Counseling Psychology
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Item Barriers to Utilizing Counseling Services among High School Students (The Roles of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice)(Addis Ababa University, 2024-10) Eden Assefa; Seleshi Zeleke (PhD)Adolescence, marked by significant changes, requires effective support systems, especially considering mental health challenges like academic stress and identity issues. Despite the recognition of the importance of counseling services, their uptake is hindered by factors like lack of awareness, stigma, and cultural barriers. The main aim of this study was to investigate barriers to utilizing counseling services and the roles of knowledge, attitude, and practice among high school students in Lideta Sub-city, Addis Ababa. This cross-sectional study was conducted in Addis Ababa with a total sample size of 427 study participants. The data were entered into epi-info software and analyzed using SPSS. Bi-variate and multi-variate analyses were employed using a logistic regression model. They were interpreted based on the odds ratio and level of statistical significance at a p-value of 0.05. Out of the total study participants, 63.9% heard about counseling services, 61.6% (95% CI: 56.9%- 66.1%) had a favorable attitude towards counseling services, and 39.1% (95% CI: 34.6%- 43.8%) had utilized counseling services. The logistic regression analysis indicated that those who had inadequate knowledge about counseling services were 2.50 times less likely to seek counseling services than those who had adequate knowledge (AOR= 2.50; 95%CI: (1.59- 3.90)) (p < .001). Besides, those who were learning at Balcha Abanefso were 5.23 times more likely to seek counseling services than those who were learning at Africa Hibret (AOR= 5.23; 95%CI: (2.87-9.52) with p-value < 0.001. In conclusion, the data highlights a significant awareness and positive attitude towards counseling services among the participants. However, the utilization rate of counseling services stands at only 39.1%, indicating a gap between knowledge and actual engagement with these services. Keyword: barrier, knowledge, attitude, practice, Addis AbabaItem The Knowledge and Attitude of Counselors Toward Mental Health Counseling and The Practice of Mental Health Counseling Provision: The Case of three selected Government Hospitals in Addis Ababa(Addis Ababa University, 2024-10) Eyob Ali; Dame Abera (PhD)This research aims to investigate the knowledge and attitudes of counselors towards mental health counseling and how mental health counseling is provided in their institutions. The study seeks to explore how counselors perceive mental health counselling issues, their understanding of various mental health counseling approaches, and their preparedness to provide effective mental health counselling services. And to assess the present situation and future expectations, on the practice of mental health counseling and the knowledge and attitude of counseling providers towards the practice of mental health counseling. In this study exploratory case-study approach was employed, involving semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions with mental health counseling providers from diverse backgrounds and seating. The practice of mental health counseling in all selected institutions is functioning with a limited number of professionals and with inadequate infrastructures. Even though there are a lot of therapeutic modalities it is possible to conclude that the method of their choice is mainly cognitive behavioral therapy. Most of the counselors in the study sites are graduates from well-recognized universities and the study suggested that the dearth of handiness in training and not being able to be certified in different therapeutic approaches is hindering the practice of mental health counseling. As the study indicates, the practice of mental health counseling services in the study sites is positive and employees are energetic in providing the service regardless of clients' beliefs and cultural background. in collaboration with a multi-disciplinary team.Item Experiences of Emotional Disturbances among Male Military Personnel at Ethiopian Armed Force Comprehensive and Specialized Hospital(Addis Ababa University, 2024-10) Mekdes Yalew; Assefa Berihun (PhD)Mental health issues are prevalent globally, particularly affecting individuals in the armed forces. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress among military personnel at the Ethiopian Armed Force Comprehensive Specialized Hospital. Across-sectional survey design was employed. The data was examined with descriptive statistical methods such as frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation, as well as inferential statistical method such as one-Way ANOVA. involving 196 male military personnel. It revealed that 40.8% of respondents reported symptoms of depression ,47% reported anxiety, and 17.8% reported stress. Further analysis indicated that 17.3% experienced mild depression ,15.8% moderate ,4.6% severe, and 3.1% extremely severe. Similarly, anxiety levels were categorized as mild (16.8%), moderate (22.4%), severe (5.1%), and extremely severe (3.1%). Stress levels were reported as mild (9.7%), moderate (7.1%), and severe (1%). These findings highlight the significant prevalence of mental health challenges among Ethiopian military personnel, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions and support services to address these issues and promote the well-being of those serving in the armed forces. This study also reveals a complex interplay of socio-demographic factors and emotional disturbance among military personnel. While age and financial income have significant difference in the level of depression, having children also have significance difference in level of stress, other socio-demographic characteristics, such as marital status, level of education and work experience, didn’t show significant difference with depression, anxiety or stress. Based on the research male military personnel above 55 years old have high level of depression and military have four children have low stress level. Key words; Emotional disturbance, depression, anxiety, stress, male military personnelItem Secondary Traumatic Stress and Coping Mechanisms among Mental Health Professionals Working in Different Settings in Addis Ababa: A Cross-sectional Study(Addis Ababa University, 2024-11) Mihret Luleseged; Kassahun Habtamu (PhD)This study investigated the prevalence and associated factors of secondary traumatic stress as well as coping mechanisms among mental health professionals in Addis Ababa, working in different settings such as governmental hospitals, psychiatry speciality clinics and psychotherapy centers. Using stratified random sampling, 203 participants were selected for the study. The study employed a cross-sectional survey design. Socio-demographic questionnaire , self –developed instruments , Empathy assessment scale , Secondary traumatic stress scale , Life threatening event –Q and Brief cope were administerd . Data were analysed using descriptive statistics (such as percentage and frequency tables) and binary logstic regression. The findings revealed that the prevalence of STS among mental health professionals in Addis Ababa was 36 .9 % ,Female gender , higher Empathy level , personal history of trauma and personal history of psychiatric disorder were found to be significant predictors of STS. Emotion focused coping particularly turning to religion and getting emotional support emerged as vital coping mechanisms. Addictive behaviors were rarely employed. To better manage secondary traumatic stress, mental health institutions should implement routine screening, provide targeted resources, and offer ongoing training, with an emphasis on problem-focused coping. Building resilience through mindfulness and self-care, and tailoring interventions to professionas ’ demographics such as gender , are also recommended. Further research on the role of the identified significant predictors of STS such as female gender , Empathy , personal psychiatric disorder and personal history of trauma and secondary traumatic stress is essential for developing effective preventive interventions. Keywords: Secondary Traumatic Stress, coping mechanisms, mental health professionals, Addis AbabaItem The Prevalence of Depression and Associated Factors among People Living With Hiv Taking Antiretroviral Treatment At Menelik Ii Comprehensive Specalized Hospital(Addis Ababa University, 2023-12) Meheret Gezahagen; Assefa Berihun (PhD)Depression is a prevalent mental healthcare problem and a common cause of disability worldwide. Globally many people are exposed to different psychological problems because of different reasons. One of the psychological disorders is depression. Ethiopia is one of the sub-Saharan countries highly affected by HIV, though the prevalence decreased from 1.5% in 2011 to 1.16%in 2017, it is still a great public health problem. The general objective of this study was to examine the experience of depression and predictive factors among HIV patients taking antiretroviral treatment at Menelik II comprehensive specialized hospital. Methodologically, quantitative research design, specifically, descriptive approach has been used in the collection of data in order to test hypothesis. The study was conducted from March to August, 2023 in Addis Ababa Menelik II Comprehensive Specialized Hospital. A total of 418 illegible study participants were assessed. According to the finding obtained by this study the overall, the level of Depression in Menelik II Comprehensive Specialized Hospital among People living with HIV/AIDS attending in ART the prevalence of depression Among the respondents 155 (40.2%) were depressed (95%CI:28.5-37.5%)usingPHQ-9 Depression were identified as dependent factors were significantly associated (P-value <0.05) with peoples who are living with HIV/AIDS on ART. In this study, nearly half of the patients in the ART were depressed. Females, divorced patients, participants who are poor social support and HIV-related perceived stigma were significantly associated with depression. Although the burden of depression is high among HIV-positive patients, itis under diagnosed and undertreated in the ART. Based on the above findings, the investigator recommended the following points to health providers, to link those patients who had positive results for depression, other co-morbid illness, divorced patients, participants who are poor social support and HIV-related perceived stigma for care and psycho-therapy at psychiatry clinics to give concern on mental health along with medical illness, Menelik II Comprehensive Specialized Hospital Addis Ababa Ethiopia and other stakeholders should develop plan for integration work. Key words: Depression, HAART, antiretroviral therapy, HIV/AIDS, Menelik II Comprehensive Specialized Hospital Ethiopian 2023Item The Psychological Consequences of Perinatal Loss among Women(Addis Ababa University, 2024-05) Metasebia Tesfaye; Nimona Shaka (Ass. Prof.)Perinatal losses have significant, life-changing events on women resulting in huge psychological consequences that can greatly impact them in many ways. This phenomenological study explores the psychological consequences of perinatal loss among women. Unstructured in-depth interviews were conducted with 8 women who are members of Ye-Enatoch Weg Facebook group and live in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Being guided by a phenomenological thematic analysis methodology, the study identified two key themes on the lived experiences of the participants on perinatal loss. Participants expressed feelings of shock, confusion, disbelief, pain and searching for answers as immediate reaction to their perinatal loss experiences. They also expressed struggling with guilt & blame, disenfranchised grief, and relationship difficulties as a delayed reaction to their experience of perinatal loss. The implications for improved counseling & support services, promoting healthy coping mechanisms, incorporating spiritual practices in the counseling practice, education and awareness for healthcare providers & professionals are well discussed in this research. The finding also underscored the need for counseling and emphatic individualized care to support women in the healing process of copying the psychological consequences of perinatal loss.Item Prevalence, Contributing Factors, and Psychological Consequences of Psychoactive Substance Use among High School Students in Kolfe Keraniyo Sub-City, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2024-06) Yemisrach Lakew; Nimona Shaka (Ass.Prof.)Psychoactive substances are composites or chemicals that cause health and social problems (containing addiction). Substance use by youths causes a massive burden on individuals, families, and communities. The objective of this research is to assess the prevalence, factor, and psychological consequences of psychoactive substance use among students in the Kolfe Keraniyo sub-city, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. An Institution-based cross-sectional study conducted from May 1, 2023- May 30, 2023, among 394 students who attended at Kolfe Keraniyo sub-city using multi-stage sampling techniques. Data entered into the Epi-data version 3.1 and data analyzed using the statistical package for social science (SPSS) version 26. The SPSS analysis employed both descriptive (mean, standard deviation, and proportion) and Inferential statistics such as chi-square test of association assess the association between psychoactive substance usage across various independent variables of the study. The p-values of 0.05 or lower taken to declare the presence of association between two variables. This study conducted with 394 respondents, with a response rate of 98.71%. Based on the analysis, this study revealed that the prevalence of psychoactive substance user among high school students were 117 (30.5%). Of this 25.5%, 22.1%, 24.0%, 3.10%, and 3.4% were used alcoholic drink, cigarette, kchat cannabis, and other psychoactive substances in their lifetime respectively. Similarly, about 78 (66.67%) male and 39 (33.33%) female students use substance in their lifetime. Living conditions of students (p = 0.000), student’s family conditions (p = 0.000), family members using substance (p = 0.000), and friends using substance (p = 0.000) were statistically associated with substance use in high school students. Health experts, non-governmental organizations, educational institutions, and religious leaders should work together to educate high-school students about the risks and consequences of psychoactive substances to reduce frequency of psychoactive substance use among students. Keywords: Psychoactive Substance, High school, Student, Kolfe keraniyo sub-cityPsychoactive Substance, High school, Student, Kolfe keraniyo sub-cityItem Psychological Wellbeing of Adolescent Students Living with Single Parents: The case of Three Selected Private Schools in Addis Ababa(Addis Ababa University, 2024-06) Alem Mengistu; Tamirie Andualem (PhD) AThis study aimed to assess the psychological well being of adolescent students living with single parents in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, taking three private schools in Lemuria Sub-city Wereda 13. The participants were 235 students from grade 7 to grade 12, selected using a simple stratified technique. A sociology-demographic characteristically psychological well-being scale were employed to collect data. Quantitative methods of data analysis methods such as percentages, mean, t-test, and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were employed to analyze the data. The results of the study revealed that using a mean value of the psychological well being scale, adolescents’ psychological well being is low to High. The study provides detailed insights into the psychological well being of adolescents, considering various demographic factors. It reveals that the majority of adolescents had moderate psychological well being across different aspects, with some components like autonomy and environmental mastery showing moderate and high well being. Higher-grade levels and economic status positively correlate with psychological well being, while larger family size has a negative impact. The analysis also highlights nuanced differences among single-parent adolescents based on family economic status, indicating a complex relationship between economic factors and psychological functioning. The ANOVA result showed that there is a statistically significant difference among adolescents' family economic status in terms of psychological well being. The result of independent sample t-test indicates Adolescents living with their fathers have a slightly higher mean score (M=146.18, S=27.44) compared to those living with their mothers (M=141.23, S=34.73). The chi-square test suggests a significant association between grade level and psychological well-being (df = 2, p = 0.000). Furthermore, the result of post hoc comparison revealed a significant mean difference between family economic status and psychological well being. Based on these findings, recommendations are proposed to support single-parent adolescents' psychological well being. It including interventions to promote autonomy, support personal growth and positive relations, facilitate purpose in life and self-acceptance, provide tailored support for single-parent households, and implement comprehensive mental health services. Key words: Psychological wellbeing; adolescent; single parentItem Career Counseling Service Needs, Implementation and Barriers among Secondary School Students in Addis Ababa(Addis Ababa University, 2024-06) Bethelihem W/giorgis; Abera Getachew (Ass. prof.)The primary objective of this research was to identify and evaluate the needs, implementation, and challenges of career counseling service among selected secondary school in Addis Ababa. The study employed descriptive survey design using both quantitative and qualitative approaches. The data was obtained using individually structured questionnaire (I-SQ) and Key informants’ Semi-structured Interview. A stratified random sampling and simple random sampling was used to obtain 397 students from Minilik II and Kokebe tsiba secondary schools to collect quantitative data while, purpose sampling technique were employed to select the two school counselors and two vice principals for the qualitative data collection. To analyze the quantitative data descriptive and inferential statistics were employed while, the collected semi-structured interviews for the qualitative data analyzed by using content analysis. Findings of this study revealed career Counseling need of students are high. T-test result show female students need career counseling services are more than male (t = -3.487, p = 0.001). And the one-way ANOVA results shows that the needs of students for CCS differ according to their grade levels (F=3.105, p=0.027). In general, this study results show career Counseling services in schools is not well established and provided to accommodate the needs of the students. The services are limited due to a lot of reasons such as student knowledge and awareness about services, there is shortage human resource of counselors, Lack of clear guideline and role of counselors, lack of training to advance the quality of the services provider and inadequate material resources. This study suggests that national-level guideline and job description to implement career counseling service and train school counselor to enhance career counseling service in secondary schools. Key Words: Career; Career counseling service; Needs; Secondary School StudentItem Prevalence, Causes and Conceptualization of Sexual Harassment at East Branch of Bunna International Bank in Addis Ababa(Addis Ababa University, 2023-11) Endegena Bekele; Daniel Tefera (PhD)The objective of the study was to assess the conceptualization, prevalence, and causes of sexual harassment at the East Branch of Buna International Bank in Addis Ababa. To address this objective the study employed a mixed method approach design. This study included 166 participants selected using systematic random sampling technique from the employees working in the East Branch of Buna International Bank in Addis Ababa. Nine participants were purposively selected to address the qualitative study objectives. In the present study, (60, 38.7%) of the respondents perceived the presence of sexual harassment at the East Branch of Buna International Bank in Addis Ababa. In the present study there was statistically significant association between sexual harassment experience and gender. In this study, those who were females were 4.76 times more likely to be sexually harassed than those who were male (AOR= 4.76; 95% CI: (2.16-10.4)) with p-value = 0.000. The proportion of sexual harassment in female study participants were 40(55.6%), and in male study participants were 20 (24.1%). In this study, one-way ANOVA was conducted. Based on the one-way ANOVA result, we conclude that the mean sexual harassment score was significantly different for at least one of the age groups (F1, 153 = 14.49, p = 0.00), work experiences (F2, 152 = 12.78, p = 0.00), work positions (F2, 152 = 8.70, p = 0.00), and educational status (F3, 151 = 3.53, p = 0.016). The current study revealed that the minimum sexual harassment conceptualization score is sixteen and the maximum score is eighty. The mean and standard deviation of sexual harassment score is 54.47+14.6. Based on the mean score; the prevalence of high level of sexual harassment conceptualization was 101 (65.2%). Majority of the study participants conceptualized that if their colleague tries unwanted attempt to have sex with them that result in pleading, crying, or struggling, they will consider these attempts as a sexual harassment. For the qualitative study, a total of nine respondents were successfully involved. From the total of nine interviewed participants, six of them expressed the presence of sexual harassment in their institute. The main causes of workplace sexual harassment explained by the participants are culture (the belief or attitude or norms of the society given for females that undermine their roles) and lack of knowledge. Therefore, Buna International Bank should revise or advance the already available organizational gender sensitive strategy and allocate the necessary resources to mitigate sexual harassment prevailing in the organization. Key words: Sexual harassment, gender harassment, unwanted sexual attention, sexual coercionItem Perceived impact of work-life balance on the psychological well-being of employees of the Cooperative Bank of Oromia Head office(Addis Ababa University, 2023-10) Yeabsira Mehret; Dame Abera (PhD)The aim of this study was to evaluate the perceived impact work life balance has on the psychological wellbeing of employees at Cooperative Bank of Oromia head office. It has also assessed whether work life balance and psychological wellbeing vary by the gender, age, years of experience, and work position of employees. Positive emotional experiences at work have long been linked to improved work performance among employees. The productivity of the organization will be influenced by this individual performance. Thus, it is critical for any company to protect the psychological well-being (PWB) of its employees by fostering a healthy work life balance (WLB) that may have an impact on it. This study adopted a quantitative method in which data was collected from a sample of 281 employees. The proportionate stratified sampling method was used to select the study's participants. A descriptive survey approach was implemented to answer the study questions. For analysis and interpretation, descriptive and inferential statistics were employed. The employees exhibited a moderate work-life balance and low levels of psychological well-being, according to the results of the descriptive statistics. Work life balance and psychological wellbeing were strongly positively correlated, (r(281) = .68, p=.000). The results of the independent sample t-test indicated that there is no gender-related variation in the levels of WLB and PWB. On the other hand, WLB and PWB variation was discovered in the age, years of experience, and work position of employees based on the results of the One-way ANOVA test. The findings indicate that there is a positive link between the WLB and PWB of the CBO head office employees. The study funding suggests creating a safe place where workers feel comfortable voicing their concerns about a lack of work-life balance (WLB) as ways to enhance WLB. Additionally, workplace psychological wellbeing strategies should be given top priority for the PWB of CBO head office staff.Item Psychological Services Rendered to Adopting Families After Post- Adoption Placement: Experiences From Bethany Christian Service, Addis Ababa(Addis Ababa University, 2023-10) Robel Solomon; Belay Tefera (PhD)This study attempted to investigate the psychosocial services provided to adoptive families and children after adoption placement by Bethany Christian Services Addis Ababa. It specifically attempted to identify the reasons for adoption, psychosocial difficulties that adoptive parents encountered, their coping mechanisms, and the formal and informal services that were provided to assist these parents. The study employed a qualitative research methodology. Twenty-five participants were purposefully chosen for the interview. The adoption document including training modules, assessment tools with different age ranges, observation and reporting tools and standardized implementation guideline and the required criteria for adoption are reviewed. Besides, the researcher observed orientation sessions in which families and social workers discuss about the reason of adoption and the details of the process in which families are supposed to go. Thematic analysis of the interview data was conducted with results showing that after placement, adoptive parents encounter various social and psychological difficulties. Adoptive parents encountered lack of knowledge regarding adoption and the psychological difficulties that come with it. They also encountered lack of acceptance from others by the time they disclose their adoption plan. As a result of drawn-out procedures, they also experienced unexpected results. The stigma and prejudice that adoptive parents most encountered from the community were a result of the adoption. Post-placement support for adopting families can be greatly aided by psychological services. Through the services offered, families can navigate the difficulties of adoption and deal with psychological challenges they can face because of the adoption.Item Factors that Contribute to Suicidal Attempt among High School Students(Addis Ababa University, 2022) Manyahilshal Haile; Seleshi Zeleke(PhD)The purpose of this study was to explore the major factors that contribute to suicidal attempt among high school students in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Suicide is a serious but preventable public health problem that results in social, emotional, and economic consequences in families, friends, and colleagues. The study employed non-probability sampling technique (namely, purposive or judgmental sampling technique) to select participants of the study. Accordingly, six high school students who had recently attempted to commit suicide participated in the study. The researcher contacted the six high school students through a school counselor who knows the adolescents very well. A semi-structured interview was used to obtain data from the participants. The interview sessions were audio recorded with the consent of the participants. The records were then transcribed verbatim and the researcher read the transcripts several times to identify the recurring themes. The qualitative data were then presented in the form of narratives that reflect the participants’ views. The findings show that lack of family support, separation from loved ones, death of loved one, hopelessness and loneliness are the major contributing factors associated with suicidal attempt among the participants. Overall, poor treatment of adolescents by parents or relatives and lack of time on the part of parents to treat their children led the adolescents to loneliness, hopelessness and finally to suicidal attempt. The study concludes that lack of family support, separation from or death of loved one, hopelessness and loneliness are the major contributing factors which led adolescents to suicidal attempt. The study suggests some ways of preventing adolescents’ suicidal attempts which may be used by the adolescents’ families, school community and policy makers. Keywords: Suicide, suicidal attempt, adolescents, contributing factorsItem The Relationship between Sex and Other Characteristics to Teacher Stress and Coping Strategies: The Case of Western Zone Elementary School Teachers of Tigray(Addis Ababa University, 1998-05) Zeray, HagosThis study investigated the relationship of sex, age and teaching experience to teacher stress and teachers ' coping strategies as well as sex difference on teacher stress and coping strategies. The study involved a random sample of 200 school teachers (100 Males and 100 Females) in 8 elementary schools of Western Zone Tigray. Overall the results suggested that a considerable portion of elementary school teachers (about one-fourth) in the present study rate their profession as very stressful or moderately stressful. Regression analysis further showed that teacher characteristics such as teaching experience, and sex were predictive of work-related teachers stress. In addition, experience and age of teachers were identified as relatively more important characteristics in explaining teachers' coping strategies. Age of teachers, however, was related negatively to teachers' coping strategies. Furthermore, female teachers appear to experience more stress reactions to pupil misbehavior and time pressures than male teachers. On the other hand, causes of stress for male teachers seem to arise mainly from poor school ethos. Contrary to cultural stereotypes, there were no significant sex differences in employing emotion-focused and/or problem-focused coping stra tegies between male and female subjects. The discussion focused on a comparison of the findings with previous findings. The implications of the findings for stress prevention among school teachers are also identified.Item Causes and Resolving Methods of Marital Discord among Married Couples in Akaki Kality Sub -city of Addis Ababa(AAU, 2021-03) Abeje, Semahegn; Tefera, Danie(PhDThe primary objective of this research was to examine the major causes, methods, and marital satisfactions of married couples in Akaki Kality Sub-City. In pursuit of these objectives, mixed research design was employed in the study. The quantitative aspect consisted of questionnaire (with open-and close-ended items) administered to a sample of 357 participants that were selected through systematic random sampling. Qualitative data were collected through open-ended question in the questionnaire. Descriptive statistical (frequency, percentage, and crosstabs), chi-square techniques were used to analyze quantitative data. Qualitative data were analyzed qualitatively. Findings indicated that the major causes of marital discord in terms of its domain were communication, gender role, psychological, and economic factors. While, regarding most common mechanisms they used to resolve marital discords were accommodation, collaboration, compromise, and avoidance. The marital satisfaction levels of married couple almost half of them were dissatisfied whereas half of them were dissatisfied. Finally, based on these findings, conclusions and recommendations were drawn.Item Facebook Use and Students’ Emotional States of Depression, Onxiety, and Stress in Selected Polytechnic Colleges of Addis Ababa(AAU, 2021-03) Kelkay, Animut; Andualem, Tamirie(DorMost of recent researchers found that Facebook use is related to students’ emotional states of depression, anxiety and stress. The objective of study was to investigate the relationship of using Facebook on students’ emotional states of depression, anxiety, and stress. A research design of descriptive correlational was used to investigate this research. And also linear regression and multivariate tests used to analysis the data. Cross-sectional research was selected from time perspective. The population of this study was 360 students who attend their education in 2020 academic calendar at the 3/three/ (General Wingate, Tegibard, and Entoto) Polytechnic colleges of Addis Ababa. The instrument of this study was standardized instruments i.e. Facebook Intensity Scale, and Depression, Anxiety and Stress (DASS-42/ scales. The data was collected in December first 2020. Correlation coefficients indicated that Facebook use and emotional states of depression(r=0.155, P=0.03), anxiety(r=0.138, P=0.009) and stress (r=0.110, P= 0.038) had a significant relationship. Time spent on Facebook correlated significantly with depression (r=0.162, P =0.002) and Anxiety (r =0.145, P=0.006). Number of Facebook friends and emotional states of depression, anxiety and stress did not have any significant relationship. The three emotional states/ depression, anxiety and stress/ had a significant relationship. Linear regression coefficients (Beta) showed that there was a significant relationship between Facebook intensity, and emotional states of depression, anxiety and stress. Moreover, the result showed that there is significant evidence that relationship exists between Facebook intensity, and depression, anxiety and stress. There was no gender difference statistically found on time spent on Facebook and prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress. From the data collected and analyzed conclusions have been drawn.Item Social Anxiety and its Impact on Academic Achievement the Case of Kidist Sellasie Cathedral Secondary School Students(AAU, 2020-11) Anely, Antenaine; Wuhib, Tigist (PhDThis study measured social anxiety and its impact on academic achievement. To measure the participant's level of social anxiety, an instrument called Social Phobia Inventory Test/ Scale (SPIN) was used. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 24. Based on this scale, 124 participants were found socially anxious. t-test, Pearson correlation and percentage were used to analyze the data. Results showed that social anxiety correlated negatively and significantly with academic achievement. Participants were 267 randomly selected students by using lottery method from 3 grade levels (grade 10th -12th) at Kidist Sellassie Cathedral Secondary School .The sample comprised 133 males and 134 females. Academic achievement and academic task avoidance are positively correlated. The academic achievement of socially anxious groups are low first semester average scores (negative relationship between social anxiety and average scores) this implies that non-socially anxious groups performed academically better than the socially anxious groups. And results show that social anxiety correlated positively with academic task avoidances.Item Resilience among Orphaned Institutionalized Children Exposed to Traumatic Experience(AAU, 2020-03) Ayalew Molla, Leyou; Tefera, Belay(ProfessorThe purpose of the present study was to test to what degree orphaned, and vulnerable children demonstrate this resilience. Descriptive Study design was used to indicate resilience status of Orphaned and vulnerable childern. In addition, quantitative approach and purposive sampling were used because the number of participants in the study were small. Data were collected through structured questionnaire from a sample of 100 orphaned children residing in Kolfe and Kechene Childcare and Rehabilitation Centers. Results showed that only few children had scores portraying that they have achieved resilience. Girls showed higher emotional resilience scores than boys, but children’s age did not significantly relate to resilience score. Results also indicated that children with PTSD have positive effects on resilience when they have friendships and care and support from others. This study has brought to light that orphaned and vulnerable children demonstrate resilience if they have close relationship with their friends and caregivers. In most Community development programs resilience building should be their primary goal as well as it should create supportive and caring environment in the institution. The study result, therefore, concluded that rather than PTSD, age and other demographic factors, care and support have impact on OVC resilience score. From these results it was concluded that guardians or immediate caregivers need to develop close ties with children exposed to trauma. They need to have a warm, supportive care and support for these children. Spending extra time and giving intimate love can be reassuring and helpful to children. A supportive environment develops children’s resilience with adversity. Such supports make children feel important and give them a sense that others are concerned about them. Feeling secure, loved, and accepted is an important resilience promoting factor.Item Substance Use and Associated Factors Among High School and Preparatory School Students of Shakiso Town(AAU, 2020) Bonora Gelchu, Berhanu; Berihun, Assefa(Ph.DSubstance use and associated factors among high school and preparatory school students in Shakiso town administration, East Guji zone, Southern Oromia, Ethiopia. A mixed cross sectional study design was conducted from March to April 2019. Stratified random sampling technique employed to select 342 study participants. Focus group discussion (FGD) and In depth interviews were also used to collect data for the qualitative aspect and participants were selected using purposive sampling. A self-administrated questionnaire was used to collect data on socio-demographic characteristics, and substance use was assessed using (Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Test) questionnaire (ASSIST) (WHO, 2003). Quantita tive data were analyzed by SPSS version 20 and Qualitative data were analyzed by thematic content analysis. A multivariable logistic regression analysis was carried out to identify factors associated with substance use, and variables with p-values < 0.05 were considered as statistical ly significant. The strength of the association was presented by the adjusted odds ratio with their 95% confidence interval (C.I). The overall prevalence of current substance use in the present study was 38% (95%CI: 33%; 43.3%). The overall lifetime prevalence of substance use in this study was 45% (95%CI: 39.8%; 50.3%). Sex, age group, Grade level, family history of sub stance uses and social support (poor and moderate social support) were statistically significant with substance use. Therefore, the study indicates the necessity of prevention, early detection, and management of students with substance use alongside increasing community awareness.Item Personal and Interpersonal Functioning of Children with Autism in Joy Center Addis Ababa(Addis Ababa University, 2019-12) Abiy, Roman; Asnake, Mulat (PhD)This study was conducted to find out personal and interpersonal functioning of children with autism in Joy center. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were employed to collect and analyze the collected data. Accordingly, in-depth interviews were conducted with key informants 59 autistic children were part of the quantitative data collection. Both probability and non-probability sampling techniques were used, and data was collected using self-administered questionnaire, in-depth interview guide and Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale – III. The collected data was analyzed using descriptive and narrative analysis techniques. The study started by investigating relevant theories on autisms. The study used the theory of mind and theory of executive dysfunction, and both theories validated the findings of the study. The study found out that Joy Center uses intervention therapies and it was also found that functioning of children in personal subdomain is significantly different across the stage. It was further found out that the mean functioning of at least one age group is different from the other. The study also reported that functioning in personal and interpersonal subdomains of children across different age group were significantly different between all age group except between some age group. Other results show that the children were performing more if they join intervention between 6-10 age groups. The mean functioning in interpersonal subdomain was not significantly different across different age group of starting intervention. In general, it would be better if parents send their children to autism centers at an early age, and the treatment would be more effective if they are treated by professional psychologist. The problem of Autism could be addressed effectively if more autistic centers are opened.