Counseling Psychology

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The Link between Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Major Depressive Disorder, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, and Suicidal Risk among Students in Addis Ababa University
(Addis Ababa University, 2026-06-01) Saba Feyisa; Sisay Yemane
The objective of this study was to examine the relationships among post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), major depressive disorder (MDD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), general health, social support, trauma exposure, sociodemographic factors, and suicidal risk among undergraduate students at Addis Ababa University. A cross-sectional study and correlational design were conducted among 215 undergraduate students from Addis Ababa University. Data collection tools are Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire–Revised (SBQ-R), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PDS-5), and Sociodemographic questions, which included a general health measure. Descriptive statistics, correlation analyses, group comparisons, and regression analyses were employed to examine the relationships among the study variables. The findings revealed significant positive correlations between suicidal risk and MDD (r = .635, p < .01), GAD (r = .535, p < .01), and PTSD (r = .592, p < .01), indicating that greater psychological distress was associated with higher suicidal risk. Furthermore, MDD was the strongest predictor (β = .635), followed by PTSD (β = .592) and GAD (β = .535), indicating that higher levels of psychological distress are associated with increased suicide risk. Participants who reported exposure to sexual or physical assault demonstrated significantly higher levels of suicidal risk, MDD, GAD and PTSD symptoms than those exposed to other trauma types or no trauma. General health was found to be a significant predictor of suicidal risk (β = .494, p < .001), while father's educational status (β = .232, p = .024) and social support (β = .147, p = .035) also contributed significantly to the prediction of suicidal risk. Furthermore, social support was associated with MDD (β = -.266, p < .001) and GAD (β = -.218, p = .003), although it was not significantly related to PTSD symptoms (p = .395).
Career Confidence, Job Readiness, and Self-Esteem Among Medical Interns at Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2026-06-01) Hikma Nassir; Abera Getachew
This study was conducted to determine the levels of career confidence, job readiness and selfesteem among medical interns of Addis Ababa University in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and to identify factors related with them. It was a quantitative cross-sectional research design and a total of 192 medical interns were enrolled using a census method during academic year 2025-2026. Self-administered questionnaire, which consists of socio-demographic data and instruments for measuring career confidence, job readiness and Rosenberg self-esteem scale was used for data collection. Descriptive statistics, independent samples t-test, Pearson correlation and multiple linear regressions analyses were used with the help of SPSS version 27. A significance level was taken at p < 0.05.Medical interns' career confidence, job readiness and self-esteem were at moderate levels (M = 77.96, SD=16.04; M = 64.12, SD =15.22; and M=23.90, SD=5.24 respectively). Statistically significant differences existed among sex, education, geographic origin and career plan in relation to career confidence and job readiness of medical interns (p < 0.05). However, self -esteem was not significantly different among the various study groups. There were significant positive relationships among the three constructs (p < 0.01);correlation between career confidence and job readiness was the strongest (r=0.444). Overall, medical interns at Addis Ababa University seem to be moderately ready for practice and there are differences amonggroups.Strengthening mentorship, career guidance, and internship support may improve both professional confidence and readiness among interns.
Adaptation and Validation of the Career Adapt-Ability Scale (Caas) Among Addis Ababa University Undergraduate Students
(Addis Ababa University, 2026-06-01) Barkot Maeregu; Daniel Tefera
Career adaptability is a crucial psychological and social resource that enables university students to deal with employment related tasks, transitions and uncertainty of the constantly altering world of work. The Career Adapt-Ability Scale (CAAS), originally developed and validated by Mark Savickas and Erik Porfeli, has emerged as a well-established tool for evaluating important career resources. Even though CAAS has been validated across several countries and cultural contexts, there are limited evidence about its psychometric properties in Ethiopia. As a result, this research intended to adapt and validate the Amharic version of CAAS among undergraduate students at Addis Ababa University. A quantitative cross-sectional methodological study design was employed in 487 final year undergraduate students. Standard cross-cultural adaptation procedures which included forward translation, back translation, expert review and pilot testing were followed. The study results demonstrated good internal consistency reliability for the overall scale (α=.849),while subscale reliability coefficients ranged from .835 to .858. Item-Level Content Validity Index (I-CVI) values ranged from .83 to 1.00, and the Scale-Level Content Validity Index (S-CVI) was .95. The factor analyses supported the original four-factor structure of the scale, consisting of concern, control, curiosity and confidence. The study concluded that the Amharic version of the CAAS demonstrated satisfactory reliability and validity for assessing career adaptability among Ethiopian undergraduate students.
Career Confidence, Job Readiness, and Self-Esteem Among Medical Interns at Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2026-06-01) Hikma Nassir; Getachew Abera
This study was conducted to determine the levels of career confidence, job readiness and selfesteem among medical interns of Addis Ababa University in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and to identify factors related with them. It was a quantitative cross-sectional research design and a total of 192 medical interns were enrolled using a census method during academic year 2025-2026. Self-administered questionnaire, which consists of socio-demographic data and instruments for measuring career confidence, job readiness and Rosenberg self-esteem scale was used for data collection. Descriptive statistics, independent samples t-test, Pearson correlation and multiple linear regressions analyses were used with the help of SPSS version 27. A significance level was taken at p < 0.05.Medical interns' career confidence, job readiness and self-esteem were at moderate levels (M = 77.96, SD=16.04; M = 64.12, SD =15.22; and M=23.90, SD=5.24 respectively). Statistically significant differences existed among sex, education,geographic origin and career plan in relation to career confidence and job readiness of medical interns (p < 0.05). However, self -esteem was not significantly different among the various study groups. There were significant positive relationships among the three constructs (p < 0.01);correlation between career confidence and job readiness was the strongest (r=0.444). Overall,medical interns at Addis Ababa University seem to be moderately ready for practice and there are differences among groups. Strengthening mentorship, career guidance, and internshipsupport may improve both professional confidence and readiness among interns
Caregivers’ Knowledge, Attitude and Help Seeking Behavior Towards Mental Illness, At St. Amanuel Mental Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2026-06-01) Julia Wondemu; Nimona Shaka
Caregivers play a vital role in the care and recovery of individuals with mental illness, making their knowledge, attitudes, and help-seeking behaviors important factors influencing treatment outcomes. This study explored caregivers' knowledge, attitudes, and help-seeking behaviors toward mental illness using a qualitative descriptive design. Participants were purposively selected based on caregiving experience and willingness to participate in Amharic-language interviews. A total of thirteen caregivers of patients admitted to St. Amanuel Mental Specialized Hospital participated in the study. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, which were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, translated into English, and analyzed thematically using Braun and Clarke’s six-step approach with the support of Open Code version 4.03. Three themes emerged from the analysis: caregivers’ conceptualization of mental illness, caregivers’ perceptions of people with mental illness and their future prospects, and caregivers’ help-seeking experiences and treatment decision-making. Across these themes, nine subthemes were identified. Findings indicated that caregivers generally demonstrated an understanding of mental illness and its perceived causes; however, gaps were evident in recognizing less visible symptoms, identifying specific diagnoses, and understanding medication side effects. Regarding attitude towards MI, the finding indicates promising positive attitude towards possibility of recovery and capability of PWMI. Whereas negative attitude is seen about their perception towards People with Mental illness, perceiving Mental illness as illegitimate illness and detectability of mental illness through physical attribute Help-seeking experiences were initially shaped by traditional and faith-based practices, while subsequent experiences with modern mental health services contributed to a growing preference for biomedical treatment pathways.The study concludes that, despite a general understanding of mental illness, important knowledge gaps and stigmatizing beliefs remain among present among caregiver’s participant. As a recommendation, the findings highlight the need for caregiver-focused psychoeducation, community mental health awareness initiatives, and collaboration with religious leaders to promote early recognition of mental illness and timely access to appropriate mental health care.
Social Media Usage Among Middle School Students and its Impact on Their Academic Performance: The Case of Bole Sub-City, Addis Ababa
(Addis Ababa University, 2026-06-01) Kassahun Wondu; Moges Ayele
The primary purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between social media usage and the academic performance of middle school students in Addis Ababa. As digital connectivity becomes more accessible, understanding how online habits interfere with educational outcomes has become a critical concern for parents and educators alike. The study targeted Grades 7 and Grade 8 students, utilizing a quantitative research design to gather data on usage patterns, social pressures, and actual school results. A total of 245 respondents participated in the study, with the sample consisting of 62.4% female and 37.6% male students. The demographic profile showed a high level of digital readiness, as 86.1% of participants possessed smart phones or tablets and 87.3% had home internet access. Data were collected through a structured five-point Likert scale questionnaire and analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics, including Pearson correlation and multiple regression analysis via SPSS. The findings revealed a very high prevalence of problematic social media usage among the participants; based on the established cut-off score of 75 out of 125, 98.0% of the students were classified as problematic social media users. TikTok was identified as the most frequently used social media platform among the respondents with 46.1%. The results further demonstrated a significant negative correlation between social media usage and academic performance. All dimensions of problematic social media usage were negatively correlated with academic performance, with Peer-Influenced Use showing the strongest association (r = -.783, p < .01). Multiple regression analysis indicated that problematic social media usage explained 66.8% of the variance in students’ academic performance. Peer-Influenced Use emerged as the strongest predictor (β = .534, p < .001), followed by Non-Educational Motivation (β = .147, p = .018) and Addictive Behavior (β = .135, p = .030). Excessive Time Use did not significantly predict academic performance of the respondents. The study concluded that problematic social media usage is highly prevalent among middle school students and has a substantial negative impact on their academic performance. The findings further suggest that peer influence, non educational motivation and addictive social media behaviors are more influential in explaining academic difficulties than time spent online alone. The study recommends strengthening parental monitoring practices, promoting non- problematic social media use and responsible social media use training to support students’ academic success.
Social Media Usage Among High School Students and it’s Perceived Impact on Their Socio-Emotional Interaction With Parents: The Case of Misrak Gohe High School, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2026-06-01) Meaza Mihret; Dame Abera
This study examined the influence of social media usage on the socio-emotional interaction between high school students and their parents at Misrak Gohe High School in Addis Ababa, an urban public secondary school in Ethiopia where parental digital literacy gaps and growing screen-time displacement of family interaction have been increasingly observed. Despite a growing global evidence base, local empirical research on this topic within specific Ethiopian school communities remains limited. The study aimed to identify the social media platforms most frequently used by students, measure the frequency and intensity of usage, examine the influence of social media use on parent–child socio-emotional connection, and determine whether different platform types exert varying effects on family interaction. Grounded in Ecological Systems Theory, Technology Subsystem Theory, and Family Systems Theory, the study situated digital behavior within the broader relational and cultural context of Ethiopian family life. A mixed-methods design was employed. Quantitative data were collected from 242 students (grades 9–12) through stratified random sampling using a structured questionnaire; qualitative data were gathered from students, parents, and teachers via interviews, focus group discussions, and observations. Pearson correlation examined associations between continuous intensity variables and socio-emotional indicators, while Chi-square tests assessed associations involving the nominal variable of platform type, each technique chosen to match the measurement level of the respective variables.Telegram and YouTube were used by all students (100%), followed by TikTok (96.3%) and Instagram (78.5%); Facebook had low engagement (28.5%). Most students spend 1-4 hours daily online, with 81.4% logging in multiple times per day. Greater usage intensity was significantly associated with lower communication openness and emotional closeness, and higher conflict. Platform type did not significantly influence most socio-emotional indicators, though significant associations emerged for parental monitoring (χ² = 15.65, p = .016) and comfort with parental comments online (χ² = 14.94, p = .021). Qualitative findings corroborated these results: students reported talking less at home, parents felt ignored during family time, and teachers noted late-night use disrupting sleep and classroom readiness. The findings confirm that usage intensity, rather than platform choice, more strongly shapes parent–child socio-emotional dynamics. The study recommends school-level screen-time policies, parental digital literacy programs, and community-based family communication strategies suited to the Ethiopian urban context.
Assessment of the Barriers and Facilitators of Tele-Counseling Service Delivery in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2026-06) Abyssinia Beshada; Abera Getachew
The adoption of remote mental health services in Ethiopia is hindered by prevailing cultural norms, inadequate technological infrastructure, and economic constraints. This study explored the barriers and facilitators of tele-counseling service delivery in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, from the perspectives of clients and mental health professionals. A qualitative descriptive phenomenological design was employed, involving twenty participants (n = 20), including ten tele-counseling clients and ten mental health counselors selected through purposive sampling from private psychological centers and the Ministry of Health Helpline. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using Colaizzi’s seven-step phenomenological method. The findings revealed four major themes: (1) Stigma, (2) Infrastructure, (3) Privacy, and (4) Facilitators. Tele-counseling effectively helped clients avoid social stigma by ensuring absolute privacy and anonymity, thereby lowering barriers to entry for individuals fearing judgment or social consequences. Key facilitators included enhanced scheduling flexibility, reduced travel time amid Addis Ababa’s traffic, audio-only anonymity that supported emotional disclosure, and counselors’ adaptation through culturally appropriate communication (plain Amharic), vocal tone, and leveraging family collectivism for treatment adherence. Conversely, the identified barriers centered on Infrastructure challenges (unstable internet connectivity, frequent power interruptions, and high data costs that disrupted sessions and created financial strain) and Privacy deficits (lack of private spaces in crowded multi-generational households, forcing clients into creative and sometimes unsafe workarounds such as parked cars or outdoor locations). These barriers compromised therapeutic continuity and safety, particularly during emotional or crisis moments. Based on these findings, the study offers the following recommendations: the Ministry of Health should establish stronger collaborations with Ethio Telecom to provide institutional toll-free mental health hotlines; academic institutions should set up dedicated, private counseling spaces on university campuses for students; and mental health organizations should develop low-bandwidth, flexible tele-counseling platforms capable of functioning during poor internet connectivity. Additionally, targeted public awareness campaigns should be launched to maximize digital e-health opportunities and further dismantle mental health stigma. Keywords: Tele-counseling, Mental Health, Descriptive Phenomenology, Mental Health Stigma.
Psychosocial Predictors of Substance Use Disorder among Young Adults in Raya Azebo, Southern Tigray, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2026-06) Jemal Abdela; Assefa Berihun
The main purpose of this study was to identify prevalence of substance use disorder and to assess psychosocial relationship and predictors that determine substance use disorder. To achieve research objectives the quantitative community based design was employee. 389 completed participants were included in the study, 220 males and 169 females, young adults were chosen through simple random sampling technique. The tools employed for gathering data were the substance use disorder 11 items; PCL-5 is a 20-item self-reports question that assesses the 20 DSM-5 symptoms of PTSD and DASS 21 items, peer pressure 10 items, acceptance 7 items. Descriptive Statistics such as mean, frequency, and percentages, and inferential statistics (ordinal regression and point bi-serial Correlation), were used to analyze the data. Among 389 participants, 47.3% of participants use substance, among them 45.5%, meets the diagnostic criteria of substance use disorder while 1.8% reported that they use substance but did not meet the diagnostic criteria; therefore, the prevalence of substance use disorder in the study population was 45.5%. Alcohol was the most commonly used substance in this study area, and 26.5% of participant reported polysubstance use. Substance use disorder was significantly correlated with peer pressure (rpb = .579, p < .001), depression (rpb = .519, p < .001), anxiety (rpb = .436, p < .001), PTSD (rpb = .330, p < .001), perceived availability of substances (rpb = .322, p < .001), and family substance use (rpb = .317, p < .001). Ordinal logistic regression showed that widowed participants (AOR = 6.11, p = .006), had highest odds of being in a more severe substance use disorder category, followed by respondents with problematic family substance use (AOR = 3.64, p < .001), divorce participants (AOR = 3.31, p < .001), unemployed participants (AOR = 2.52, p = .048), participants with severe depression (AOR = 2.36, p < .001). In addition, participants with moderate anxiety (AOR = 2.11, p = .012), is more likely to be under severe substance use disorder category. Furthermore, higher peer pressure was associated with increased odds of substance use disorder severity (AOR = 1.24, p < .001). In contrast, respondents with educational level between grades 9-12, were less likely to be in a higher substance use disorder The findings imply that psychosocial factors, particularly family substance use, peer pressure, anxiety, and depression, play a significant role in the severity of substance use disorder among young adults in Raya Azebo. This finding indicating the need for integrated prevention and intervention programs that address mental health problems, strengthen family and peer focused prevention strategies, and promote educational engagement or creating awareness on the impacts of substance to reduce the burden of substance use disorder. Keywords: Substance abuse, Depression, Anxiety, PTSD, Peer pressure, Availability, Family substance use, Acceptance
Marital Conceptions of Students from Divorced and Intact Families: The Case of Undergraduate Students in Addis Ababa University
(Addis Ababa University, 2026-05) Feven Enkesha; Belay Tefera
Divorce has become increasingly common and prevalent in Ethiopia. Several studies have revealed the general impacts of divorce on both parents and children. This study focused on examining impacts on children focusing on children’ s marital conceptions (attitudes, intentions and expectations) and if these impacts would vary across family background, sex and age at parental divorce. A sequential explanatory mixed-method research design was used to collect data from a sample of 135 undergraduate students of Addis Ababa University (60 from divorced and 75 from intact families) through a validated five-point rating-type questionnaire and interviews (10 from divorced families). Findings indicated that university students reported mean scores above the scale midpoint for marital attitudes (M = 3.71, SD = 0.66), marital intentions (M = 3.74, SD = 0.76), and marital expectations (M = 4.45, SD = 0.44). Differences in marital attitudes, intentions, and expectations were examined across family background, sex, and age at parental divorce. Students from divorced families obtained significantly higher marital expectation scores than students from intact families (t(133) = -2.42, p = .017). Similarly, female students reported significantly higher marital expectations than male students (t(133) = -3.97, p < .001). Students who experienced parental divorce during early childhood reported significantly higher marital intentions than those who experienced divorce at a later age (t(57) = 2.79, p = .007). No statistically significant differences were found in marital attitudes across family background, sex, or age at parental divorce. Correlation analysis revealed significant positive relationships among marital attitudes, marital intentions, and marital expectations, including associations between marital attitudes and intentions (r = .72, p < .01), marital expectations and attitudes (r = .20, p < .05), and marital expectations and intentions (r = .24, p < .01). Qualitative findings indicated that participants reported difficulties in emotional regulation, distrust, loneliness, and psychological stress following parental divorce, while also describing increased resilience, independence, and caution in their future relationships. The findings have implications for counseling and psychoeducational programs aimed at promoting healthy relationships and realistic marital expectations among young adults. Keywords: marital conceptions, marital attitudes, marital intentions, marital expectations, parental divorce, university students, Ethiopia
Assessment of Mental Health Concerns among Students in Addis Ababa University through Online Platform: Self-Diagnosis, Coping Mechanisms and Influence on Academic Performance
(Addis Ababa University, 2026-06) Genet Mekuria; Belay Tefera
This mixed-methods study conducted in June 2026 assessed the relationships between general mental health distress, digital health tracking, self-diagnosis, and academic functioning among 400 undergraduate students at Addis Ababa University. The results showed that 78% of all surveyed participants utilized online platforms to research their health symptoms when feeling unwell, relying primarily on smartphones to access Google and various artificial intelligence tools. Within the subgroup of 312 active online health information seekers, a striking 87.8% reported experiencing moderate to high levels of baseline psychological distress. Moreover, the study identified significant behavioral consequences of these habits, noting that 55.4% of the student population displayed moderate cyberchondria and 8.3% suffered from high cyberchondria. Pearson correlation analyses confirmed that using online resources as a digital coping mechanism was associated with an increase, rather than a reduction, in mental distress (r=.253, p<.01), functioning as a maladaptive behavioral loop that feeds health anxiety. This elevated mental distress was subsequently found to have a significant negative correlation with general life satisfaction (r=-.274, p<.01) and a positive correlation with negative academic impacts (r=.201), indicating that unmanaged digital searching explicitly disrupts concentration, study workflows, and subjective well-being. Keywords: Cyberchondria, mental health distress, online self-diagnosis, digital coping mechanisms, health anxiety,
Academic Self-Concept of Remedial Program Students in Private Higher Education Institutions of Addis Ababa: The Role of Academic Motivation and Perceived Social Support
(Addis Ababa University, 2026-05) Metmeku Yohanis; Seleshi Zeleke
The purpose of this study was to examine the academic self-concept of remedial program students in private higher education institutions of Addis Ababa and the role of academic motivation and perceived social support. The study was conducted using sequential explanatory mixed method research design. Data were collected from 366 participants. The quantitative data were collected through self-reported questionnaires by using academic self-concept questionnaire, academic motivation scale and multidimensional scale of perceived social support. The qualitative data were collected through an in depth interview. The quantitative data were analyzed by using SPSS version 27 whereas the qualitative data were analyzed through thematic analysis. The findings revealed that the participant’s academic self-concept was medium. There was statistically significant gender difference in the academic self-concept of remedial program students in private colleges of Addis Ababa. Male students scored significantly higher in academic self-concept than female students. Academic motivation was strongly and positively correlated (r=0.605, p,0.001) with academic self-concept. Perceived social support was moderately associated with academic self-concept (r = .412, p<.001)). The regression analysis results indicated that academic motivation is a significant predictor of academic self-concept, explaining 36.6% of the total variance. Academic motivation and perceived social support together explained 41.5 % of the variance in academic self-concept. The qualitative phase shows intrinsic motivation functioned as a psychological buffer against the weight of prior failure; the conditionality of family support mattered as much as its presence; and also prior academic history and the nature of academic motivation associated with academic self-concept. Key terms; Academic self-concept, Academic motivation, Perceived social support, remedial Program, Private higher education.
Perceived Benefits and Perceived Barriers' of Help Seeking Intention for Mental Health Counseling: The Moderating Role of Social Support Among High School Students in Bole Secondary School
(Addis Ababa University, 2026-05) Nuhamin Teferi; Abera Getachew
Mental health help-seeking among adolescents remains a critical yet underexplored issue in the Ethiopian educational context. This study examined the perceived benefits and perceived barriers associated with help-seeking intention for mental health counseling and explored the role of social support among students at Bole Secondary and Preparatory School in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. the The study employed a quantitative cross-sectional correlational research design. Data were collected from 275 students selected through a multistage sampling procedure using a structured self-administered questionnaire. Descriptive findings indicated that students generally held positive perceptions regarding the benefits of mental health counseling and reported relatively high intentions to seek professional help when experiencing emotional or psychological difficulties. However, students also reported high levels of perceived barriers, particularly self-reliance, concerns about confidentiality, stigma, and fear of social judgment. Family support emerged as the strongest source of social support among respondents. Pearson correlation analysis revealed that perceived barriers had the strongest positive relationship with help-seeking intention (r = .554, p < .001), followed by social support (r = .271, p < .001). Multiple regression analysis further demonstrated that perceived barriers were the strongest predictor of help-seeking intention (β = .560, p < .001), followed by social support (β = .234, p < .001), while perceived benefits did not significantly predict help-seeking intention (β = .080, p = .122). Collectively, the predictor variables explained 38.1% of the variance in help-seeking intention (R² = .381, F(3, 271) = 55.619, p < .001). Hierarchical regression analysis also indicated that social support made a significant contribution to the prediction of help-seeking intention, highlighting the importance of supportive family, peer, and school relationships in facilitating access to mental health services. The study concludes that students’ intentions to seek mental health counseling are influenced more strongly by perceived barriers and social support than by their beliefs regarding the benefits of counseling. The findings underscore the need for schools to strengthen counseling services, reduce stigma, address confidentiality concerns, and actively engage families and school communities in promoting positive mental health helpseeking behaviors among adolescents. Key words: Perceived Benefits, Perceived Barriers, Help-Seeking Intention, Social Support, Mental Health Counseling,
Psychosocial predictors of relapse risk among patients with substance use disorders in mental health facilities in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2026-06) Tizitawork Enkubahiry; Assefa Berihun
Substance use disorder is a major public health concern characterized by high rates of relapse, which negatively affects treatment outcomes and long term recovery, and despite the existence of treatment programs, psychosocial factors such as loneliness, perceived stigma, and social support remain insufficiently understood as predictors of relapse, particularly in the Ethiopian context. As a result, this study assessed psychosocial factors as predictors of relapse among patients with substance use disorder receiving treatment in mental health facilities in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The study was conducted using an institution based cross sectional design, and a consecutive sampling technique was employed to select 422 patients receiving treatment for substance use disorder in selected mental health facilities. To gather relevant data, the research employed standardized questionnaires, including the AWARE scale for relapse, the revised UCLA Loneliness Scale, the Perceived Stigma of Addiction Scale (PSAS), and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), and the data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 26 through descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation analysis, and multiple linear regression analysis, with statistical significance considered at p < .05. Among the main findings of the study, all three psychosocial factors predicted relapse independently and jointly, with loneliness and perceived stigma positively associated with relapse (β = .465, p < .05 and β = .424, p < .05, respectively), while perceived social support was negatively associated with relapse (β = -.566, p < .05), and together these factors accounted for approximately 41.4% of the variance in relapse among patients with substance use disorder. According to the findings of the study, the researcher concluded that psychosocial factors play a significant role in relapse among patients with substance use disorder attending treatment facilities, and recommended that mental health facilities and other stakeholders should consider strengthening social support systems, reducing stigma, and addressing loneliness within treatment and rehabilitation services in order to improve long term recovery and reduce relapse rates. Keywords: Substance use disorder, Relapse, Loneliness, Perceived stigma, Social support
The relationship between levels of religiosity and depression among Ethiopian Orthodox Christians: the case of some selected churches in Addis Ababa
(Addis Ababa University, 2026-05) Aba Abrehaley; Assefa Berihun
This research investigated the relationship between levels of religiosity and depression among Ethiopian Orthodox Christians in selected churches in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Utilizing a mixed-methods design, the study integrated quantitative data from 409 respondents with qualitative narratives from purposively selected interview participants until data saturation was reached. Quantitative measures employed the Duke University Religion Index (DUREL) and the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II), whereas qualitative data were gathered through semi-structured interviews and analyzed through thematic analysis to capture the lived experiences of believers. Using cutoff scores established through the equal interval method, participants demonstrated an overall High level of religiosity (75.4%) and a Moderate level of depression (47.3%). The findings revealed significant negative correlations between all three dimensions of religiosity and depression symptoms. Partial regression analysis further confirmed that religiosity, taken together, was a significant predictor of depression, accounting for 14.0% of the variance in depression symptoms (R² = .140, p < .001). Beyond these direct relationships, social cohesion, personal meaning and stability, and participants' theological orientation (encompassing their image of God and faith-based coping) emerged as important parallel mediating factors, with personal meaning and stability showing a particularly strong association with psychological resilience, which fully explained the mechanisms through which the protective relationship between religiosity and depression operates. The interview results showed that religiosity provided emotional support to manage depression through the practice of Kidassie (Liturgy), private prayer, and the use of Tsebel (Holy Water), which served as self-directed therapeutic tools. Participants further described the church community as a source of comfort, belonging, and practical assistance during periods of psychological distress, reinforcing the quantitative finding that organizational religious participation carries strong protective value. The study concluded that the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church serves as a vital coping resource for people navigating the stresses of urban life, functioning much like a support system that protects individuals from the mental health effects of financial and social struggle. Recommendations are provided for integrating spiritual assets into clinical counseling and enhancing the mental health literacy of clergy members. Keywords: Religiosity, Depression, Organizational religiosity , Non- organizational religiosity, Intrinsic Religiosity
The Relationship between Social Media Use and Self Esteem among Adolescents in Bole Preparatory School in Addis Ababa
(Addis Ababa University, 2025-11) Mefeter Tamiru; Emebet Mulugeta
This study examined the relationship between social media use and self-esteem among adolescents in Bole preparatory schools in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, in 2025. A total of 220 students from grades 11 and 12 at Bole Preparatory and Secondary School participated, representing a balanced gender distribution and predominantly aged 17 to 18 years. Using a mixed-methods cross-sectional design, data were collected through structured questionnaires based on the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) and the Social Media Addiction Scale (SMAS), complemented by semi-structured interviews analyzed thematically. The findings indicated that adolescents spend considerable time on social media, with excessive or problematic use—characterized by neglect of responsibilities and interference with daily life—associated with lower self-esteem. Qualitative data further revealed that social comparison, emotional reactions, and the pursuit of social validation significantly influence self-esteem. Additionally, limited parental guidance on digital engagement was observed, as most parents demonstrated low to moderate awareness of internet use. The study underscores the need for targeted interventions, including digital literacy initiatives for both adolescents and parents, and enhanced educational support to promote healthier and more balanced social media use within the Ethiopian context. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of adolescent psychological well-being within the Ethiopian urban context, offering evidence to inform policy and practice aiming to foster healthier social media engagement. Keywords: adolescents, digital literacy, Ethiopia, mental health, preparatory schools, social comparison, self-esteem, Social media use,.
Mental Illness Beliefs, Perceived Stigma, and Delayed help-seeking behavior among Psychiatric patients in selected public Hospitals of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2025-11) Tsion Chala; Dame Abera
Delayed help-seeking behavior among individuals with mental illness remains a critical barrier to timely psychiatric intervention, particularly in low-resource settings like Ethiopia, where cultural beliefs, stigma, and socio-demographic factors play a significant role. This study aimed to examine prevailing mental illness beliefs, assess the extent and duration of delayed help-seeking, determine the role of perceived stigma, and identify socio-demographic and clinical factors contributing to delays. A descriptive cross-sectional design was employed, and a total of 399 participants were selected using stratified systematic sampling to ensure diverse representation. Data were collected through standardized questionnaires measuring mental illness beliefs, perceived stigma, and help-seeking behavior. Binary logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify predictors of delay. The findings indicated that many patients perceived mental illness as a form of religious punishment. A majority of respondents agreed with statements reflecting supernatural etiology (M = 3.58, SD = 0.49) and punishment for sin (M = 3.48, SD = 0.50), suggesting that culturally embedded spiritual beliefs strongly influence perceptions of mental illness. The mean scores for supernatural (M = 3.62, SD = 0.31), biomedical (M = 3.64, SD = 0.33), and psychosocial beliefs (M = 3.65, SD = 0.30) indicated moderate endorsement across all domains. The logistic regression model was statistically significant, χ²(16) = 334.78, p < .001, with a Nagelkerke R² of .836, indicating strong predictive power. Education level, perceived stigma (Exp(B) = 13,649.66, p < .001), and mental illness beliefs (Exp(B) = 31.27, p = .025) were significant predictors of delayed help-seeking. Additional factors such as gender, marital status, and place of residence also contributed to the delay. Overall, the results demonstrate that deeply rooted cultural and religious beliefs, together with perceived stigma, substantially influence patients’ decisions to delay professional treatment. These findings emphasize the need for culturally sensitive mental health education, community-based stigma reduction initiatives, and equitable access to psychiatric services. It is recommended that community awareness campaigns utilize media and cultural platforms to promote mental health as a treatable condition and foster public acceptance. Keywords: Help-seeking behavior, Mental illness beliefs, Perceived stigma, Psychiatric patients, Socio-demographic factors
Psychosocial Consequence of Post- Traumatic Stress Disorder on Special police Forces that are Admitted at Police Hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia .
(Addis Ababa University, 2023-11) Yemaryamwork Senay; Sewalem Tsega
Many trauma related researches focus on the impact of the trauma on the individual’s mental health disturbance. Less is known how the everyday Social Life as well as psychological wellbeing is disturbed and negatively impacted by PTSD on special police forces who are admitted at hospital settings. This study aimed to identify the psychological and social impact resulting as a consequence of PTSD on special police forces who are admitted at Police Hospital found in AA, Ethiopia. Institute based cross sectional study is conducted by using purposive sampling. The instrument used to collect data in order to measure PTSD Level and the impact of PTSD on Psychosocial Functioning of the Law Enforcement Forces was PCL-M with a cut point score of 32 & IPF with a cut point score of 11-30=mild impairment, 31-50= moderate impairment ,51-80= severe impairment, 81-100= extreme impairment respectively. The results showed that among the police officers who were eligible for the study 36.9% of them are seen with PTSD Symptoms and their psychological and social functioning was impacted. According to the Inventory of Psychosocial Functioning (IPF), the patient’s psychosocial status was assessed by the subscales romantic relationships, family, work, friendships and socializing, parenting, education and self-care. PTSD level of the participants has impacted their family life, self - care and friendship & socializing. The impairment is found to be mild with a mean score of 19.9, 24.16, 24.17 respectively. Their romantic relationship and parenting impairment is moderate with a mean score of 39.25, 35.44 respectively and the education and work life impairment is found to be severe with a mean score of (55.33, 72.59 respectively).
The Psycho Social Effects of Urban Gentrification on Displaced Residents in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2025-10) Simret Guangul; Assefa Berihun
A growing body of research has documented the economic and spatial consequences of displacement, but less attention has been given to its psychological costs. This study investigates the lived experiences and mental health impacts of forced resettlement resulting from urban regeneration in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Using a qualitative phenomenological design, in-depth interviews were conducted with displaced residents selected through purposive and snowball sampling. Inductive thematic analysis supported by ATLAS.ti software revealed major themes: mental health impacts; displacement as loss and disempowerment; economic devastation and disconnection; physical health effects; disruption and fragmentation of the social fabric; and coping mechanisms and unmet needs. Participants described experiences of worry, sadness, hopelessness, and powerlessness stemming from job loss, weakened social ties, and inadequate support systems. While some relied on faith and community as coping mechanisms, others turned to substance use to manage distress reflecting both vulnerability and resilience. The findings highlight that urban gentrification–induced displacement extends beyond housing insecurity, generating profound psychosocial consequences. Addressing these impacts requires that urban planners and policymakers move beyond physical resettlement to promote mental health and social well-being.
The Relationship between Personality Traits and Burnout among Hibret Bank Employees at Head the Office
(Addis Ababa University, 2025-10) Temesgen Waltenegus; Sewalem Tsega
The main objective of the study was to assess the relationship between personality traits and burnout among Hibret Bank employees at the Head office. It specifically examined the relationships among five personality traits and burnout dimensions. Additionally, socio-demographic factors were assessed in order to examine the degree of employee burnout. The research approach design used was quantitative. A basic random sample strategy was used to choose 162 individuals in total. The t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson Correlation coefficients were statistical methods used to examine the data in order to answer the study's research questions. As a result, the current study produced a number of significant findings regarding personality traits, burnout, and socio-demographic factors. First, employees who had high levels of professional effectiveness (M=5.04) and moderate levels of emotional weariness (M=3.02) and cynicism (M=3.17) showed that they were somewhat stressed and detached but still had high levels of professional efficacy. Second, the burnout dimension of professional efficacy was positively correlated with the attribute of openness to experience. Third, despite individuals with 5–10 years of work experience reporting slightly greater levels of emotional exhaustion, studies of the socio-demographic factors showed no significant differences in burnout dimensions across gender, age, marital status, or educational background. The findings highlighted the importance of organizational interventions focused on workload management, role clarity, and employee support, alongside strategies that leverage individual strength such as openness and professional development, to sustain professional efficacy and reduce risk of burnout. Keywords: Burnout, Emotional Exhaustion, Cynicism, Professional efficacy, Personality Traits

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