College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture

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Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Escherichia Coli Isolates from Feaces of Slaughtered Cattle, Beef carcass and Abattoir Environment at Karalo Abattoir and Surrounding Butcher Shops, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
(2020-06) Gebremichael Tilahun; Dr. Gezahegn Mamo, Dr. Tadesse Eguale
The wide spread occurrence of food borne bacterial pathogens and antimicrobial resistance are currently becoming the growing concern for animal and public health authorities. A cross-sectional study was conducted at Karalo area in Addis Ababa from December 2019 to May 2020 to investigate the occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of E .coli isolates from faeces of cattle brought for slaughter, beef carcass, floor of slaughter hall and meat transporting vehicles at Karalo abattoir and the surrounding butcher shops. A total of 175 samples were systematically collected and examined to isolate and identify E.coli by using standard bacteriological technique. The overall occurrence of E.coli was 51/175 (29.1%; 95% CI: 22.8-36.37) and isolation of E.coli was the highest in faeces (13/35; 37.1%) followed by floor swab (12/35; 34.3%), vehicle swab (10/35; 28.6%), carcass swab in butcher shops (9/35; 25.7%) and carcass swab in abattoir (7/35; 20%). All E.coli isolates from different sample sources were 100% susceptible to Nalidixic acid , Ciprofloxacin and Cefitriaxone . On the other hand, 84.3% (43/51) of E.coli isolates showed resistance to two or more antimicrobial agents. The highest level of resistance was observed to Sulfisoxasole (76.5%) in all samples followed by Cephalotine (64.7%), Ampicillin (47.1%), Amoxicillin clavulanic acid (43.1%), Tetracycline (41.2%) and Streptomycin (33.3%). Over 69% of isolates from fecal samples and 90% of isolates obtained from vehicle swab were resistant to 3 or more antimicrobials of which multidrug resistance as high as seven antimicrobials was recorded in a single isolate from feacal sample. Considerable proportions of feaces, carcass and premises in the present study harbored drug resistant E.coli which has a significant risk to public health by passing through food of animal origin. Therefore, appropriate intervention program and awareness creation on best practice of hygiene and sanitary measures on abattoirs as well as best handing practice of carcass in butcher shops are essential to minimize the risk associated with consumption of contaminated meat. Education on the surveillance and rational use of antimicrobial agents in animals and animal products are crucial. Furthermore, investigation on sources of contamination of meat in abattoirs, their environment and associated butcher shops play an important role in decreasing microbial contamination to ensure consumer safety.
ASSESSMENT OF THE CONTAMINATION OF BEEF WITH SALMONELLA AND KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES AND BEEF HANDLING PRACTICES ALONG BEEF SUPPLY CHAIN IN DUKEM TOWN, ETHIOPIA
(2017-06) Zelalem, Sisay; Dr. Fanta Desissa , Dr. Gezahegn Mamo
Salmonella is a major cause of food borne disease in the world, with an increasing concern for the emergence and spread of antimicrobial-resistant strains. A cross-sectional study was conducted between November, 2016 and April, 2017 to estimate the prevalence, and determine the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Salmonella, and assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices along beef supply chain in Dukem town. A total of 286 samples comprising feces, carcass swab and retail meat were collected and examined for the presence of Salmonella following the standard techniques and procedures. Hundred respondents consisting of 20 abattoir workers, 20 butchery workers and 60 consumers participated in the study. Systematic random sampling and purposive sampling techniques were used to generate the desired data. The overall prevalence of Salmonella along the beef supply chain was 6.3% (95% CI: 3.9-9.7). The specific prevalence of Salmonella based on sample source was 0.9%, 2.9%, and 12.7 % in feces, carcass swab, and retail meat, respectively. There was statistically significant difference along the beef supply chain(X2 = 14.3027, P <0.05). Among the isolates, 94.4% (n=17) were resistant at least to one of the antimicrobials. All the isolates (100%) were sensitive to Kanamycin where as 94.4%, 88.9% and 83.3% of the isolates were found to be sensitive to Sufisoxazole, Tetracycline and Nalidixic acid, respectively. Multi-drug resistance was observed in 27.8% (n=5) of the isolates.Majority (95%) of abattoir workers didn’t know that contaminated carcass has public health risk. According to the respondents, falling of carcass in the dirty floor and sudden stomach cut were the major possible sources for carcass contamination. All of the abattoir and butchery workers received neither job related training nor medical check up. Most (70%) of consumers had habit of eating raw beef and 73.3% of them had no knowledge about the transmission of Salmonella via meat consumption. In conclusion, the study found the occurrence of Salmonella along beef supply chain with higher prevalence at meat retail shop and the variability in the susceptibility pattern of Salmonella isolates against the tested antimicrobials. It also showed that the existing beef handling practices, knowledge and attitudes about the importance of occurrence of Salmonella along the beef supply chain could be a potential public health risk unless the necessary intervention is in place. All stakeholders should raise awareness in minimizing the occurrence of Salmonella and thereby transmissions of resistant Salmonella to humans and risk of raw beef consumption along the beef supply chain particularly at meat retail. Moreover, identifying Salmonella serotypes circulating in the area and regular monitoring of the heath status of workers and hygienic condition of the slaughter house and meat retail shop is recommended.
BACTERIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THE RESPIRATORY TRACTS OF APPARENTLY HEALTHY AND PNEUMONIC CAMELS (CAMELUS DROMEDARIES) IN SELECTED DISTRICTS OF AFAR REGION, ETHIOPIA
(2012-06) MU’UZ, GEBRU; Dr. Tesfaye Sisay, Dr. Genene Tefera
A cross-sectional study was conducted to isolate and characterize the normal bacterial flora and bacterial agents implicated in pneumonia from the respiratory tract of the apparently healthy and pneumonic camels in the selected districts of Asayita and Dubti woredas of Afar Region. A total of 532 samples including 384 nasal swabs, 74 lung tissues and the same number of corresponding tracheal swabs were collected for bacteriological examination from September 2011 to May 2012. Generally, 903 bacterial isolates that constituted 14 different genera were identified from both the field and abattoir based study. The 384 nasal specimens collected yielded a total of 641 bacterial isolates. CNS, 28.6%, Bacillus, 13.5%, S. aureus, 13.3% and E. coli, 7.8% were the leading bacterial species isolated from the nasal tracts of apparently healthy camels. Nasal swabs collected from the pneumonic camels revealed S. aureus, CNS, Bacillus species and K. pneumoniae at a rate of 28.0%, 11.7%, 11.3% and 7.0%, respectively. E. coli, 12.7%, Proteus species, 10.9%, and K. pneumoniae, 9.1% were recognized at higher proportions among the 55 bacteria identified from the normal lungs. On the other side, S. aureus, S. equi subsp. equi and P. multocida were the frequently encountered species in the pneumonic lungs with the incidence of 16.3%, 13.0% and 10.9%, respectively. The majority of the isolates colonized all the anatomical sites investigated. However, a general decrease in the isolation rate was observed as one goes down the respiratory passageways. There was a statistically significant difference between the health status of the camels as well as along the anatomical sites studied with the isolation rates of the major camel respiratory pathogens (p<0.05). Streptococcus equi subsp. equi, S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus and S. pneumoniae were identified using the Omnilog®-Biolog identification system at the Institute of Biodiversity Conservation, Addis Ababa. The majority of the strains of the camel respiratory pathogens were found susceptible to norfloxacin, streptomycin and gentamicin but resistant to the action of ampicillin and tetracycline on the invitro test. Further studies on the demonstration of the role of other microorganisms, the pathogenicity of S. equi subsp. equi, identification of the serotypes involved and development of polyvalent vaccine are recommended to allow the progress of preventive methods.
A Clinic-Pathological Study, Lesion Characterization and Financial Loss Due to Fasciolosis and Hepatic Necrobacillosis in Cattle Slaugthered at Three Municipal Abbatoirs of Central Ethiopia
(2020-06) Wondimu, Hika; Dr. Bulto Giro, Dr Jirata Shiferaw
The study was conducted from October, 2019 to May, 2020 by using cross-sectional study design to assess a clinic-pathological, lesion characterization, and financial loss due to fasciolosis and hepatic necrobacillosis in cattle slaughtered at three municipal abattoirs of central Ethiopia. Sixty cattle were selected using systematic random sampling for this study, from which blood samples and liver tissue of the same animals were collected before and after slaughter, respectively. Tissue sampling for bacterial culture and histopathology were collected from the infected liver. Post-mortem inspection results, 41.6% (25/60) gross pathologic lesions, of these, 20% (12/60) were mixed infection of liverfluke and Fusobacterium necrophorum while 8% (5/60) and 13.3% (8/60) of the infections were due to Fusobacterium necrophorum and liverflukes alone, respectively. The histopathologic examination of the affected livers indicated heavy infiltration of inflammatory cells, biliary cirrhosis and extensive fibrous of connective tissue proliferation in the hepatic capsule. The hematological assay results indicated that PCV, Hb, and RBC’s were lower in the infected cattle while, the WBC’s (Eosinophilia, Neutrophilia, Monocyte, and Lymphocyte) were higher. The biochemical analysis of blood samples from the infected cattle showed that the liver enzymes AST, ALT, and ALP were significantly higher in animals with hepatocyte degeneration. The estimated financial losses due to liver condemnation by fascioliasis and hepatic necrobascillosis were 1,747,200 ETB/ ($56361.3) annually. Therefore, the study concluded that the liverflukes and infections due to Fusobacterium necrophorum are the major problems of cattle slaughtered at the selected abattoirs of the study areas. Thus, corrective measures and further investigations are recommended to lessen economic loss from fasciollosis caused liver condemnation.
COMPARATIVE PATHOLOGICAL STUDY ON LUNG, HEART, KIDNEY AND LIVER OF CATTLE AND DROMEDARY CAMEL SLAUGHTERED AT AKAKI ABATTOIR AND ASSESSMENT OF ASSOCIATED FINANCIAL LOSSES
(2019-06) Emebet, Etisa; Dr. Bulto Giro, Yacob Hailu (Prof)
Lung, heart, kidney and liver are vital organ of the body and susceptible to various disease conditions and parasites that affect the total health status of cattle and camel. There is an increase in demand of carcass and organ consumption but the production capacity become decreasing due to the presence of endemic disease and varieties of pathological conditions. This study was carried out to investigate the pathological changes present in lungs, hearts, kidneys and livers of cattle and dromedarius camels slaughtered at Akaki abattoir. Such studies are very important in epidemiological surveys of animal diseases. Cross-sectional study design with purposive sampling method was used to study pathological findings on lung, heart, kidney and liver of cattle and camels slaughtered at Akaki abattoir. 3520 cattle and 560 camels were involved in the study. The organs from these animals were grossly inspected and the representative tissue samples in 10% neutral buffered formalin were collected for histopathological lesions characterization. Pulmonary hydatidosis was the highest findings in the lung of cattle 39% while emphysema was the highest lesion in camel 30.4%. Grossly the hydatidosis was characterized by having variable size yellowish to grey colored cysts embedded at different depths of lung and microscopically by the presence cystic wall and infiltration of inflammatory cells. The emphysema was characterized grossly by enlargement of the lung due to gas accumulation and microscopically by distention of the alveoli and interlobular septa. The least pathological changes in the lung of cattle were granulomatous pneumonia and CBPP both occurred at same rate 0.12%. Granulomatous pneumonia was characterized grossly by dark red area of streak, dilation of interlobular septa with mucoid like exudates and yellowish to gray caseous and calcified materials in the mediastinal lymphnode. Microscopically, there were granulomatous like lesions around the bronchioles and infiltrated with inflammatory cells and mediastinal lymphnode were necrotized and mineralized. In case of CBPP grossly there was fibrinous pleuritis and marbling appearance and microscopically, interlobular septa were markedly expanded with abundant edema and inflammatory cells. Serous cyst and calcification were the highest finding in heart of cattle and occurred at same rate 33.3% while pericarditis with cysticercosis was the only finding in camel’s heart. The cysticercosis was characterized grossly by hard small size cyst like structure on myocardium of the heart and microscopically by the presence of cyst in the myocardium, with egg in the reproductive tract of female nematode. In cattle kidneys, cysts were the highest pathological condition to be occurred 34% and hypertrophy were the least in occurrence 9.6%. Grossly, there were several small cysts on the cortex of the kidney and in other case single cyst on the medulla of the kidney. Microscopically the cyst was lined by cuboidal type of cells and other lined by single cell layer of epithelium However, abscess and pyelonephritis were highest in camel and occurred at same rate 50%. In camel pyelonephritis was characterized grossly by enlarged kidney due to accumulation of fluid and internal swelling and microscopically by distended tubules contained hyaline cast and heavily infiltrated interstitium. In cattle livers, fasciolosis were the highest pathological findings 52.1% and grossly it was characterized by deposition of rusted colored materials and immature and mature fasciola in the bile duct and microscopically by fibrosis and haemorrhagic portal tracks, metastasis bile duct in to mucus producing like cells and infiltration of inflammatory cells. In camel cystic liver with fatty change was the highest 60% and grossly it was characterized by variable size cysts and slightly elevated nodular like structure on the parietal surface of liver and microscopically by presence of several cystic area lined by single layer of epithelium accompanied by fatty change and Von Meyenburg complex. The monitory losses as the result of organ condemnation were 877,587.08 ETB in cattle and 169,309.03 ETB in camel. In conclusion, the pathological changes observed in one species were not seen in other species and in other cases same pathological changes were seen in both species and . ETB lost due to the organs condemnation from both species as the result of these pathological changes. We recommend further study to be conducted on the root ethological causes of the pathological changes observed in this study.
COMPARATIVE STUDY ON LESIONS OF REPRODUCTIVE DISORDERS OF COWS AND FEMALE DROMEDARY CAMELS SLAUGHTERED AT ADDIS ABABA, ADAMA AND AKAKI ABATTOIRS WITH BACTERIAL ISOLATION
(2017-06) Aynalem, Mandefro; Dr. Tilaye Demissie
A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2016 to May 2017 on reproductive organs of cows and dromedary camels slaughtered at Akaki slaughter house, Addis Ababa and Adama municipal abattoirs to compare lesions and bacteria isolates. A total 280 reproductive organs (140 form cows and 140 from camels) were grossly inspected. Grossly visible lesions were documented and tissue samples with lesion were collected for histopathological lesion characterizations and bacteriological isolations. Various pathological lesion with different degrees of severity were observed in 36.4% (n=51) and 34.2 % (n=48) of cows and dromedary camels, respectively. Age, species and body conditions of animals were not statistically associated with most of the disorders (P>0.05). Comparatively, in cow the most frequently observed lesions were that of ovaries 16.4% while in camels it was that of uterus 21.4%. Grossly, endometritis were characterized by congestion in acute cases and congestions and thickening in chronic cases. Microscopically, endometrial glands degenerations, sloughing of epithelium, periglandular cuffing and infiltrations of inflammatory cell were some of characteristics change observed in endometritis. Grossly, the follicular cyst were large, some of them occupied the entire ovary and very thin walled. Microscopically, the follicular cysts were characterized by extremely thin granulosa layers. Most of endometritic tissues cultured for bacterial isolations were positive for either single and/or mixed bacterial infection. Staphylococcus species 28.5%, Streptococci species 19.6%, Coynebacterium species 8.9%, Escherichia coli 26.7%, Salmonella species 10.7% and Klebsiella species 5.35% were isolated from cows uteri, while in the dromedary camels, Escherichia coli 35.5%, Staphylococcus species 26.6%, Streptococcus species 13.3%, Pseudomonas species 6.6 %, Proteus species 4.4%, Salmonella species 8.8% and Klebsiella species 4.4% were isolated. It could be concluded that reproductive organ lesion were important problem in both species of animals and these disorders might be causes of infertility and appearance of these females in abattoir. The role of each identified lesion on infertility needs further investigations.
ESCHERICHIA COLI O157:H7 ISOLATION FROM FECES, SKIN AND CARCASSES AS WELL AS TOTAL AND FECAL COLIFORMS ON CARCASSES OF SMALL RUMINANTS AT AN EXPORT ABATTOIR, MOJDO, ETHIOPIA
(2008) GASHAW, MERSHA; Dr. Moses N. Kyule, Dr. Daniel Asrat
The purpose of this study was to find out the presence of association between carcass contamination with E. coli O157: H7 and fecal and skin prevalence of E. coli O157: H7 and to estimate coliform loads on before and after wash of sheep and goats carcasses at an export abattoir at Modjo, Ethiopia. A total of 711 samples were examined for the presence of E. coli O157:H7 from fecal samples, skin swabs, carcass swabs before and after wash from sheep and goats slaughtered between October, 2007 and April, 2008. Water samples were also collected for the isolation of E. coli O157:H7 and coliform counts. Total and fecal coliform loads were estimated on same carcasses using Violet Red Bile Agar (VRBA). For the isolation of E. coli O157:H7, all samples were enriched with modified Tryptic Soy broth with novobiocin (mTSB+n) and concentrated using immunomagnetic separation (IMS). The bacteria-bead complex was plated onto cefixime-tellurite containing Sorbitol MacConkey agar (CT-SMAC) and presumptive colonies were confirmed by latex agglutination test as recommended by ISO16654, (2001). E. coli O157:H7 was isolated from feces (4.7%), skin swabs (8.7%), carcass swabs before wash (8.1%), carcass swabs after wash (8.7%) and water samples (4.2%), respectively. A statistically significant association was found between prevalence of carcass contamination with fecal and skin E. coli O157:H7 status. The total coliform counts before and after carcass wash were 3.15 log10CFUcm-2 (SD= 0.77) and 2.97 log10CFUcm-2 (SD = 0.82), respectively. The log10 means of fecal coliforms before and after carcass wash were 2.96 (SD=0.88) and 2.77(SD=0.91) respectively. Statistically significant difference was observed between the means of total coliform counts (P=0.002) and fecal coliform counts (P=0.001) before and after carcass wash. No fecal coliforms were isolated from water samples. PCR analysis identified both stx1 and stx2 genes from one E. coli O157:H7 isolate collected from goat carcass. The identification of this virulent factor indicates the potential of sheep and goats as sources of E.coli O157:H7 for human infection in the country. Control measures to reduce the public health risks arising from E. coli O157 in reservoir animals must be addressed at abattoir levels by reducing skin and fecal sources and carcass contaminations at different stage of slaughter operations. Applications of HACCP system are strongly recommended at the abattoirs.
ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF MANNHEIMIA HAEMOLYTICA, BIBERSTEINIA TREHALOSI AND PASTEURELLA MULTOCIDA FROM CATTLE AND SHEEP FROM SELECTED AREAS OF ETHIOPIA
(2018-06) Abebe, Wirtu; Dr. Gezahegn Mamo, Dr. Teshale Sori; Dr. Bersissa Kumsa
Pneumonic pasteurellosis is a multifactorial respiratory disease of cattle and sheep caused by combination etiologic agents; hence, reliable information is needed on the inventory of Pasteurella species for optimum control of the disease. This study was conducted from November 2017 to May 2018 with objectives of isolation and identification of Pasteurella organisms and assessment of their antibiotic sensitivity profiles from cattle and sheep using conventional and molecular methods. A cross-sectional study was carried out on samples collected from abattoirs (Bishoftu and Sululta area) and nasal swabs from cattle and sheep brought to Sendafa veterinary clinic for various reasons. A total of 149 nasal swabs (74 cattle and 75 sheep) were collected and examined using bacteriological methods, of which 33 (22.15%) yielded positive results for Pasteurella, Mannheimia and Bibersteinia species. Out of the 33 isolates 15 (20.27%) were from cattle and 18 (24.00%) were from sheep. The species composition of the isolates showed that 15 (10.07%), 7 (4.7%) and 11 (7.38%) of them were M. haemolytica, B. trehalosi and P. multocida, respectively. Pasteurella species were more frequently isolated from pneumonic (36.84%) cattle than non-pneumonic ones (2.78%). Similarly Pasteurella species were more frequently isolated from pneumonic sheep (41.03%) than non-pneumonic counterparts (5.56%). Mannheimia haemolytica was isolated from 8.72% of the pneumonic cases, P. multocida from 7.38% and B. trehalosi from 4.02% of pneumonic cases. From 176 pneumonic lung samples (93 cattle and 83 sheep) collected from abattoirs Pasteurella species were isolated from 48 (27.27%) of them comprising 24.73% (23) from cattle and 30.12% (25) from sheep. The isolates comprised M. haemolytica (13.07%), B. trehalosi (7.39%) and P. multocida (6.83%). Molecular characterization also confirmed the identity of P. multocida and M. haemolytica. In addition, the P. multocida isolates were identified to be similar to serovars A1 and A3 found in the Gene bank. The isolates were found to be resistant to the commonly used antibiotics Cloxacillin and Ampicillin (77.78 -100%); whereas they showed sensitivity to Chloramphenicol, Norfloxacillin and Oxytetracycline (71.43 -100%). This study revealed that M. haemolytica, P. multocida and B. trehalosi are commonly circulating in cattle and sheep originated from various parts of the country.
ISOLATION, IDENTIFICATION, ANTIMICROBIAL SENSITIVITY TEST AND PUBLIC AWARENESS OF SALMONELLA FROM RAW GOAT MEAT SLAUGHTERED AT DIRE DAWA MUNICIPAL ABATTOIR, EASTERN ETHIOPIA
(2014-06) BESHATU, FEREDE; Dr. Aklilu Feleke, Dr. Getachew Tadesse
A cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2014 to April 2014 on 249 apparently healthy slaughtered goats at municipal abattoir of Dire Dawa. Since there is no report on the status of Salmonella, the study was conducted with the objectives, to isolate, identify, estimate the prevalence, to delineate the antimicrobial sensitivity and assess public awareness on Salmonella. A total of 249 goat carcass swab were systematically collected and examined for the presence of Salmonella following the standard techniques and procedures. Out of the total of 249 carcass swab samples, 44 (17.7%) were positive to Salmonella. Of all isolates, 43(97.7%) were multiple antimicrobial resistant and highest level of resistance was observed for tetracycline (100%), nitrofurans (100%), streptomycine (81.8%) and kanamycin (79.5%). However, all isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin. The knowledge, attitude and practices of goat meat handlers and consumers were found poor. Therefore, goat meat provided to the city was found less hygienic and not safe for human consumption. Thus, urgent intervention program is essential to minimize the risk associated with consumption of goat meat contaminated with Salmonella. Finally, the authors recommended that the use of standardized procedures in slaughtering and handling of goat meat, provision of training on best practice of handling of meat for handlers and raising the level of awareness of people.
Molecular characterization and antibiogram of Escherichia coli O157:H7 from cattle carcass in abattoir and butcher shops of Burayu town, Oromia, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2023) Segni Bedasa; Dr. Bedaso Mammo; Dr. Zerihun Assefa; Dr. Beksisa Urge
Escherichia coli O157:H7 is the most important foodborne pathogen in countries like Ethi-opia, where raw beef meat consumption is common. However, the occurrence of this patho-gen in beef carcasses has not yet been studied in Burayu Town. Therefore, a cross-sectional study design was conducted from October 2022 to June 2023 to generate relevant infor-mation on the occurrence and antibiogram of E. coli O157:H7 from cattle carcasses as well as assess the hygienic and sanitary practices of meat handling in abattoir and butcher shops in Burayu Town. For this study, a total of 254 samples (121 carcass swabs, 37 knives, 37 personnel hands, 22 cutting boards, 6 water, 6 sewage and 25 cecal contents) were randomly collected from abattoir and butcher shops. E. coli O157:H7 isolation and identification were carried out using primary culture and biochemical tests. Conventional PCR was conducted to detect the eae gene from positive isolates. The antibiogram of E. coli O157:H7 isolates was assessed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Data analysis was carried out using STATA Version 14.0. The overall prevalence of E. coli and E. coli O157:H7 was 22.05% (56/254) and 5.5% (14/254) with higher distribution in butcher shops (17.11%-27.65%% and 2.8%-12%) than in abattoir (13.16%-27.67% and 1.8%-10%), respectively. From PCR amplification of eae gene in 12 isolates, 490 bp target gene was amplified in 10 isolates. The antibiogram of E. coli O157:H7 indicated that 78.6% (11/14) of the isolates had developed resistance against tetracycline, whereas 64.3% (9/14) had developed re-sistance against both amoxicillin and penicillin. On the other hand, 78.6% (11/14) and 71.4% (10/14) of isolates were susceptible to gentamycin and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, re-spectively. Resistance to three or more antimicrobials was detected in 78.6% of the isolates, which signifies a public health risk. The results of this study revealed that the circulation of MDR E. coli O157:H7 isolates at the beef value chain is a potential public health hazard in Burayu abattoir and butcher shops. Increasing awareness on hygienic practice, strictly fol-lowing sanitary rules at the abattoir and butcher shops, and antimicrobial stewardship are highly recommended to halt the transmission dynamics of E. coli O157:H7 at the human-animal-environment interface.
Pathological Changes in the Reproductive Organs, Lesion Characterization and Bacterial Isolation From cows Slaughtered at Addis Ababa and Adama Municipality Abattoir
(Addis Ababauniversity, 2016-06) Tamirat, Banteyegegn; Dr. Abie, Getinet
A cross-sectional study was conducted on reproductive organs of cows slaughtered in Addis Ababa and Adama municipality abattoir with objective of characterize the pathological lesions and isolate and identify possible aerobic bacteria from lesion. Out of the 209 genital tracts examined 12.9% (n=27) were pregnant and excluded from study. From total 182 reproductive organs examined 55 (30.2%) have one or more visible gross lesions. The most common abnormalities encountered were follicular cysts (2.20%), Luteal cysts (1.6 %,) Par ovarian cysts (3.3%), ovarian hypoplasia (2.2%), ovarian bursa adhesion (2.7 %), ovarian hemorige (1.6%), endometritis (18.7%), Pyometra (2.2%), Mucometra (1.1%) and Hydrometra (1.6%) with endometritis being the most frequent abnormality. Age, breeds, body conditions (BCS) and origin of animals were not statistically associated with the disorders (P>0.05). Endometritis were the major disorder recorded in this studies accounting for 34 (18.7 %) and all 34 endometritic ureine tissue were positive either single and/or mixed bacteria. E. coli 17 (50%), S.aureus 18(52.9%), S. hicus 1(2.9%) S. intermedius 2(5.9%), C.N.S. 12(35.3%), Streptococcus spp. 24 (70.6%) Proteus bulgaris spp 5(14.7%), and C. fundi 1(2.9%) were the bacteria isolated. It could be concluded that reproductive tract abnormalities were important diseases in the study areas which could have considerable impact on the reproductive performance of cows and in fact could be the sole reason for coming of these cows to abattoir. Another thing that worth mentioning was that significant (12.9%) of number of pregnant dairy cows were slaughtered which in fact should not have been happened. Key words: Abattoir, cow, endometritis, Ethiopia, lesion, reproductive disorder
PATHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF LESIONS AND BACTERIOLOGICAL ISOLATION OF CAUSATIVE AGENTS OF SWINE TUBERCULOSIS AT BISHOFTU AND ADDIS ABABA ABATTOIRS, BISHOFTU, ETHIOPIA
(2018-06) JIRATA, SHIFERAW; Dr. Gezahegne Mamo, Dr. Kasa Demissie; Dr. Tilaye Demissie, Gobena Ameni (Prof)
A cross sectional study was conducted at Bishoftu and Addis Ababa Abattoirs from September 2017 to May 2018 to estimate abattoir based prevalence of tuberculosis in swine, to isolate Mycobacterium species involved and to characterize the lesions. Five hundred and fifty six (556) swine were examined. Tubercle like granulomatous lesion were detected in 19.6% (109/556) of different organs of which 12% (69/556) was in lymph nodes, 5.7% (32/556) in the lungs, 1% (6/556) in the liver and 0.36% (2/556) in the spleen. Based on microscopic changes 4.7% (26/556) of lesions were tuberculous granulomatous type with central necrosis, calcified foci, epitheloid cells admixed with lymphocyte and connective tissue boundries, 3.6% (20/556) pyogranulomatous and 2.5% (14/556) non necrotic granulomatous lesion without epitheloid cells and connective tissue capsules. In lymph nodes, severe depletion of lymphocytes, calcification, cellular debris and aggregation of macrophages were observed microscopically. The tuberculous lesions found in lymph node were statistically significant (P < 0.05) than in other organs. The multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that old aged swine were more likely to have characteristic tuberculous lesion (OR = 3.14, 95% CI, 1.62-6.09) than younger ones. From the tissue cultured, 7.5% (3/40) yield growth on primary culture media. The observed colony morphology was smooth whitish or yellowish color, sticky, off-white and breaks apart easily and two (5% (2/40)) of these growth were acid fast positive by Zeihl-Neelsen staining technique. Based on culture result, and typical histopathologic lesions it could be concluded that pork can be source of tuberculosis to human when consumed under cooked and routine abattoir inspections should be conducted. Therefore, further molecular and biochemical research to isolate the species of microbacteria is highly recommended to elucidate the type of lesion and its magnitude in different body organs by considering large number of swine.
PREVALENCE AND ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERN OF ESCHERICHIA COLI O157:H7 IN RAW BEEF, MUTTON AND CHEVON AT ADDIS ABABA ABATTOIR ENTERPRISE AND SELECTED RETAIL SHOPS, ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA
(2012-06) TIZETA, BEKELE; Dr. Girma Zewde, Dr. Genene Tefera
A study on the prevalence of Escheriehia coli O157:H7 and antimicrobial susceptibility test was undertaken on beef, mutton (sheep meat) and chevon (goat’s meat) obtained from Addis Ababa abattoir enterprise and retail shops at Addis Ababa from August 2011 to April 2012. A total of 384 raw meat samples consisting of 64 beef, 64 mutton and 64 chevon were collected each from the abattoir and retail shops that mean a total of 128 beef, 128 mutton and 128 chevon were analyzed during the study period. E. coli O157:H7 was isolated and identified according to OmniLog identification technique. Out of 384 meat samples examined, 39 (10.2%) were positive to E. coli O157:H7. Among the meat samples examined, beef was the most frequently contaminated with E. coli O157:H7 with an overall prevalence of 13.3%. Of the examined samples, 9.4% mutton and 7.8% chevon were also positive for E. coli O157:H7. With regard to meat source, the prevalence rates of E. coli O157:H7 at abattoir and at selected retail shops were recorded to be 5.7% and 14.6%, respectively. No significant variation in prevalence rate among the three types of meat types (p>0.05) was observed. However, significant differences in prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 was observed among meat sources (p<0.05). The antimicrobial susceptibility investigation of 39 E. coli O157:H7 isolates using 10 commonly marketable antimicrobial discs revealed that the isolates were susceptible to nine antimicrobials from 69.3% to 100% except streptomycin which showed susceptibility of 48.7%. Results of the present study on antimicrobial sensitivity test indicated that an over all resistance of 28.2% and 30.8% was developed to streptomycin and amikacin. Similarly, 5.1%, 5.1%, 7.7%, 12.8% and 17.9% resistance rates were developed against nalidixic acid, tetracycline, amoxacilin-clavulanic acid, cephalothin and ciprofloxacin, respectively. Multidrug resistance to three or more drugs was detected in 4 (57.1%), 1 (14.3%) and 2 (28.6%) of the isolates from beef, mutton and chevon, respectively. This indicates the possible risk of E. coli O157:H7 particularly for the consumers who have the habit of eating raw or undercooked meat, elderly and imunocompromised individuals in Ethiopia. These findings stress the need for implementation of E. coli O157:H7 prevention and control strategies from farm production to consumption of meat and meat products.
PREVALENCE AND ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBLITY PROFILE OF SALMONELLA IN SLAUGHTERED CATTLE AND LACTATING COWS IN CENTRAL ETHIOPIA
(2014-06) Bulako, Chebo; Dr. Bedaso Mamo, Dr. Ashenafi Feyissa
The survey was conducted on 133 apparently healthy slaughtered cattle and 202 lactating dairy cattle at selected towns of central Ethiopia (Addis Ababa, Bishoftu, Adama, Holeta and Asella) from December 2013 to June 2014. The objectives were to estimate the prevalence and distribution of Salmonella in lactating cows and slaughtered cattle, Assess the antimicrobial resistance pattern of Salmonella isolates and find out some of the risk factors of milk and carcass contamination. A total of 984 samples from farms and abattoirs consisting of udder milk, tank milk, pooled buckets swab, pooled tank swab, feces from lactating animals, milkers’ hand swab, carcass swab, cecal content from slaughtered animals, mesenteric lymph node, pooled butchers’ hand swab, pooled carcass hanging materials swab and pooled knives swab were collected. The samples were examined for the presence of Salmonella following standard techniques and procedures outlined by the international organization for standardization. In a total of 335 animals examined, 29 (8.7%) were positive of these, 13(9.8%) were slaughtered cattle and 16 (7.92%) were lactating cows. In a total of 984 different samples Salmonella was isolated 66(6.71%). In 545 samples originated from farms Salmonella was isolated in 26(4.77%) of which 4(1.91%) was udder milk, 1(2.94%) tank milk, 1(2.94%) pooled buckets swab, 3(8.82%) pooled tank swab, 16(7.92%) feces from lactating animals and 1(2.94%) milkers’ hand swab. From 439 samples collected from abattoirs Salmonella was isolated in 40(9.11%) of which 13(7.10%) carcass swab, 7(5.34) cecal content from slaughtered animals, 6(12.72%) mesenteric lymph node, 4(15.38%) pooled butchers’ hand swab, 5(23.80%) pooled carcass hanging materials swab and 5(17.85%) pooled buchers’ knives swab. Salmonellae were detected from all test samples obtained from farms and abattoirs. Up on assessment of association of milk contamination with risk factors, carrier animals and Salmonella contaminated tanks were found to be potential risk factors. Up on assessment of carcass contamination with potential risk factors, carcass hoisted on Salmonella positive hanging materials was found to be four times more likely to be contaminated with Salmonella compared to carcass hoisted on Salmonella negative hanging materials. Total 66 isolates obtained from the study were tested for ten different antimicrobials that were commonly used in human as well as 2 animal treatment, and available in the market. 56 (84.8%) were resistant to one or more of the tested antimicrobials. Of the resistant isolates, 87.5% (49 of 56) of them developed resistant to more than one drug.
STUDIES ON PREVALENCE, ECONOMIC AND PUBLIC HEALTH IMPORTANCE OF HYDATIDOSIS IN SLAUGHTERED ANIMALS AT ADDIS ABABA ABATTOIR, ETHIOPIA
(2008-06) KEBEBE, ERBETO; Dr. Girma Zewde, Dr. Bersissa Kumsa
A cross sectional survey was conducted from November 2007 to April 2008 with the following objectives, to determine the prevalence of hydatidosis in food animals slaughtered at Addis Ababa Abattoir, study the effect of risk factors on the prevalence of hydatidosis, evaluate the size, fertility and viability of the cysts, assess the economic losses and the public health significance of the disease. Routine meat inspection procedures was conducted whereby livers, lungs, hearts, kidneys and spleens were visualized, palpated and incised to detect the presence of the cysts. The sizes of the cysts were determined by measuring the diameters in cm. Fertility was evaluated by observing the presence of protoscoleces under the microscope and viability was determined. The annual economic losses were calculated by multiplying the number of annually condemned organs with the current market value of organs. The public health significance was assessed by structured questionnaire survey. Out of the total of 3430 cattle, sheep, goats and pigs slaughtered and inspected at Addis Ababa Abattoir, 639 (18.6 %) had hydatid cysts. Prevalence of 254 (21 %), 206 (19.9 %), 102 (16 %) and 77 (14 %) were recorded in cattle, sheep, goats and pigs, respectively. Prevalence of 132 (20.9 %), 85 (22.4 %) and 37 (18.7 %) was registered in cattle of Borana, Arsi and Abyssinian Zebu breeds, respectively. There was no significant variations by cattle breeds. Even though higher prevalence was detected in cattle from midland areas 124 (21.3 %) than in cattle originated from lowland areas 130 (20.5 %), there was no significant difference in prevalence in cattle from the two origins. The prevalence in cattle were found infected in age of > years old, 125 in age of 4-6 years (49%), and < 2 -4 years old 12 (4.7 %). Prevalence of 88 (8.5 %), 53 (5.1 %) and 65 (6.3 %) was recorded in Black Head – Ogaden, Adal and Abyssinian sheep breeds, respectively. Sheep under less than 1 year 77 (7.4 %) was more infected than sheep above 3 years of age 11 (1.1 %) and the difference in prevalence was significant. The prevalence of hydatidosis in Arsi- Bale and Keffa goat breeds were 53 (8.3 %) and 49 (7.6 %), respectively. The frequency of infection was higher in pigs kept at backyard 55 (10 %) than those managed under intensive husbandry system 22 (4 %). Out of the total 2071 cysts isolated from the different organs of cattle, 1007 (48.6 %) were small, 711 (34.3 %) medium and 353 (17 %) were large. More cysts were counted in the lungs of cattle, sheep and goats, but more cysts were found in swine's liver than in lung. Out of the total of 396 cysts isolated from organs of cattle, 217 (54.8 %) were fertile, 133 (33.6 %) sterile and 46 (11.6 %) were calcified. Out of X the 217 fertile cysts, 185 (85.3 %) were viable and 32 (17.3 %) were none viable. The annual economic loss was estimated to be 10,923,601.00 Ethiopian Birr, which is equivalent to 1,139,061.63 USD. 234 cases of human hydatidosis were surgically treated at the Tikur Anbassa Referral Hospital in Addis Ababa. The economic and public health significance of the disease is discussed and pertinent conclusions are drawn.
STUDIES ON THE PEREVALENCE, ANTIBIOGRAM, ASSESSMENT OF RISK FACTORS AND PUBLIC HEALTH SIGNIFICANCE OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS IN BEEF AND ENVIRONMENT AT ADDIS ABABA
(2014-06) Feben, Adugna; Prof. Mahendra Pal
A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2013-April 2014 to determine the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus from Addis Ababa abattoir and retail shops from beef Carcasses and equipment to determine antibiotic resistance profiles of the isolates found in and around Addis Ababa. A total of 888 samples comprising of 384 abattoir and 384 retail shops. carcasses swabs were in the transport medium using systematic random sampling. The swab samples were also obtained from abattoir equipment (n=60) and retail shop equipment n=(60). In addition, questionnaire survey was conducted to assess the hygienic practice during working time and possible risk factors regarding the contamination of meat. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated and identified using standard bacteriological techniques. The prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus in abattoir, retail shops and equipments was 9.3%, 19.7%, 17.5% respectively. Consequently, statistically significant association (p= 0.00) was observed in the prevalence of S. aureus between abattoir and retail shop Antimicrobial susceptibility test was also conducted on 133 isolates of S.aureus, using the disc diffusion susceptibility method. In this study, varying level of resistance of S. aureus was against bacitracin, methicillin, neomycin, and teteracyclin 95.1% was noticed. The susceptibility pattern indicated that S. aureus isolates exhibited varying level of resistance to two or more antimicrobial agents. Preventive measures to avoid the presence of pathogenic Staphylococcus isolates by adopting the good hygienic practices during slaughtering and handling of beef carcasses are emphasized.
Study on Clinical Pathology, Gross and Histopathological Alterations Caused by Trematode Infections and Their Associated Risk Factors in Ruminants Slaughtered at Three Municipal Abattoirs in Central Ethiopi
(Addis Abeba University, 2023) Adisu Wakuma; Dr. Jirata Shifera; Professor Yacob Hailu; Professor Getachew Terefe
A cross-sectional study was conducted to study clinical pathology, gross and histopathological alterations Caused by trematode infections and their associated risk factors in ruminants slaughtered from November 2022 to June 2023 at three municipal abattoirs in central Ethiopia. Thorough ante mortem and post mortem inspection was undertaken in the selected abattoirs. For this purpose, a total of 256 ruminants were involved in the study through systemic random sampling techniques and d analyzed for trematode parasite infestations. From the selected animals, 137 bovines, 64 ovines, and 55 caprines, were analyzed for trematodes parasites. The overall prevalence of ruminant fasciolosis and paramphistomosis was 32.42% (83/256) and 43 (16.80%), respectively. There was no statistically significant variation in the prevalence of ruminant fasciolosis between the different species of animals, but there was a significant association between paramphistomosis and animal species. The prevalence of fasciolosis was higher in caprine (41.82% (23/55) and lower in bovine (29.50%) (40/137), followed by ovine (31.25% (20/64) and was higher in young animals (45, 40.54%) than in adult animals (38, 26.21%), but the prevalence of paramphistomosis in young animals was lower (17, 15.32%) than in the adult group (26, 17.93%). The association of Fasciola prevalence and ages showed that there was a significant difference (p 0.05). The infection rates of fasciolosis and paramphistomosis for ruminants with poor body condition were 47.62% and 28.57%, while for medium body condition they were 32.81% and 28.97%, and for good body condition they were 28.97% and 15.89%, respectively. Based on ruminant origin, Jima (52.63%), and Dukem (22.50%) had the greatest rates of fasciolosis and paramphistomosis, respectively; but lowest in Adama (11.76%) for fasciolosis. Fasciola-infected ruminants show histopathological changes including hemorrhages, hepatocytic wall dilatation, necrosis, hypertrophy, and portal fibrosis, while paraphistomes-affected animals show muscular degeneration, loose of villi and microvilli. Hematological assay results show lower Packed cell volume, femoglobin, White Blood Cell, and Red Blood Cell counts and higher liver enzymes, while total protein and albumin are lower in infected animals. The study showed a high prevalence of fasciolosis and paramphistomosis in the study areas. Therefore, Further study is needed on trematode infection, its epidemiological distribution, snail intermediate hosts, and strategic measures for effective control options.
STUDY ON THE PREVALENCE OF THERMOPHILIC CAMPYLOBACTER SPECIES IN SHEEP AND GOAT CARCASSES AT HELIMEX EXPORT ABATTOIR
(2008-06) TEFERA, WOLDEMARIAM; Dr. Girma Zewde, Dr. Daniel Asrat; Dr. Getahun Ejeta
Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli are frequent worldwide causes of food-borne gastroenteritis in humans. A study on the prevalence of thermophilic Campylobacter species from the carcasses of slaughtered sheep and goats was undertaken at Hashim Nuru Jiru Ethiopia livestock and meat import-exporter (HELMIX) export abattoir in Debre-Zeit, Ethiopia from November 2007 to April 2008. A total of 218 sheep and 180 goat carcasses (398 total carcasses) were examined from carcass swabs taken from crutch, abdomen, thorax and breast areas. From each slaughtered animal, carcass swab was taken only from one of these sites on the carcass but each swabbing site was swabbed for three different operations in the abattoir namely before evisceration, after evisceration and after washing. A total of 654 swab samples were collected from 218 sheep carcasses comprised of 56 crutch swabs, 49 abdomen swabs, 50 thorax swabs and 63 breast swabs before evisceration, after evisceration and after washing. Similarly, 540 swabs from 180 goat carcasses were collected consisting of 52 crutch swabs, 46 abdomen swabs, 42 thorax swabs and 40 breast swabs from each of the three slaughter operations. Thus from the three operations a total of 1194 swabs were analyzed. Bacteriological analysis of the samples was conducted in the Microbiology laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Debre-Zeit following the techniques recommended by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO, 2002). From a total of 398 carcasses examined, 40 carcasses were positive for Campylobacter with contamination rate of 10%. Per contamination rate with either C. jejuni or C. coli were 10.6% (n=218) and 9.4% (n=180) for sheep and goat carcasses, respectively. However, statistically significant difference was not detected in the rate of carcass contamination between sheep and goat carcasses (p=0.72). The most prevalent thermophilic Campylobacter species recovered from the sheep and goat carcasses was C. jejuni accounting for 7.3% (n=398), followed by C. coli 2.7% (n= 398). Out of the 40 positive samples the proportion of the Campylobacter species was 72.5% and 27.5% for C. jejuni and C. coli respectively. This variation in the isolation rate between the two Campylobacter species was statistically significant (P=0.003). Though there was no statistically significant difference (P=0.57) in the rate of carcass contamination among the four swabbing sites, the highest contamination rate was observed in the breast area at a rate of 12.6% (n=103) followed by abdomen with contamination rate of 11.6% (n=95). Highest rate of carcass contamination was observed after evisceration as compared to prior evisceration and after x washing (p=0.000). Washing of the carcass did not reduce carcass contamination in the slaughtered sheep (2=0.18; P=0.68), however there was a substantial reduction in the level of carcass contamination after washing in goat carcasses ((2=10.72; P=0.001). The present study revealed the existence of severe cross contamination during slaughter operations particularly during evisceration. Carcass contamination by Campylobacter can be reduced, and thus its public health impact, through good hygienic practices in the abattoir.
STUDY ON THE RISK OF HUMAN TAENIASIS AND PREVALENC OF BOVINE CYSTICERCOSIS IN JIMMA TOWN, SOUTHWESTERN OROMIA
(2012-06) MERON, TALU; Dr. Getachew Terefe, Dr. Girma Zewde
A cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2011-March 2012 to estimate the prevalence of Cysticercosis in cattle slaughter at Jimma abattoir and risk of human infection through raw meat consumption at butcheries of Jimma town. Interview was conducted on 120 residents to know the risk of infection through raw meat consumption. Active abattoir survey and questionnaire survey were performed to accomplish the study. Of the total 600 inspected animals, 15 animals had varying number of C. bovis giving a prevalence 2.5% (15/600), a total of 41 cysts were collected and anatomical distribution of cysticerci were; 12 (29.3%) in shoulder muscle, 9 (21.9%) in neck muscle, 5 (12.2%) in tongue, 5 (12.2%) in heart, 4 (9.8%) in masseter muscle, 4 (9.8%) in liver and 2 (4.9%) in kidney. Of the total 120 interviewed respondents/ consumers, 66.6% (80/120) had contracted the disease at least once in the last two years and maximum infestation was three times per year. The majority of the respondent had an experience of raw meat consumption as a result of traditional and cultural practice. The infestation varied significantly (p< 0.05) with age group, sexes, habit of raw meat consumption and religion of the respondents. However, there was no significance (p>0.05) difference between educational level and martial status of the respondents. The findings of this study indicated the importance of cysticercosis and taeniasis in public health aspects in the area. Therefore, due attention should be given to the public awareness and strict routine meat inspection in order to safe guard the public health and promote beef industry in the country.
Trend of Cysticercus bovis Prevalance in Cattle Slaughtered at Addis Ababa Abattoir Enterprise its Public Health Significance
(Addis Ababa University, 2024) Yitagesu Belachew; Dr.Biruhtesfa Asrade
A cross-sectional investigation conducted during October, 2023 to February, 2024 in order to ascertain the prevalence of C.bovis and the frequency as well as cyst distribution in infected cattle which is supported by a retrospective study for the last ten years in the abattoir. Out of the 602 carcasses that were inspected 5 (0.83%) had Cysticercus bovis infections. Of the 6 cysts, 3(50%) were viable. The cysts were found in different organs and muscles (The triceps muscle, the liver, tongue, and masseter muscle).Triceps muscle was the most affected tissue. According to a questionnaire survey; Taenia .saginata taeniasis is still a human health problem in Addis Ababa city. Of 110 respondents, 47(42.73%) had experienced Taenia saginata a minimum of once in the past. 67% of the respondents were aware that eating raw beef can spread the zoonotic disease Taenia. saginata taeniasis. The prevalence of Taenia saginata taeniasis had a statistically significant correlation between the sex, occupation, source of information, knowledge about transmission and prevention (p<0.05).Theresearch area's yearly taenicidal medicine treatment cost for the year 2022/23 was estimated to be 2,310,965 ETB; it is comparable to 41,597.37 USD. The drug inventory made it very evident how important Taenia saginata is conomically to the Addis Ababa. In line with the study's findings showed that the current methods for inspecting meat were insufficient to stop Taenia saginata cysticerciinfected carcasses from getting into the hands of consumers. It is mportant to focus on improving meat inspection practices and educating the public to reduce the problem.

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