Health Sciences Education

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Anemia and its Associated Factors among under-Five Children in Selected Health Facilities in Wolkite Town, Central Ethiopia, 2024 G.C
(Addis Ababa University, 2024-06-10) Betelhem Mulugeta; Aklil Hailu
Anemia is described as a decrease in hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, or the number of red blood cells per litter that is less than what is considered normal for healthy people of the same age, sex, and race in the same environment. In 2019, global anemia prevalence was 39.8% in children aged 6-59 months. The prevalence of anemia in children under five was highest in the African Region, 60.2% and in Ethiopia it was 52.1%.
Assessment of Health Care Needs and Associated Factors among Families with Cancer Survivor Children at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 2024: Cross Sectional Study
(Addis Ababa University, 2024-06-10) Seyfedin Barkeda; Tewodrose Tesfaye
Childhood cancer is a global health concern, affecting early childhood and adolescence. It's the second most prevalent cause of death in both industrialized and developing countries, with 90% in Africa, especially Ethiopia, due to a lack of early diagnostic facilities and control initiatives. Family caregivers face stress after recovery of their child illness; they have diverse needs, including psychosocial, emotional, spiritual, cognitive, healthcare service, health information, and financial needs, which should be addressed to provide comprehensive cancer
Assessment of Health-Related Quality of Life and Associated Factors among Asthmatic Children at Selected Public Hospitals, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2024
(Addis Ababa University, 2024-04-13) Keyredin Melat; Mekonen Adimasu
Bronchiai asthma is a global health problem in particular a respiratory condition characterized by bronchi spasms that negatively affect the quality of life (QOL) of children. However, there is a paucity of data regarding the health-related quality of life of asthma in children in Ethiopia, especially in the study area.
Assessment of Morning Report Sessions: Experience from Department of Surgery, Addis Ababa University
(Addis Ababa University, 2019-02) Tadesse Amezene; Mekasha Amha (MSc); Whitehead Cynthia(Dr); Paradis Elise(Dr)
Background: The term ‘‘morning report’’ is used to describe case-based conferences where residents, attending physicians, and others meet to present and discuss clinical cases. Morning report (MR) session is one way of delivering clinical teaching. It is case based approach, designed to teach residents and medical students from the actual patients managed in a hospital. The primary goal of the morning session is improving and monitoring the patient care given by the faculty. The objective of the study is to assess the perception of general surgery residents, faculty and the medical director about morning report sessions and look for their suggestion on areas of improvement in TASH, the main teaching hospital of Ethiopia. Methodology: This study was conducted using qualitative research methodologies and thematic analysis. Focus group discussion was conducted with the residents. Semi-structured Interviews were done with selected instructors and the medical director of the hospital. Purposeful sampling of third and fourth year general surgery residents was used to recruit study participants. Selected faculty members were interviewed using a convenience sampling technique. The Medical Director of Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital (TASH) was also interviewed. Results: The FGD and interviews were transcribed and translated by the principal investigator.Three major themes emerged from the study. These are: 1) Importance of MR; 2) Challenges encountered and 3) Areas for improvement. Its role in teaching and learning and impact in quality of patient care were mentioned as an importance of MR. The main challenges were poor attendance, unfavorable environment, inadequate scientific discussion, failure to address logistical and administrative issues and time inconsistency. Participants also suggested three major areas for improvement. These included using resident as a moderator, digitalizing presentations, and restructuring the sessions, subspecialty unit level MR, sharing responsibility amongst the different levels of trainees, and enforcing stricter timing and duration of MR. Conclusion: MR is a vital teaching and service activity of the department. It has a role in the development of varied components of teaching and learning in the residency program including learning from cases, assessment of resident’s performance, acquiring leadership skills and enriching the communication and presentation skills of a resident. Despite all the mentioned advantages, MR is not without challenges. Poor attendance especially by faculty, inappropriate feedback, and time inconsistency are major drawbacks. The majority of the participants have suggested valuable areas of improvement to benefit maximum from MR.
Assessment of Perceptions and Challenges of Objective Structured Clinical Examination Among Medical Students and Examiners: A Cross-Sectional Study At College of Health Science, Addis Ababa University
(Addis Ababa University, 2024-12-13) Natnael Assefa; Damte Shimelis
In the modern context, OSCE is one of the competency-based skill assessment tools in which fairly sampled clinical tasks or skills across learned outcomes are represented in several stations where all examinees are observed against standardized scoring rubrics in a simulated environment. OSCEs have gained acceptance globally due to their emphasis on objectivity and their ability to assess cognitive skills, practical abilities, and professional conduct. OSCE is a resource-demanding, time-intensive, and complex assessment method. Therefore, assessing the perceptions and challenges associated with OSCEs from both the students and examiners in our setup will help to improve the gap in the assessment of clinical competence by OSCE since this method of assessment is relatively new in the College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, as well as in Ethiopia.
Cervical Cancer Screening uptake and Associated Factors at Primary Care Facilities in Peripheral Settings of Oromia and SNNP Regions in Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa university, 2023-10-11) Debebe Zewednesh; Getachew Sefonias
Cervical cancer is the main cancer-related cause of illness and death globally including Ethiopia. While the incidence and mortality of cervical cancer are decreasing, it remains a major problem for women in developing countries. Cervical cancer screening can help prevent these cancers; nevertheless, its utilization remains far below as not being used as much as it could be, despite numerous initiatives aimed at increasing its uptake, particularly in developing nations. The low rate of cervical cancer screening uptake in primary care settings in rural areas is a significant public health concern. It is important to assess and explore the factors that contribute to this problem so that effective interventions can be developed
Challenges of Clinical Learning Environment of Dental Students at Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia, 2018/19
(Addis Ababa University, 2019-05) Assefa Lakew; Shimelis Damte(Dr); Lawrence(Dr); Rangel Cristian(Dr)
Background: Clinical learning is one of the main teaching methods in health professions, including dental education, and it has many strengths. It is focused on real problems in the context of professional practice. Learners/students are motivated because they are involved directly and participate actively,but clinical learning can be challenging, unpredictable, stressful, and constantly changing environment. Objective: To identify the challenges, of the clinical learning environment of dental students at Addis Ababa University Dental Department, Ethiopia. Material &Methods: An institution based qualitative study was conducted from Dec.2018 to Jan. 2019. The sample was obtained by purposive sampling of 4th, 5thyear and final year dental students. Data were collected by focus group (FG). Three FG discussions were conducted. (Groups contained 4 students from each year) using a semi-structured questionnaire. One data collector was selected. The information was recorded separately and transcribed for thematic analysis. Ideas were grouped and analyzed depending on themes. Results: Six themes were derived from the data analysis, which represented the students’ clinical learning challenges. These six themes included shortage of resources and maintenance problem, non-approachable & uncooperative instructors, poor teacher student relationship, evaluation and feedback, and non-organized administrative system Conclusion: The results of this study clearly indicated presence of challenges and the most common challenges are shortages of resources (e g. dental materials and equipment’s),non-approachable and uncooperative clinical teachers and unsupportive clinical learning environment are the main challenges of clinical learning
Challenges of Undergraduate Pharmacy Students During their Hospital Clerkship (Attachment): Case of Selected Private Health Colleges in AA
(Addis Ababa University, 2020-06) Bezabih, Abera; Kellar Jamie(Dr); Shimelis Damite(Dr)
Clerkship is a clinical experience in the education of a student of the health professions in whichhe or she is introduced to the practical care of patients with particular illnesses orcharacteristics. This study aimed to assess the challenges experienced by pharmacy students as they start their clinical training in the context of private colleges in Addis Ababa. The study focused on final year undergraduate pharmacy students during their hospital clerkship(attachment) in AA. Using descriptive research method, this study identified lack of supervision,inopportune feedback and dispiriting current environment were the key challenges of final year undergraduate pharmacy students during their hospital clerkship (attachment) in private health colleges in AA. This study helps students gain familiarity with clerkship expectations and settings and it generally focus on orienting students to workplace logistics and roles and helps to enhance their clinical skills. It recommends that the necessity of careful preparation for clinical clerkship, uncertainty when starting clerkship lasted only a few days transition from pre-clinical to clinical training went smoothly and a need time to adjust to the new environment.
Challenges to Implementation of Nursing Process among Nurses Working at Public Hospitals in Addis Ababa Ethiopia: A Qualitative Study
(Addis Ababa University, 2024-06-09) Tinsae Muluye; Jembere Tesfaye
The nursing process is a structured framework guides healthcare professionals in delivering personalized, goal-oriented care to patients. However the implementation of the nursing process in Ethiopia is currently suboptimal, particularly within public hospital settings. This is because of various challenges faced by nurses to implement effectively and efficiently in applying the necessary process steps
Comparison of Adverse Neonatal outcomes and its Associated Factors among Women with Adult and Advanced Aged Pregnancy at the Public Hospitals of AddisAbaba City, Ethiopia. Hospital-Based Comparative Crosssectional Study
(Addis Ababa University, 2024-10-13) Yonas Mengistu; Luel Deribe
Pregnancy at advanced maternal age (>35 years old) is considered a risk factor for different adverse neonatal outcomes. Adverse neonatal outcomes are the leading cause of neonatal and infant mortality worldwide. In Ethiopia, studies were conducted to identify adverse neonatal outcomes, however, having updated information on the status of adverse neonatal outcomes could be helpful in future effective policy and program formulation.
Continuous Professional Development (CPD) for Nurses in Ethiopia: the Experience of Operating Theater Nurses Participated in Sick Kids-Ethiopia Pediatric Perioperative Nursing Training Program (PONT)
(Addis Ababa University, 2016-12) Abebe Leyouget; Pittini Richard(Dr); Bender Amy(Dr)
Determinants of Mental Health Literacy Among Adolescent Students in Governmental Secondary Schools of Addis Ababa, Ehtiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2024-06-13) Yodit Felege; Yodit Felege
Mental health literacy is the knowledge and beliefs about mental disorders. Adequate mental health literacy is linked to better health seeking behavior and management of mental illness. It is particularly important during adolescence, a critical phase for developing social and emotional habits important for mental well-being to cope with the stresses of life, realize their ability, learn well and work well and contribute to their community
Determinants of Neonatal Health outcome among Preterm Neonates with Respiratory Distress Syndrome Admitted at Public Hospitals Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Retrospective Study
(Addis Ababa University, 2024-06-15) Bewket Abera; Emebet Berhane
preterm neonates are at increased risk of morbidity and mortality related to different cases. Respiratory distress is one of the most common reasons for neonatal admission to the neonatal intensive care unit, 29% of late preterm neonates admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit develop respiratory morbidity. The preterm neonates with respiratory distress syndrome health outcome and its determinants are unknown in the study area.
Evaluation of the Clinical learning Environment of Tikur Anbessa Specialized Teaching Hospital of Addis Ababa University using the Post Graduate Hospital Health Education’s Environment Measure
(Addis Ababa University, 2020-02) Shimelis Damte; Martimianakis Tina(Dr)
Background The public health system in Ethiopia is the main deliverer of health services and the largest employer of physicians. The public universities are the only available training institutions for post graduate medical education and also have full authority over residents’ training. In their training years, residents have dual responsibility as students and responsible physicians. A conflict arises between these two roles as students and workers leading to dissatisfaction among the residents that could affect the quality of the services they deliver during the training or then after and the training outcomes; thus negatively affecting resident learning. Determining the work place conditions that can exacerbate tensions in navigating student and worker roles, can inform reform to improve the resident experience. Assessing the post graduate hospital education environment using the Post Graduate Hospital Education Environment survey tool identifies the weaknesses and strengths of the hospital education environment for rectifying the weaknesses and maintaining the strengths Objective: To assess the post graduate clinical education/work environment of Tikur Anbessa Specialized Teaching Hospital of Addis Ababa university using the PHEEM survey tool as seen by residents from the 4 major clinical departments (Internal medicine, Pediatrics, Surgery, Obstetrics and Gynecology) in the three domains of the Post graduate Hospital Educational Environment Measures (PHEEM); perception of role Autonomy, perception of teaching and perception of social support. Methods: This is a cross sectional study that was conducted from April 1-30, 2016. In this study we used the English version of the PHEEM tool to assess the perception of residents on the health educations learning environment. Results: Out of 363 residents 218 residents (60.06%) completed the questionnaire. There were 152 males (71.7%), and 60 females (28.3%) . Their age ranges between 20-38 years with a mean age of 26.1.There were 89 residents in year one (42%), 64 residents in year 2 (30.2%), 38 year 3 (17.9%) and 20 were in year 4 (20%) one resident didn’t mention year of residency. Twenty-two items were rated as poor with a score of less than 2. The overall score on the three domains of PHEEM was 76.8/160. This indicates plenty of problems of the clinical learning environment. There is statistically significant difference among genders, year of residency and department of residency in the perception of the learning environment (p < 0.05, p =0.002, p < 0.001) respectively. Male residents and junior residents rated the environment as more positive than females and senior residents respectively. The load of work is heavy in the order Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pediatrics, Internal Medicine and Surgery. Conclusion and recommendations: For our training program to succeed the program should be designed according to the best standards to ensure satisfaction of residents as well as clients. Improving the quality of duty rooms, more supervision during working hours, reducing the work load, providing junior doctors’ handbook etc. will improve the learning environment and facilitate learning. After remedial measures are taken we recommend a regular assessment of the clinical learning environment to determine whether the measures taken are effective.
Exploring Medical Radiological Technology Students Perceptions and Preferences for Feedback at CHS, AAU.
(Addis Ababa University, 2019-06) Shumi Natnael; Brydges Ryan; Baheretibeb Yonas(Dr)
Background: Feedback is seen as essential component of the learning environment .It enables students to be aware of their strength and weakness and provide them with the base line for future improvements. It is considered central to the development of student learning guides them to remain on course by giving them clear picture of the goal to be reached. Despite this its implementation has the least satisfactory aspect of student experience in higher education. Purpose: To identify the students’ perceptions of valuable feedback in the medical radiologic technology department and their preferred process for receiving feedback. Method: This study has used semi-structured focus group discussions. Research participants were fourth year medical radiologic students at Addis Ababa University. The sampling method was purposeful sampling. Result: Five major themes were apparent during the discussion regarding the perceptions and preference of MRT students for feedback. Student saw feedback as suggestion for improvement. Though they have little exposure to constructive individual feedback, the student highly regard continuous constructive feedback in higher education. The students also stressed that culture and societal challenges are the major barriers of feedback being followed by academic and pedagogic background of instructors. Feedback which is dialogic, verbal, continuous, on the things which can be improved and from role model instructors is preferred by the students. Conclusion: This study has showed that medical radiologic technology students are aware of the meaning and value of feedback. But the students are concerned with the amount of feedback they are getting from their instructors. The students need continuous and constructive feedback. They preferred feedback to be given individually and orally. This study also showed that culture is the biggest barrier of constructive feedback in this context. Recommendation: to improve the feedback culture the society needs to educate. Training for both the students and faculty members is recommended.
Exploring the Effects of Lack of Pocket Money on Undergraduate Clinical Year Health Science Students’ Learning Activities
(Addis Ababa University, 2019-06) Jebessa Marema; Martimianakis Tina(PhD); Paul Robert(PhD); Deneke Andualem(Prof)
Background The expenses of the university lead to various challenges and affects students’ daily learning activities. In developing countries, higher education students face acute financial problem, which affects their daily educational activities. In Ethiopian higher educational system, students obtained the cost sharing benefits, which do not entitle them to get cash money. Health sciences students need additional costs other than common expenses in the university during clinical Therefore; lack of pocket money primarily affects students’ daily learning activities. Objectives The main objective of this research is to explore the challenges that undergraduate health science students faced due to lack of pocket money and the perceived effects of financial hardships on their learning activities during clinical years. Methods Year three and four MRT students have been selected for the study. Purposeful sampling method and snowball sampling method in getting those who are potentially in similar conditions with those who interviewed but missed during the selection of participants using the purposeful method. Accordingly, ten participants were identified and the semi-structured used to collect data. The interview took place from January 28, 2019, to February 1, 2019. Result The challenges due to acute financial hardships include difficulty in affording basic needs, unable to get into friendship, and struggling with small pocket money management. These challenges are rooted in poverty, poor parental awareness of university expenses, bad cost-sharing policy and poor management in the university. The interrelationship among these challenges and learning activities were also discussed. Lack of pocket money enforced students to stay hungry and quit studying, from coming late to the class to absent from the class, loss of attention in class, and missing clinical placement learning. Thus, there is a poor learning process and the clinical skills are not learned as expected, which directly affects students’ competencies.
Exploring the Need for Preconception Care: the Pregnancy Experience of Reproductive Age Women with Preexisting Medical Conditions in Public Health Facilities in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2024: Aqualitative Study
(Addis Ababa University, 2024-06-05) Binalfew Abebe; Endalew Gemechu
Pre-existing medical conditions result in poor maternal and child health outcomes. In order to reduce maternal, child, and newborn mortality, preconception care is the ultimate health care service for women with preexisting conditions. In spite of this, little is known about the need for preconception care for women with chronic medical conditions in Ethiopia
Exploring the Pattern of Social Media Usage by Medical Students in School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University
(Addis Ababa University, 2019-05) Lako Wajana; Prof.Mekasha Amha; Kulasegaram Kulamakan(Dr)
Even though millions of the younger generations are using social media (SM) for various purposes in Ethiopia, there is no clear study showing how the trends and patterns of SM usage look like in this group of people, particularly in medical schools. Therefore, the global objective of the current study was to explore the pattern of usage of SM by medical students in school of medicine, College of Health Sciences, AddisAbaba University. A descriptive cross-sectional quantitative study was conducted on four cohorts (Year II, Year III, Year IV and Year V)of study subjects. Simple random sampling technique was applied to determine the proposed sample size. Totally, 132 students were recruited from each cohort; thus a total of 528 students were included in the study. Using pre-tested anonymous questionnaire, information was collected on sociode mographics, the extent of using the SM, the type of SM used, average time spent on them, the purpose why the students use SM, the influence of these media onsocial interaction of students and students opinions regarding the effect of SM on their grades and academic performance. The questionnaire was tabulated and data was analyzed by using descriptive, inferential and quantitative analytical techniques with estimations from the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). A correlation of the variables was determined and X2 was used to compare the relationship of the variables. p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. There were 38.1% (N=201) females and 61.9% (N=327) males included in this study. Almost all students, irrespective of background were active users of SM (99.6%,N=526). Facebook was the dominant SM used by students before joining medical school (82%, N=433), followed by You Tube and Whatsapp. The number of Facebook users has been declined significantly from 82% to 47% after joining medical school. The dominancy of Facebook was over taken by Telegram after joining medical school. The use of Telegram has significantly increased from 18% (N=495) to (82%, N=433) after joining medical school. The proportions of You Tube users has increased significantly from 31% (N=165) to 52% (N=275) after joining medical school. We show for the first time that majority (70%, N=379) of medical students were distracted by SM while preparing for exam and doing their assignments. The distraction of medical students by SM while studying for examination and preparing assignments is significantly higher in males than females. The implications of this finding is triplicate: 1) The need for orientation for medical students at the beginning of the first year, 2) Continuous and intimate follow up is needed by family, Deans and advisers, 3) Special policy is also needed concerning the use of SM by medical students. Continuous personal development trainings might be important to clear out the confusion of medical students about the impact of SM.
Factors Affecting Motivation For Retention Among Academic Staff at the College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University.
(Addis Ababa University, 2024-12-23) Ermias Belestie; Ameha Mekasha
The motivation of academic staff is essential for retention and plays a key role in ensuring the quality of education and research within higher institutions. However, the specific factors influencing motivation and retention at Addis Ababa University's College of Health Sciences (CHS) remain under explored and require further investigation to enhance institutional performance and staff satisfaction
Identifying Challenges for Faculty & non-Faculty Clinical Supervisors in Providing Effective Practical Supervision of Radiology Technology Students at CHS, AAU
(Addis Ababa University, 2019-06) Nigussie Alemayehu; Rowland Paula (PhD); Bahire tibeb Yonas(MSc); Whitehead Cynthia(PhD)
This study, conducted in Addis Ababa University, College of Health Sciences, Department of Medical Radiology Technology was designed to identify challenges faced by faculty and nonfaculty clinical supervisors in providing effective practical supervision of Radiology Technology students at CHS, AAU. The study aims to contribute possible recommendations and ideas for improvement of the quality of teaching at practicum sites. Qualitative research approaches were used. In this study a total 16 participants (9 Faculty supervisors and 7 Non-faculty supervisors) were selected through purposive sampling techniques and participated in the in-depth interviews. Data analysis was conducted using thematic analysis. The analysis of interview responses identified four main themes which form the focus of discussion: presence of supervisory guidelines and training, support from administrative bodies, appropriateness of clinical practical site, and commitment of clinical supervisors. The findings indicate that clinical supervision was given less attention than the theoretical academic curriculum. The outcomes of the study also draw attention to the concerned bodies on fulfillment of the necessary requirements for the faculty and non-faculty supervisors in order to obtain the benefits of clinical supervision.

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