Health Sciences Education

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Anemia and its Associated Factors among under-Five Children in Selected Health Facilities in Wolkite Town, Central Ethiopia, 2024 G.C
(Addis Ababa University, 2024-06-10) Betelhem Mulugeta; Aklil Hailu
Background: - Anemia is described as a decrease in hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, or the number of red blood cells per litter that is less than what is considered normal for healthy people of the same age, sex, and race in the same environment. In 2019, global anemia prevalence was 39.8% in children aged 6-59 months. The prevalence of anemia in children under five was highest in the African Region, 60.2% and in Ethiopia it was 52.1%. Objectives: -The aim of this study was to assess Anemia and its associated factors among under five children in Wolkite health center and Wolkite university Referral and specialized Hospital in Wolkite town, Central Ethiopia. Methods: - Institutional based quantitative cross sectional study was conducted at Wolkite Health Center and Wolkite University Referral and Specialized Hospital in Wolkite town, central Ethiopia on March 2024 G.C. Study participants were selected by using systematic sampling method. Structured Interview questionnaire was administered to collect data from the study participant and the venous blood sample was collected by experienced laboratory technicians. The data was analysed by using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25 software. Descriptive statistics (mean, frequency) were carried out to describe the socio demographic status of the participants presented by table, pie chart and graph. P value ≤ 0.25 in the bivariate analysis was considered candidates for the multivariate analysis. The extant association between the different variables related to anemia was measured using AOR at 95% CI. A P value ≤ 0.05 in Multivariate analysis was considered statistically significant. Result: - The overall prevalence of anemia was 164(39.0%). Among anemic children under five years of age, 95(22.6%) were mild, 58(13.8%) were moderate and 11(2.6%) were severe. In this study, anemia was significantly associated with being male (AOR= 7.252, 95% CI =4.176 12.592), rural place of residence (AOR=4.295, 95% CI=2.499–7.382), recent history of fever (AOR=2.183, 95% CI=1.203-3.960), recent malaria infection (AOR=4.387, 95% CI=2.097 9.179), Inadequate dietary diversity(AOR=2.218, underweight(AOR= 2.835, 95% CI= 1.151-6.982). 95% CI= 1.253-3.925) and Conclusion: - Childhood anemia was a moderate public health problem in the study area. Being male, rural residence, history of recent fever, recent malaria infection, inadequate dietary diversity and underweight were significantly associated with childhood anemia. Key words: - anemia, prevalence, under five children, hemoglobin, hemoglobin level
Assessment of Health Care Needs and Associated Factors among Families with Cancer Survivor Children at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 2024: Cross Sectional Study
(Addis Ababa University, 2024-06-10) Seyfedin Barkeda; Tewodrose Tesfaye
Background: Childhood cancer is a global health concern, affecting early childhood and adolescence. It's the second most prevalent cause of death in both industrialized and developing countries, with 90% in Africa, especially Ethiopia, due to a lack of early diagnostic facilities and control initiatives. Family caregivers face stress after recovery of their child illness; they have diverse needs, including psychosocial, emotional, spiritual, cognitive, healthcare service, health information, and financial needs, which should be addressed to provide comprehensive cancer care. Objective: Assessment of the healthcare needs of family caregivers who are caring for their children with cancer at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital in Addis Ababa. Methods: A cross-sectional study surveyed 239 caregivers using SCNS-P&C for healthcare needs and medical records for clinical and socio-demographic data. Logistic regression including bivariate and multivariate analysis considering 95% confidence interval (CI) was utilized to examine association between dependent and independent variables. P‐value. Result: Total Unmet needs of family caregivers‘ were 49.8%. On average, most participants reported unmet information and practical needs (61.9%), followed by health care and service needs (60.9%) and work and social life needs (60%). The top most unmet needs were getting emotional support (83.2%) and finding out financial support (78.3%). Discussing concerns with physicians (75.3%), accessing support services for caregivers (75.3%) were other frequently reported health care needs. Seven variables showed a statistically significant association with family caregivers‘ health care needs, including: female family caregivers, young adult and unemployed caregivers, family caregivers having children with relapsed cancer, having more than 3 children, and having a male child with cancer (AOR=4.729; 95% CI: 2.149-10.405), (AOR=5.850; 95% CI: 1.750-19.562), (AOR=4.019; 95% CI: 1.704-9.483), (AOR=4.789; 95% CI: 1.645-13.939), (AOR=4.726; 95% CI: 1.628- 13.720) and (AOR=2.575; 95% CI: 1.152-5.755) respectively. Also, single parents (divorced and widowed) have more health care needs than married parents. Conclusion and Recommendations: In the study, unmet family caregivers needs was high. Emotional, psychosocial, and financial support to manage living expenses and child cancer treatment are predictors for unmet family caregivers needs. Therefore, the findings suggested nurse-led interventions to improve parents' quality of life, such as involving support groups, psychosocial support from health care providers, governmental and nongovernmental organizations collaboration. Further qualitative studies are recommended to explore deeply their further needs. Keywords: Childhood cancer, family caregivers, health care need
Assessment of Health-Related Quality of Life and Associated Factors among Asthmatic Children at Selected Public Hospitals, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2024
(Addis Ababa University, 2024-04-13) Keyredin Melat; Mekonen Adimasu
Background: Bronchiai asthma is a global health problem in particular a respiratory condition characterized by bronchi spasms that negatively affect the quality of life (QOL) of children. However, there is a paucity of data regarding the health-related quality of life of asthma in children in Ethiopia, especially in the study area. Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the health-related quality of asthmatic children aged 7- 17 in selected hospitals of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2024. Method: An institutional-based cross-sectional study involving 136 asthmatic children aged 7-17 years was conducted in the selected hospital in Addis Ababa, from February to March 2024. Respondents were chosen using systematic random numbers. Structured, interviewer administered, and pretested questionnaires, were used to collect data. The data were coded and entered into Epi-Data 3.1 before being exported to SPSS version 25 for analysis. Logistic regression was employed to identify factors influencing health-related quality of life Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05 with a 95% confidence interval. Results: The study found that 46% [95% CI: 37.6-54.4%] of study participants had a poor quality of life, having no formal education of caregivers (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR: 1.39 (1.8-10.69)], having family history of asthma (AOR: 2.51 [1.46-4.299]), having long duration of asthma (AOR: 3.47(1.89-6.39), having uncontrolled asthma, (AOR: 3.47 [1.89-6.39]), having moderate persistent asthma (AOR: 2.4(1.4-4.2) and having comorbidity all increase the likelihood poor quality of life. Conclusions: The study highlights almost half of asthmatic children had a poor quality of life in Addis Ababa. Factors such as having no formal education of caregivers, having a family history of asthma ,long duration and severity of asthma, having uncontrol asthma, and having comorbidity were significantly associated with poor quality of life. Therefore,implementing targeted education programs, encouraging family history assessment, strengthening comorbidity screening and management of children and their families in Addis Ababa. were recommended. Keywords Quality of life, Asthma, Children, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Assessment of Morning Report Sessions: Experience from Department of Surgery, Addis Ababa University
(Addis Ababa University, 2019-02) Tadesse Amezene; Mekasha Amha ; Whitehead Cynthia; Paradis Elise
Background: The term ‘‘morning report’’ is used to describe case-based conferences where residents, attending physicians, and others meet to present and discuss clinical cases. Morning report (MR) session is one way of delivering clinical teaching. It is case based approach, designed to teach residents and medical students from the actual patients managed in a hospital. The primary goal of the morning session is improving and monitoring the patient care given by the faculty. The objective of the study is to assess the perception of general surgery residents, faculty and the medical director about morning report sessions and look for their suggestion on areas of improvement in TASH, the main teaching hospital of Ethiopia. Methodology: This study was conducted using qualitative research methodologies and thematic analysis. Focus group discussion was conducted with the residents. Semi-structured Interviews were done with selected instructors and the medical director of the hospital. Purposeful sampling of third and fourth year general surgery residents was used to recruit study participants. Selected faculty members were interviewed using a convenience sampling technique. The Medical Director of Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital (TASH) was also interviewed. Results: The FGD and interviews were transcribed and translated by the principal investigator. Three major themes emerged from the study. These are: 1) Importance of MR; 2) Challenges encountered and 3) Areas for improvement. Its role in teaching and learning and impact in quality of patient care were mentioned as an importance of MR. The main challenges were poor attendance, unfavorable environment, inadequate scientific discussion, failure to address logistical and administrative issues and time inconsistency. Participants also suggested three major areas for improvement. These included using resident as a moderator, digitalizing presentations, and restructuring the sessions, subspecialty unit level MR, sharing responsibility amongst the different levels of trainees, and enforcing stricter timing and duration of MR. Conclusion: MR is a vital teaching and service activity of the department. It has a role in the development of varied components of teaching and learning in the residency program including learning from cases, assessment of resident’s performance, acquiring leadership skills and enriching the communication and presentation skills of a resident. Despite all the mentioned advantages, MR is not without challenges. Poor attendance especially by faculty, inappropriate feedback, and time inconsistency are major drawbacks. The majority of the participants have suggested valuable areas of improvement to benefit maximum from MR. Keywords: Morning Report Session; Program Evaluation; Focus Group; Interviews; Surgical residents
Assessment of Perceptions and Challenges of Objective Structured Clinical Examination Among Medical Students and Examiners: A Cross-Sectional Study At College of Health Science, Addis Ababa University
(Addis Ababa University, 2024-12-13) Natnael Assefa; Damte Shimelis
Background: In the modern context, OSCE is one of the competency-based skill assessment tools in which fairly sampled clinical tasks or skills across learned outcomes are represented in several stations where all examinees are observed against standardized scoring rubrics in a simulated environment. OSCEs have gained acceptance globally due to their emphasis on objectivity and their ability to assess cognitive skills, practical abilities, and professional conduct. OSCE is a resource-demanding, time-intensive, and complex assessment method. Therefore, assessing the perceptions and challenges associated with OSCEs from both the students and examiners in our setup will help to improve the gap in the assessment of clinical competence by OSCE since this method of assessment is relatively new in the College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, as well as in Ethiopia. Objective: The study aims to assess the Perceptions and challenges of OSCE in the undergraduate medicine program among medical students and examiners at the School of Medicine, AAU. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the perceptions and challenges of OSCE among both medical interns and examiners at CHS, AAU from May 1, 2024 – August 31, 2024. Data was collected using a questionnaire adopted and points were in a Likert scale—descriptive statistics such as percentages, means, standard deviations (SD), IQR and median. Mann-Whitney U-Test used to compare variables, with P
Cervical Cancer Screening uptake and Associated Factors at Primary Care Facilities in Peripheral Settings of Oromia and SNNP Regions in Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa university, 2023-10-11) Debebe Zewednesh; Getachew Sefonias
Background: Cervical cancer is the main cancer-related cause of illness and death globally including Ethiopia. While the incidence and mortality of cervical cancer are decreasing, it remains a major problem for women in developing countries. Cervical cancer screening can help prevent these cancers; nevertheless, its utilization remains far below as not being used as much as it could be, despite numerous initiatives aimed at increasing its uptake, particularly in developing nations. The low rate of cervical cancer screening uptake in primary care settings in rural areas is a significant public health concern. It is important to assess and explore the factors that contribute to this problem so that effective interventions can be developed. Objective: This study aimed to assess Cervical Cancer Screening uptake and associated factors among age-eligible women at selected health centres in Oromia and SNNP Regions, 2023. Methods: Facility-based cross-sectional study with concurrent qualitative study was carried out from March 3 to May 5, 2023. A total of 941 women was included to the study using a systematic sampling method. Data were collected by using interview-administered questionnaire by trained nurse. For the qualitative data, in-depth and key-informant interview were done. Descriptive statistics was computed using frequency, percentage, and summary measures. A binary logistic regression was used to identify independent factors for the low uptake of cervical screening. Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) was estimated in the final model. Statistical significance was declared with p-value of less than 0.05. Thematic content analysis was employed to analyse qualitative data. Results: A total of 941 women were interviewed with a 100% response rate. The results showed that 235 women 24.97 % (95%CI: 22-28) were screened for cervical cancer. In multi variable logistic regression analysis higher educational level [AOR=3.2, (95%CI: 1.46-7.07)], early age at first sex [AOR=0.49, (95%CI: 0.32-0.75)], knowledgeable about cervical cancer screening [AOR=2.66, 95%CI: 1.82-3.89)], had favourable attitude [AOR=3.91, 95%CI: 2.61-5.84)] and had social support [AOR=2.01, 95%CI: 1.32-3.05)] were associated factors for the low uptake of cervical cancer screening. Insufficient availability of equipments, limited accessibility of services to a specific area, lack of awareness, inadequate competence of providers, and lack of trust and attention from trained providers were additional barriers identified with in depth interview. Conclusion: Cervical cancer screening uptake were far less common among eligible women in study area. Age at first sex, educational level, knowledge of women, attitude, and social support were factors associated with cervical cancer screening uptake. Therefore, intervention programs that aim to improve cervical cancer screening services for women should prioritize the factors for low uptake; culturally appropriate and accesiable screening methods to meet the national and global elimination targets. Key words: cervical cancer, screening, Screening uptake, determinant
Challenges of Clinical Learning Environment of Dental Students at Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia, 2018/19
(Addis Ababa University, 2019-05) Assefa Lakew; Shimelis Damte; Lawrence; Rangel Cristian
Background: Clinical learning is one of the main teaching methods in health professions, including dental education, and it has many strengths. It is focused on real problems in the context of professional practice. Learners/students are motivated because they are involved directly and participate actively, but clinical learning can be challenging, unpredictable, stressful, and constantly changing environment. Objective: To identify the challenges, of the clinical learning environment of dental students at Addis Ababa University Dental Department, Ethiopia. Material &Methods: An institution based qualitative study was conducted from Dec. 2018 to Jan. 2019. The sample was obtained by purposive sampling of 4th, 5thyear and final year dental students. Data were collected by focus group (FG). Three FG discussions were conducted. (Groups contained 4 students from each year) using a semi-structured questionnaire. One data collector was selected. The information was recorded separately and transcribed for thematic analysis. Ideas were grouped and analyzed depending on themes. Results: Six themes were derived from the data analysis, which represented the students’ clinical learning challenges. These six themes included shortage of resources and maintenance problem, non-approachable & uncooperative instructors, poor teacher student relationship, evaluation and feedback, and non-organized administrative system Conclusion: The results of this study clearly indicated presence of challenges and the most common challenges are shortages of resources (e g. dental materials and equipment’s), non-approachable and uncooperative clinical teachers and unsupportive clinical learning environment are the main challenges of clinical learning Keywords: Challenges, clinical learning environment, dental students.
Challenges of Undergraduate Pharmacy Students During their Hospital Clerkship (Attachment): Case of Selected Private Health Colleges in AA
(Addis Ababa University, 2020-06) Bezabih Abera; Kellar Jamie; Shimelis Damite
Clerkship is a clinical experience in the education of a student of the health professions in whichhe or she is introduced to the practical care of patients with particular illnesses orcharacteristics. This study aimed to assess the challenges experienced by pharmacy students as they start their clinical training in the context of private colleges in Addis Ababa. The study focused on final year undergraduate pharmacy students during their hospital clerkship(attachment) in AA. Using descriptive research method, this study identified lack of supervision,inopportune feedback and dispiriting current environment were the key challenges of final year undergraduate pharmacy students during their hospital clerkship (attachment) in private health colleges in AA. This study helps students gain familiarity with clerkship expectations and settings and it generally focus on orienting students to workplace logistics and roles and helps to enhance their clinical skills. It recommends that the necessity of careful preparation for clinical clerkship, uncertainty when starting clerkship lasted only a few days transition from pre-clinical to clinical training went smoothly and a need time to adjust to the new environment.
Challenges to Implementation of Nursing Process among Nurses Working at Public Hospitals in Addis Ababa Ethiopia: A Qualitative Study
(Addis Ababa University, 2024-06-09) Tinsae Muluye; Jembere Tesfaye
Background: The nursing process is a structured framework guides healthcare professionals in delivering personalized, goal-oriented care to patients. However the implementation of the nursing process in Ethiopia is currently suboptimal, particularly within public hospital settings. This is because of various challenges faced by nurses to implement effectively and efficiently in applying the necessary process steps. Objectives: This study aims to explore challenges to the implementation of the nursing process among nurses working at public hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, in 2024. Methods: A descriptive qualitative study was conducted from February 26 to March 30, 2024, at Minlik, Yekatit, and Zewuditu hospitals in Addis Ababa. The study primarily involved fifteen nurses working in these three hospitals, along with three key informants from nursing managerial team. Data was gathered through individual, in-depth interviews utilizing a semi-structured interview guide by the principal investigator and the research assistant. The interview took an average of 55 minutes. ATLAS. Ti 9 qualitative software was used to support the analysis. Results: The data revealed three overarching themes that are consistent with the study's aims, namely: organizational releted challenges, nurses’ related challenges, and patient-related challenges. In this study, nurses reported that the nursing management team, shortages in basic medical in our hospital is unsupportive; consistently imposing burdens on staff and worsening the challenges faced by nurses due to a lack of understanding management team, such as supplies, overcrowded patient rooms without privacy screens, and low payment for nurses ,insufficient staffing were reported as a challange. and nurses posed significant obstacles to the effective implementation of the nursing process. Conclusion and recommendation Most of the nurses identified organizational-related challenges, nurse-related challenges, challenges related to patients, and hindrances to effectively implementing the nursing process. To attain the intended outcomes, various stakeholders, including hospitals, healthcare professionals, and others, need to collectively work together to alleviate barriers and enhance patient care and healthcare delivery.. Key words: challenges, nursingprocess, nurses, public hospital,
Comparison of Adverse Neonatal outcomes and its Associated Factors among Women with Adult and Advanced Aged Pregnancy at the Public Hospitals of AddisAbaba City, Ethiopia. Hospital-Based Comparative Crosssectional Study
(Addis Ababa University, 2024-10-13) Yonas Mengistu; Luel Deribe
Introduction: Pregnancy at advanced maternal age (>35 years old) is considered a risk factor for different adverse neonatal outcomes. Adverse neonatal outcomes are the leading cause of neonatal and infant mortality worldwide. In Ethiopia, studies were conducted to identify adverse neonatal outcomes, however, having updated information on the status of adverse neonatal outcomes could be helpful in future effective policy and program formulation. Objective: This study aimed to compare adverse neonatal outcomes and its associated factors among adult and advanced-aged pregnant women at the public hospitals of Addis Ababa City Methods: A hospital-based comparative cross-sectional study was conducted at the public hospitals of Addis Ababa City from April 29/2024 to June 30/2024 among 707 mothers (471 adults and 236 advanced-age mothers). The data was collected by a systematic random sampling technique using Kobo tool Kit, and analyzed using SPSS version 26.0. Chi-square and independent t-tests was performed. Logistic regression analyses was employed to estimate the COR and AOR with a CI of 95% and a P-value. Results: The response rate was 97.7% and 97.9% among adult and advanced aged mothers respectively. Almost half (51.5%) (95% CI=44.7-57.9) of advanced aged mothers had at least one adverse neonatal outcome, while it was 40.2% (95% CI=35.7-44.6) among adult aged mothers. The adverse neonatal outcomes was significantly higher among advanced aged mothers than adult aged mothers, with a point estimate mean difference of 11.3% (95% CI = 0.035 0.191). Meanwhile, the overall adverse neonatal outcomes was 44.0% (95% CI = 40.2-47.6). Unfavorable neonatal outcomes [AOR=1.51, 95%, CI=1.02-2.25] were significantly associated with maternal age. Preterm birth [AOR =1.84, 95% CI=1.18-2.85], large for gestational age [AOR =2.68, 95% CI=1.31-5.49], stillbirth [AOR =3.35, 95% CI=1.27-.8.82], and post-term birth (AOR=0.25, 95% CI=1.08-.083] were significantly associated with advanced maternal age. Conclusions: The proportion of adverse neonatal outcomes were higher among advanced aged mothers compared to adult aged mothers. Preterm birth, large for gestational age and stillbirth were positively, while post-term birth negatively associated with adverse neonatal outcomes among advanced aged mothers. This study indicates a need of stratagies devoplment in order to create awareness on the advantage of having the desired number of children in the early adulthood ages. x Keywords: adult; advanced maternal age; adverse neonatal outcomes; mean; pregnancy; unfavorable outcome; mothers; neonate; Addis Ababa; Ethiopia.
Continuous Professional Development (CPD) for Nurses in Ethiopia: the Experience of Operating Theater Nurses Participated in Sick Kids-Ethiopia Pediatric Perioperative Nursing Training Program (PONT)
(Addis Ababa University, 2016-12) Abebe Leyouget; Pittini Richard; Bender Amy
Continuous Professional Development program (CPD) for nurses conceptualized as learning activities by which nurses are able to maintain up-to-date with advances in knowledge, skills, technology and practice to provide quality health service, improve professional and personal growth, job retention and satisfaction [1]. Many studies have been conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of CPD on nursing practice, and showed that in addition to improving nurses knowledge and skill, several CPD programs are proved in contributing for service improvements, professional development, individual satisfaction and professional role expansions[2][3]. As Kawaguchi A and Mori R. reviewed several in-service trainings for nurses in low and middle income countries to improve newborn and child health care services they reported that; though there are some evidence of improvements in increasing the short term knowledge and attitudes of nurses, most in-service training programs in resource limited setting lack to bring significant improvements in clinical practice as majorities of the trainings developed based on high income countries standards; resource limitation and sustainability of the programs affect their effectiveness[4] To ensure the quality and standards of health care services in the Ethiopia, The Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH) in its 2015/16-2019/20 health sector transformation plan acknowledges the gap in CPD activities for health professionals that some are not need based, well planned, lack of documentation, evaluation and linking with re-licensure of health professionals [5] Therefore, understanding the impact of CPD programs from nurses’, who participated in CPD programs, perspective will improve understanding of the impacts of trainings and factors influence the training impact in resource limited settings.
Determinants of Mental Health Literacy Among Adolescent Students in Governmental Secondary Schools of Addis Ababa, Ehtiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2024-06-13) Yodit Felege; Yodit Felege
Background: Mental health literacy is the knowledge and beliefs about mental disorders. Adequate mental health literacy is linked to better health seeking behavior and management of mental illness. It is particularly important during adolescence, a critical phase for developing social and emotional habits important for mental well-being to cope with the stresses of life, realize their ability, learn well and work well and contribute to their community Methods: School based cross-sectional study was conducted February to March, 2024 G.C at selected secondary school in Addis Ababa. A total of 902 adolescent students in secondary school was selected using multi stage cluster sampling. The data was be gathered using self administered structured pretested questionnaires. Data entered was exported to IBM SPSS statistics (version 26) for analysis for Kobo ToolBox. Multiple linear regression analysis was employed. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Result: A total of 833 adolescent students aged 15-18 in selected schools of Addis Ababa participated. The mean social capital score was 27.09 (SD=2.78), and the mean mental health literacy score was 116.90(SD=23.07).In multiple linear regression analysis mental health literacy was significantly associated with study participants with single relationship status (ß =8.55, p=.005) students family size greater than 5(ß=4.89, p=.010), study participants who preferred following or watching transformative (educational and inspirational) and interactive contents on social media (ß=-4.43, p=.003) and (ß=3.85, p=.034) respectively. And also significantly associated who had good neighborhood social capital (ß=5.69, p=.005) and good trust in school or neighborhood on social capital (ß=3.97, p=.043). Conclusion: The findings show the importance of interacting and connecting in increasing adolescents' mental health literacy. Specifically, study participants with larger family sizes, those who preferred interacting social media contents, and those with good social support networks and community cohesion were found to have increased mental health literacy. Key word: Adolescent, Mental health literacy, Secondary school, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Determinants of Neonatal Health outcome among Preterm Neonates with Respiratory Distress Syndrome Admitted at Public Hospitals Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Retrospective Study
(Addis Ababa University, 2024-06-15) Bewket Abera; Emebet Berhane
Background: preterm neonates are at increased risk of morbidity and mortality related to different cases. Respiratory distress is one of the most common reasons for neonatal admission to the neonatal intensive care unit, 29% of late preterm neonates admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit develop respiratory morbidity. The preterm neonates with respiratory distress syndrome health outcome and its determinants are unknown in the study area. Objective: This study aims to identify the determinants of neonatal health outcomes among preterm neonates with respiratory distress syndrome admitted at public Hospitals, in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: An institutional-based retrospective cross-sectional study design was utilized. A sample of 414 medical records of the neonates admitted at public hospitals from Jan 1/2019 to Dec 31/2023. The medical records were selected using a simple random sampling technique. The Data was using a data extraction checklist. Data was coded and entered into SPSS Version 27. A binary logistic regression analysis was run to identify significant determinant variables. The level of significance was declared. Result: In this study, records of 414 preterm neonates were included. Of this 249(60.1%) were males. The majority of preterm neonates with RDS 265(64%) were discharged with good outcomes and 149(36%) had poor outcomes. Gestational age, Birth weight, Parity, MAS and antenatal steroid administration were found significantly associated with RDS related preterm neonatal mortality, with the p value of 0.008, 0.047, 0.004, 0.017 and 0.037 respectively. Conclusion: In this study findings showed that a significant number of preterm neonates with RDS had good health outcomes. The major determinants of poor health outcome were lower gestational age, low birth weight, born from primiparous, MAS and born from mother who didn’t take antenatal steroid. Enhancing antenatal care to identify pregnant mothers at risk of preterm delivery early and initiating preventive interventions, such as administering corticosteroids during the antenatal period, may be recommended. Key word: Determinant, Preterm, Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Neonate, Addis Ababa
Evaluation of the Clinical learning Environment of Tikur Anbessa Specialized Teaching Hospital of Addis Ababa University using the Post Graduate Hospital Health Education’s Environment Measure
(Addis Ababa University, 2020-02) Shimelis Damte; Martimianakis Tina
Background: The public health system in Ethiopia is the main deliverer of health services and the largest employer of physicians. The public universities are the only available training institutions for post graduate medical education and also have full authority over residents’ training. In their training years, residents have dual responsibility as students and responsible physicians. A conflict arises between these two roles as students and workers leading to dissatisfaction among the residents that could affect the quality of the services they deliver during the training or then after and the training outcomes; thus negatively affecting resident learning. Determining the work place conditions that can exacerbate tensions in navigating student and worker roles, can inform reform to improve the resident experience. Assessing the post graduate hospital education environment using the Post Graduate Hospital Education Environment survey tool identifies the weaknesses and strengths of the hospital education environment for rectifying the weaknesses and maintaining the strengths. Objective: To assess the post graduate clinical education/work environment of Tikur Anbessa Specialized Teaching Hospital of Addis Ababa university using the PHEEM survey tool as seen by residents from the 4 major clinical departments (Internal medicine, Pediatrics, Surgery, Obstetrics and Gynecology) in the three domains of the Post graduate Hospital Educational Environment Measures (PHEEM); perception of role Autonomy, perception of teaching and perception of social support. Methods: This is a cross sectional study that was conducted from April 1-30, 2016. In this study we used the English version of the PHEEM tool to assess the perception of residents on the health educations learning environment. Results: Out of 363 residents 218 residents (60.06%) completed the questionnaire. There were 152 males (71.7%), and 60 females (28.3%) . Their age ranges between 20-38 years with a mean age of 26.1. There were 89 residents in year one (42%), 64 residents in year 2 (30.2%), 38 year 3 (17.9%) and 20 were in year 4 (20%) one resident didn’t mention year of residency. Twenty-two items were rated as poor with a score of less than 2. The overall score on the three domains of PHEEM was 76.8/160. This indicates plenty of problems of the clinical learning environment. There is statistically significant difference among genders, year of residency and department of residency in the perception of the learning environment (p < 0.05, p =0.002, p < 0.001) respectively. Male residents and junior residents rated the environment as more positive than females and senior residents respectively. The load of work is heavy in the order Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pediatrics, Internal Medicine and Surgery. Conclusion and recommendations: For our training program to succeed the program should be designed according to the best standards to ensure satisfaction of residents as well as clients. Improving the quality of duty rooms, more supervision during working hours, reducing the work load, providing junior doctors’ handbook etc. will improve the learning environment and facilitate learning. After remedial measures are taken we recommend a regular assessment of the clinical learning environment to determine whether the measures taken are effective. Key words: hospital, PHEEM, post graduate, resident
Exploring Medical Radiological Technology Students Perceptions and Preferences for Feedback at CHS, AAU.
(Addis Ababa University, 2019-06) Shumi Natnael; Brydges Ryan; Baheretibeb Yonas
Background: Feedback is seen as essential component of the learning environment .It enables students to be aware of their strength and weakness and provide them with the base line for future improvements. It is considered central to the development of student learning guides them to remain on course by giving them clear picture of the goal to be reached. Despite this its implementation has the least satisfactory aspect of student experience in higher education. Purpose: To identify the students’ perceptions of valuable feedback in the medical radiologic technology department and their preferred process for receiving feedback. Method: This study has used semi-structured focus group discussions. Research participants were fourth year medical radiologic students at Addis Ababa University. The sampling method was purposeful sampling. Result: Five major themes were apparent during the discussion regarding the perceptions and preference of MRT students for feedback. Student saw feedback as suggestion for improvement. Though they have little exposure to constructive individual feedback, the student highly regard continuous constructive feedback in higher education. The students also stressed that culture and societal challenges are the major barriers of feedback being followed by academic and pedagogic background of instructors. Feedback which is dialogic, verbal, continuous, on the things which can be improved and from role model instructors is preferred by the students. Conclusion: This study has showed that medical radiologic technology students are aware of the meaning and value of feedback. But the students are concerned with the amount of feedback they are getting from their instructors. The students need continuous and constructive feedback. They preferred feedback to be given individually and orally. This study also showed that culture is the biggest barrier of constructive feedback in this context. Recommendation: to improve the feedback culture the society needs to educate. Training for both the students and faculty members is recommended. Keywords: Feedback; focus group; student’s perception; qualitative study; Health-care students
Exploring the Effects of Lack of Pocket Money on Undergraduate Clinical Year Health Science Students’ Learning Activities
(Addis Ababa University, 2019-06) Jebessa Marema; Martimianakis Tina(PhD); Paul Robert(PhD); Deneke Andualem(Prof)
Background The expenses of the university lead to various challenges and affects students’ daily learning activities. In developing countries, higher education students face acute financial problem, which affects their daily educational activities. In Ethiopian higher educational system, students obtained the cost sharing benefits, which do not entitle them to get cash money. Health sciences students need additional costs other than common expenses in the university during clinical Therefore; lack of pocket money primarily affects students’ daily learning activities. Objectives The main objective of this research is to explore the challenges that undergraduate health science students faced due to lack of pocket money and the perceived effects of financial hardships on their learning activities during clinical years. Methods Year three and four MRT students have been selected for the study. Purposeful sampling method and snowball sampling method in getting those who are potentially in similar conditions with those who interviewed but missed during the selection of participants using the purposeful method. Accordingly, ten participants were identified and the semi-structured used to collect data. The interview took place from January 28, 2019, to February 1, 2019. Result The challenges due to acute financial hardships include difficulty in affording basic needs, unable to get into friendship, and struggling with small pocket money management. These challenges are rooted in poverty, poor parental awareness of university expenses, bad cost-sharing policy and poor management in the university. The interrelationship among these challenges and learning activities were also discussed. Lack of pocket money enforced students to stay hungry and quit studying, from coming late to the class to absent from the class, loss of attention in class, and missing clinical placement learning. Thus, there is a poor learning process and the clinical skills are not learned as expected, which directly affects students’ competencies.
Exploring the Need for Preconception Care: the Pregnancy Experience of Reproductive Age Women with Preexisting Medical Conditions in Public Health Facilities in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2024: Aqualitative Study
(Addis Ababa University, 2024-06-05) Binalfew Abebe; Endalew Gemechu
Background: Pre-existing medical conditions result in poor maternal and child health outcomes. In order to reduce maternal, child, and newborn mortality, preconception care is the ultimate health care service for women with preexisting conditions. In spite of this, little is known about the need for preconception care for women with chronic medical conditions in Ethiopia. Objective: Exploring the need for preconception care and the pregnancy experiences of reproductive age women with pre-existing medical conditions in a public health facility in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, in 2024. Method: A qualitative exploratory descriptive study was conducted on 19 women with specific preexisting medical conditions at the st.pauol Hospital Millennium Medical College Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit from February to March 2024. Purposively selected pregnant women were interviewed face-to-face, using an interview guide. Audio tape recordings and field notes was taken. Data collection and analysis were conducted simultaneously. The audio record was transcribed and then translated from Amharic to English. Finally, the analysis done manually guided by supervisors. Result: An in-depth interview included a total of 19 participants and their mean age was 34.7 (± SD=0.64). Four themes were developed through inductive analysis. Those were Experience of being pregnancy and the desire to carry on current pregnancy, cultural barrier and the behavior of seeking health care, awareness and perception of preconception care and the need for preconception care. The themes were thoroughly described from the perspective of participants emphasizing the importance of PCC for women with preexisting conditions. According to the study's findings, women who participated in the study used PCC infrequently, so improving women's benefits from PCC is required to reduce complications. Conclusion and recommendation: The study found that only two-thirds of participants are aware of preconception care (PCC) needs, and their utilization is limited. Factors influencing PCC utilization include lack of information, service inaccessibility, cultural practices, and poor care provider-patient interaction. Regular follow-up and readiness for pregnancy complications can improve PCC utilization and reduce unintended pregnancies. The care provider effectively communicates with the client, emphasizing the government to prioritize (PCC) as a daily agenda. Key words: Preconception care, preexisting condition, the need for preconception care.
Exploring the Pattern of Social Media Usage by Medical Students in School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University
(Addis Ababa University, 2019-05) Lako Wajana; Mekasha Amha; Kulasegaram Kulamakan
Even though millions of the younger generations are using social media (SM) for various purposes in Ethiopia, there is no clear study showing how the trends and patterns of SM usage look like in this group of people, particularly in medical schools. Therefore, the global objective of the current study was to explore the pattern of usage of SM by medical students in school of medicine, College of Health Sciences, AddisAbaba University. A descriptive cross-sectional quantitative study was conducted on four cohorts (Year II, Year III, Year IV and Year V)of study subjects. Simple random sampling technique was applied to determine the proposed sample size. Totally, 132 students were recruited from each cohort; thus a total of 528 students were included in the study. Using pre-tested anonymous questionnaire, information was collected on sociode mographics, the extent of using the SM, the type of SM used, average time spent on them, the purpose why the students use SM, the influence of these media onsocial interaction of students and students opinions regarding the effect of SM on their grades and academic performance. The questionnaire was tabulated and data was analyzed by using descriptive, inferential and quantitative analytical techniques with estimations from the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). A correlation of the variables was determined and X2 was used to compare the relationship of the variables. p<0.05 was considered statistically significant.There were 38.1% (N=201) females and 61.9% (N=327) males included in this study. Almost all students, irrespective of background were active users of SM (99.6%,N=526). Facebook was the dominant SM used by students before joining medical school (82%, N=433), followed by You Tube and Whatsapp. The number of Facebook users has been declined significantly from 82% to 47% after joining medical school. The dominancy of Facebook was over taken by Telegram after joining medical school. The use of Telegram has significantly increased from 18% (N=495) to (82%, N=433) afterjoining medical school. The proportions of You Tube users has increased significantly from 31% (N=165) to 52% (N=275) after joining medical school. We show for the first time that majority (70%, N=379) of medical students were distracted by SM while preparing for exam and doing their assignments. The distraction of medical students by SM while studying for examination and preparing assignments is significantly higher in males than females. The implications of this finding is triplicate: 1) The need for orientation for medical students at the beginning of the first year, 2) Continuous and intimate follow up is needed by family, Deans and advisers, 3) Special policy is also needed concerning the use of SM by medical students. Continuous personal development trainings might be important to clear out the confusion of medical students about the impact of SM.
Factors Affecting Motivation For Retention Among Academic Staff at the College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University.
(Addis Ababa University, 2024-12-23) Ermias Belestie; Ameha Mekasha
Background. The motivation of academic staff is essential for retention and plays a key role in ensuring the quality of education and research within higher institutions. However, the specific factors influencing motivation and retention at Addis Ababa University's College of Health Sciences (CHS) remain under explored and require further investigation to enhance institutional performance and staff satisfaction. Purpose: This study aims to explore primary motivators and hygiene factors influencing academic staff retention at CHS, using Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory as a framework. Method: A qualitative approach was utilized, involving semi-structured in-depth interviews with staff at the College of Health Sciences (CHS). Thematic analysis was conducted to identify key factors that influence motivation, which in turn impact the retention of academic staff. Results: The findings revealed that factors affecting motivation included opportunities for advancement, fair compensation and benefits, the nature of the work itself, positive interpersonal relationships, and job security. These elements were identified as crucial in maintaining staff motivation and ensuring long-term retention within the institution. Conclusion and Recommendations: career advancement opportunities, with clear promotion criteria and mentorship programs; competitive compensation and benefits, improving the work environment through resource provision and research funding; fostering positive interpersonal relationships with team-building and conflict resolution mechanisms; and ensuring job security through clear, transparent policies is recommended. Key words: Motivation, Retention, Job satisfaction, CHS
Identifying Challenges for Faculty & Non-Faculty Clinical Supervisors in Providing Effective Practical Supervision of Radiology Technology Students at CHS, AAU
(Addis Ababa University, 2019-06) Nigussie Alemayehu; Rowland Paula ; Bahire tibeb Yonas; Whitehead Cynthia
This study, conducted in Addis Ababa University, College of Health Sciences, Department of Medical Radiology Technology was designed to identify challenges faced by faculty and non faculty clinical supervisors in providing effective practical supervision of Radiology Technology students at CHS, AAU. The study aims to contribute possible recommendations and ideas for improvement of the quality of teaching at practicum sites. Qualitative research approaches were used. In this study a total 16 participants (9 Faculty supervisors and 7 Non-faculty supervisors) were selected through purposive sampling techniques and participated in the in-depth interviews. Data analysis was conducted using thematic analysis. The analysis of interview responses identified four main themes which form the focus of discussion: presence of supervisory guidelines and training, support from administrative bodies, appropriateness of clinical practical site, and commitment of clinical supervisors. The findings indicate that clinical supervision was given less attention than the theoretical academic curriculum. The outcomes of the study also draw attention to the concerned bodies on fulfillment of the necessary requirements for the faculty and non-faculty supervisors in order to obtain the benefits of clinical supervision. Keywords: Clinical supervision, faculty supervisors, non-faculty supervisors, clinical practice, challenge, Radiologic Technology students.

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