Counseling Psychology

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The Relationship between Sex and Other Characteristics to Teacher Stress and Coping Strategies: The Case of Western Zone Elementary School Teachers of Tigray
(Addis Ababa University, 1998-05) Zeray, Hagos
This study investigated the relationship of sex, age and teaching experience to teacher stress and teachers ' coping strategies as well as sex difference on teacher stress and coping strategies. The study involved a random sample of 200 school teachers (100 Males and 100 Females) in 8 elementary schools of Western Zone Tigray. Overall the results suggested that a considerable portion of elementary school teachers (about one-fourth) in the present study rate their profession as very stressful or moderately stressful. Regression analysis further showed that teacher characteristics such as teaching experience, and sex were predictive of work-related teachers stress. In addition, experience and age of teachers were identified as relatively more important characteristics in explaining teachers' coping strategies. Age of teachers, however, was related negatively to teachers' coping strategies. Furthermore, female teachers appear to experience more stress reactions to pupil misbehavior and time pressures than male teachers. On the other hand, causes of stress for male teachers seem to arise mainly from poor school ethos. Contrary to cultural stereotypes, there were no significant sex differences in employing emotion-focused and/or problem-focused coping stra tegies between male and female subjects. The discussion focused on a comparison of the findings with previous findings. The implications of the findings for stress prevention among school teachers are also identified.
Psychosocial Problems of Female Students With Motor Disorders: the Case of Addis Ababa University
(Addis Ababa University, 2004-06) Atnafu, Bekalu; R, Venkatachalam (professor)
The study attempted to see the psychosocial problems of f emale students with motor disorders. More specifically, it was designed to e.xplore the level of their physical self esteem and problems they faced in the formation of Fiends. The study also examined the reactions of classmates and the interventions strategies that have been taken. The whole female students with motor disorders at Addis Ababa Universil;)I were the subjects of the study. The paper was grounded in qualitative ana~)lsis and the results of the s tU(~)I indicated that female students with /1/oto,. disorders ranked themselves below average in social skiffs. Disabili(1' labeling, inconsistent treatments, perceived assumptions, reflected appraisals, lack of professional supports and comparisons were sOllie 0/ tIle major fa ctors that might affect the p5ychosocial states ot fel1lale students with /1/ 0101' disorders. The results 0/ the s tU{~1' fi/rther showed that intil1lac), l1'as a decisive variable that ,rould determine the Ifill/litl' o/attitudes de veloped hy class/l/ates. Reco/l/mendations ,,'ere a15 . IIII/de hased on thesefindillgs
Assessment Literacy Among Teachers of Technical and Vocational Education Training (TVET) Centers in Region-6
(Addis Ababa University, 2005-06) Kelemu, Abera; Bidyadhar, Sa (PhD)
The main purpose of the study was to examine teachers' training background, their perception on their training back ground they had in assessment of students' learning, the competence level of teachers in the seven standards of assessment, and teachers' perceptions about their abilities in the seven competence standards of assessment. Beside, the relationship among their background, perception and level of knowledge were investigated. To serve the purpose of the study 41 teachers available in the TVET centers of Region-6 form the sample of the study. To gather data from the selected sample teachers' assessment literacy questionnaire was administered. To analyze the collected data, percentage, t-test, ANOVA and Pearson product moment correlation were used. The results indicated that most teachers have taken less than one course on measurement and evaluation during their college training and they believe their training was inadequate. Most of them have no in-service training and they showed low level of performance in the assessment competency test and a large majority rated their abilities as "very good" in some assessment skills. It was also found that experienced teachers and teachers who have taken measurement and evaluation course during their college showed better overall performance than teachers who lack experience and who haven't measurement and evaluation course during their college education. However, a significant difference is not observed between teachers who believed their college training is adequate and those teachers who believed their college training to be inadequate. Based on these findings conclusion and suggestion have been drawn
Factors Influencing the Motivation of Youth in Using and Avoiding HIV - VCT Services in Some Selected Higher Education Institutes in Addis Ababa
(Addis Ababa University, 2006-06) Negussie, Azeze; Teferra, Belay (PhD)
This thesis deals with the home or family and out of home as well as self related factors that influence the motivation of the youth of higher educational insti~ utes in Addis Ababa to use and avoid mv - VCT services. In undertaking the study, the descriptive survey method was used. Higher education institutes, parents and counsdors were first identified using the purposive sampling method. Then, three sample higher education institutes i.e. colleges owned privately and by government were selected randomly from business and medical colleges in Addis Ababa. There were also three focus groups randomly selected from Universities and Colleges in Addis Ababa. Questionnaire, structured iiitcrv2ew forms :md focus grmlps disc3ss:ons were employed for dab!. coUectioJl~ ~he subjects of the study included a total of 505 youth (college students), 25 parents, 18 counselors, and 18 focus group member youth under three focus groups from Universities and Colleges. Percentages, frequency distributions and gender, age, family level, access to multimedia and sexual experience differencesand parity indexes were applied in analyzing and reporting the results. The major findings revealed that: the attitude of the youth themselves and the parents as well as the people in general towards mv and mv -VCT has great influence on the usage and avoidance of mv - VCT services. Because of stigmatization of mY, privacy and confidentiality are the most influential factors that the youth consider to use or avoid HIV - VCT services. HIV - VCT used female youth and youth in general found in the age group 20 - 23 years are higher in percentage or more prevalent than tested male youth and youth in general found in the age group 14 - 19 years respectively in higher educlltion institutes in Addis Ababa. Recommendations forwarded include: VCT services should be integrated into other services including on going medical care and psychological as well as material and educational supports. A referral system should be developed in consultation with NGOs, community based organizations as well as with networks of people living with HIV and AIDS. The youth themselves and the parents as well as other groups of the community also should be sensitized through IEC using different multimedia so that they can improve or promote their attitude and awareness of HIV and the advantages-of using mv - vcr services to minimize VCT barrier. The counseling service should be more qualitative, practically meaningful and youth oriented. It should also take into consideration the different alternatives to minimize the cost and other VCT barriers
A Study on Major Sources of Marital Problems and Resolution Mechanisms
(Addis Ababa University, 2006-06) Ghiley, Afework; Ababa, Girma (PhD)
The primary purposes of this study were to examine the major sources of marital problems and resolution mechanisms. In pursuit of these objectives, data were collected from different sources by using a variety of tools. In the present study a total of 210 purposefully selected participate were involved. Trained data collectors administered a questionnaire prepared by the investigator for 200 (105 male and 95 women) participants in the three study centers in Addis Ababa namely: Me nlik Preparatory high School, Selam Health Center and Tropical College of Medicine. Focus group discussions were also conducted with 10 elderly who spent more than twenty years in resolving disputes among couples. The statistical analysis employed in the present study consists of both percentage and chi- square. Moreover, qualitative analyses were employed to examine data gathered through focus group discussions. According to the results of this study, psychological factors were found to be one of the major sources of marital problems. Mental cruelty, lack love, excessive demand and unavailability of the spouse were sources of marital problems categorized under psychological factors. According to the findings of this study, there is no significant differences in reported psychological factors that may be attributed to variation in sex(Chi-Square = 3.25,df=1) and variation in duration ofmarriage(Chi-Square = 2.83,df=2), P< 0.05. External factors were also found to be the other major sources of marital problem. Interference by in laws, neighbor, friends, loyal to kin, financial handling of the family and social disapproval were sources of marital problems categorized under external factors. According to the results of this study, there is no significant differences in reported external factors that may be attributed to variation in sex(Chi-Square = O. 76,df= 1) and variation in duration of marriage(Chi-Square = 0.45,df=2) P< 0.05. The other major source of marital problem according to the findings of this study was sex related factors . Sexual incompatibility, lack of sexual satisfaction, reluctance or refusal of coitus and inconsiderateness w ere sources of marital problems categorized under external factors. According to the results of this s tudy, there is no significant differences in reported sex related factors that may be attributed to variation in sex(Chi-Square = 1.63, df= 1 ) and variation in duration ofmarriage(Chi-Square = 2.23,df=2) P< 0.05. The findings of this study depicted the coping mechanisms used in resolving marital problems. Thus, avoidance and competing were the least employed coping mechanisms. The study made practical recommendations aimed at preventing the family unit from disintegration
Postpartum Depression and Associated Factors Among Mothers: the Case of Nifas Silk Lafto Sub City Woreda 1 and 2 Health Centers
(Addis Ababa University, 2006-06) Teshome, Habrasa; Tefera, Daniel (PhD)
The purpose of this study is to determine the prevalence and associated factors of postpartum depression among mothers in Nifas Silk Lafto Sub City, Woreda 1 and 2 health centers. Participants were recruited from the postnatal clinic at Nifas Silk Lafto Sub City, Woreda 1 and 2 health centers. Eligible participants were approached and requested to consent voluntarily to participate in this study. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS version 20.0 software. A total of 300 postnatal mothers were recruited in this study but 295 were analyzed. This study found a prevalence of postpartum depression at 45th day since delivery at 27.8% using K-10 score. 34% of the postnatal mothers were aged between 26-32 years. 82% were married and 27.8% were high school complete. 78% were not in any form of employment. 39.8% were primigravida or first time mothers.33.6% pregnancy was unplanned. Unemployment (r=0.8,P< 0.001), parity (r=0.7,P< 0.01), Income (r=0.7,P< 0.0001) and social support (r=0.7,P< 0.001) were statistically significantly associated with Postpartum Depression. No significant statistical association between Infant sex (r=0.48,P<0.05) and postpartum depression was found. It is important for the public to be aware of the magnitude of the postnatal depression. Health professionals are to be trained in this field to be able to recognize the symptom of postpartum depression, Routine screening of postnatal mothers and ministry of health is to formulate policies integrating mental and reproductive health
Women's Self-Disclosure Of HIV Infection: Rates, Reasons and Barriers. Implications For HIV / AIDS Prevention (The Case of HIV Outpatient hospital clients and members of PLWHA organization)
(Addis Ababa University, 2006-06) Getachew, Hiwot; Venkatachalam, R.(Professor)
Ethiopia is highly affected by HIVIAIOS. Its impact is more severe on women. They are the most vulnerable part of the society due to biological, economical and socio-cultural reasons. Public disclosure of ones HIV status is important in the fight against HI VIA IDS. It helps to give a human face to the community there by leading to minimize the perceived negative outcomes associated with HIV status disclosure. The current study aimed to explore aspects related to Self-disclosure of HIV positive status.417 women infected with HIV were the samples of the study. Data were collected using structured interview and focus group discussion. It was subjected to both qualitative and quantitative analysis. The findings were discussed in terms of HBM and TRA theories and other research findings. Chi-square was used to examine the association between the selected predictor variables and the dependent variable. And binary logistic regression was employed to explore whether the selected predictor variables have an effect on rate of public disclosure. Besides, descriptive analysis was used to analyze some background characteristics of the respondents. According to the descriptive analysis, rates of HIV status disclosure to extended family members were relatively low where as higher to immediate family members. Husband (68%) and sisters (59%) account relatively the highest rates of disclosure. Rate of public disclosure was 28%.And 23% of the respondents totally didn 't disclose to anyone. Beside, those who publicly disclose explained as the positive outcomes of disclosure out weight than the negative outcomes; where as those who haven't yet open about their status stated that the different forms and expressions of stigma and discrimination as a reason for non disclosure. And they further explained that if we have at least the basic necessities, we can confront the various negative outcomes of disclosure .Lastly, FGD participants reported that the motivators of disclosure I non disclosure vary among men and women. And they also said the negative outcomes of disclosure more affect the lives of women than men. Moreover, based on the bivariate analysis, age, educational status, marital status, , time since diagnosis, work status, follow up counseling ,discussion about disclosure with counselors, behavioral beliefs, and influence of subjective beliefs were found to have an association with rate of public disclosure. However, religion, attitude towards public disclosure, knowledge about HIVIAIDS and exposure to media weren't found to have association with rate of public disclosure. Furthermore, the regression analysis revealed that except work status of the respondents; their age, educational status, marital status, , time since diagnosis, follow up counseling ,discussion about disclosure with counselors, behavioral beliefs , and influence of subjective norms were found to have an effect on rate of public disclosure. Based on the findings, mechanisms must be created to help people perceive the benefits of public disclosure than its harms. It is possible through mass media and by promoting follow up counseling. Beside, economic empowerment of women by fostering economic activities through programmes like microfinance will also playa crucial role
The Relationship Between Marital Communication and Satisfaction: the Case of Two Kebeles in Addis Ababa
(Addis Ababa University, 2006-06) Wondemu, Berhan; Wondimu, Habtamu (Professor)
This study investigated the relationship between communication and marital satisfaction using data from 110 randomly selected couples. Correlation analysis indicated moderate significant relation between communication and marital satisfaction. The correlation between these two variables was also significant for both sexes. Furlher results show that the relationship of the variables does not vary for different major socio-demographic characteristics. Moreover, one-way ANOVA test revealed that mean results for marital satisfaction do not vary as a function of socia-demographic characteristics. The findings of the study underline the imporlance of improving the quality of communication between couples through different intervention mechanisms in order to increase marital satisfaction they experience as well as minimize marital tension
Factors Hindering Enrollment of Female Sttjdents in Second Cycle Primary Schools of Dodota Sire Woreda, Arsi Zone
(Addis Ababa University, 2006-06) Gurmu, Effa; Meshesha, Ayele PhD)
The objective of this study was to make an investigation conceming the current status of females' enrollment and identifying major factors hindering girls ' education in Dodota Sire woreda second cycle primary schools of rural areas. Th e data from documents were secured from different annual abstracts (MOE, OEB) and woreda education office as well as from the questionnaires that were administered to 492 female students and 62 teachers and school principals in order to achieve the stated objective. A s to the females' enrollment, it shows an improvement from time to time, but still the increment is small when compared to males. The p articipants of this study were selected by purposive sampling techniques. The collected data were presented in a table form and analyzed in percentages. Th e fin din gs identified the thre e broad categories: family related, school related and socia-cultural related factors as the major fa ctors th at affect --- enrollment and participation of female s' educations. More specifically all the respondents highly rated in common that, household responsibilities, lo w awa reness of parents towards females education, parents financial problem, parents education level, lack of school facilities, school distance, sexual harassment, early marriage, fear of abduction, lack of role model females and so on as the main reason s for low enrollment and participation of female students in school. On th e other hand, developing parents' awareness towards the benefit of educating girls, providing fin ancial supports for the poor female students, improving school facilitie s and protecting girls from abduction and early marriage we re so me sugge stions that were commonly forwarded by the participants in order to promote girls' school enrollment. The paper also discusses the main points of the research with certain conclusions and provides recommendations .
The Relationship Between Test-Anxiety, Perceived General Academic Self-Concept and Achievement Among Sixth Grade Primary Government Schools' Children in the Subcity of Gulelf/Addis Ababa
(Addis Ababa University, 2006-07) Asfaw, Abebech; Raju, Mohan (PhD)
The purpose of the study was to investigate relationships, directions and strength between Test-anxiety, perceived general academic Self-concept, socio economic status, study habit, parental involvement in the education of children, and achievement (as dependent variable). The population of the study was f)lh grade government primary schools' 2482 students at Gulele sub city of A.A. Among them 1231 were boys and 1245 were girls. The participants of the study were 491 students. Among them 248 were boys and 249 girls. The mean age of the participants was 12.98 . The design of the study was quantdative ex-post facto research design following correlational approach. Participants were selected by utilizing table of random numbers. Two scales and one questionnaire were utilized as instruments of the study. Pearson product moment correlations (r) and Multiple Regression analysis were computed to process the data. The findings of the study indicated' (a) Test-anxiety is inversely and significantly correlated with achievement with weak relationship that is -. 186. (b) Perceived general academic Self-concept was positively and significantly related to achievement that is .436 and it contributed to the achievement. (c) Study habtf and parental involvement also contributed to achievement but not socio economic status and Test-anxiety. Recent Academic Self-concept researches focus on domain specific with particular attention to specific subject matter. At this juncture, I expanded the research by examining ''perceived general academic Self-concept" as a single Academic Selfconcept. The findings do have applicability in the field of counseling Psychology and Education
Accident Related Psychological Problems of Children at Three Selected Hospitals in Addis Ababa
(Addis Ababa University, 2006-07) Haile, Amanuel; Taddese, Sintayehu (PhD)
The main objective of this study was to examine accident related psychological problems of children at three selected hospitals in Addis Ababa. The study also aimed at finding if there are age, sex and accident type differences in exposure to the ps ychological problems(Anxiety, Emotional Distress and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptom Score}. Investigation of the p s y chological services in the three hospitals was also another objective. To meet these objectives, 100 victimed children, 100 ' parents of children participants and 20 health professionals were purposively selected and included in the sample. Three scales measuring the psychological problems (anxiety, emotional distress and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms) and two stru ctured interviews were used as instruments. Quantitative and qualitative analyses were used to analyze the data obtained through the scales and interviews. Percentage results showed that 75% victimed children s howed clinically s ignificant level of anxiety while 98% had clinically significant level of emotional distress. Se vere . posttraumatic stress symptom was exhibited in 61 % of the cases. Results from the analysis of variance indicated that there were no statistically significant age, sex and accident type differences in experiencing anxiety, emotional distress and posttraumatic stress disorder symptom levels. The main and interaction effects of the three way ANOVA also came up with statistically non significant results. Interview results with health professionals and parents of participants s howed the absence of counseling services In the three hospitals. Recommendations and implications of the study are indicated
The Relationship Between Test-Anxiety, Perceived General Academic Self-Concept and Achievement Among Sixth Grade Primary Government Schools' Children in the Sub-City of Gulele Addis Ababa
(Addis Ababa University, 2006-07) Asfaw, Abebech; Raju, Mohan (PhD)
The purpose of the study was to investigate relationships, directions and strength between Test-anxiety, perceived general academic Self-concept, socio economic status, study habit, parental involvement in the education of children, and achievement (as dependent variable). The population of the study was f)lh grade government primary schools' 2482 students at Gulele sub city of A.A. Among them 1231 were boys and 1245 were girls. The participants of the study were 491 students. Among them 248 were boys and 249 girls. The mean age of the participants was 12.98 . The design of the study was quantdative ex-post facto research design following correlational approach. Participants were selected by utilizing table of random numbers. Two scales and one questionnaire were utilized as instruments of the study. Pearson product moment correlations (r) and Multiple Regression analysis were computed to process the data. The findings of the study indicated' (a) Test-anxiety is inversely and significantly correlated with achievement with weak relationship that is -. 186. (b) Perceived general academic Self-concept was positively and significantly related to achievement that is .436 and it contributed to the achievement. (c) Study habtf and parental involvement also contributed to achievement but not socio economic status and Test-anxiety. Recent Academic Self-concept researches focus on domain specific with particular attention to specific subject matter. At this juncture, I expanded the research by examining ''perceived general academic Self-concept" as a single Academic Selfconcept. The findings do have applicability in the field of counseling Psychology and Education
Child Begging in Addis ababa: Determinants, Effects and Implications
(Addis Ababa University, 2007-04) Dejene, Lukas; Venkatacbalam, R.(Professor)
The main. focus of this study has been to (uu:1 out and describe the determinants, effects, and implications of child begging. In this regarct efforts have been. made to assess the psychologicaL social and economic aspects of child begging as they are observed in two sub-city administrative areas of Addis Ababa, namely -Arada and Addis Ketema"'. The time frame (or this study is between Odo1?er 2006 and June 2007. Fieldwork was carried out (rom December 1 to December 30, 2006.. The research has investigated the situations of those children engaged in begging, , taking a sample of 60 individuals, out o(which 30 are (emales. and the remaining 30 being males. Both fema1e and mille child beggars considered in the survey are under the age of 18. , • Apart from survey, qualitative data have been gathereiL involving a number of professionals and para-professionals Working for a law-enforcing agency of the government like the police as well as those working in the areas closely related to children.. Extensive qualitative data were obtained from 11 other individuals in order to supplement the survey fim;lin{Js. The findings from quantitative and quaIilative dala have revealed that. there are many pushing and .pulling factors thilt promote the practice of child begging among children under the age o( 1 B. who are supposed to be under the close guidance and protection of their parents or guardians.. Although begging among adults can be taken as a common practice in both developed and developing societies, evidences have shown that the problem of child begging is closely associ.aled with the socially as well as economically disorganized families and communities in the developing world. Therefore. Bhiopia in general and Addis Ababa in particular could not escape from the undesirable (acets of child begging. Based on the findings of this study, the researcher hils (orwarded some , . recommendations as to the responses expected from parenl~ communities. NGOs, and the govern.ment in order to tackle {he problem of child begging
Major Factors that Affect Marital Stability Among the Inhabitants of Addis Ababa
(Addis Ababa University, 2007-04) Teshome, Asalefew; Shamin (Professor)
The purpose of this study is to identify the claimed fClctors that cif/ect marital stability among the inhabitants of Addis Ababa. To this end, 120 divorced individuals (60 males and 60 female.\) were selected using purposive sampling method. The data collected through structured questionnaire, interview, andfocused group discussion was analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively. The finding of the analysis revealed: comnnmication problel1'z, behavioral incompatibility, immaturity concerning marriage, lack of support and counseling, in-laws inteljerence, ins~ifJicient preparation to the marriage, economic hardship, short period of acquaintance, etc,. as the major factors that affect marital stability in the city of Addis A baba. Suggestions are fonvarded based on thefindings qfthe study
Behavioral Change and Responses HIV/AIDS Messages in Some Selected Private College Students of Addis Ababa
(Addis Ababa University, 2007-05) Berahnu, Biruk; Surendra, Dubey (PhD)
The extent of damage caused by HIVIAIDS, particularly, in developing countries calls for everyone 's contribution towards its prevention. The danger is more serious imagining adolescents and adults as primary victims of the disease. Hence, this study is done to identify the level of HIVIAIDS related issues such as knowledge, behavioral change, risk perception, appraisal of recommended responses among private college students of Add is Ababa, where the most vulnerable age group could be found. Associations of behavioral change with the others are also determined. 230 subjects were randomly selected from two of the private colleges found in Addis Ababa. And data was obtained from the subjects using self administered questionnaire and descriptive "analysis of it was done. Correlation analysis was also made to see the association between behavioral changes with the factors mentioned above. Knowledge about HI VIA IDS was found to be high among the participants. Although, the overall behavior/practice was safe by majority, unsafe sexual behaviors were also observed from the results. Subjects ' risk p erception was found to be in a good position. The same is true for appraisal of recommended responses. Positive correlation was obtained between behavioral change and the rest factors suggesting their contribution to behavioral change
Sexual Orientation, Practices and HIV Risk Behavior of Young People in Addis Ababa High Schools
(Addis Ababa University, 2007-06) G/mariam, Moges; Leggesse, Mengistu (PhD)
The major purpose of this research was to investigate the pattern of sexual behavior and practices of high school youths in Addis Ababa administrative region. The main issues considered were sexual orientation, type of sex practices, sexual partner, condom use, sexual debut, substance use or abuse, knowledge, attitude and perception of HIV risk and sexual abuse or harassment. Since the topic is sensitive and touches individuals' private issues, descriptive survey study method complemented by qualitative study was employed so as to get reliable information. In addition to the questionnaire, focus group discussion has also been used. Besides, in-depth interview was also used for gay and lesbian students who have been accessed through snow ball technique. The information obtained from the questionnaire was analyzed using statistical tools of percentage and mean using computer assisted Ms- SPSS program, version 12. This statistical tool has been chosen because the research main focus was only to describe the sexual behavior of youths. Some of the major findings include 34.6% of the high school students were sexually active though the type of sex practice was varying. The study found out that 11.6 % and 19.1 % of the respondents practice anal and oral sex respectively. Masturbation was also another type of sex practice commonly reported by the high school students. High school youths had two and more life time partner for vaginal sex and it is about seven for anal sex. Condom use was negligible among high school students with 19.7 % for vaginal, 3.5% for anal and non-for oral sex. 41.1 % and 12.6 % sexually active respondents reported that they were sexual abused and harassed at home and in school respectively.
HIV Counselors' Understanding of the Developmental Needs, Concerns and Problems of their Adult Clients: the Case of VCT Counselors in Addis Ababa
(Addis Ababa University, 2007-06) Bogale, Habtamu; Meshesha, Ayele (PhD)
HIV / AIDS has become a widespread epidemic in Sub-Saharan Africa including Ethiopia. It has challenged the African societies in many ways today above and beyond toiling the life of millions of adults. Different measures were taken by governmental and non-governmental agencies to cope up I with the problem. A major effort has been that of establishing voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) centers. Counselors were employed and trained to shoulder the major responsibilities of VCTs. It is believed that the training given to them and/or the knowledge and skills of the counselors is expected to address the developmental profile of the adult counselees. The purpose of this research is to attempt to assess the HIV counselors' understanding of the developmental needs, concerns, and problems of their adult clients. The participants were 40 HIV counselors working in various VCT centers in Addis Ababa, drawn based on stratified sampling techniques. Data were gathered through an open-ended questionnaires being designed by the researcher. The study found out the following limitations in the counseling services: • The counselors understanding of the developmental needs, concerns and problems of their adult clients was not found adequate. • The general role provisions of HIV counselors seemed to be that of the role of a facilitator to the adherence of HIV drugs (ART) while it was supposed to provide independent HIV counseling. • Except for the adherence of ART drugs, there was no well designed follow up and family counseling to address the worries and problems of HIV positive adult clients related including to income, family responsibilities, social relationship child rearing and work loads. Recommendations were forwarded based on the findings above.
The Knowledge, Attitude and Expected Role of Muslim Students towards HIV/AIDS the Case of four General Secondary Schools and one Informal Education Center in Addis Ababa
(Addis Ababa University, 2007-06) Sherif, Abdulgefar; Ahmad, Shamim (Professor)
The main purpo e of the study was to know the level of Muslim students knowledge, attitude, stigma and di crimination their under tanding of the Islamic approach to defend the spread of HIV and to investigate their understanding and commitment to the expected role as a Muslim. The next purpose was to compare madrasa and high school students knowledge, attitude and other variables too. For this purpose 303 students from high school (198) and madrasa (l05) respondents from Addis Ababa were selected. Mainly a questionnaire was employed to gather the required information from the subjects. Using independent sample t test the obtained data were analyzed and interpreted. As a result the following major findings were observed. Though both groups have good level of knowledge, high school students have significantly better than madrasa students with some limitation. In relation to attitude, stigma and discrimination, high school students were found to have favorable attitude and less stigmatic and discriminatory behavior towards the victims. While madrasa students' attitude was negative and they were more of stigmatic and discriminators. The variation was also significant at alpha 0.0] level. Regarding the Islamic approach to the prevention strategy both groups agree to the importance but madrasa students significantly better in their understanding and commitment to this approach. Finally their understanding to the expected role was assessed and high school students were found to be more responsible. The correlation coefficient showed that strong and positive relationship among variables with the exception of prevention strategy with the other variables and it was significant for all variables. Finally some important recommendations were forwarded so as to improve subjects (especially madrasa students) knowledge, attitude towards PLHA, orphans and the like. Out of this teaching the religious leaders, making repeated open discussion with both the clerics and madrasa students i required to improve their stigmatic behavior and unfavorable attitude. Enough attention shou ld be given to these groups so that they may help in the pr0gess of defending and controlling the pandemic
Self-Efficacy, Self-Esteem, and Aggression and Their Relationship with Adolescent Students' Academic Achievement: The Case of Gambella National Regional State
(Addis Ababa University, 2007-07) Desta, Zerihun; Venkantachalam, R.(Prof.)
The objecrives of this srudy were ro invesrigare rhe relarionship berween adolescent selt:efficacy, selt:esleem, aggression, gender and rheir academic performance. The data were gathered through three Likerr rype scales (selt: efficacy selt:esreem, and aggression) and data On rheir academic peliol'll1ance were collectedfi'om rhe record offices of'rheir respecred schools. A roral of' 286 (2 2 5 males and 61 females) high school adolescent students ranging ./i'om 15 ro 18 years of age allending grade nine and ren in Ihe Gambella Region consrilute rhe sample. The sample was selecled rhrough proporrional srrarijied random sarnpling method. The resulls were analyzed using mean, slandO/·d deviarion. Pearson cOI'I'elarion, Hesr and mulriple regression. The lmercorelalion marrix resull indicared thar selt:eflicacy and academic achievemenr had a posilive con'elarion ofr=O. 15, p < 0.05; and aggression and academic achievemenl had a negarive correlalion ofr=-0.18, p < 0.01 ; and aggression and selt:esleem had a negarive correlation ofr=-0.22, p < 0.01. The contribulion of gender, aggression, sel/efficacy roger her accounred /01' 10. -10 percenr of variar ion 111 academic achievemem. Gender lvas positively and significantly relared ro academic achievemenl (r=0.20, p < 0.05). A srarisrically significanl difference was obtained in academic achievemem and aggression in favor of males r (284) =3. -13-1, p < 0.05 and r (28-1) =3.82, p < 0.05 respecrively Similarly. a slarisrically signijicanr difference was observed helween male and female selt: esteem scores in favor of' females (I (28-1) =--1.071. P < 0.05 in absolule value). However. rhe t-Iesl shows rhatno statistically signijicanl difference was observed berween male and female students in selt:efficacy t(284) = 1.1 09,p>0. 05. 11 indicates Ihm stue/ems' gender difference in/luences Iheir academic achievemenl. Hence, due alfemion should be given in enhancing selt:~flicacy and selt:esteem and minimiz ing aggression of adolescenr srudenls in orderifo facilira re a beller academic performance /n schools.
Self-Efficacy, Self-Esteem, and Aggression and Their Relationship With Adolescent Students' Academic Achievement: The Case of Gambella National Regional State
(Addis Ababa University, 2007-07) Desta, Zerihun; Vcnkantachalam, R. (Professor)
The objectives of this study were to investigate the relationship between adolescent self-efficacy, self-esteem, aggression, gender and their academic performance. The data were gathered through three Likert type scales (self-efficacy, self-esteem, and aggression) and data on their academic performance, were collected from the record offices of their respected schools. A total of 286 (225 male and 61 females) high school adolescent students ranging from 15 to 18 years of age attending grade nine and ten in the Gambella Region constitute the sample. The sample was selected through proportional stratified random sampling method. The results were analyzed using mean, standard deviation, Pearson correlation, t-test and multiple regression. The Intercorelation matrix result indicated that self-efficacy and academic achievement had a positive correlation of r=0.15, p < 0.05; and aggression and academic achievement had a negative correlation 0/1'=-0.18, p < 0.01 ; and aggression and self-esteem had a negative correlation of r=-0.22, p < 0.01. The contribution of gender, aggression. self-efficacy together accounted for 10.40 percent of variation in academic achievement. Gender was positively and significantly related to academic achievement (r=0.20, p < 0.05) . A statistically significant difference was obtained in academic achievement and aggression in /c/1'or of males t (284/) =3.4343, P <0.05 and t (284) =3.82. p < 0.05 respectively. similarly, a statistically significant difference was observed between male and female self-esteem score in favor of females (t (284) =-4.071, P < 0.05 in absolute value). However, the t-test shows that no statistically significant difference was observed between male and female students in self-efficacy t(284)=1.109, p>0.05. It indicates that students' gender difference influences their academic achievement. Hence, due attention should be given in enhancing self-efficacy and self-esteem and minimizing aggression of adolescent students in order to facilitate a better academic performance in schools.

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