semen type and their interactions was evaluated. Parity and semen type showed significant variation (P<0.05) on the pregnancy rate. On pregnancy detection, 54.1% Boran and 57.6% cross breed cattle were found pregnant of which 46.8% were cows and 72.2% were heifers to both types of semen. The pregnancy rate was 66.6% to conventional semen and 46.1% to sexed semen. It could be concluded that sexed semen could be a better option to improve number of replacement heifers. Similarly, high grade imported semen may help speeding up genetic improvement when used on Boran heifers. However, data from large number of animals should better be generated. Heifers were well responded to than cows; duration of estrus was longer in Boran breeds than crossbred and heifers was higher conception rates than cows.
Evaluation of Biochemical Determinants of Successful Conception in Dairy Cows in and around Bishoftu, Ethiopia
(Addis Abeba University, 2024) Kutelo Kussia; Alemayehu Lemma
The influence of biochemical characteristics of cervical mucus at the time of estrus were evaluated on conception rates of normal-cycling and repeat-breeding dairy cows. A total of 62 Holstein-Friesian dairy cows, 38 normal-cycling and 24 repeat-breeding cows, were included in the study. Vaginal electrical resistance (VER) was measured before artificial insemination and cows were categorized into three VER groups (150-180, 181-220 and >220 Ω). The cows were also grouped into three body weight ranges (300-350, 351-400 and 401-450 kg). Cervical fluid parameters including pH, spinnbarkeit, sperm penetration and crystallization patterns were measured or scored and pregnancy was diagnosed by ultrasonography after 30 days post-AI The overall conception rate was 54.84% with a significant difference (P<0.05) between normal cycling cows (63.2%) and repeated breeders (41.7%). The mean (±SD) VER was in the order of 219.03±66.17Ω and 221.67±41.77Ω for normal-cycling and repeated breeding cows, respectively. The average pH and spinnbarkeit value of cervical fluid were 7.38±0.32, 5.76±2.2cm in normal cycling and 7.32±0.27, 5.85±3.77cm in repeat breeder cows, respectively. The mean(±SD) VER of pregnant and nonpregnant cows were 202.15±31.15Ω and 241.79±73.56Ω, respectively. Body weight, timing of insemination and VER showed significant effects (P<0.05). Conception rates were highest for cows weighing 351- 400 kg(75%), inseminated 7-12 hours (71.43%) after standing estrus and VER of 181-220 Ω 84.21%). Interestingly, although there was some tendency for influence of the cervical fluid pH, this was not statistically significant, but sperm penetration, spinnbarkeit value and crystallization patterns of cervical fluid did (P<0.05). Cows with normal sperm penetration (72.2%), spinnbarkeit of 7-9 cm (87.5%) and typical crystallization patterns of cervical mucus (76.47%) had comparatively higher conception rates. In conclusion, sperm penetration, spinnbarkeit, vaginal electrical resistance and crystallization pattern are useful predictors of optimal insemination timing in Holstein cows.
Evaluation on the Modulation Effect of High Protein and Energy Diet on Estrus Characteristics, Prolificacy and Pregnancy Rate in Menz Breed Sheep
(Addis Abeba University, 2024) Animaw Andargie; Alemayehu Lemma
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of short-term nutritional supplementation on the body weight, onset and duration of estrus, pregnancy rate, prolificacy, and plasma glucose level in Menz breed ewes. Twenty-four healthy and normally cycling ewes were distributed to two treatment groups T1: (Lupin; n=8), T2; (Barley; n=8) and one control group C: (Control; n=8) using randomized block design. Estrus was synchronized with double prostaglandin injections given 9 days apart to achieve the target late luteal phase of estrous cycle. Grass hay was provided as the basal diet for ewes in all treatment and control groups. In addition to grass hay, ewes were allowed to graze for 8 hours during the day time, and they had free water access. Ewes in the treatment group T1 were supplemented with 500g of Lupin grain per head per day, divided into 250g in the morning and 250g in the evening. Similarly, ewes in treatment group T2 were supplemented with 500g of Barley grain, also divided into 250g portions for morning and evening. The supplementation lasted for 9 consecutive days during the late luteal phase of the estrous cycle. The average weight of ewes did not vary between or within the groups (P > 0.05). The mean time to onset of estrus (mean+SD) varied significantly (P < 0.05) between the treatment groups T1 (29.25+2.88), T2 (31.5+2.95), and the control group C (42+1.96). The supplemented groups T1 and T2 accelerate the ewes to come into estrus earlier than nonsupplemented control group (C). The duration of estrus (mean+SD) also varied significantly (P < 0.05) between the treatment groups T1, T2, and the control group (C). The non-supplemented control group, exhibited the shortest estrus duration (29.13+1.44), followed by treatment group T2 (35.63+2.71) and T1 (41.5+2.19). The supplemented groups of ewes demonstrated an extended duration of estrus than the non-supplemented control group. The plasma glucose concentration revealed a significant difference (P < 0.05) across all groups and the duration of supplement administration. The pregnancy rate varied significantly (P < 0.05) between the groups, with the rate of 100% in Lupin supplemented group, 87.5% in Barley supplemented group, and 50% in non-supplemented Control group. The prolificacy rate was also varied significantly (P < 0.05) with the rate of 50% in Lupin supplemented groups of ewes, followed by the Barley supplemented group (13%) and 0% in non-supplemented Control group. It could be concluded that Lupin supplementation improves response to estrus, plasma metabolic profile, pregnancy and prolificacy rate in ewes. We recommend a detailed study on the effect of Lupin on reproductive hormones and more other blood metabolites.
In Vitro Maturation of Oocytes Retrieved Through Transvaginal Oocyte Aspiration from Boran and Boran *Holstein Friesian Crossbred Cows
(Addis Ababa University, 2021) Asnaku Funga; Alemayehu Lemma
The developmental competence of immature oocytes largely depends on the origin and method of retrieval. This is known to determine the success of in vitro embryo production. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro maturation difference of oocytes from pure Boran and Holstein Friesian*Boran crossbred cows obtained through ovum pickup. The OPU was carried out on 10 cows, 5 cows from each breed. The overall oocyte recovery rate was 43.4% (288/663); 39.3% (131/333) for Boran and 47.6% (157/330) for Crossbred with no breed influence (p>0.05). Oocytes aspirated from the 288 follicles (all ≥ 3mm) were matured in either TCM-199 or BO-IVM maturation mediums. Proportion of viable oocytes were comparable between Boran (81.60%) and B*HF crossbred (78.9%). The mean number of oocytes collected per ovum pickup session for Boran and Crossbred cows were 2.18 ± 1.90 and 2.62 ± 1.86, respectively. The overall maturation rate was in the order of 79.4% and 79% for Boran and crossbreeds, respectively, and comparable between the breeds. Considering all maturation indices, oocyte maturation was significantly higher (p<0.05) in BO-IVM (88.5%) compared to TCM-199 (70.4%). Maturation of Boran oocytes in BO-IVM was relatively higher (90.3%) compared to Boran*HF oocytes (86.2%); whereas it was 73.1% for Boran and 68.2% for Boran*HF oocytes in TCM. Maturation rate in terms of cumulus cell expansion was relatively better in BO-IVM (59.3% fully expanded and 30.1% partially expanded) compared to TCM-199 (46.9% fully expanded and 24.4% partially expanded). Overall, there was extrusion of the polar body in 55.75% of oocytes and increased perivitelline space in 69.2% of oocytes. Zona quality was relatively better in BO-IVM (69.2% of oocytes) compared to TCM-199 medium (60.9% of oocytes). In conclusion, oocyte maturation following OPU was influenced by media type but not by breed. It can also be concluded that some of the maturation indices were more affected by breed and media type even though the overall maturation was closely similar.
Isolation of Thermophilic Campylobacter Species in Chicken Meat and in Fecal Samples Taken from Poultry Farms in Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2011-06-01) Yohannes Semahegne; Akafite Teklu
A cross-sectional study was conducted from October, ·2010 to May, 2011 on apparently healthy broiler chickens (n=263) to assess the extent of colonization and the subsequent contamination of chicken carcass with thermophlic Campylobacter species in Debre Zeit. The study involved six randomly selected broiler farms (2 large and 4 small scale farms) situated in Debre Zeit, where broilers are raised and slaughtered. From the total of 526 fecal and carcass swab samples, thermophilic Campylobacler species were isolated in 284 (54%) samples. Thermophilic Campylobacter spp. were isolated from 149 (56.65%) of the 263 fecal swab samples investigated from six poultry fanns. Among the 149 viable isolates, 141 (94.63%) were identified as C.jejuni while only 8 (5.37%) were identified as C. coli. On the other hand, 135 (51.33%) of the carcass swab samples were found positive for thermophilic Campylobacter spp. 133 (89.26%) of these isolates were identified as C. jejuni and only 2 (1.34%) were isolates of C. coli. There were statistically significant differences in the isolation rates of Campylobacter species among large and small production scale, and amongst the farms studied. However, there were no statistically significant differences in the isolation rate of Campylobacter species between the sexes and between the types of sample examined. The results of this study indicate that thermophilic campylobacters are very frequent among poultry in Ethiopia, suggesting possible risks of infection to people through the consumption of contaminated poultry products or through contact with infected poultry
Modulation of Ovarian Function to Improve Suitability for Reproductive Biotechnology Application in Local and Crossbred Cattle
(Addis Ababa University, 2022) Tilaye Demissie; Alemayehu Lemma
Ovarian function is influenced by various intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Breed related variations, nutrition; local environmental conditions are among the major sources of differences in response to application of reproductive biotechnologies. It is of paramount importance to understand specific ovarian functions amenable to modifications in order to improve suitability for advanced technologies such as fixed time artificial insemination (FTAI), ultrasound guided ovum pickup (OPU) and in vitro embryo production (IVP). In the first part of this study, estrus sign/s that best correlate with the time of ovulation and pregnancies rate to insemination at FTAI was evaluated in 27 Boran*Holstein crossbred dairy heifers. The second part explored ovarian response to estrus synchronizing hormones by cow realated factors and pregnancy rate to FTAI after ovulation synchronization using GnRH and PGF2α with or without progesterone augmentation (CIDR vaginal insert) in native Borans and Boran*Holstein crossbred dairy cows. The third part assessed the effect of CL, follicle ablation, administration of different doses/frequency of FSH, and different coasting period in Boran cows. Result indicated that, the frequency of occurrence of various estrus signs, length of estrus, and onset of estrus, was not affected (P>0.05) by estrus type. Irrespective of estrus type, standing estrus (r=1, P<0.05), and mounting other heifers (r=0.87, P<0.05) showed a strong positive correlation with ovulation time. Ovulation rate and pregnancy rate on day 32 was significantly higher (P<0.05) in cows that received CIDR augmentation to the double GnRH and PGF2α protocol compared to those that did not. When time of insemination was considered conception rate to insemination 19h post second GnRH administration was significantly higher (P<0.05) for Ovsynch group compared to Cosynch group. Presence of CL did not influence mean number of follicles aspirated, oocyte recovery rate, and quality of oocyte and cleavage rate. Divided dose of 175 IU FSH and 350 IU FSH ignificantly (P<0.05) improved the mean number of medium and large follicles compared to single dose while the 48h coasting period significantly improved (P<0.05) oocyte grade, oocyte maturation rate and cleavage rate. It could be concluded that standing estrus best predict ovulation time. Insemination scheduled at 19h of standing estrus significantly increase conception rate as this sign best correlates with the mean time of ovulation. Further, CIDR priming to the synchronization protocol greatly improve ovulation rate and subsequent pregnancy. Follicular ablation and administration of divided doses of FSH prior to OPU and a coasting period of just 48hr improves follicular population and oocyte recovery rate. Hwever, future studies are recommended to answer why Boran cows’ with morphologically smaller CL than Boran*Holstein cows have larger amount of progesterone than Boran*Holstein. Why some heifers that ovulated to D0 GnRH did not ovulate to D9 GnRH. As some of the CL that were present at day of start were lost at PGF2α the effect of stages of estrus cycle at the start of hormone treatment shoud be assessed both in Boran and Boran*Holstein cattle.

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