College of Humanities, Language Studies, Journalism & Communication

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A Content Analysis of Children’s Tv Program: the Case of Addis Media Network (Addis Tv) “Yenege Frewoch” Children’s Show
(Addis Ababa University, 2022-09) AbdilkidusTemam; Tenaw Terefe Asst. Prof.
This study aims at analyzing of contents of children’s Tv program on Addis Media Network(Addis tv). Through critical observation and interviews with the producers, editors, and head ofthe show, an effort is made to understand the content of the AMN (Addis Tv) children's program.Content analysis and in-depthinterviews were employed to produce the necessary data for thestudy. In the context of this study, the qualitative content analysis of 10 children's programs 20%0f the total sample were selected through purposive sampling techniques which are broadcastedfrom January 2021 to December 2021 was done. In addition to this an in-depth interview heldwith the program editor, producer, and department head.The findings of the research verified thatAMN (Addis Tv) children’s Tv show has some constraints towards domestic oriented contentsspecially in the area of films, music, fairy tales and using puppets based stories. The outcomes ofthe individual in-depth interviews revealed that as there are some challenges which tackle themto produce a good children’s Tv show.
A Deconstructionist Reading of Yismaeke’s Kibur Dingay and Yeogaden Dimetoch.
(Addis Ababa University, 2021) Birhan Mekuanent; Dr. Berhanu Matthews
The objective of this paper is to examine the binary oppositions, the inconsistencies, the notion of absence, and ambiguity of the novels. To achieve the objective of the study the research answers the role of binary oppositions and ambiguities in making new meaning of the novels, moreover the research shows the dominant inconsistencies and notion of absence in Kibur Dingay (Ore) and Yeogaden Dimetoch (Ogaden’s Cats). The study is based on textual and intertextual analysis; hence the researcher provides selective and relevant extracts from the novels for discussion after a repetitive critical reading. Moreover, a Biblical expression has been exemplified, and also it deals with the De-humanization of the current generation based on the deconstructionist point of view. In the research a highlight is given in the introduction about the relevance of theory of deconstruction to the study. A brief conceptual issue of deconstruction, which is formulated by Jacques Derrida, is discussed in the second chapter. In the third chapter analysis is made on the novels based on deconstruction theory. The dual nature of the characters: the Dog-man, the Cat-man and the Cat-woman create an ambiguity to exhibit how much the respected human being devaluates one’s own status and live as animals or below instinctive creatures those target only on sensational life. The inconsistencies, the notion of absence and the ambiguity emphasize as if the human being is created in the image and likeness of animals. In the conclusion, the findings of the research are presented briefly: Based on the notion of Derrida a focus is given to the marginalized and unprivileged term. Then the research reveals the binary oppositions and they have been already subverted to create new meaning: woman over man, animal over person, and nature over culture portray how the life of the current human beings is deteriorated. Hence, the center that of person, man and culture are brought into decenter; and also animal, woman and nature which are inferior terms are brought into superior to reveal how much the generation underrates one’s own status below human’s ethical standard. In the selected literary works the scrutinized notions of absences: absence of good life opportunity, absence of confidence and absence of reason show the reason why a person is changed into beast now a day. Moreover, the inconsistencies show the inadequacy of language to reveal the reality in the novels and also the ambiguous characters: the Dog-man, cat-man, Cat-woman show the high abstraction of the words that refer many meanings in the novels. Generally the finding shows that currently the animal kingdom is much better than human species.
A Feminist Reading in Selected Novels: a Comparative Analysis.
(Addis Ababa University, 2020-05) Tarekegn Abraha; Olga Yazbec (PhD)
The aim of the study is to comparatively analyze the societal representation of women in England in the 19th and 20thThe novels Emma and Persuasion by Austen deal with the position of women and their social expectations most of which are related to marriage. The protagonists of these novels represent a unique response to those expectations which are the products of their way of thinking. Jane Austen artistically reveals various gender discriminations in economics, education, marriage and religion. As to Austen expressed through her characters, gender discrimination happens because people think that men are better than women. The researcher’s intention, real aim of Austen is then to reduce gender discrimination through education and change the ways that people think about gender roles. century. The method of the study is textual, contextual descriptive comparative analysis. The study reveals the patriarchal assumptions on women, the extent of women stereotypes and subjectivity and the women’s’ selfhood in exercising agency against the males’ suppressive action on females. The researcher employs theories of Julia Kristeva and Toril Moi, post-structuralism literary feminism as analysis framework. In the novel, Women in Love the study analyses the composition of will to power between women and men characters. This thesis analyses the characters Gudrun and Gerald and their concept and competition of the will to power. The relationship between the characters in Women in Love basically portrays their significance, the will to power and the conflicts arising from dominating one another. It also considers women’s wise struggle to challenge the traditional male characters in their treatment of gender equality and their social status as a source of power and authority. Sons and Lovers first published in 1913 is Lawrence’s first most important novel which receives praise. The novel depicts the story of the Morel family, Mrs. Morel, in particular of Paul Morel. The story focuses on the problem of human relationships, chiefly relations between men and women, children and parents. The analysis focuses on how gender and sexuality become a central issue in the twentieth century’s society, and it reflects Lawrence’s attitude towards them. Finally the study concludes on the type of women’s advocacy on marriage through love and respect between husband and wife. The direct and indirect women’s agency in Persuasion, furthermore, male characters’ sexual ineffectiveness forced by women characters and the will to power which occurs between the men and women characters which are mainly reflected in Women in Love. This all are happened backed by females’ education and their economic independence
A Postmodernist Reading of Selected Ethiopian Novels in English
(Addis Ababa University, 2020-06) Liknaw Yirsaw; Berhanu Matthews (Asso. Prof)
This study has been designed to make a modest attempt which could add contributions on someof the practices that can make Ethiopian literature in English into its stature. In other words,this study has been attempted because researchers in most of the time are not zealous onEthiopian literature in English. The study has been employing postmodernism as a tool ofanalysis, for postmodernism is primarily inaugurated for giving fair attention for themarginalized literatures like Ethiopian literature in English. Therefore, the analysis in thisdissertation has been made on selected Ethiopian Novels in English in line with postmodern narrative strategies. Thus, the chief postmodern narrative strategies reflected in the novelsinclude; interrogating the historical, political, religious and cultural realities; magical realismin relation to fantasy, irony and blackhumour; metafiction, historiographic metafiction,maximalism, fragmentation, intertextuality and the denial of superior over inferior culturalpresentations. Therefore, the novels have been read in line with basic postmodern narrativestrategies. On top of their own differences, all the four novels are similar in relation to reflectingmajor postmodern narrative strategies. In simple terms, though there are some differences among the individual novels selected for the dissertation, they are equally appropriate to be readas postmodern texts.
A Study of Audience’s Reception of Etv Arabic News Report: Focus on Arabic Speaking Audience in Ethiopia and Beyond
(Addis Ababa University, 2022-09) Sadia Bedru; Anteneh Tsegaye (PhD)
The primary objective of this study was to analyze the ways in which viewers of the ETV Arabic news report program on the ETV Languages channel perceive the content of the program. In order to accomplish this goal, data collection was carried out utilizing a combination of qualitative and quantitative approaches. The data was collected electronically through the use of Google Forms, which is a platform for the administration of online surveys. After collecting the responses, the quantitative data from these responses were entered into Google Sheets in order to undergo data cleaning and statistical analysis using terms such as percentages, median, and frequencies. Various types of graphs, such as pie charts and line graphs, were used to illustrate the findings of this investigation. According to the findings, the program could be accessed rather easily through various channels of media such as Facebook and television, despite the fact that it did not have a presence on key platforms such as YouTube and Twitter. The respondents stated that the program does not broadcast quality content with the Arabic speaking audience in mind, and that the majority of its airings are unoriginal and directly copied from their Amharic counterparts. In addition, the respondents voiced their annoyance with the broadcast time of the program, describing it as being extremely inconvenient. The study gathered a variety of different aspects on the program's strengths and weaknesses by utilizing the qualitative data. Following the collection and analysis of this data, recommendations were established that can assist the program in enhancing the experiences of its audience.
A Study of Efl Teachers’ Teaching Efficacy, Attributions to their Teaching and their Perceived Effectiveness of CPD: PGDT Graduates in Focus.
(Addis Ababa University, 2019-11) Ebissa Dhaba; Anteneh Tsegaye (PhD)
Teaching-efficacy is a topic of significance in mainstream education and in ESL/EFL. Teaching-efficacy belief is an important concept in understanding teachers’ thoughts, decisions, feelings, behaviors, performance, and attitudes with regard to their students (OECD, 2008). Research in the educational domain confirms that individuals pursue activities in which they feel they will be competent, and avoid situations in which they doubt their capability to perform successfully (Pajares, 1992). However, EFL teachers, compared to learners, have not received enough exposure to English Language Teaching (ELT) literature and research (Akbari, 2008). Likewise, teacher attributions, particularly language teacher attributions, remained an unchartered territory that awaits further research (Tollefson and Chen 1988; Davis and Sumara 1997 and Peacock 2010). This study intended to explore PGDT graduates of EFL teachers’ levels of teaching-efficacy, the teachers’ success and failure attributions to their teaching performances, and their perceived- effectiveness of CPD activities in light of constrctivist paradigm by employing equally treated Mixed Methods Research (MMR) involving 204 EFL teachers for the survey questionnaires and 8 selected PGDT graduate EFL teachers for the semi structured interviews in 5 zones of Oromia Regional states respectively. To this end, adapting Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) model as a theoretical framework, EFL teachers’ levels of teaching efficacy has been explored in relation to ECMRA, ECAMS, ESPA, ETCLC, ESA, EAA, and CE following data generation through adapted scenario-based, Likert-scale ELT teacher efficacy Instrument (ELTEI). Similarly, the teachers’ success and failure attributions to their EFL teaching performances: namely Teacher Competence (TrC), Teacher Effort (TrE), Students’ Ability (StA), Students’ Effort (StE) and Institutional Support (InS). EFL teachers’ perceived-effectiveness of CPD was assessed on four sub-components: their views of CPD, methods of CPD they were engaged in, effectiveness of the CPD activities, and factors that affect their CPD activities. The overall finding of the EFL teachers’ level of teaching efficacy showed that there was mixed levels of teaching efficacy. The survey results showed that majority of the EFL teachers had the belief that they had moderately high levels of teaching efficacy. However, the qualitative data findings indicate that still some others had a doubt that they can handle or do efficaciously on each sub-components of ELTEI alongside their items to measure similar constructs. Particularly, the findings of the teachers’ survey questionnaire in efficacy in skills and proficiency adjustment(ESPA) and efficacy in age adjustment(EAA) sub-component of ELTEI are contrary to the findings of interview data results. The findings of both quantitative and qualitative methods were congruent that the teachers’ judgment of the effectiveness of ELT-CPD was moderate (M=3.45, SD=.28). It was found out that there is no relevant professional development offered, particularly EFL related themes in the CPD manual and the contents of the CPD activities lack language components to help the teachers improve their language skills. The finding indicate that teachers’ mean rating score on attributions TrC, TrE, StA and StE for success were higher than their mean score on attributions for failure. The interview findings, too, show that the EFL teachers attributed their success mainly to their efforts and their competence while they attributed the causes of failure in teaching to students’ poor background and lack of ability, lack of interest and motivation. Results from this study and follow up research enable enhanced understanding of EFL teachers’ teaching efficacy, and their attributions while engaging and/or and following any methods of CPD activities. Several important theoretical and practical implications for teacher development and policy-making in the EFL teacher education context have emerged from the present study.
Aaccessa Gahee Miinimiidiyaan Mana Baruumsaa: Kallattii Barnoota Afaaan Oromoo Gabbisuu Keessatti Qabu Xiyyeeffannaa Manneen Barnoota Godina Shawaa Kaabaa Aanaa Hidhabuu Abootee Magalaa Ejeree
(Addis Ababa University, 2021-11) Kabbabuush Tashoomaa; Xilaahun Taliilaa (PhD)
Qorannoon kun Qaaccessa Gahee Miinimiidiyaan Mana Barumsaa: Kallattii Afaan OromooGabbisuu Keessatti Qaburraatti manneen barnootaa magaalaa Ejeree keessatti argamanirraatigaggeeffame. Kaayyoon qorannichaas Gahee Miinimiidiyaan Mana Barumsaa: Kallattii AfaanOromoo Gabbisuu Keessatti Qabu maali , isa jedhu deebisuuf qoratame. Barbachisummaan firiiqorannoo kanaa, namoota gara fuula duraa mata-duree kanaan wal fakkatan irratti qorannoogeggeessaniif akka madda ragaatti fayyada. Barsiisota Afaan Oromoo barsiisan tooftaamiinimiidiyaatti fayyadamanii afaan barsiisanqorannoonkunwaankaa`uuirraafayyadamuudanda`u.Barattootaafaankanabarataniifdandeettiwwanafaaniiakkagabbifatanilleenifayyada.Qopheessitootasirnabarnootaaqorannoonkunbu`aamiinimiidiyaanbarnoota afaan Oromoo gabbisu keessatti qabu adda baasee waan kaa`uuf,qopheessitoota sirna barnootaaf illee sagantaa miinimiidiyaa akka sirna barnootaa keessagalchanii qopheessaniif ni fayyada. Bakki itti gaggeeffames Godina Shawaa Kaabaa AanaaHidhaabuu Abootee magaalaa Ejereeti. Malli qorannoon kun ittiin gaggeeffames akkamtaa yoota’u, mala iddattoo mitcarraatu hojiirra oole. Gama meeshaalee ilaalchisee immoomeeshaaleenragaaleen ittiin funaanaman daawwannaa, afgaaffiifi mariigareeti. Gaaffilee afgaaffiitiifi mariigaree gargaaramuun barsiisotaafi barattoota aanichaa keessaa warra miinimiidiyicha irrattibeekumsa qabaniifi gumiicha keessatti hirmaannaa qaban irraa ragaan haala gaariinfunaanameera. Yeroo dawwannaa immoo qorattuun qaaman argamuun kan ragaanfunaannameedha. Barsiisota aanicha keessatti Afaan Oromoo barsiisaniifi gumii miinimiidiyaairratti muuxannoofi beekumsa gabbataa qaban afgaaffiidhaan odeeffannoon irraafunaanameera. Ragaan akkaataa kanaan walitti qabames gadi fageenyaan kan qaacceffame yoota’u, achi irraayyis argannoon argameera. Akka argannoon argame mul’isutti, miinimiidiyaanmana barumsaa barattootafi barsiisotni dandeetti afaanii akka foyyeeffatan, afoola, aadaahaawasaa, safuufi safeeffannaa hawaasa Oromoo keessa jiru kan baratan, barattoonni wantootadareetti baratan caalaa sagantaa isaa irraa waan baal’aafi gadi fagoo akka baratan akkasumassagantaa miinimiidiyaa mana barumsaa kana irrattii illee kanhirmaatubarattootata’uarganneera..Yaboon qorannoo sagantaa miinimiidiyaa manabarumsaaqopheessuu irratti kanxiyyeeffatu irra caalaa barattootaafi barsiisota waan ta’eef osoo qaamni dhimmi isaa ilaalatuakkuma sagantaa barnootaatti yeroon itti kennamee irratti hojjetamee gumiin kun irra caalaaAfaan Oromoo gabbisuu keessatti bu’a qabeessa ta’a.v
AAU Freshman Students' Views And Preferences With Respect to Structure-Based Versus Task-Based Approaches to ELT
(Addis Ababa University, 1995-06) Daba, Teshome; Addamu, Taddele (PhD)
The purpose of the study was to find out the views of AAU freshman students regarding the task-based approach to ELT as compared to their previous English language learning experiences. The sample population of the study were 178 AAU freshman students on th~ Main and Arat Kilo campuses. These subjects had been exposed to the new Freshman English materials since their arrival at the university. To obtain the necessary information, a questionnaire wi th nineteen items that aimed to assess views on 1) structure-based approach (2) task-based approach, and 3) classroom organizations w~ prepared and administered to the students. To consolidate the information obtained through the questionnaire, classroom observations were also carried out. The students' views on the structure - and task-based approaches were compared. The study showed that there was a significant statistical difference between the students' views on the two approaches. The students' views on the task-based approach were more positive than their views on the structural approach. An at.tempt was also made to assess the students' views on the classroom organizations pertinent to the task-based approach. The study showed that the respondents favoured the organizational techniques like pair and group work which suited the task-based language learning activities. As a whole the study showed that the respondents were more favourably disposed towards the task-based approach in general, and about the new materials and the methodology used-to implement the approach in particular.
'Abay through Written Literature of Ethiopia: A Focus on Ethiopic Ecclesiastical Sources [Analysis, Translation and Commentary]
(Addis Ababa University, 2016-06) Gelaye, Girma; Alehegne, Mersha (PhD)
Ethiopian scholars, for example (Teferi , 2004:6), (Yaekob 2007:21 ), (Yiwlsew, 2012:10 ) ,and others did different researches related with 'Abay. All of their research was connected with 'Abay. However, they were not focused on the issue of 'Abay as it is expounded in the popular jmagination of Ethiopia in general and the country's ecclesiastical culture and knowledge in particular. The principal objective of the thesis is to bring light on how the River has long been documented and interpreted in the textual culture of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tawahado Church. To do this, the researcher collects different excerpts from different Manuscripts which deal on Abay and analysis them from the point of view of religious, political, social, economic, and geographical approaches. In order to accomplish the above work, this work is designed to have five chapters: the first chapter deals with introductory issues; the second and third chapters will contain description of the manuscripts investigated and the analysis of the excerpts with annotated translation respectively. The last chapter concludes the paper, by summarizing the evidences. Finally the research came up with the following findings; First Ethiopian orthodox Tawahado Church Manuscripts are the primary informants about 'Abay River, So researchers better to communicate with those manuscripts on 'Abay issue. And the Church make open to discuss and teach her followers about, How Abay penetrate in Ethiopian Orthodox Tiwahado Church Commentary. The main finding of the study is the strong relation of Abay River, with Ethiopian religion, political, social, Economic, and Geographical situation is already described.
Abay through Written Literature of Ethiopia: A Focus on Ethiopic Ecclesiastical Sources [Analysis, Translation and Commentary]
(Addis Ababa University, 2016-06) Gelaye, Girma; Alehegne, Mersha (PhD)
Ethiopian scholars, for example (Teferi , 2004:6), (Yaekob 2007:21 ), (Yäwlsew, 2012:10 ) ,and others did different researches related with ‘Abay. All of their research was connected with ‘Abay. However, they were not focused on the issue of ‘Abay as it is expounded in the popular imagination of Ethiopia in general and the country’s ecclesiastical culture and knowledge in particular. The principal objective of the thesis is to bring light on how the River has long been documented and interpreted in the textual culture of the Ethiopian Orthodox Täwahǝdo Church. To do this, the researcher collects different excerpts from different Manuscripts which deal on Abay and analysis them from the point of view of religious, political, social, economic, and geographical approaches. In order to accomplish the above work, this work is designed to have five chapters: the first chapter deals with introductory issues; the second and third chapters will contain description of the manuscripts investigated and the analysis of the excerpts with annotated translation respectively. The last chapter concludes the paper, by summarizing the evidences. Finally the research came up with the following findings; First Ethiopian orthodox Täwahǝdo Church Manuscripts are the primary informants about ‘Abay River, So researchers better to communicate with those manuscripts on ‘Abay issue. And the Church make open to discuss and teach her followers about, How Abay penetrate in Ethiopian Orthodox Täwahǝdo Church Commentary. The main finding of the study is the strong relation of Abay River, with Ethiopian religion, political, social, Economic, and Geographical situation is already described
The Ability of Grade 12 Students to Modify Their Interlanguage Utterances towards Comprehensibility and/or Target- like Use during Task- based Interaction
(Addis Ababa University, 2003-06) Tekle, Yinager; Mohammed, Nuru (PhD)
Key Words - Modification - Compressibility - Interlanguage utterances - Target-like use The purpose of this study was to investigate whether students modified their interlanguage utterances towards comprehensibility and/or target -like use when they experienced difficulty in message comprehensibility during task- based interaction which involved only students. To this end, twelve students of Grade 12 at Enjibara Comprehensive, Preparatory and Technic School were selected and participated in the study. These students were paired up and made to interact using a picture-dictation task. Their interactions were tape- recorded, transcribed and analysed. The results of the anlyses indicated that the participants were able to successfully negotiate for comprehensibility by modifying their trigger utterances in 30(63%) instances of the one-signal negotiated interactions. The findings of the study also revealed that when the participants generated modifications of initial utterances, they made use of target-like forms in 70% of the cases. However, when the rate of frequency of these modifications which exhibited the use of target-like forms was compared with the total number of responses made to clarification requests, it was found minimum, i.e. 44%. Furthermore, the investigation made to see why the participants did not engage in the modification of their trigger utterances more often than they did resulted in the knowledge that a particular type of incomprehension signal called trigger repetition signal was responsible for this situation. This signal type was found less effective in prompting the participants to modify their trigger utterances. Of the 48 incomprehension signals made in the one-signal negotiated interactions, 23(48%) of them were trigger repetition signals. However, only 11(36%) modified comprehensible output instances were made in response to this signal type. The majority number of responses (64%) were made in reply to either trigger modification signals or explicitly marked signals which accounted for 25% (12) and 27% (13) of the total number of incomprehension signals, respectively. Finally, conclusions were drawn based on the findings of the study and suggestions were made for future research on the area.
Absurdism and Authenticity Philosophy of . Existence as Reflected in the Stranger and i Stand Alone
(Addis Ababa University, 2012-05) Wondimu, Kalkidan; Paradeep, Sharma (PhD)
This thesis studies the embedment of Absurdism and Authenticity , philosophy in Albert Camus's The Outsider and Berhanou Dinke's I Stand Alone, respectively. It' argues that each of the protagonists of the literary works experie~ces and corresponds to the twentieth century philosophical thoughts espoused in the present study. The works are analyzed with philosophical foundations consisting of I Camus's Absurd world view and authentic thoughts advocated by Sartre, Heidegger and other philosophers that made this area of-philosophy their concern. Thus, through the analyses of the protagonists in the selected texts, the study discloses . how these characters make a choice for their existence. It is brought to light how the characteristics of the absurd man, living a life of indifference, living in the present moment and rebelling against the conventions of society, make Meursault a absurd. Whereas Berhanou whose alienation stems from his political discontentment such as unjust and oppressive rules of the system he serves and represents as a diplomat trigger the protest and consequently his authenthic experience as an exile is analyzed.
Acceptability and implementation of Development Journalism: the case of Radio Ethiopia.
(Addis Ababa University, 2010-06) Dino, Abdulaziz; Hassen, Mohammed (PhD)
This research attempts to assess the level of acceptability as well as the level of implementation of development journalism by Radio Ethiopia in general and development journalists in particular. It mainly examines the views, perceptions and experiences of development journalists by using in-depth interviews, focused group discussions, personal observation and document review. In the in-depth interviews and focused group discussions deliberately selected development journalists were made to reflect their genuine views and perceptions concerning development and development journalism, and the relevance of practicing development journalism in the media. They were also made to reflect their role perceptions and their practical roles as a development journalist. As for the emphasis given to rural development reporting in the Ethiopian government media, Radio Ethiopian journalists also reflected much about the level of emphasis the media and journalists have given to rural development reporting in particular. In this regard, intensity of their inspiration and the media's tendencies in assigning journalists to rural have been analyzed. The research also attempted to examine the major challenges throughout the practice of development journalism. The findings show that development journalism is well-accepted as relevant and essential to the media, and hence, to Ethiopia. Yet it is misrepresented by deconstructing and then reconstructing it in a way it looses its widely accepted versions which allow significant amount of criticality. Moreover, development journalism is mistreated and the quality of the practice has not been adequately valued by potential stakeholders: the government, the media, journalists, and journalism education schools in Ethiopia. At the end, the research suggests possible pOints of action as to secure the acceptability and the quality of the practice of development journalism in Ethiopia.
Access and Use of Communication Professionals in Advertising for Banking Industry; The Case of Three Banks in Addis Ababa.
(Addis Ababa University, 2018-06) Paulos, Yared; Shiferaw, Yohanes (PhD)
Banks in vest hi gh budget for advertisement. To get proportional promotiona l bene fi ts fro m the in vested adverti se ment bud ge t, it is adv isa bl e t hat advertise ment sho uld be prepared by professio nals. In ord er to do so, the work in g e n viro nm ent of bank in g adverti se ment and the access a nd us e of Communicati on Professio nals in th e prod uction of advertisi ng fo r the ban k in g indu st ry needs to be in ves ti gated . The aim of the stud y is to in vest igate the access and use of Communi cation Profess ional s and wo rk in g enviro nm e nt of banking adverti seme nt in the production of ad ve rti s in g f or the bank in g industry. Amo ng th e 18 Bank s, Comm erc ial Bank o f Ethi opi a, Zemen Bank and Lion Internatio nal Bank were se lected . The stud y e mployed m ixed re search m e th od and 100 key respond ents were se lected usin g purp os ive sampling. The quantitative s urvey qu es tionnaire was anal yzed us ing SPSS and presented in terms of descripti ve stati s tics. Th e qualitati ve in-d epth in terview was thematicall y analyzed . Resu lts indi cated that Banks use gu ide lin es to lead t heir advertis in g production pro cess w it h strong level of agree me nt w hi c h is the mea n resu lt of 3.69. Thi s showed a managements approve a d ve rti sement bud get properly (M=3.85). T here ex ist a needed fo r se n ior manageme nt ap pr oval in each production stage (M=3.2 8). It was fo und that o nl y a few (2.2 %) of Communication Professionals were used in banks and the task of p roduci ng advert isem ents were ha ndl ed by professionals who had hu s in ess a nd marketing educatio nal background. Thus, it was found that the bank in g industry had less accessibiliy and use of Com municati o n Profess io na ls for ad ve rtise me nt production. Based on the findings, some recommen dations were forwarded.
An acoustic analysis of a pathological speech: The case of an amharic speaking person with Flaccid dysarthria
(Addis Ababa University, 2007-07) Messele, Abebayehu; Yigezu, Moges (PhD)
It is an established fact that language is the chief distinctive feature of humans. Unfortunately, there are a number of individuals missing usage of language and/or speech partially or entirely, from the beginning or lately, momentarily or for a long time, usually for defined reasons or for reasons which cannot yet be explained. This work particularly attempts to investigate the extent of abnormality of the speech of an individual with Flaccid Dysarthria. The subject was diagnosed as a Primary Lateral Sclerosis patient, which is a progressive degenerative motorneuron disease, that is, nerve cells in the body gradually die off. It affects only some of the nerve cells in the body--those that control voluntary movement of muscles. The main objective of this study is to acoustically analyze the patient’s vowels, consonants, intonation contours and duration. Acoustic methods were employed to examine the speech of the patient. More specifically, the data were from solicitation and spontaneous utterances of the subject. They were digitally recorded, sampled and quantized, then fed into a speech analyzer software called Praat. The interpretations of the data were done on the basis of the facts revealed by the software. Accordingly, the patient’s vowels were found to be confined to the center of his oral cavity and have a hypernasal quality. The qualities of his consonants also showed how the problem is serious. Most of the consonants are so distorted that it is difficult to identify them on spectrograms. The suprasegmental aspects of his utterances also exhibit deviant patterns. Hence, the patient’s speech lacks intelligibility.
An Acoustic Analysis of Amharic Vowels, Plosives and Ejectives
(Addis Ababa University, 2011-09) Ado, Derib; Yigezu, Moges (Associate Professor)
This research set out to study the vowels, and pulmonic and ejective stops of Amharic, a South Ethio-Semitic language spoken in Ethiopia. Data from four males and four females was recorded at the Phonetics lab established at the Akaki Campus of Addis Ababa University using the Kay CSL 4400 multisignal acquisition and analysis device. The F0, F1, F2, F3 values of Amharic vowels in /tVt/ context were computed and presented. The F1-F2 plot of Amharic vowels showed that the so called ‘high central vowel’ was not really high, but high mid, and the so called ‘mid central vowel’ was found to be not mid, but low mid, close to the cardinal vowel [ɜ]. Thus a new four-height vowel system has been proposed based on the results of this study. Amharic vowels were found longer before voiced stops than before voiceless stops, and they were longer before singletons than before geminates conforming to attested patterns in other languages. A discriminant analysis showed that F1 and F2 alone could be used to classify with 86.7% accuracy, whereas the addition of F0 and F3 values in the discriminant analysis increased it to 90 % correct classification for all subjects collapsed across genders. Using Normalized values the classification results rose to 94 %. The acoustic analysis of stops showed that total burst duration and relative intensity came out strong in classifying stops by place of articulation. Bilabials had the highest classification results followed by velars and alveolars had the least classification results. VOT and spectral mean were the most important acoustic cues that classified voiced stops with a correct classification result of 94.9 % and voiceless stops up to 89 %. VOT alone was able to classify 81.4 % of the stops correctly. Jitter perturbation, spectral mean and voicing lag came out as relatively stronger acoustic cues that identified airstream. Nevertheless, classification using the numerical results of jitter perturbation, spectral mean and voicing lag did not produce expected results though it has been found that Amharic ejectives result in creaky phonation on the following vowel. Amharic ejectives have been found to have more characteristics of slack ejectives than of stiff ejectives.
An Acoustic Analysis of Fricatives Produced by Typically Developing Child and Adult Speakers of Oromo.
(AAU, 2019-03) Geshe, Dejene; Negesse, Feda(PhD); Jongman, Allard(Prof.)
The present study was aimed to investigate word initial and medial voiceless fricatives /f, s, ʃ, h/ produced by typically developing children between the age of 3 and 6 and adult speakers of Haraghe Oromo dialect. The study investigated whether fricatives were distinct as a function of noise duration, normalized amplitude, and spectral features. The work included fricatives both in singleton and geminate forms. The word initial fricatives were all in singleton form because word or syllable initial geminationation is not permissible in Oromo. The extent to which the sounds vary as a function of vowel context, speakers‟ age and gender in both phonetic contexts was investigated. Among the parameters analyzed, fricative duration, normalized amplitude and the first three spectral moments (spectral mean and spectral standard deviation and spectral skewness) were more effective to discriminate fricatives. But only the third spectral moment in the CV and VCV fricatives and the second spectral moment in the VCV fricatives distinguished all fricatives in terms place of articulation. The spectral kurtosis was the least or almost not robust cue to discriminate fricatives. Similarly, locus equation did not discriminate fricatives. The result supports the claim that locus equation is not a salient acoustic cue to distinguish fricatives.In the study anatomical, physiological and developmental or behavioral factors played roles to bring variations as a function of place, vowel, age and gender. Surprisingly, gender difference was observed at early age which has been speculated to be conditioned by developmental or behavioral factors. The difference between geminate and singleton fricatives was evident both in durational and spectral attributes indicating that the two phonemes vary temporally and physiologically. In the CV context the voiceless glottal fricative behaved predominantly like vocalic segments than consonants, especially in having highly elevated average measures of spectral skewness and kurtosis. Among all fricatives /s/ turned out to be the most resistant to coarticulation and the least to be classified by the linear discriminant analysis. This typical nature of the sound may indicate that it was the last to be acquired by children among the test fricatives.
An Acoustic Analysis of Vowel Duration in Wolaytta Doonaa
(Addis Ababa University, 2017-06) Elias, Firew; Ado, Derib (PhD)
This acoustic study investigates the vowels‟ duration of Wolaytta Doonaa, a language spoken in the south west part of Ethiopia, by the Wolaytta people. The vowels set for the analysis were delimited by the alveolar obstruent consonants‟ CVC frame. Each vowel comprising of short and long acoustic representations with both accented and unaccented equivalents were taken for the analysis. The duration of the vowels within the recorded sound files were separated and were measured with Praat script in milliseconds and analysis was made depending on the tongue height, gender, accent status and the adjacent consonants so as to determine their mean scores and degree of variations due to these impacts on their intrinsic and extrinsic durations. The results showed that the durations of the vowels of Wolaytta Doonaa have significant variation due to the tongue height and the tongue advancement, thus, as a vowel in Wolaytta Doonaa is lower, its acoustic duration is longer. In addition to that, women utter longer vowels than men do; plus, the accented vowels portray longer duration than their unaccented counterparts. Besides, the effectofpre-fortis clipping on duration of the short vowels wasnot attested in the finding, thus, the impact of post-vocalic voiceless obstruents on the duration of the preceding vowel was not significant.
An Acoustic Analysis of Vowel Duration in Wolaytta Doonaa
(Addis Ababa University, 2017-06) Elias, Firew; Ado, Derib (PhD)
This acoustic study investigates the vowels' duration ofWolaytta Doonaa, a language spoken in the south west part of Ethiopia, by the Wolaytta people. The vowels set for the analysis were delimited by the alveolar obstruent consonants' CVC frame. Each vowel comprising of short and long acoustic representations with both accented and unaccented equivalents were taken for the analysis. The duration of the vowels within the recorded sound files were separated and were measured with Praat script in milliseconds and analysis was made depending on the tongue height, gender, accent status and the adjacent consonants so as to determine their mean scores and degree of variations due to these impacts on their intrinsic and extrinsic durations. The results showed that the durations of the vowels of Wolaytta Doonaa have significant variation due to the tongue height and the tongue advancement, thus, as a vowel in Wolaytta Doonaa is lower, its acoustic duration is longer. In addition to that, women utter longer vowels than men do; plus, the accented vowels portray longer duration than their unaccented counterparts. Besides, the effect of pre-fortis clipping on duration of the short vowels was not attested in the finding, thus, the impact of post-vocalic voiceless obstruents on the duration of the preceding vowel was not significant.
Acquisition and Use of Discourse Mrkers in student writing at sophomore level
(Addis Ababa University, 1988-06) Zerom, Kiflemariam
The purpose of this study is t o evaluate the effectiveness of the Addis Ababa Sophomore English course in enhancing the students' acquisition and u se of discourse markers in writing. For the purpose of this study the Sophomore students of the Department of Economic s were selected as a representative sample of all the Sophomore s tudents in Addis Ababa University. A pretest was administered t o these students at the beginning of the course to dete rmine the level of the students' knowledge and skill at using discourse markers in writing. At the end of the Sophomore English course, which l asted for a p eriod of about four months, a posttest was administered to the s ame group that took the pr etest to determine the progress and the leve l t hat the students we r e able to achieve at the end of the course. The scores of the two tests were analyzed and the results were compared as were items within each te st. The analysis showed that the mean score of the posttes t was considerably greater than that of the pretest . It a l so showed up differences in performance in the use of different types of discourse marking . Thus it was concluded tha t the Addis Ababa University Sophomore English course was successful in helping the s tudents t o learn the use of discourse markers in writing.

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