Human Right

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    A Study on Reintegration of Returnee Child Migrants; The Case of Child Returnees in Hadiya zone, SNNPR
    (Adddis Ababa University, 2020-06) Nardos Girma; Meron Zeleke (Associate Professor)
    The study focuses on understanding the reintegration assistance provided for child returnee migrants in the Hadiya Zone and the practical application of normative frameworks in protecting the rights of returnee children. The study assesses the reintegration of returnee child migrants based on the four fundamental principles relating to children’s rights, survival, and development, non-discrimination, right to be heard and the best interests of the child. The study mainly employed qualitative research methodology and various data collection tools, including focus group discussions, key informant interviews, and field observations. Drawing on the empirical data collected from Hadiya Zone Misha Wereda and Lemo Wereda the study reveals the gaps in the legal system and practical challenges and prospects in the reintegration of the child returnees. Based on the analysis of the data and the gaps observed, this thesis recommends various measures to be undertaken, for stakeholder’s further engagement and future enhancements on the rights of the study group in the study area.
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    Accelerated Accession of Least Developed Countries to wto Under The 2002 and 2012 Guidelines
    (Addis Ababa University, 2017-06) Betelhem Tariku; Fikremarkos Merso(PhD)
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    Access to Health Care Services for Persons With Physical and Sensory Disabilities in Ethiopia: the Case of Addis Ababa’s Yeka Sub-City.
    (Addis Ababa University, 2021-08) Tsega Woreta; Christophe Vander (PhD)
    Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia, the seat of the AU and a variety of regional and international organizations is a city where persons with disabilities continue to face everyday challenges especially lack of access to primary health care services. This thesis intends to scrutinize the issue of accessibility right to health care services in Ethiopia with a special reference to Addis Ababa’s Yeka Sub-City. Yeka sub-city has been chosenas a research area purposively considering the landscape, data availability and its being forestry and mountainous with long outer boundary line with rural woredas all of which are not suitable for PWDs. Compared to other Sub-Cities,Yeka Sub-City consists of low status residents who are not able to help persons with disabilities to access required services.PWDs, health professionals and some persons in the society have been selected applying purposive sampling to give the required data and information. PWDs consist of physical, visual, hearing and speech impairments. Health professionals consist of doctors, health officers, nurses and health assistants. Persons in the society include directors, officers and association leaders. A total of 60 participants of which, 34 male and 26 female has participated in the interviews and two focus group discussions. In the course of the research, international and regional human rights instruments, together with national legal frameworks, policies and strategies, which are relevant to the research issues as well as practical situations and implementations in health care centers have been observed and studied deeply. The research has also employed review of literatures, interview discussions, focus group discussionsand observations as data collection tools.In the research, it is realized and understood that the problem of accessibility to health care services to PWDs is more prevailing in Ethiopiadue to the negative impacts of barriers.Lack of monitoring mechanisms, ineffective enforcement mechanisms and failure to institutionalize disability issues aboutPWDs’ benefits and human rightscauses violations of their rights. The researcher analyzed the thesis using qualitative method and descriptive analysis and structured it organizing the required data and information.Additionally, the problem of accessibility to health care services for PWDs is attributed to the low level of information transmission in the community and lack of disaggregated legal frameworks, policies and strategies in accordance with each disability types. The health care service provision problem for PWDs is very high and complex in Addis Ababa and it is possible to imagine how it is even worse in rural areas of the country. Therefore, the country particularly the city administration, needs determined action to develop horizontal accessibility laws (laws which govern non-state or private actors on human rights), disaggregating disability types and develop convenient legal frameworks; design policies, strategies and guidelines; train and educate health professionals about human rights of PWDs, and create awareness integrating community based organizations. All these should be backed by adequate budget and effective monitoring and evaluation mechanisms to realize the access to health care services for persons with disabilities as perthe standards of international and regional human rights instruments, and national legal frameworks.
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    Access to Health Care Services for Persons with Physical and Sensory Disabilities in Ethiopia: The Case of Addis Ababa’s Yeka Sub-City
    (AAU, 2021-08) Woreta, Tsega; Vander, Christophe
    Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia, the seat of the AU and a variety of regional and international organizations is a city where persons with disabilities continue to face everyday challenges especially lack of access to primary health care services. This thesis intends to scrutinize the issue of accessibility right to health care services in Ethiopia with a special reference to Addis Ababa’s Yeka Sub-City. Yeka sub-city has been chosenas a research area purposively considering the landscape, data availability and its being forestry and mountainous with long outer boundary line with rural woredas all of which are not suitable for PWDs. Compared to other Sub-Cities,Yeka Sub-City consists of low status residents who are not able to help persons with disabilities to access required services.PWDs, health professionals and some persons in the society have been selected applying purposive sampling to give the required data and information. PWDs consist of physical, visual, hearing and speech impairments. Health professionals consist of doctors, health officers, nurses and health assistants. Persons in the society include directors, officers and association leaders. A total of 60 participants of which, 34 male and 26 female has participated in the interviews and two focus group discussions. In the course of the research, international and regional human rights instruments, together with national legal frameworks, policies and strategies, which are relevant to the research issues as well as practical situations and implementations in health care centers have been observed and studied deeply. The research has also employed review of literatures, interview discussions, focus group discussionsand observations as data collection tools.In the research, it is realized and understood that the problem of accessibility to health care services to PWDs is more prevailing in Ethiopiadue to the negative impacts of barriers.Lack of monitoring mechanisms, ineffective enforcement mechanisms and failure to institutionalize disability issues aboutPWDs’ benefits and human rightscauses violations of their rights. The researcher analyzed the thesis using qualitative method and descriptive analysis and structured it organizing the required data and information.Additionally, the problem of accessibility to health care services for PWDs is attributed to the low level of information transmission in the community and lack of disaggregated legal frameworks, policies and strategies in accordance with each disability types. The health care service provision problem for PWDs is very high and complex in Addis Ababa and it is possible to imagine how it is even worse in rural areas of the country. Therefore, the country particularly the city administration, needs determined action to develop horizontal accessibility laws (laws which govern non-state or private actors on human rights), disaggregating disability types and develop convenient legal frameworks; design policies, strategies and guidelines; train and educate health professionals about human rights of PWDs, and create awareness integrating community based organizations. All these should be backed by adequate budget and effective monitoring and evaluation mechanisms to realize the access to health care services for persons with disabilities as perthe standards of international and regional human rights instruments, and national legal frameworks.
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    “Access to Justice for Persons With Disabilities in Ethiopia: the Implementation of the un Convention on the Rights of Persons With Disabilities”
    (Addis Ababa Unversity, 2023-07) Feven G/Tsadkan; Wondemagegn Tadesse (Ph.D)
    The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) is one of specific promising international human right treaty to protect the rights and dignity of persons with disabilities. Despite that Ethiopia is a signatory country and ratified by the parliament, there are visible challenges in respect of achieving the goal of the treaty. The research therefore, stresses on assessment of access to justice for persons with disabilities in Ethiopia; in light with the UN convention on the rights of persons with disabilities. To accomplish the study, the researcher adopts doctrinal research method, consequently; books, journal article, comments, dead files (cases) reports and other documents have been extensively consulted. The research finding reveals that, implementation of PWD's right to access justice is not realized enough when we evaluate the practice with the standards of the united nation convention on the right of persons with disabilities. They experience serious problems in accessibility of the buildings of hosting courts,; lack of accessible information, delay of proceeding, gaps in free legal aid ,lack of legal awareness for justice organs on PWD right to accommodate them , financial problem. The attention paid in general is very low. Therefore, in cooperation with other shareholders the state must properly fulfill its duties to ensure that PWDs have the right to access justice. In addition justice organs mainly have to implement domestic laws in harmonization with the ratified and signed united nation convention on the right of persons with disabilities.
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    Access to Justice in Ethiopia: Language Barrier in Criminal Proceedings at the Federal Level
    (Addis Ababa University, 2016-06) Legesse, Yemserach; Kedir, Abduletif
    Ethiopia is a multilingual country with federal form of state structure. The 1995 FDRE Constitution gave equal recognition for all Ethiopian languages but chose Amharic to become the working language of the Federal Government. In order to accommodate the needs of non-Amharic speakers in the provision of public services, the Constitution as well as other laws require the use of interpreters in criminal proceedings at the federal level. These legislations state that non-Amharic speakers should be assisted with “qualified” interpreter so as to meaningfully participate in their criminal cases. The objective of this research is to explore government strategies towards language barrier in criminal proceedings, before and during trial, and assess major challenges that non-Amharic speakers encounter at the federal level. The finding of this research revealed that non-Amharic speakers are not being effectively served up to the legal standards. In fact, they are encountering multifaceted challenges that endanger their fundamental human rights. This is mainly due to the absence or limited number of interpreters as well as the use of unprofessional interpreters in criminal proceedings at the federal level.
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    Access to Justice in Ethiopia: Language Barrier in Criminal Proceedings at the Federal Level
    (Addis Ababa University, 2016-06) Yemserach Legesse; Abduletif Kedir
    Ethiopia is a multilingual country with federal form of state structure. The 1995 FDRE Constitution gave equal recognition for all Ethiopian languages but chose Amharic to become the working language of the Federal Government. In order to accommodate the needs of non-Amharic speakers in the provision of public services, the Constitution as well as other laws require the use of interpreters in criminal proceedings at the federal level. These legislations state that non-Amharic speakers should be assisted with “qualified” interpreter so as to meaningfully participate in their criminal cases. The objective of this research is to explore government strategies towards language barrier in criminal proceedings, before and during trial, and assess major challenges that non-Amharic speakers encounter at the federal level. The finding of this research revealed that non-Amharic speakers are not being effectively served up to the legal standards. In fact, they are encountering multifaceted challenges that endanger their fundamental human rights. This is mainly due to the absence or limited number of interpreters as well as the use of unprofessional interpreters in criminal proceedings at the federal level.
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    Access to Legal Aid for Women in Ethiopia: The Case of Hawassa University Legal Aid Center and Ethiopian Women Lawyers Association
    (AAU, 2012) Zenebe, Yodit; Hailu, Emezat(phD)
    Due to their vulnerability women face various problems and experience discrimination, domestic violence, sexual assault and harassment. In Ethiopia although women experience violence they are not in a position to access justice due to poverty, sociocultural factors and discrimination. Therefore, to curb this problem legal aid programs are essential in making indigent women enjoy their right to equality before the law. The main purpose of this study is therefore to examine the role of legal aid in promoting the rights of women, identify the major factors/challenges that hinder women from accessing legal aid taking Hawassa university legal aid center and Ethiopian Women Lawyers Association as case studies. Methodologically, the study is based on a qualitative approach. It relies on analyzing both primary and secondary data sources. The primary data sources are gathered using semi- structured interview questions, with focus group discussion and personal observations. The study has employed purposive sampling procedure for contacting the interviewees. The secondary data sources are gathered predominantly from literature out puts, journals and other publications. The finding of the study shows that legal aid service is inaccessible for the majority indigent women. Lack of awareness about the availability of legal aid, economic problems , culture and family pressures, lack of legal rights awareness, language in which service is provided and women’s perception towards legal aid are among the barriers that deny women access to legal aid. Regardless of the above facts legal aid has great role in promoting the rights of women, women who are victims of violence are able to claim for compensation, secure their property and inheritance rights and further make them aware of their legal rights. The study recommends that it is important to have Awareness raising campaign about the availability and importance of legal aid service and disseminate legal rights education to increase women awareness about their rights and obligations under the law. Legal aid service providers shall also make legal aid centers physically accessible to the majority in need. This study also reveals the importance of having professionally competent service providers and the diversified use of non lawyers in order to reduce the shortage of man power.
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    Access to Safe Abortion as a Reproductive Health Right in Ethiopia: Normative and Practical Challenges
    (AAU, 2023-07) Tarikua Getachew; Wondemagegn Tadesse (PhD)
    Abortion is the artificially induced termination of a pregnancy for the purpose of destroying an embryo or fetus. There has been a long-standing debate on the issue of abortion, starting from earlier periods of time, as to its liberalization or criminalization. The situation in Ethiopia is no exception in this regard. This study looks at the extent to which protection for the right to safe abortion is provided under international human rights law. It also examines the protections available for the right to safe abortion in Ethiopia’s law. In principle, abortion is a crime under Ethiopian law. It is only on the exceptionally stipulated grounds of the law that legal abortion can be procured. One such exception to the law is pregnancy because of the criminal acts of rape and incest. To procure a legal abortion on the basis of this particular ground, the mere statement by the woman that she is a victim of rape or incest is adequate. Thus, this research aims at examining the legal frameworks related to the right to safe abortion in Ethiopia and pointing out some normative and practical challenges. Hence, the research employed qualitative research methodology, including a literature review, examination, and analysis of relevant international and regional instruments as well as domestic laws and academic articles relevant to the study. In-depth interviews and unstructured and semi-structured questions were also employed by the experts. The writer argues that both international human rights law and Ethiopian law provide some level of protection for the right to safe abortion as a women’s reproductive health right, even though normative and practical challenges are hindering exercising the right. There is also a duty on the part of the government of Ethiopia to enforce such protections available for women's reproductive health rights. The concerned authorities in Ethiopia have to take measures that will ensure compliance of the practice of abortion with the law and provide better protection for women’s reproductive health rights by revising the restricted abortion law.
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    Adequacy of the Prevailing Regulatory Framework Relating to Hate Speech on Social Media in Ethiopia
    (A.A.U, 2020-12) Weldeghebriel, Rahwa; Assefa, Mesenbet (PhD)
    Over the years, the abuse of social media, including the spread of different forms of hate speech, has fomented ethnic conflicts and violence’s in Ethiopia. The Ethiopian government has passed a comprehensive law called Hate Speech and Disinformation Prevention and Suppression Proclamation (HsDPSP) to combat hate speech both online and offline. This thesis seeks to assess the adequacy of the Proclamation to regulate hate speech circulated through social media in Ethiopia. This study has examined the legislation in light of international and regional human rights instruments, as well as pertinent domestic laws. The study reveals that while the government's measure to regulate hate speech is progressive, the hate speech legislation fails to strike a proper balance between freedom of expression and hate speech, both in content and procedure which may pose a risk of excessive regulation short of international standards.
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    Adequacy of the Prevailing Regulatory Framework Relating to Hate Speech on Social Media in Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa university, 2020-11) RahwaWeldeghebriel; MesenbetAssefa (PhD)
    Over the years, the abuse of social media, including the spread of different forms of hate speech, has fomented ethnic conflicts and violence’s in Ethiopia. The Ethiopian government has passed a comprehensive law called Hate Speech and Disinformation Prevention and Suppression Proclamation (HsDPSP) to combat hate speech both online and offline. This thesis seeks to assess the adequacy of the Proclamation to regulate hate speech circulated through social media in Ethiopia. This study has examined the legislation in light of international and regional human rights instruments, as well as pertinent domestic laws. The study reveals that while the government's measure to regulate hate speech is progressive, the hate speech legislation fails to strike a proper balance between freedom of expression and hate speech, both in content and procedure which may pose a risk of excessive regulation short of international standards.
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    Adjudication of Sexual Crimes Vis -a-Vis the Due process Guarantees of the Accused in Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa Unversity, 2020-05) Eyerusalem Fantable; Mesenbet Assefa (PhD)
    This thesis examines the due process rights of the accused in the adjudication of sexual crime cases in the Ethiopian criminal justice system. It explores the legal and practical gaps of sexual crimes cases investigation and court proceeding in the judicial system. Using a human rights-based approach, which is anchored for international human rights principles and mechanisms, this thesis examines how these principles and mechanisms can remedy violations of the rights of accused in sexual crimes. The women and child justice sector professionals and institutions are the focus of this study. This thesis accordingly found out that there is a weak production of evidence and technologically in advanced investigation system .In addition lack of corroboration of evidence in sexual crime cases creates a heavy challenge on the accused to defend his/her case . This thesis concludes that a human rights based approach will be an efficient and effective strategy to pressure the government of Ethiopia to take the necessary legislative, administrative and judicial measures to ensure the rights of the accused. These measures will ensure the rights of the accused in the criminal justice process and enhances Ethiopia’s compliance with its international human rights obligations.
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    Adjudication of Sexual Crimes Vis-a-Vis the Due process Guarantees of the Accused in Ethiopia
    (2020-05) Fantable , Eyerusalem; Assefa, Mesenbet (PhD)
    This thesis examines the due process rights of the accused in the adjudication of sexual crime cases in the Ethiopian criminal justice system. It explores the legal and practical gaps of sexual crimes cases investigation and court proceeding in the judicial system. Using a human rights-based approach, which is anchored for international human rights principles and mechanisms, this thesis examines how these principles and mechanisms can remedy violations of the rights of accused in sexual crimes. The women and child justice sector professionals and institutions are the focus of this study. This thesis accordingly found out that there is a weak production of evidence and technologically in advanced investigation system .In addition lack of corroboration of evidence in sexual crime cases creates a heavy challenge on the accused to defend his/her case . This thesis concludes that a human rights based approach will be an efficient and effective strategy to pressure the government of Ethiopia to take the necessary legislative, administrative and judicial measures to ensure the rights of the accused. These measures will ensure the rights of the accused in the criminal justice process and enhances Ethiopia’s compliance with its international human rights obligations.
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    Adopting a Human Rights-based Approach to Counteract Trafficking -in-Women: The Case of Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2011-11) Jibriel, Bahar; Dawit, Benyam (PhD)
    Trafficking in persons which is akin to contemporwy slavelY is highly prevalent across the world. It is affecting thousands o.{persons in all corners of the globe. While men and boys can be exposed to trafficking, the women and girls constitutes a significant majority ol victims of trafficking. Ethiopia is among source countries of many women and girls exposed to trafficking. Each year thousands of Ethiopian women and girls are trafficked across international border to mainly Middle East countries for labor and sexual exploitation purposes. Ethiopian women are subjected to multiple human rights abuses in destination coun tries. Thus, this thesis seeks to examine the sufjiciency and adequacy ol anti/rafficking measures adopted in Ethiopia to counteract trafficking in women. The study"identifies that th ere are two dominant approaches to countera ct trajJicking in persons including women trafficking. These ar e: criminal justice approach and human rights based approach antitrafficking response. It argues that criminal justice approach which views trqUicking as crime and immigration issues resolvable by prosecution of traffickers alone is lOSing currency. It fails mainly to address the root causes irafficking in persons in addition to lack o.l protection to VaT As a result, human righ ts based approach that considers trafficking in women as human rights issues deeming a human rights oriented interventions is gaining ground in antitrafficking discourses. The study, jilrther, argues that A Human Rights Ba sed Approach AntitralJicking Re sponse addresses not only Ihe process and consequences aftrafficking but also it seeks to dismantle Ihe structural root causes such as poverty, lack of education, unemployment and discrimination against women that feed trafficking in women. Accordingly, a human ri ghts based approach antitrafficking en compasses prosecution of trafficking cases, protection of VoT and prevention of Ira.lJicking in holistic manner. Thus, the purpose o.lthis thesis is to assess whether antitralJicking adopted in Ethiopia are in line with human rights based approach standards. The th esis reveals that while there are some positive initiatives and efforts, antiirafficking measures adopted in Ethiopia .!cdl short oj" Human Rights Based Approach antitrqlJicking standards. The lack ()llegislative, policy and instilutional ji"({/l1eworks coupled with deficienCies in prosecution, protection and prevention strategies prove this asserlion. Therej"ore , it is a high time to adopt A Human Rights Based Approach antilra/ficking re!>panse in the countlyto see the effective and meaningfid eradica tion o.lthe trafficking in women. Key terms: trqfjicking in persons, women, criminal justice approach, human rights, a human rights based approach, prosecution, protection, prevention, victims of traffic king
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    An Appraisal of the Effectiveness of the Ethiopian Human Rights Commission to Promote and Protect Human Rights in Ethiopia: with Particular Emphasis to Hawassa Branch Office
    (Addis Ababa University, 2016-06) Zewdnesh Zegeye; Anchinesh Shiferaw
    This study aimed at examining the role of the Ethiopian Human Rights Commission- Hawassa Branch Office to promote and protect human rights in SNNPR. Overall, the finding of the study shows, that the Ethiopian EHRC efforts to establish branch office in SNNPR is a good beginning to make its activities geographically and operationally accessible . It was, however, revealed that the its promotional and protective activities were held operationally inaccessible and inadequate to conform with the minimum standards of the Paris Principles due to financial, manpower, institutional and co-operational hurdles. It was found that the branch office promotional activities and strategies were inadequate to create meaningful awareness to target groups as well as the public at large. It was also observed that, the Office’s protection efforts by redressing human rights allegations to victims and reliefs to victims and averting the risks of secondary victimizations were insufficient. Moreover, its protective functions through monitoring, research, as well as advisory roles remain inadequate. So the paper propose the possible recommendation that the office should have to strengthen its operational effectiveness.
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    An Assessment of the Realization of the Right to Preschool Education for Children with Visual and Hearing Impairment in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa Univversity, 2017-04-10) Dehininet Fetene; Mizanie Abate(Assistance Professor)
    The principal objective of this research is to assess the realization of preschool education for visual and hearing impairment children in Addis Ababa Ethiopia. This research used qualitative research methodology. This research substantially relays on primary data which was collected through interviews conducted with specialist of education and leaders of organizations for and of persons with disability, teachers and owners of preschool institutions. The views of key informants from the implementers of the laws and policies of the country in the educational sector is secured through interview. The right to education has got recognition in the international human right instruments. In these human right instruments compulsory education starts from grade one to eight. Thus the right to preschool education does not gate a clear recognition in almost all human right instruments which Ethiopia ratified. Besides to this the constitution and subsidiary laws of Ethiopia does not give a clear guaranty for preschool education. Thus as the research disclosed preschool education is not available, accessible, acceptable and adaptable for visual and hearing impairment children as their non-disabled peers. Thus the researcher argues preschool education must be realized for visual and hearing impairment children without any discrimination based on their disability. And the policy of inclusive education must accommodate the needs of the visual and hearing impairment children in the ground based on their individual needs.
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    Analysis of Human Rights Impacts of Development Induced Displacement: The Case of Finchaa Amerti Nashedam
    (Addis Ababa University, 2015-10) Kitila, Debela; Birmeta, Birmeta (PhD Candidate)
    This paper investigated the legal and practical protection of development induced displaced victims' rights in case of mega projects. For this purpose, secondary sources such as relevant legal literatures, books, laws, articles and journals were analyzed while interviews and field observations were the primary sources employed. Each year, millions of people around the globe are forcibly relocated and resettled away from their homes, lands and livelihoods in order to make way for large-scale development projects such as dams. This forced relocation is known as Development Induced Displacement. The thesis offers an overview of the human rights violations that have been taking place in Ethiopia as a result of the implementation of mega development projects by focusing on FAN project in Horro Guduru Wollega. This research examines the legal projection of the right not to be displaced and the impact of dispiacement on human rights specifically on the right to life, food, hOUSing, adequate standard of living, the right to participation and right to development. The research revealed that although FDRE Constitution and other legislations guaranteed the right not to be displaced in arbitrary manner, the laws and practice are inconsistent with the standards et forth by international human rights instruments. In addition to this, the thesis analyzes the shortcomings a/Ethiopian laws, and how the FAN has induced impoverishment and violated human rights. To protect human rights of DID the research recommends the government to amend or repeal the laws inconsistent with human rights and to adopt laws which further protect human rights in progressive way. The'study urges policy makers and concerned authority to envisage competing human rights using legality, legitimate aim and proportionality tests, to follow human rights based-approaches, to conduct human rights impact assessment before, during and after evictions, to rehabIlitate the livelihood of evictees. Finally, the thesis recommends that Ethiopia should implement and adopt a legal framework to address issues of victim of development-induced displacement and provide project affected people with legally enforceable rights regarding resettlement and rehabilitation.
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    Analysis of Legal and Institutional Framework for Expropriation of Farmlands and Properties: A Case Study of Per-urban Areas of Mekelle City
    (A.A.U, 2020-09) Haileselasie, Kiros; Weldegebriel Ambaye, Daniel (PhD)
    Peri urban areas are places which are exposed to massive degree of development-induced expropriations. Urban expansion, construction of infrastructure and private investment constitute the main causes of land acquisition in those areas. In undertaking expropriation, mandatory requirements of modern day acquisition mainly public purpose and compensation are not adhered into by the state. In Mekelle peri urban areas, large tracts of agricultural lands are taken away from local farmers and transferred to private developers which bring no benefit to the public in violation element of public purpose. The maximalist approach in interpreting public purpose contravenes the underlying land policy of public ownership. With regards to the lands incorporated into urban areas through master plans, issues of compensation for residential properties paid to local population in forms of cash and substitute land suffer from discriminatory legislations and administrative practices. Such laws and practices undermine the constitutionally guaranteed right to property and rights emanating thereof mainly right to get commensurate compensation during expropriation.