Animal Physiology

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Antimicrobial Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Fish, and Knowledge, Attitude and Hygienic Practices of Fish Handlers in Bishoftu, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2024) Kebadu Endeg; Takele Beyene; Dr. Liyuwork Tesfaw
Fish, a protein-rich food, can sometimes be contaminated with bacterial pathogens like S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, known for their resistance to antimicrobials. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Bishoftu, Ethiopia, from November 2023 to May 2024. The purpose of the study was to determine the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) pattern of these pathogens, as well as assess the knowledge, attitude towards antimicrobial use (AMU) and AMR, and hygienic practices of fish handlers. The study used a purposive sampling strategy. S. aureus and P. aeruginosa were confirmed using polymerase chain reaction and their susceptibility to antibiotics was tested using the Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method. The data was analyzed using STATA version 14, using descriptive statistics, Chi-squared, likelihood ratio, and binary logistic regression. The results of the study found that 8.6% (9) of 105 samples tested positive for S. aureus and 7.6% (8) for P. aeruginosa. S. aureus isolates were 100% resistant to cefuroxime, 44.4% (4/9) to cloxacillin and penicillin G, and 33.3% (3/9) to tetracycline. P. aeruginosa isolates were 100% resistant to cefuroxime, doxycycline, erythromycin, florfenicol, kanamycin, nalidixic acid, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and tetracycline. Multidrug resistance was observed in 33.3% (3/9) of S. aureus isolates and 100% of P. aeruginosa isolates. None of the S. aureus isolates were positive for mecA gene. The survey revealed that 79% (42/53) and 60% (32/53) of respondents had insufficient knowledge and desirable attitudes about AMU and AMR, respectively and 41% (22/53) had poor hygienic practices. A significant positive correlation was found between respondent’s educational level and knowledge and attitude scores. Gender also played a role in attitude and hygienic practices. The study provides insights into S. aureus and P. aeruginosa resistance in fish production and establishes a baseline understanding of knowledge, attitudes, and hygiene practices among fish handlers. Further research should focus on detecting AMR genes in aquaculture. Additionally, enhancing knowledge about AMU and AMR in aquaculture for fish handlers is of utmost importance.
Characterization of Beekeeping Systems and Honey Value Chain, and Effects of Storage Containers and Durations on Physico-Chemical Properties of Honey in Kilte Awlaelo District, Eastern Tigray, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababauniversity, 2015-05) Gebremeskel, Yetimwork; Tamir, Berhan (Prof)
This study was conducted to evaluate the existing beekeeping system and honey production, identify major bee flora, honey storage methods, honey marketing and value chain actors, constraints of beekeeping and honey production, and honey quality as influenced by storage containers and durations in Kilte Awlaelo district of Eastern Tigray, Ethiopia. A semi-structured questionnaire interview and focus group discussion were the main tools used to gather primary data from the households and honey value chain actors. The household data were collected from 156 beekeepers in three tabias of the district. For the physico-chemical analysis, 20 kg of honey was harvested from frame beehive of a single farmer and stored in plastic pot, tin-can and glass for 0, 3 and 6 months and analyzed for moisture, ash, pH, acidity and HMF. Majority (95.5%) of the beekeepers owned frame beehives and only 4.5% of the beekeepers owned traditional beehives. The average beekeeping experience of the beekeepers was 9.48 years with the range varying from 1 to 34 years. The average honey yield per hive/harvest and per year was 7.66 and 16 kg for traditional beehive, 19.4 and 35 kg for frame beehive, respectively. Beekeepers identified Becium grandiflorum, Hypoestes forskaolii, Leucas abyssinica, Euclea schimperi, Cordia Africana, Eucalptus spp. and, Opuntia ficus-indica as the major bee forage. Honey badger, ants, wax moth, spider, birds, lizard and snake were identified as the major bee pests and predators in their order of importance. About 14.7%, 15.4% and 21.2% of the beekeepers store honey for 1-3, 4-6 and more than 6 xviii months, respectively. Plastic pots (54.5%), tin-can (30.1%), glass (9.6%) and clay pots (5.8%) were identified as containers used to store honey. The results of the physico-chemical analysis indicated that all the samples (100%) are within the acceptable range of world and Ethiopian honey quality standards with moisture (17.25%), ash (0.14%), pH (3.86), acidity (17.57 meq/kg) and HMF (1.71 mg/kg). The honey quality analysis indicated that the honey from the study district to be of high quality and safe for local consumption and for export. From the value chain analysis, the distribution of frame beehives in the study district was increasing from 43 beehives in 1998 to 490 beehives per year in 2013 due to interventions by different governmental and nongovernmental organizations. From the enabling environment, it was observed that the different developmental polices and strategies of the government to be sufficient for practicing apiculture in small and commercial scales. From this study it was revealed that the quality of honey produced was high, and the potential for honeybee and quality honey production in the district is very high, which calls for proper intervention along the value chain components and actors, and involvement of huge investment in the development of honey production, processing and export. Also, a continued support with policies, strategies and programs at all levels will play a role for the sustainability of the sector. Key words: Bee forage, honeybee, honey quality, honey storage, Kilte Awlaelo district, production system
The Effect of Nutritional Status on Reproductive Performance of Urban Dairy Farm Systems in Debre Zeit
(2008-06) Haileselassie, Zewoldi; Dr. Alemayehu Lemma
The relationship between nutrition and reproduction is a topic of increasing importance. Many research reports have clearly demonstrated that energy, protein and minerals intake is the most important nutritional factors affecting reproduction in dairy cows. This is particularly evident in the tropics where feed is often inadequate. A study was conducted to determine the effect of nutritional status on reproductive performance in urban dairy farms around Debre Zeit from November 2007 to May 2008. A total of 212 lactating cows in 16 farms of different sizes have been monitored over the study period. The study was conducted based on farm sizes, body condition score, milk yield and milk urea nitrogen levels as indicators of nutritional status and calving interval, service perconception and days open as a measure of reproductive performance. The most common feed resource comprised crop-residues and agro-industrial byproducts such as wheat bran, straw, noug and linseed cake, and local brewery byproduct and rarely hay. The mean body condition score was 2.6 and out of the total sample, 49.5% had a poor body condition. Most (72.4%) of the animals with poor body condition were known to be coming from large farms. The overall mean (±SD) calving interval, days open and service perconception were in the order of 468.31±109.63 days; 162.50 ±111.06 days; and 2.33 ±1.75, respectively while the conception rate was 62.5%. Calving interval and days open were only slightly affected by body condition and milk urea nitrogen concentration while service perconception was significantly affected (P<0.05) by both body condition and milk urea nitrogen concentration. High milk producing cows were found to have a relatively longer calving interval and days open and higher number of services perconception compared to the low milk producing ones (P<0.05). High milk urea nitrogen concentration was highly correlated with low milk production and vice versa. The currently prevailing feeding system and nutritional status did affect the performance of the cows. Apart from this poor heat detection as well as poor AI service were also major contributors to poor reproductive performance of the cows. It is therefore perceived that improvement of diets, proper feeding strategy, and determination of milk urea nitrogen at herd level could help monitoring the nutritional status of the cows and will help to timely correction before it affects reproductive performance. Key words. Urban dairy cows, Reproductive performance, Body condition, MU
Effects of Lactation and Pregnancy on Hematological and Serum Biochemical Profiles of Cross Breed Holstein Friesian Cows in Bishoftu, Ethiopia
(2018-06) Temesgen, Kifle; Dr. Fikru Regassa, Dr. Kibeb Legesse
The study showed that all hematological indices associated with RBC differed significantly (p<0.05) at different physiological status. In line with this, mean RBC values during different physiological stages differs significantly. The value recorded during early and late stage of lactation differed significantly (p<0.05) from mid stage of lactation. The mean value of PCV of non-pregnant dry cows (27.11±6.07) was significantly lower than the mean value of PCV of the early lactating group (33.18±4.81) and the mean value of the PCV of the late lactating group (32.44± 3.4) respectively. The mean value of the WBC decreases when pregnancy advanced and the mean value of WBC increases when the lactation approach to dry period (from early lactation to late lactation). The mean value of AST in early and late pregnancy were significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of mid pregnancy(20.5±11.7)The mean values of AST in lactation stages that are early, mid and late were 78.3±22.7, 63.12± 19.87 and 62.2±14.4 respectively. The mean values of glucose in pregnant groups increase as the pregnancy advanced and the mean value of glucose in late pregnant group 38.13±5.31 was significantly differs from the mean values of both mid and early pregnancy 24.92±4.12 and 32.36± 4.87 respectively. The mean value of urea in early lactation 32.05±5.73 was significantly higher than both in mid lactation 23.65±7.89 and late lactation 15.8±6.58. The mean value of creatinine in late lactation 1.34±0.44 was significantly higher than the mean value of early lactating groups 0.87±0.16 and the mean value of mid lactating group 1.21±0.42. The mean value of total billrubin mid pregnancy groups 0.24±0.098 was significantly differs from the mean values of both early pregnant group 0.072± 0.06 and late pregnant groups 0.11±0.08. The mean values of total protein in early lactation groups 8.3±1.46 was significantly (p<0.05) differs from the mean values of both mid lactation 7.0±1.9 and late lactation 5.47±1.0. This study showed a significant differences in the mean serum electrolyte values of pregnant and lactating cows in between all groups of study were due to irregular and imbalanced supplement of minerals in feed. Results revealed that most of the measured blood constituents were differed significantly during the period of lactation and pregnancy in Holistian fresain cow. In conclusion, the established reference values will be a useful guide for interpreting serum biochemical and hematologic data in pregnant and lactating cow.
Effects of Trypanosomiasis on Hematological and Plasma Biochemical Reference Parameters of Small Ruminants in South West Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2008-06) Mulatu, Tesfaye; Mamo, Gezahegn(phD)
A study was carried out to investigate the effect of trypanosomiasis on the hematological and plasma biochemical parameters of small ruminants (sheep and goat) at Gera and Seka-Chekorsa districts in the Gojeb valley of Ghibe Omo river system, Jimma Zone, Oromiya region in the southwest of Ethiopia. The mean hematological values of RBC (l1.8±2.8 X106/fll) , PCV (24.2±4.1 %), MCV (21.3±4.7f1), neutrophil (30.6± 12.8%), monocyte (3.2±2%) and basophil (0.8±0.9%) for small ruminants (sheep and goats) raised in high tsetse challenge area \\"ere found to be smaller than the values ofRBC l2.7±3.6 XI06Ifll), pev (26.8±9.8%), MCV (22 .3±8.4f1 ), neutrophil 2.7±10.S%), monocyte (4.6±3.2%) and basophil (0.6±0.8%) in low tsetse chall enge area and the variation was statistically significant (P < O.OS). Smaller values of PCV and MCV in the hematological parameters of small ruminants in the high challenge area could be the cause of microcytic type of anemia. Significant differences (P < O.OS) were also observed bet\\"een heer and goat species within the high challenge area in the values of MCV .9±4.7f1 for sheep. 20.7±4.6f1 for goats), neutrophil (31.8± 12.8% for sheep, 29.2±12.6% for goats) and monoC)1e (2.9± 1.7% for sheep, 3.S±2.3 %for goats) where the values were found to be higher in sheep than goats . In the biochemical analysis values for AST (84.8±2S.8IU/L), ALT (l3.S ±6.SI U/L). creatinine (1. 1 ±0.2mg/dl), and total protein (4. 9±1.6g/dl) were smaller in small ruminants (sheep and goats) raised in high tsetse challenge area than the values of AST (116.S±44.9IC 'L). ALT (19.1 ±9.IIU/L), reatinine (1.2±0.3mg/dl ), and total protein (7 .6±2.9g/dl) in low challenge area and the difference in values between the areas were significant (P < O.OS). ithin the high challenge area significant di fference in some biochemical arameters (P < O.OS) were also observed between sheep and goat species whereby the values of AST (91.3±2SIC L). AL T (14.3±7.3IU/L), and creatinine .3±7.3mg/dl) were found to be higher in sheep than the values of AST (80.3±46IU/L), ALT (l2. 6±S.4IU/L), and creatinine (1.1±0.2mg/dl) in goats . The study also showed higher values of cholesterol (94.S±32.Smg/dL) in small ruminants (sheep and goats) raised in high tsetse challenge area than the values of cholesterol (61.7±42.1mg/dL) in 10'.\ challenge area whereas the values for triglycerides (93.4±43.7mmollL) were found to be smalkr than the values for triglycerides (l07.S±37.4mmollL) in the low challenge area and the d ifference in both cases were statistically significant (P < O.OS). Thus it can be concluded from the stue), that trypanosomiasis has a rominent effect on the hematological and plasma biochemica.l VIII parameters of small ruminants In the high tsetse challenge areas of South Western parts of Ethiopia and attention should be given in utilizing the values of these parameters for assessing the physiological status of animals for diagnostic purpose.Key words: Trypanosomiasis, small ruminant, matological parameters, biochemical parameters, southwest of Ethiopia
Effects of Trypanosomosis on Hematological and Plasma Biochemical Reference Parameters of Small Ruminants in South West Ethiopia
(2008-06) Tesfaye, Mulatu; Dr. Gezahegn Mamo, Dr. Yakob Hailu
A study was carried out to investigate the effect of trypanosomosis on the hematological and plasma biochemical parameters of small ruminants (sheep and goat) at Gera and Seka-Chekorsa districts in the Gojeb valley of Ghibe Omo river system, Jimma Zone, Oromiya region in the southwest of Ethiopia. The mean hematological values of RBC (11.8±2.8 X106/μl), PCV (24.2±4.1%), MCV (21.3±4.7fl), neutrophil (30.6±12.8%), monocyte (3.2±2%) and basophil (0.8±0.9%) for small ruminants (sheep and goats) raised in high tsetse challenge area were found to be smaller than the values of RBC (12.7±3.6 X106/μl ), PCV (26.8±9.8%), MCV (22.3±8.4fl), neutrophil (32.7±10.5%), monocyte (4.6±3.2%) and basophil (0.6±0.8%) in low tsetse challenge area and the variation was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Smaller values of PCV and MCV in the hematological parameters of small ruminants in the high challenge area could be the cause of microcytic type of anemia. Significant differences (P < 0.05) were also observed between sheep and goat species within the high challenge area in the values of MCV (21.9±4.7fl for sheep, 20.7±4.6fl for goats), neutrophil (31.8±12.8% for sheep, 29.2±12.6% for goats) and monocyte (2.9±1.7% for sheep, 3.5±2.3 %for goats) where the values were found to be higher in sheep than goats. In the biochemical analysis values for AST (84.8±25.8IU/L), ALT (13.5±6.5IU/L), creatinine (1.1±0.2mg/dl), and total protein (4.9±1.6g/dl) were smaller in small ruminants (sheep and goats) raised in high tsetse challenge area than the values of AST (116.5±44.9IU/L), ALT (19.1±9.1IU/L), creatinine (1.2±0.3mg/dl), and total protein (7.6±2.9g/dl) in low challenge area and the difference in values between the areas were significant (P < 0.05). Within the high challenge area significant difference in some biochemical parameters (P < 0.05) were also observed between sheep and goat species whereby the values of AST (91.3±25IU/L), ALT (14.3±7.3IU/L), and creatinine (14.3±7.3mg/dl) were found to be higher in sheep than the values of AST (80.3±46IU/L), ALT (12.6±5.4IU/L), and creatinine (1.1±0.2mg/dl) in goats. The study also showed higher values of cholesterol (94.5±32.5mg/dL) in small ruminants (sheep and goats) raised in high tsetse challenge area than the values of cholesterol (61.7±42.1mg/dL) in low challenge area whereas the values for triglycerides (93.4±43.7mmol/L) were found to be smaller than the values for triglycerides (107.5±37.4mmol/L) in the low challenge area and the difference in both cases were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Thus it can be concluded from the study that trypanosomosis has a prominent effect on the hematological and plasma biochemical IX parameters of small ruminants in the high tsetse challenge areas of South Western parts of Ethiopia and attention should be given in utilizing the values of these parameters for assessing the physiological status of animals for diagnostic purpose.
Evaluation of short- and long-term antibiotic treatment regimens on emergence of antimicrobial resistance in mice infected with E. coli
(Addis Ababa University, 2024) Timotiwos Wogaso; Takele Beyene
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global issue impacting human and animal health. E. coli commonly found in gut serve as an indicator organism to monitor AMR and multidrug resistance (MDR) in commensal bacteria. This research investigates the impact of oxytetracycline and penstrep (a fixed combination of penicillin and dihydrostreptomycin) misuse on AMR emergence in mice infected with drug-susceptible E. coli, analyzing the effects of short-term and long-term ( low, optimum and high) antibiotic dosing on the AMR profiles of susceptible E. coli strains. The research was carried out on 40 two-month-old female mice at the AAU-CVMA mice rearing facility and microbiology laboratory from November 2023 to April 2024. The study involved infecting the mice with E.coli, treating them with one of those two antibiotics, sampling every seven days start from day zero, isolating E. coli from the samples, testing for phenotypic resistance to seven antibiotics using agar dilution test, and identifying resistance genes through PCR and lateral flow assays with anti-CTX-M and CARBA 5 monoclonal antibodies. The study revealed higher AMR in penstrep and oxytetracycline groups, with 31.4% and 24.7% resistance, respectively. Infected and naïve control groups had 1.9% and 0.5% resistance, indicating selection pressure effects. Low-dose long-term treatments showed more antibiotic resistance than optimum and higher doses for both oxytetracycline and penstrep. The low-dose penstrep group had the highest MDR at 100% on day 28, followed by the low-dose oxytetracycline group with 86%. Significant variation in AMR emergence was observed at different time points post-treatment, peak on day 28. PCR results showed blaTEM gene growth and detection of the E. coli gene, while the lateral flow assay indicated negative results for CARB-5 and CTX-M genes. The study suggests long-term low-dose antibiotic use increases AMR risk, especially fixed combination therapy (penstrep). It is recommended to use antibiotic alternatives in food animals to reduce AMR impact. If antibiotics are necessary, use an optimum dose within the nontoxic range for the shortest recommended duration.
Serum Immunoglobulin G Concentration in Lamb and Goat Kid, Awash Fentale, Afar Nations Regional State, Ethiopia
(2019-06) Negash, Desta; Dr. Kibeb Legesse, Dr. Nigatu Kebede; Wutrina Smith (Prof)
In this study a total of 143 head (97 lamb and 46 goat kid) were randomly selected from 3 villages, Awash Fentale district, Afar Regional State, Ethiopia. To determine the serum IgG concentration of lamb and goat kid in the study area and to determine effect of parity, age, birth type, sex and dam body condition in transfer of passive immunoglobulin concentration in the study area. From lamb and goat kid blood sample was taken at 2-7 days of age. 4 ml of blood was collected from jugular vein puncture in a sterile plain tube and serum collected by centrifuge. The species specific sheep and goat radial immuno diffusion kit analyzed serum result after 24 hrs showed as rang from 47.64 to 6071.632 mg/dl serum IgG concentration of lamb and goat kid ranges from 169.577 to 3559.875 mg/dl serum IgG concentration. The radial immuno diffusion result showed as 21.6 % of newborn lambs in the study area have failure of passive immunoglobulin concentration and the remaining 78.4 % had adequate passive immunity and 83.4 % of goat kids have adequate passive immunoglobulin concentration and 16.6 % kids had failure of passive immunoglobulin concentration from their dams. The result showed that failure of passive immunity important in the study area. Among the considered risk factors evaluated by simple and multiple logistic regression the age of the lamb and type of delivery was statistically significant P value (P<0.05) on lamb. Generally, passive immunity transfer increased by colostrum feeding and animal husbandry management intervention and significant for pastoralist whose livelihood is dependent on livestock.
Studies on Serum Biochemical Parameters of Camels (Camelus Dromedarius) in Ethiopia
(2007-06) EYOB, IBRAHIM; Dr. Gezahegne Mamo, Dr. Alemayehu Lemma
This study was conducted in Awash Fentale district of Afar region and Metehara town of Oromia region, Ethiopia, in an attempt to determine the serum biochemical parameters of camels as well as to observe the influence of age on the parameters. The mean values of serum enzyme levels of ALP, ALT, AST and GGT for the Borana origin camels were 106.77 ± 32.06 U/L, 12.54 ± 4.65 U/L, 75.16 ± 25.48 U/L and 15.06 ± 7.85 U/L, respectively. The mean concentrations of serum electrolytes were 146.83 ± 0.28 mmol/L, 5.27 ± 0.06 mmol/L, 112.6 ± 0.21 mmol/L and 0.59 ± 0.02 mmol/L for sodium, potassium, chloride and ionized calcium, respectively in the Borana origin camels. Whereas, the mean serum concentrations of total protein, urea, creatinine, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin and triglyceride were 6.67 ± 0.05 g/dl, 35.76 ± 0.74 mg/dl, 1.96 ± 0.02 mg/dl, 0.53 ± 0.01 mg/dl, 0.2 ± 0.01 mg/dl and 0.86 ± 0.02 mmol/L, respectively. In Afar camels, the mean values of serum enzyme levels of ALP, ALT, AST and GGT were 114.8 ± 6.83 U/L, 10.09 ± 0.73 U/L, 67.42 ± 3.5 U/L and 11.96 ± 0.83 U/L, respectively. The mean concentrations of serum electrolytes were 165.91 ± 1.38 mmol/L, 4.96 ± 0.09 mmol/L, 125.49 ± 0.58 mmol/L and 1.19 ± 0.04 mmol/L for sodium, potassium, chloride and ionized calcium, respectively for the Afar camels. Whereas, the mean serum concentrations of total protein, urea and creatinine were 6.39 ± 0.14 g/dl, 48.76 ± 1.25 mg/dl and 1.16 ± 0.02 mg/dl, respectively. The data analysis revealed that age had significant effect on some of the serum biochemical parameters. Afar camels up to the age of 5 years had significantly (P< 0.05) higher levels of ALP, whereas those above 5 years of age had significantly (P< 0.05) higher levels of urea. Borana origin camels up to the age of 5 years had significantly (P< 0.05) higher levels of ALT and AST, whereas those above 5 years of age had significantly (P< 0.05) higher levels of total protein. Thus, care should be taken during interpretation of serum biochemical values for disease diagnosis due to the influence of age.

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