Browsing by Author "Mulugeta, Emebet (PhD)"
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Item The Attitude and Views of Parliamentarians towards Women’s Political Participation and Gender Based Quota: The Case of FDRE(Addis Ababa University, 2010-07) Techane, Meseret; Mulugeta, Emebet (PhD)The main purpose of this study was to assess the attitude and view of Parliamentarians towards women’s political participation and gender based quota: To deal with the problem, three fundamental research questions were formulated that asses the attitude and view of parliamentarians towards women’s political participation, gender based quota and their perspectives on the role of quota in Ethiopian politics to enhancing women’s political participation. To conduct the study, mixed method study design was employed. The study was carried out in the House of People’s Representatives, and purposive and stratified sampling methods were used to select 80 female parliamentarians, two political parties and 129 male parliamentarians. The main instruments of data collection were questionnaire, indepth interview and document analysis. The data were analyzed using frequency tables and percentage. The finding of the study reveals that the majority of the participants have a positive attitude towards women’s political participation irrespective of their sex and their political party affiliation. However, with regard to their view on gender based quota it was found that most men parliamentarians from opposition parties have negative attitude while women parliamentarians and men parliamentarians from the ruling party support the practice of affirmative action measures such as quota. From the findings of the study, it was possible to conclude that descriptive political representation of Ethiopian women is improving, the current quota system introduced by the ruling party lacks follow up in creating competent women politicians rather it increases numerical presence of women in the HPR. Therefore, the provision of quotas by political parties’ with capacity building activities, support of male parliamentarians and quota non receiving female politicians towards quota receiving women, and the recognition and implementation of laws on the rights of women are some of the recommendations forwarded to enhance women’s political participationItem The Causes and Psychosocial Impacts of Divorce on Women: the Case of Ethiopian Women Lawyers’ Association (EWLA) Supported Women(Addis Ababa University, 2014-11) Dereje, Wubedel; Mulugeta, Emebet (PhD)There is an increasing interest in revealing the causes as well asthe psychological and social effects of marital disintegration on women who have undergone through the divorce process. Thus, the study attempts to identify the causes &the psychosocial impacts of divorce on women during and after marital dissolution. The study focuses particularly on women who have approached the Ethiopian Women Lawyers’ Association (EWLA) in Addis Ababa. Currently, EWLA is providing free legal aid service for approximately 150 women who seek assistance as a result of marriage related problems. The present study explores the experiences of divorced women from their own point of view using qualitative in-depth interview method with the combination of Focus Group Discussion (FGD) as well as key informant interviews. The research used 16 divorced women and 2 key informants from the EWLA as data sources and they were selected using purposive sampling technique. The study finds that the causes of divorce are multidimensional such as financial irresponsibility, infidelity and domestic violence because of alcohol addiction. In consequence, someof the women face traumatic and stressful life events psychologically, socially and economically that has disrupted their overall well- being. It is also found that in addition the negative effects, divorce also has immense beneficial factors on women who have undergone through the divorce process that allows them to experience the various positive effects. Apart from this, the women have been able to use different strategies in their post divorce lives to cope with divorce related problems. The combined effects of divorce’s various positive impacts and the appropriate coping mechanisms used by the women have made the women’s post divorce adjustment possible and significant. The psychosocial issues explored in relation to the lives of divorced women reveal that for some women divorce has negative results while for the majority its effect is advantageous in every aspect. Conversely, the post divorce consequences are severe for most children of divorced women as they have been suffering from the various divorce related problems. These childrenfeel that their parents abandon them and dislike themwhich results in emotional confusion and sadness that has long-termnegative impact in their overall well-being. Hence, the study has recommended that divorce is the best alternative for those women who are in a violent and disagreeing marital relationship. In addition, to keep the well-being of children, regular visitation schedules should be arranged for fathers in order to involve them in their children’s livesItem Child Rights Violations and the Impact on Academic Performance: The Case Of Gambella Primary Second Cycle School Girls(Addis Ababa University, 2004-06) Getaneh, Alemayehu; Mulugeta, Emebet (PhD)771i study il1\ estigated the extelll to which girls' rights are violated or neglected, and examilled its fllllctiollal impact on their academic performance. A 101al of 196 respondents and 2-1 discussallts aged between 15 and 18 were involved A questionnaire, foclls group discussion, and school records were used to gather data. Percentage, al'erage (meall), t-test and Omega Squared (0/) were used for analysis. The reslllt of the stlldy show that girl ' rights are violated both at home and school environment. As a r '5111t, a nllmber offemale students do not benefit from the prol'ision C?i del elopmelll and safeguard rights. 111 extrellle cases, there has beell a difference amollg female studellfs III the protection (?f their rights. Stati tically significant difference is observed between the mean academic performances of female students whose rights are relatively protected alld those whose rights are violated Moreover protection difference in developmelll rights and afeg7lard rights as treated separately also show some variation among female students in their academic performance. It is also ob erved that development rights, together with safeguard rights have profound impact 011 their academic performance. Fil1ally, it is concluded that girls' rights violatiol1s are some of the main contributingfactors to their law academic performanceItem The Effect of Divorce on Adolescents’ Self-Esteem: the Case of Adolescents at Federal first Instance Court(Addis Ababa University, 2014-11) Mekonen, Hawi; Mulugeta, Emebet (PhD)The purpose of the study was to investigate whether there was a difference in self-esteem of adolescents who come from divorced parents and those from intact families. A total of 200 adolescents (100 from intact family and 100 from divorced family) participated in the present study. The study sites were federal first instance court and Atlas primary and secondary school. Systematic random sampling technique was applied to select adolescents from intact families at Atlas primary and secondary school. Adolescents from divorced families were drawn based on the availability sampling technique. Questionnaires were used to collect the data. Data was analyzed employing descriptive statistics, correlation and t-test. The findings show that there is a significant difference in self-esteem between adolescents from divorced and intact families. The results also revealed that there is no significant difference in self esteem among female and male adolescents from divorced families. In addition, the finding revealed that there is a statistically significant positive relationship between age of adolescents that come from divorced families and their self- esteem. The study suggested that Orientation and training should be given to parents/guardians of adolescents from divorced families on how to treat their children with warmth and affection to facilitate the conditions which are essential to foster their children’s self-esteemItem Exploring the relationship between single sex schools and female students’ attitudes towards gender roles: the case of Cathedral High School(Addis Ababa University, 2018-08) Tesfaye, Seble; Mulugeta, Emebet (PhD)The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between single-sex school environment and the gender role attitudes of female students in Cathedral High School. The study has used mixed methods; i.e. qualitative and quantitative approach. The time orientation used for the study was concurrent design which used identical samples for both components of the study. Female students in their senior year of high school were surveyed from single-sex & coeducational school using a gender role attitude inventory (Prasad & Baron, 1996). 120 questionnaires were administered to the sample population, 108 of them were filled & returned properly. Primarily, frequency counts and means for the four scales of the survey questionnaire were used to analyze & compare the attitudes of the sample by using SPSS 20.0 software, as it helps to determine the relative standing of the respondents. Aside from this, a semi-structured interview was used to collect a data on the subject matter. The survey revealed that there is no essential difference in gender role attitudes between the two samples, i.e. female students in the single sex school and female students in co-educational school. The only exception is in the area of gender role reversal, which was favored by the single-sex school. As such, students from the single-sex school are more likely to indicate comfort with the inversion of conventional gender roles. Interviews with students from both sites revealed major differences thematically. These interviews were intended to provide insight into the results of the survey as it ascertain from the students themselves what influence, if any, the absence or presence of the opposite sex in school has on their attitudes toward gender roles. The main difference between the two environments is that students in the single-sex school reported that they and their peers in the school feel quite comfortable acting “themselves” because of the lack of males in the environment. The students in the coeducational school corroborated that sentiment by expressing the tendency of their female peers to act differently in the presence of male peers. The findings from the study indicate that without the exposure to negative influence of boys on a daily basis, perhaps girls are better able to envision a world in which women are the dominant gender and that in a school environment devoid of the opposite sex, it is possible that young women are freer to imagine a society in which the order is inverted. Indisputably, this study confirms that more research is needed in the area of single-sex education for females.Item Family Relationship as Predictors of Parent-Adolescent Conflict: the Case of Gulele Sub-City(Addis Ababa University, 2009-06) Alem, Anteneh; Mulugeta, Emebet (PhD)The main purpose of this study was to explore family relationship as predictors of parent-adolescent conflict within and across gender of parents and of adolescents. Specifically, attempts were made to examine perceived parental behaviors (i.e., support, monitoring, and punitiveness), autonomy from parents, and conformity to parental expectations as predictors of adolescents' perception of parentadolescent conflict. Two hundred-twenty seven (108 males and 119 females) randomly selected adolescent students of Gulele sub-city participated in the study. Data were collected using adolescents' self-report on measures of parental behaviors, autonomy from parents and conformity to parental expectations, and on parent-adolescent conflict. Results of multiple regression analyses revealed that adolescents' perceived fathers' support appeared negatively and significantly to predict adolescents' perception of parent-adolescent conflict in reference with males but not significant for females. Perceived mothers' support was found to be significant and negative predictor adolescents' perception of parent-adolescent conflict in reference with girls but insignificant for boys. [n addition, most of the findings of adolescents' perceived parents' monitoring appeared to decrease perceived parent-adolescent conflict but not significant. On the other hand, fathers' punitiveness was found to be a positive and significant predictor of parents' conflict with adolescent males but not significant for adolescent females. Similarly, perceived mothers' punitiveness was found to be a positive predictor of parents' conflict with adolescent girls but insignificant for boys. Perceived autonomy from fathers was a negative and significant predictor of parents' conflict with adolescent girls but not significant for boys. In addition, perceived autonomy from mothers was found to decrease adolescents' perception of parent-adolescent conflict in reference with girls but insignificant for boys. Adolescents' perceived conformity to parents' expectations was a negative predictor of perception of parent-adolescent conflict but not significant. It was concluded that patterns of family relationship as predictors of parent-adolescent conflict was different as a function of gender of parents and of adolescents. Finally, recommendations were forwarded based on the findings of the studyItem Family Relationship as Predictors of Parent-Adolescent Conflict: the Case of Gulele Sub-City(Addis Ababa University, 2009-05) Alem, Anteneh; Mulugeta, Emebet (PhD)The main purpose of this study was to explore family relationship as predictors of parent-adolescent conflict within and across gender of parents and of adolescents. Specifically, attempts were made to examine perceived parental behaviors (i.e., support, monitoring, and punitiveness), autonomy from parents, and conformity to parental expectations as predictors of adolescents' perception of parentadolescent conflict. Two hundred-twenty seven (108 males and 119 females) randomly selected adolescent students of Gulele sub-city participated in the study. Data were collected using adolescents' self-report on measures of parental behaviors, autonomy from parents and conformity to parental expectations, and on parent-adolescent conflict. Results of multiple regression analyses revealed that adolescents' perceived fathers' support appeared negatively and significantly to predict adolescents' perception of parent-adolescent conflict in reference with males but not significant for females. Perceived mothers' support was found to be significant and negative predictor adolescents' perception of parent-adolescent conflict in reference with girls but insignificant for boys. [n addition, most of the findings of adolescents' perceived parents' monitoring appeared to decrease perceived parent-adolescent conflict but not significant. On the other hand, fathers' punitiveness was found to be a positive and significant predictor of parents' conflict with adolescent males but not significant for adolescent females. Similarly, perceived mothers' punitiveness was found to be a positive predictor of parents' conflict with adolescent girls but insignificant for boys. Perceived autonomy from fathers was a negative and significant predictor of parents' conflict with adolescent girls but not significant for boys. In addition, perceived autonomy from mothers was found to decrease adolescents' perception of parent-adolescent conflict in reference with girls but insignificant for boys. Adolescents' perceived conformity to parents' expectations was a negative predictor of perception of parent-adolescent conflict but not significant. It was concluded that patterns of family relationship as predictors of parent-adolescent conflict was different as a function of gender of parents and of adolescents. Finally, recommendations were forwarded based on the findings of the studyItem Food Security Status and Coping Strategies of Female-Headed Households in Addis Ababa: The Case of Woreda 01 in Gullelle Sub-City(Addis Ababa University, 2011) Messele, Rabel; Mulugeta, Emebet (PhD)The main purpose of this study was to assess the food security status of urban Female-Headed Households (FHHs) and their coping strategies in Woreda aI, Gullelle Sub-city of Addis Ababa. Mixed approach of qualitative and quantitative study was used for conducting the study. The main data collection methods employed during the study was household Survey, in-depth interview and Focus Group Discussion (FGD). The data were analyzed using frequency tables, percentage, pearsons's correlation and cross tabulation. And their food security status was also reckoned using Coping Strategy Index and Food Consumption Score calculation developed by Dan Maxwell and World Food Program (WFP) respectively. The outcome of the study indicates that most of the FHHs relied on informal workfor their livelihood. Concerning their food security status, based on the above mentioned measurements most of them are food insecure. Using Food Consumption Score and WFP standard, it is found that 50.8% of the sample households are under poor food consumption, 43.3% are in borderline and only the remaining 5.9% are in acceptable food consumption level. Using Coping Strategy Index, it is found that all households use various types of coping strategies which implies that the sample households have food security problem. Based on quartile ranking categorization of food security status of the households, the study shows that 19.2% of the household are extremely severe food insecure status, 26.7% are severe food insecure status, 26.7% are moderately severe food insecure status and 27.5% are least severe insecure status. The study shows FHHs food insecurity problem is mainly attributed to lack of education coupled with low income, current food price inflation, less social capital, poor health and lack of physical capital especially housing. This in turn has an impact in buying better quantity and quality of food. It was also found that most food insecure households have various coping strategies to withstand food stress such as relying on less preferred and less expensive food, limiting the volume of meal, restricting consumption order for small children and skipping meals. The extremely severe strategy is sending children to eat with neighbors and sending household members for begging. Thus, the government interventions are highly required to address these problems, specifically after the extremely severe coping strategy.Item Gender' Division of Labour and its Effect on the Socio-Economic Life of Women in Ethiopia: The Case of Yeka and Bole SubCities of Addis Ababa(Addis Ababa University, 2007-07) Ewnetu, Eyuel; Mulugeta, Emebet (PhD)Studies conducted at different times in Ethiopia revealed that women are found at a disadvantaged position. Different factors have been raised for this status of women. Gender division of labour is one of them, which affects the life of women directly or indirectly. The objective of this study is to identify the effects of gender division of labor 011 the socio-economic life of women, mainly on their education, employment, health and leisure. Jt was conducted among women engaged in different categories of work, particularly, government and private employees in the formal sector, house wives, pet!y traders, housemaids and commercial sex works. Moreover, key informants were also involved. In-depth interviews, focus group discllssions and observation were employed to collect data. The study was conducted in Addis Ababafocusing on two sub-cites, Yeka and Bole. The findings of the study show that the existing gender division of labor affects the leisllre, education, employment, and health of women covered in the study. Women, being engaged il1 the three spheres of work (productive, reproductive and community) live with little leisure or even without having it at all. In the study, household responsibilities are found to be one obstacle to women 's educational success. This is because domestic responsibiliry is mainly on the women's shoulder and men do not share the household chores adequately with women. As a result, women have no time to pursue their education and other self-development activities. HOllsehold chores also affected women's free engagement ill paid employment through child care and its repetitive and time consuming nature. In addition, women 's engagement in the three .spheres of work has affected their health due to work load and conflicting demands of their time. Moreover, worries about shortage of household budget affected women's health through depression and stress. The study has also revealed that women are rarely represented in decision making positions. Stereorypes play major roles in this respect. Those partiCipants who have reached at the higher decision making levels are facing some resistance and lack of recognition by co-workers and customers. In general, women, due to their lower work status in the formal sector and lack of government regulations in the iliformal sector, face frequent sexual harassll1ent and other violation of legal and human rights. A number of these are the effects of gender division of labor which is mainly built upon patriarchal ideology.Item Impacts of Female Infertility on Women's Lived Experience: The Case of Women Visiting Gondar Hospital, Amhara Region(Addis Ababa University, 2009-06) Berihun, Tinsae; Mulugeta, Emebet (PhD)Ever exisled worldwide, bUI hasn 't been well researched aspecl Fom women's point of view, infertilily is a problem in which women are suffering Fom ils multidimensional consequences in North Gondar Zone-Amhara Region. Realizing this, this sludy is conducted 10 explore the impacts of Female infertility on women's lived experience in the socia-cultural, psychological, marital, economic, sexual and health dimensions. The primwy data were collected by employing in-depth interviews for infertile women, as a major source of data collection tool and interviews to key injormants complemented with survey questionnaire. The study revealed that childlessness affected the social, psychological, marital and economic conditions of infertile women. It was also found that infertility has a potential to affect the sexual life of women which resulted Fom the severe p;ychological trauma. Moreover, including the possible pains following their infertility, infertile women are found at the risks of STi and HIVIAIDS since extra-marital relationship is highly practiced by Iheir husbands as well as by Ihemselves. This filrther indicated that divorce and remarriage have grounds in childless marilal life. The study also pointed out thai inferiile women show maximal interesls to bear children due 10 various reasons like- 10 gain labor aid, financial and care supporllill death and even afier death 10 carry onfamily's name, to meet socielal expectations, tofiliJili the norms ofwomen 's idenlity, to get prestige and happiness, to keep husband's name, and to ensure legitimate tramier of their properties. Regarding their options, infertile women are told to get injimility test with Iheir husbands which imply the inclusion of men in the problem. Although there is a chance of undergoing infertility Ireatmel1l, poor medicalfacililies and inadequate medical specialists at GondaI' Ho;pital are hindrances in which infertile women encounlered when seeking solulions to Iheir problems. Hence, it is suggested thai the availability of inferlility treatment centers with proper facil ities, adequale and well-qualified professionals in infertility need 10 be fit/filled. In addition, counseling services for couples should be provided logether wilh the infertililY trealmenl. Raising the awareness of Ihe SOCiety about the causes and prevention methods Ihrough health education is also found to be central to reduce the blame and abused relationship that infertile women faced.Item Juvenile Justice System and the Social Work Profession: The Case of Addis Ketema Sub City, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2017-05) Bereda, Sityana; Mulugeta, Emebet (PhD)This thesis paper is aimed to explore integration of juvenile justice system and the social work profession, in handling issues of children in conflict with the law. In investigating this phenomenon, the role of social workers has been exhaustively explored starting from the first contact of the children, to the extent they graduate from the system. For the purpose of this study, the first contact of the children is the police in arrest procedure, followed by the juvenile bench in court trials, throughout institutional rehabilitation programs and ends at reintegration programs and social workers and other professionals involved in the said system participated in this research. The researcher employed qualitative research method with exploratory case study design. Primary and secondary data collection methods were used and In-depth interviews as well as focus group discussion along with observation were the data collection tools used. Using purposive sampling technique pertinent agencies and specific participants were identified and the sample size was determined on data saturation. The data is analyzed thematically putting the core point as a topic or central idea. The finding indicated the juvenile justice system and the social work profession are highly interdependent in the proper rehabilitation of children in conflict with the law. The major roles of the social workers as to the findings includes but not limited to, intake screening, crisis intervention, victim offender mediation, conducting assessment, counseling, developing intervention plan, providing direct service, facilitating services through referral, case management and reintegration. Though their contribution is quite outstanding, their involvement in the system is dependent on the discretion of other legal professionals involved. It is of paramount importance to value the role social workers play and it requires the collective effort of all actors involved to promote an eclectic and holistic service provision to ensure the best interest of these children. Key Terms; Juvenile justice system, social work, children in conflict with the lawItem The Perception of Gender Roles Among The Awra Amba Community As A Function of Age and Sex(Addis Ababa University, 2009-07) Ebrie, Seid; Mulugeta, Emebet (PhD)The ultimate objective of this study was to discover the influence of age and sex on gender role perception in the Awra Amba community. For this purpose, a total of 180 participants (from 403 total Awra Amba population), 60 from three age groups (children, adolescents and adults), 30 from two sex groups (male and female) have been selected by using stratified random sampling method. Two different instruments (Personal Attribute Questionnaire and Social Role Questionnaire) have been adapted and pilot tested. Based on the result of the pilot test, two vague items have been discarded from the Personal Attribute Questionnaire. But, one culturally unfit item has also been removed from the Social Role Questionnaire before the pilot test, and generally the two instruments exhibited almost closer reliability indices with the original reliabilities. For data analysis, descriptive statistics, One-Way ANOVA and independent Hest have been employed. In relation to the major findings, there is a statistically significant difference in gender role perception among the Awra Amba children, adolescents and adults. While children hold stereotypic and traditional gender role perception, adolescents and adults demonstrate androgynous and egalitarian gender role perception. Besides" egalitarian and nontraditional gender role perception increases with age in the Awra Amba community when one grows older from childhood to adolescence and adulthood. Finally, statistically significant difference has not been found between the Awra Amba males and females in gender role perception. Both males' and females' gender role perception is androgynous and egalitarian or non-traditional.Item Resilience of Orphan and Vulnerable Adolescents in Relation to Gender. Guardians' Behavior and Peer Relationship(Addis Ababa University, 2009-07) Yerdaw, Ebabush; Mulugeta, Emebet (PhD)The major objective oj the study was to examine the resilience behavior oj orphan and vulnerable adolescents as aJunction oj gender. guardians' care and support and peer support. To achieve this objective the researcher collected data through questionnaire and interview. The data sources were selected by using systematic random sampling. pwposive sampling and snow ball sampling techniques. The participants oj the study were 154 boys and 129 girls. Totally . 283 orphan and vulnerable adolescents. Jive (5) community based support providers and six (6) guardians. The data obtained Jrom these participants were analyzed by using both quantitative and qualitative methods. Quantitative data were processed through the application oj Statistical Package Jor Social Sciences (SPSS) and qualiLaLive data were processed and presented through narration in order to triangulate the quantitative data. The r'esearchJindings revealed that majority (69.60 percent) oj the orphan and vulnerable adolescents were Jound to be resilient. On the other hand. some (30.40 percent) oj the orphan and vulnerable adolescents were Jound to be non·resilient.. Regarding sp.x difference in terms oj resilience status the t· test demonstrated no significant resiliency difference between boys and girls. Huwever, lhe data obtained tllrough interview showed that Jemale adolescents are more resilient than male adolescents. Moreover. the t·test indicated that girls are more advantageous in obtaining social support. Regarding the contribution oj guardian care and support and peer support the regression analysis revealed that both guardians care and support and peer support have significant and positive relationships with orphan adolescents' resiliency. Moreover. the regression analysis indicated that both guardians care and support and peer support have Significant contributions to adolescents' resiliency. Finally. the researcher recommended to concerned bodies to undertake detail researches on different aspects oj resilience and protective Jactors in relation to orphan and vulnerable adolescents.Item Women in International Relations: The Case of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2012-06) Zerihun, Hanna; Mulugeta, Emebet (PhD)This research was conducted at the Ministry af Foreign Affairs of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. The establishment of the Ministry, which deals with Ethiopia's relations with the other countries and international organisations, dates back to 1907 G. C. The study focuses on female employees at the Ministry occupying professional posts. It examines the positions these women hold, the opportunities they are given, the challenges they encounter and their aspirations to advance their career and occupy higher positions in this important field. Qualitative method was used to conduct this study. Both primary and secondary data were collected. In-depth interviews were conducted with twelve women working in professional positions. Secondary data in the form of reports, research and journals were used. The study shows that the Ministry, as a Federal institution, recruits women from different parts of the country to ensure representation of women from the different notions and nationalities. The Ministry provides women the opportunity to advance in their careers by applying affirmative action, both during recruitments and promotion. The Ministry also upgrades women, who have improved their educational qualification while on the job. This exercise especially benefitted young female employees who aspire to reach higher positions inside the Ministry. The women who took part in the study also revealed that the support they have fram their families is essential for their achievement in the workplace. Unfortunately, despite these positive steps taken by the Ministry, the number of women in professional positions is still behind that of men. Lock of the required educotionol quolification and low self-esteem of the women themselves are some of the challenges cited by the female employees interviewed for this research. Cultural misconceptions on women's ability and gender stereotyped rales in the work place were also obstacles hindering women from joining the professional job category.