Browsing by Author "Fufa Abunna"
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Item An In-Depth Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Practices about Transmission of Zoonoses, Food Safety, Antimicrobial Resistance and the Detection of E. coli O 157:H7 along the Meat Value Chain in Ethiopia: One Health approach(Addis Ababa University, 2023) Fufa Abunna; Prof. Bekele MegersaFood-borne diseases associated with zoonotic pathogens can be transmitted to humans primarily, but not exclusively through animal source foods. Antimicrobial resistance in the food chain is also currently a subject of a major concern globally. The excessive use or rather misuse of antimicrobials coupled with a poor hygiene in the food production chain has led to a rise of drug resistant bacteria, commonly transmitted through food chain. A cross-sectional survey was undertaken by using a structured pretested questionnaire to investigate the level of knowledge, attitude and practices towards the transmission of Zoonoses among farmers in Ada‘a district, food safety among meat handlers of Bishoftu city and antimicrobial use (AMU) and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among 10 public University students in Ethiopia. Another study was also carried out to detect E. coli O157: H7 along the meat value chain in abattoirs and retail meat shops and of Bishoftu city and to assess the susceptibility profile of the isolates against 13 antibiotics using a standard disk diffusion method. Logistic regression was used to assess the associations between socio-demographic characteristics and knowledge, attitudes, and practices. Accordingly, farmers with secondary school or above education background (OR= 6.8, CI=2.4 - 18.0, p <0.05), aged between 41 and 50 years (OR=3.0, 95% CI: 1.2–7.2, p<0.05), and good knowledge (OR=2.1, CI=1.3 - 3.5, p <0.05), and positive attitude (OR=7.8, CI=4.7 - 12.9, p <0.01) had better practices that reduce the risk of exposure to zoonotic infections than their counterparts. Most meat handlers had a good knowledge level, a positive attitude and poor food safety practices. In multivariable models, good knowledge was significantly (p<0.05) associated with older age; positive attitudes were associated with lower educational attainment and good knowledge; and good practices were associated with working experience in an abattoir and having received training on food safety. Students' birthplace was found to be significantly (p <0.01) associated with knowledge of students on AMU and AMR. Students with good knowledge had 3.9 times more positive attitudes than those with poor knowledge (OR = 3.9, CI = 3.0 -5.2, p < 0.01). Students from Veterinary medicine had 1.6 times better attitude than students from Helath Science and Non-Helath Science (OR = 1.6, CI=1.2- 2.1, p < 0.05). The prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 was found to be 3.6%. There was a significant difference in the occurrences of the pathogen among the sources of samples (p<0.05). The antimicrobial susceptibility test revealed that the isolates were found to be resistant to three commonly used drugs, tetracycline (100%), erythromycin (92.8%), and ampicillin (64.3%). However, all isolates were susceptible to azithromycin, cefotaxime, and chloramphenicol. However, 85.8% of the isolates were found to be resistant to three or more classes of antimicrobials. In conclusion, this study revealed knowledge gaps, a low level of the desired attitude, and high-risk behavioral practices among farmers about the transmsioon of Zoonoses. The study revealed that there is an inadequate food safety practice among meat handlers; and E. coli O157:H7 was detected in abattoirs and butcher shops. Furtheromeore, there were critical gaps of knowledge, attitudes and practices among University students about antimicrobial usage and antimicrobial resistance. Therefore, the need for awareness creation about zoonotic disease transmission among farmers, regular hands-on training and enforcement of general and personal hygiene among meat handlers is recommended. Moreover, interventions to raise awareness about AMU and AMR should also target students majoring in fields other than health sciences.Item Compiled Body of Works in Field Epidemiology(Addis Abeba University, 2019-06) Kalkidan Shimels; Adamu Adisie; Fufa AbunnaThis document contains a two year output of Field Epidemiology Training Program that has to be submitted to Addis Ababa University, graduate school of public health for the finaaccomplishment of master degree in Field Epidemiology. The majority of the program (75%)contains field works that known as residency. This document includes the two year outputs including diseases outbreak investigations, public health surveillance data analysis, surveillance system evaluation, health profile description report, narrative summary of disaster situation report, scientific manuscript and abstracts. During my residency I have tried to work my best in both office works as well as field works. The two years activities are summarized and presented by one document in eight chapters. The first chapter consists of two outbreak investigations which aresuspected scabies outbreak investigation which is conducted in Humbo district of Welayta zone SNNPR from 10November to 20November, 2018 and malaria outbreak investigation conducted in Areka town administration in Welayta zone, SNNPR from May 11 to 20, 2019. The second chapter is five years (2013-2017) human and animal anthrax data analysis report in SNNPRS. Surveillance system Evaluation which is found in the 3rd chapter was conducted in Hawella Tulla sub city of Hawassa city administration from March 05 – March 11/2019.The fourth Chapter contains Health profile description report which is conducted in Wensho District of Sidama zone SNNPR from February 5 up to February 15, 2018. One manuscript was prepared for peer reviewed journals and two abstracts were prepared. Meher Season Emergency Health and Nutrition needs assessment was conducted in GURAGIE and SILTE zones SNNPR Ethiopia, in December 2018 together with other relevant sectors and partners. The final output was protocol/proposal for epidemiologic research project with a title of assessment of knowledge, attitude and practices towards scabies prevention and control strategies- Humbo district, Welayta zone SNNPR region, Ethiopia April 2019. In addition, I was participated in weekly Emergency health and nutrition response activities and in all PHEM activities of the region as the program expectation.Item Compiled Body of Works in Field Epidemiology(Addis Abeba University, 2019-06) Kidist Jifar; Alemayehu Worku; Fufa AbunnaIntroduction: Dysentery is an infectious gastrointestinal disorder, characterized by inflammation of the intestines, mainly the large intestine Shigella flexneri is the most common cause of bloody diarrhea. We investigated dysentery to describe cases, identify risk factors and implement intervention in Mizan Tepi University. Methods: Unmatched 1:2 case control design was used from January 29/2019 to February,14/2019. Data was collected using structured questionnaire, analysis was carried out by using SPSS version 20. Scale map displayed by using Arc GIS 10.2. Drinking water sample was also collected for Microbiological test and isolate the species. To measure the significance of association we used binary logistic regression and results were reported as odds ratio and 95% CI. Result: A total of 50 cases (AR: 9.3/1000 Population) with zero death of bloody diarrhea were identified from January 29/2019 to February, 14/2019. The mean age of cases was 21(SD + 1.4),whereas their age ranged from 18 to 26 years. Male accounted 33 (66%). Contact with dysentery cases [AOR 6.3(95% CI 5.164_15.123) and absence of detergent for hand wash [AOR5.4 (95% CI (1.946_14.839) was identified as risk factors. On the other hand, boiling water for drinking and proper hand washing after visiting toilet found to be protective with [AOR 0.10(95% CI 0.012_0.945)] and [AOR 0.25 (95% CI 0.086_0.742)] respectively. Conclusions: Common source outbreak was identified, absence of detergent and contact with dysentery case was identified as risk factors. Recommendations: We recommend to the university to improve awareness on personal hygiene including use of detergents for hand wash. We also recommend latrine facilities should be made operational with functional water supply.Item Conventional and Molecular Epidemiology of New Castle Disease Virus in Wild and Domestic Birds in Selected Rift Valley Areas, Ethiopia(2017-06) Gelana Haile; Fufa AbunnaNew castle disease is a highly contagious and devastating viral disease of wild and domestic birds. The cross-sectional study was conducted from February 2016 up to March 2017 on domestic and wild birds in selected rift valley areas of Ethiopia to study epidemiology of Newcastle disease in wild and domestic birds. A total 300 domestic backyard chicken were selected, 150 of them blood sample for serology and 150 pools of five trachea and cloaca swab samples and also from wild birds 60 pool of five faecal droplets and ten swabs from pigeon were sampled. The samples were tested by Haemagglutination Inhibition and molecular characterization was done by real time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction targeting a conserved region of the Fusion gene to specifically amplify virulent Newcastle disease virus strains. Laboratory results were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square test, fisher’s exact test and logistic regression. The overall sero-prevalence of Newcastle disease in domestic birds was 12.7% (19/150) with statistical no significant difference among the study districts 20% (10/50), 12% (6/50), 6% (3/50) in Bishoftu, Hawassa and Batu, respectively. The samples collected from trachea and cloaca swab tested by real time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction 16.7% (7/30) of New castle disease virus was tested that 20%, 15%, 15% from Bishoftu, Hawassa and Batu, respectively, with statistical no significance differences among the study districts. In the wild birds all faecal droplet samples tested by real time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction were negative where as 50% (5/10) swab samples from Pigeon were positive to Avian Paramyxovirus-1. The questionnaire survey response indicated that interaction of domestic poultry within the market and with wild birds and presence of water bodies has been recognized as a possible source of New castle disease. The current study provides important information on serological, associated risk factors and molecular characterization of New castle disease virus in the study areas, and hence it should be applied prevention and control methods and detail study will be conducted.Item Epidemiological Investigation of Lameness in Selected Dairy Farms of Sululta Town, Central Ethiopia(2018-06) Mulatu Woldehana; Fufa AbunnaA repeated cross-sectional study was carried out from November 2017 to May 2018 in selected dairy farms of Sululta town, central Ethiopia with the aim of investigating the Epidemiology of lameness in dairy cattle and the impact of lameness on the milk yield. A total number of 245 dairy cattle were clustered within 15 randomly selected dairy farms. In order to determine the prevalence of lameness, a locomotion scoring system described by Sprecher et al. (1997) was conducted. One or more cases of lameness was observed in eight farms making the herd level prevalence of 53.33% (95% CI, 28.09 - 78.58). The prevalence of lameness was significantly varried between the farms, ranging from 0 % to 42.86%, with a mean within-herd level prevalence of 20.96% (p = 0.000). The overall animal level prevalence of lameness was found to be 8.98% (95% CI, 5.39 - 12.56). This prevalence could be invariably associated with some of the risk factors. Accordingly, multivariable logistic regression analysis result showed that the odds of lameness was 5.13 times more likely to occur in animals of dairy farms with no routine hoof trimming practices as compared to animals in dairy farms with hoof trimming practices (OR = 5.13; 95% CI, 1.34 to 19.57). Similarly, the odds of lameness was 4.32 times more likely to occur in dairy cattle kept under wet & crackly floor type as compared to animals in clean and dry floor type (OR = 4.32; CI, 1.13 – 16.58). The average daily milk yield/cow was found to be significantly declined by 4.22 liters with the case of lameness (p = 0.000). In conclusion, lameness was underestimated dairy cattle health problem in the study area; and the prevalence of lameness was found to be beyond the expected level in some of the farms which deserves attention concerning to the prevention of the problem.Item Epidemiological Investigation of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus (Mers-Cov) Among Dromedary Camels in Selected Areas of Afar and Oromia Region, Ethiopia(2015-06) Getnet Fekadu; Fufa AbunnaA cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2014 to May 2015 to determine the seroprevalence, assess the presence of active cases through isolation and identify possible risk factors for the MERS-CoV in camels in selected areas of Oromia and Afar regional state of Ethiopia. A total of 472 Dromedary Camel sera were collected and screened with two serological tests: (Pseudoparticle neutralization for screening and Microneutralization test for confirmation. The overall prevalence of MERS-CoV in the study area was (91.5%) (n=432/472). Higher prevalence (92.9%) was recorded in Female Dromedary camel when compared to Male (88.8%) result of multivariate logistic regression shows female camels (OR=2.408) in the study area are 2.4 times at risk of MERS-CoV than male dromedary camel. From Zones included in the study Borena zone recorded the least prevalence (82.2%) (n= 60/73).Multivariate logistic regression shows camels living in Borena zone (OR=0.055) were relatively protected from MERS-CoV when compared to zone 4 of Afar .From the kebeles included camels living in Galifage (OR= 0.018) of Ayssaita district were relatively protected when compared to Urmaytu kebele. Out of 100 swabs collected from four districts (Yabelo, Fentale, Amibara and Dubti) and undergo Real Time PCR , 7 of them evident circulation of MERS-CoV in the study area. Generally this study showed the existence of high seroprevalence of MERS-CoV among Ethiopian dromedary camels and also confirmed with RT-PCR, therefore further study is required to determine its significance from both animal and public health perspectives.Item Epidemiological Study on Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia and Farmers Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Towards the Disease in Selected District of East Wollega and West Showa Zones, Western Ethiopia(2017-06) Tesfaye Mersha; Fufa AbunnaContagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is a highly contagious disease of cattle caused by Mycoplasma mycoides subsp.mycoides small colony (Mmm SC). A cross-sectional study design was conducted in selected district of East Wollega and West Showa zones of western Ethiopia from December 2016 to April 2017 to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of farmers towards CBPP disease, to estimate seroprevalence and associated risk factors of CBPP, and to detect the causative agent of the disease from seropositive animals. A total of 113 households were purposively selected and interviewed with structured questionnaire. Consecutively, from interviewed households a total of 576 animals were randomly selected and serum samples were collected. The serum samples tested with c-ELISA and for further confirmation from 4 seropositive animals lung tissue were sampled and detection of Mmm SC was made using PCR. The overall animal and herd level seroprevalence of CBPP were 14.6% (95%CI: 11.80-17.73) and 54% (95%CI: 44.35-63.40), respectively. Among the potential risk factors considered, multivariate logistic regression analysis showed district, age, herd size, and history of respiratory disorder were statistically significant(p<0.05). Cattle that found in Ilu Galan district were two times (OR=2.4, P=0.002) more likely to be affected by CBPP than Sibu Sire, adult cattle were two times (OR=2.1, p=0.009) more likely to have CBPP than young, large herd cattle were six times (OR=6.1, P= 0.000) more likely to be affected by CBPP than small herd, and animals that had history of respiratory problems were two times (OR=1.9, P=0.021) more likely to be seropositive than those hadn‟t. Of 4 seropositive animals lung tissue tested with PCR, Mmm SC was detected in all samples (100%), and the presence of the disease was confirmed in the area. However, the KAP questionnaire result indicated there were knowledge and attitude gap among the study farmers related to the disease in general. Besides, majority of farmers were practicing poor animal husbandry that created favorable conditions for the distribution of the disease in the community. Therefore, to deal with CBPP disease further study with large coverage using reliable tools like molecular technique is an essential, plus cattle herders should be made aware of about the disease and its importance through veterinary extension education.Item Epidemiology And Assessment of Critical Control Points of E. Coli O157:H7 Along Dairy Supply Chains in Central Ethiopia(2018-06) Haileyesus Dejene; Fufa AbunnaA cross-sectional study was carried out from November 2017 to May 2018 to assess the handling and hygienic practices of milk and to determine the epidemiology, antimicrobial resistance pattern and critical control points of E. coli O157:H7 along the dairy supply chains in Akaki Kality sub-city of Addis Ababa, Bishoftu and Sululta towns of central Ethiopia. Accordingly, a total of 91 owners of dairy farms, milk collection centers and cafeterias were participated in survey study and interviewed using structured questionnaire. The result indicated that, 13.8% of the producers in the study areas did not manage hygienic practices of udder and hand washing before and after milking. Also, 57.7% of cafeterias in the study areas used well water sources for routine sanitation practices. However, a total of 450 raw cow milk (294), milker hand swab (65) and water (91) samples were collected from dairy farms, milk collection centers and cafeterias and processed according to the standards in order to isolate and identify E. coli O157:H7. Out of the total 450 samples examined, 6.0% were contaminated by E. coli O157:H7. Accordingly, 9.89% of water, 9.23% of milker hand swab and 4.08% of raw milk samples were contaminated by the pathogen. Furthermore, the prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 was 7.79%, 6.21% and 3.97% in Akaki kality sub-city, Sululta and Bishoftu towns, respectively. The result of multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that there was statistically significant difference observed (p < 0.05) between the occurrence of the pathogen in the milk and water samples, and the sources of water used. The study also revealed that, varying level of resistance of E. coli O157:H7 isolates against nine antimicrobial discs tested and 100% (n = 27) of the isolates showed multidrug-resistance comprising from two up to seven antimicrobial drugs. The assessment of critical control point result also revealed that, the pathogen was also isolated from dairy farm and cafeterias in the study areas. In conclusion, this study has clearly indicated that, there is poor milk handling practices, the occurrence of E. coli O157:H7 and its multiple drug resistant profiles in milk samples along the dairy supply chains and its risk for public health and food safety. Therefore, proper hygienic practices from dairy farms to fork and rational drug usage are recommended.Item Epidemiology And Public Health Implications of Avian Tuberculosis in Selected Districts of Oromia, Ethiopia(2017-06) Tesfaye Debelu; Fufa AbunnaAvian tuberculosis is a zoonotic disease which remains a problem in extensive poultry production systems under which chickens scavenge for survival in unhygienic environments. A cross-sectional study anticipated to generate additional epidemiological and public health information on the disease was carried out from November, 2016 to June, 2017 at Gerar Jarso, Ada’a, and Boset districts of Oromia, Ethiopia; located at high, mid and low altitudes respectively. Study animals were 273 village chickens of both sex and local, exotic and cross breeds aged 22 weeks and above. Single intradermal avian tuberculin test, postmortem inspection of positive reactors, mycobacteriological culturing, hitopathological examination and questionnaire survey were used to assess information on the epidemiology and public health implications of the disease. Consequently, avian tuberculin test revealed an overall apparent prevalence of 11.4% (31/273); and a specific prevalence of 6.8% (6/88) in the highland, 13.4% (13/97) in the midland and 13.6% (12/88) in the lowland study districts. Besides, it signified a significantly (P<0.05) higher odd of exposure in cross breed chickens as compared to locals. Moreover, 40.9% (9/22) of positive reactor chickens sacrificed for necropsy showed gross pathological lesions and acid fast stain evidenced the presence of acid fast bacilli. Similarly, histopathological examination revealed a granuloma characterized by central necrosis and peripheral mononuclear lymphocytes. Nevertheless, only 0.02% (2/120) of the cultured tissues had shown colonial growth due to unknown reasons. Besides, the questionnaire survey evidenced poor awareness of participant farmers; as only 11% (10/91) of them had well perceived the zoonotic risk of the disease. Generally, the study revealed decreasing prevalence of avian tuberculosis with increasing altitude and poor public perception on the zoonotic risk of the disease; demanding further studies on the epidemiology, cultural isolation and public health implications of the disease.Item Epidemiology of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Its Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile in Beef in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia(Addis Abeba University, 2023) Gemechis Tegegn; Fufa AbunnaEscherichia coli O157:H7 spreads through the consumption of contaminated, raw beef. A cross-sectional study was carried out between November 2022 and June 2023 on 285 samples collected from butcher shops and abattoir to investigate the prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 and assess its antimicrobial susceptibility profile in slaughterhouse and butcher shops in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The 3MTM Molecular Assay Detection E. coli O157 methods were used to detect E. coli O157 using the 3MDS protocol guide. Isolation and identification E. coli O157:H7 was by using Biolog GENIII Microplate system. Over all, the prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 in the abattoir and butcher shops was 6.32% at 95% CI [4.0–9.83] with a higher prevalence in the abattoir (12/150; 8.0%) than butcher shops (6/135; 4.44%). In the abattoir, E. coli O157:H7 was isolated from 12 (8%) at 95% CI [4.6, 13.6] samples, 10 (6.67%) from beef carcasses, 1 (0.67%) from workers' hands, and 1 (0.67%) from knife swabs. Animal-related risk factors (sex, age, breed, and body condition score) were not significantly associated with the occurrence of E. coli O157:H7 in the abattoir. The prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 in butcher shops was 4.44 % at 95% CI [1.99– 9.63], and cutting board swabs (16%), carcasses (1.67%), and knife swabs (4%) were the most common sources. The test statistics association found a significant difference in the prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 among sample types from an abattoir and butcher shops (df = 7, p = 0.04). The disc diffusion method used to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of the E. coli O157:H7 isolates. Eight antimicrobials used to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of 18 E. coli O157:H7 isolates. Accordingly, E. coli O157:H7 showed 100% resistance to amoxicillin, penicillin G, and vancomycin and 94% resistance to ampicillin. Moreover, both streptomycin and sulfamethoxazole trimethoprim showed 100% susceptibility. E. coli O157:H7 was also found to be susceptible to gentamicin and tetracycline (17/18) (94.44%) and 16/18 (88.9%), respectively. In the current study, samples from butcher shops and an abattoir were found to contain the human pathogenic E. coli O157:H7, which is resistant to many antibiotics. Therefore, coordination of efforts is required to minimize or eliminate the dangers that this organism poses at various points in the food chain. These can be prevented primarily by using antibiotics ethically and correctly handling and cooking animal products.Item Epidemiology of Escherichia Coli O157:H7, And Assessment of Postharvest Loss Associated with Fish Handling in Selected Lakes of Northern Ethiopia(2018-06) Ayalew Assefa; Fufa AbunnaA cross-sectional study with a simple random sampling approach was conducted from October 2017 to May 2018. The objectives of the study were; isolating and estimating the prevalence of Escherichia coli O157: H7, evaluating antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of isolates and assessing post-harvest loss in fish in selected Lakes of Northern Ethiopia. All the microbial identification and isolation procedures were conducted based on ISO 6887-3:2017 recommendations. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was also performed following the standard procedure of Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion protocol. Post-harvest losses assessments were conducted based on FAO recommendations of qualitative and quantitative field assessment methods. From the total of 410 fish samples examined, six (1.46%) of them were contaminated with Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli O157: H7 strain. The antibiotic susceptibility test revealed that the isolates were resistant to Ampicillin and Streptomycin. On the other hand, Ciprofloxacin, Gentamycin and Nalidixic acid were found effective in inhibiting the growth of most of the isolates. Fishermen believed that high environmental temperature, absence or delayed marketing, harvesting immature fish, predators, and flood are the major causes of post-harvest loss of fish in the two Lakes. The monetary value of post-harvest loss was estimated to be 10,934,000 ETB for the last 4-6 years in both study areas. The occurrence of such a pathogenic organism, and huge product loss associated with fish indicates the need for intervention by stakeholders. Supports like refrigerators, electricity generators, boat, legal net and on job training about proper handling practices may play a tremendous role in decreasing microbial contamination and PHL in fisheries sector.Item Isolation And Characterization of Pox Virus Circulating in Sheep and Goat from Outbreak Cases of Adea Berga District, West Shoa Zone, Central Ethiopia(2017-06) Abdi Assefa; Fufa AbunnaA cross-sectional study was conducted to isolate and characterize the pox viruses circulating in sheep and goats from outbreak cases of Adea Berga district from November 2015 to March 2017 using tissue culture and PCR. The study was employed questionnaire, outbreak search, virus isolation and molecular characterization. The questionnaire survey indicated that sheep and goat pox was the most common disease in all study areas and the disease was frequently seen during the long rainy (Ganna) and short rainy (Afrasa) seasons. A total of 600 sheep and goats (412 sheep and 188 goats) from ten Peasant Associations (in which the outbreaks were occurred) were clinically examined for the presence of pox lesions on their skin. Out of these, 137(33.3%) sheep and 51(27%) goats had pox lesions on their skin. The overall morbidity and mortality proportion of sheep and goat pox was 31.3% and 4.5%, respectively. High mortality rate was observed in young age groups with odd ratio 1.90 at 95% CI (P < 0.05) as compared to adult. From 27 tissue sample collected, the virus was isolated from 25 skin samples (13 sheep and 12 goats). The tissue culture showed a typical characteristic of pox virus: cytopathic effect of cell syncytia, ballooning, aggregation and detaching of cells on Vero cell culture. Similarly, the conventional PCR revealed that 25 out of 27 tested samples were positive by developing band size of 172bp (goat pox virus) whereas two of them could not produce any band size on gel electrophoresis. Even though the existing knowledge suggested that Capri pox virus is strictly host specific. The current study PCR result confirmed that sheep were affected by goat pox virus similarly to goats and hence classification of pox virus based on infected host in small ruminant has been found to be inconclusive. Thus, genotyping of the isolates should be conducted carefully instead of naming the virus genotype based on the name of animals from which the samples has been collected.Item Occurrence Of Escherichia Coli O157:H7 In Lactating Cows and Dairy Farm Environment and its Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern at Adami Tulu Jido Kombolcha District, Mid Rift Valley, Ethiopia(2018-06) Frehiwot Mesele; Fufa AbunnaA cross sectional study was conducted from December 2017 to June 2018 on apparently healthy lactating cows at Adami Tulu Jido Kombolcha (ATJK) district in order to assess the occurrence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in lactating cows and in dairy environment and to detect its antimicrobial resistance pattern. Total of 408 samples were collected and processed according to OIE terrestrial manual 2016. From 408 samples collected and processed, 19 were positive for E. coli O157:H7. The overall prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 was 4.7% (95% CI: 2.6; 6.7). Of 19 E.coli O157:H7 isolates, 4/50 were from water sample, 7/154 were from milk samples, 2/50 were from manure and 6/154 were from feces. The multivariable logistic regression indicate that, the prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 was significantly (p < 0.05) affected by factors such as area (urban, rural), floor type, cleaning of pens, milking location and hand washing during the time of milking. On the contrary, factors such as breed of the animal, herd size, use of towel and detergent, and history of mastitis did not show significant difference (p > 0.05). All 19 E.coli O157:H7 isolates were subjected to in vitro antimicrobial sensitivity test to ten commonly used antimicrobials. The test indicates varying degree of resistance; 100% resistance was observed for Ampicillin, Cephalothin and Rifampin and 100% susceptibility was observed for chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, nalidixic acid, kanamycin and tetracycline. With regard to streptomycin, 63.15% of the isolates were susceptible and 36.8% were intermediate. All 19 E.coli O157:H7 isolates showed the presence of multidrug resistance. In conclusion, the occurrence of E. coli O157:H7 was observed both in lactating cows (milk and feces) and dairy farm environment (manure and water) sustaining a continuous transmission of the bacterial. The development of multidrug resistance could hamper the control and prevention effort. Therefore, strict control measures such as treatment of positive cases using effective drugs and prevention measures such as strict hygiene practices should be established, including cleaning of floor, pens and milking barns as well as proper hand cleaning.Item Sero Epidemiological Study of Bovine Brucellosis in Selected Dairy Farms of Bishoftu and Holeta Towns, Oromia Regional State, Central Ethiopia(2017-06) Kebede Shanko; Fufa AbunnaA cross-sectional seroepidemiological study of bovine brucellosis was conducted in selected dairy farms of Bishoftu and Holeta towns, central Ethiopia, from December, 2016 to May, 2017 with the aim to estimate sero-prevalence of Brucella infection, to identify the potential risk factors in cattle and to assess the knowledge of the farm owners toward the disease. A total of 326 dairy cattle from 30 herds were included in the study (175 animals from Bishoftu and 151 animals from Holeta).The dairy herds were stratified into small herd size (<10 animals), medium herd size (10-50) and large herd size (≥ 50). Stratified two stage sampling was used to sample both herds and individual animals.The serum samples collected were initially screened using Rose Bengal Plate test and competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Complement fixation test was used to confirm the seropositivity of the samples found positive with the above tests. The animal level prevalence was 0. 92% (95%CI: 0.19, 2.66). At herd level 3 out of 30 herds tested positive making herd level prevalence of 10.0 % (95%CI: 2.11, 26.53). Of the herds that tested seropositive, the within herd seroprevalence ranged from 2.9 % (1 out of 34) to 16.7 % (1 out of 6). Slightly higher seroprevalence was observed in highland agro-ecological area of Holeta (1.98 %; 95% CI: 0.41, 5.69) than the mid-highland area of Bishoftu 0% though the difference observed was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). At animal level only abortion history and retained fetal membranes were found to be significantly associated with the sero-positivity for Brucella infection using univariable analysis (P < 0.05).The odds of positivity is 38.6 (3.3,453.9) times higher in aborted cattle compared to those did not abort. Cows with history of retained fetal membrane had higher risk of infection with Brucella species (OR= 33.2; 2.8,387.1) than cows without history of retained fetal membrane. Up on multivariable logistic regression analysis, only abortion history was significantly associated with sero-positivity to Brucella infection (OR= 37.8; P <0.05). At herd level only reproductive disorders and herd size were found to be significantly associated with Brucella infection (P <0.05). Personnel in commercial dairies had better awareness (knowledge) about zoonotic brucellosis than those working in smallholder farms. Therefore, the need for implementing strong and sustainable control measures and raising public awareness focusing on the smallholder farmers .Item Sero-Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Camel Brucellosis in Selected Districts of Fafan Zone, Somali Region, Eastern Ethiopia(2017-06) Mohammoud Mohammed; Fufa AbunnaA cross-sectional study was conducted on 450 camels in 35 herds, from Oct, 2016 to April, 2017 with the aim of determining sero-prevalence and assessing the associated risk factors for camel Brucellosis in purposively selected three districts (Jigjiga, Babile and Gursum) of Fafan zone, Somali Regional state, Ethiopia. Among the districts, a total of 10 settlements or pastoral associations (Kebeles) (5 Kebeles from Babile, 3 Kebeles from Gursum and 2 Kebeles from Jigjiga district) were purposively selected based on distribution of camel population. Camels found in these settlements were the study population, where individual animals have been sampled using systematic random sampling. The overall sero-prevalence of Brucella in Fafan zone was 4.8% (95%, CI: 2.8−6.8). The seroprevalence with respect to district level was 10% (95%, CI: 1.7 − 18.7), 5.7% (95%, CI: 0.9 -10.5) and 1.9% (95%, CI: 0.007−0.0522) in Jigjiga, Gursum and Babile district, respectively. Univariate logistic regression analysis on potentially assumed associated risk factors against seroprevalence of brucellosis, showed a statistically significant difference in sex, age, districts, parity, herd sizes, camels that co-exist with other ruminants and reproductive disorder (abortion) (p<0.05). Furthermore, multivariable logistic regression analysis of the risk factors, revealed that the age, herd size and camels that are kept closely together with other ruminants with adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 3.3 (95%, CI: 1.58- 6.74), 4.6 (95%, CI: 2.66 - 8.10) and 11.4 (95%, CI: 1.39 - 85.46), respectively were the major risk factors for the occurrence of seropositivity to Brucella infection in camels. Moreover the questionnaire survey revealed that most respondents in the study area (67%) did not know about the transmission of Brucellosis. Therefore, this study provided the sero-prevalence status and associated risk factors for camel Brucellosis and also the local practices of pastoral communities that can potentially contribute to the spread of the disease to humans.Item Sero-Prevalence Investigation and Associated Risk Factors of Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia in Selected Districts of Central Ethiopia(2017-06) Dinberu Mamuye; Fufa AbunnaContagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) is a series respiratory disease of domestic goats and some wild ruminants caused by M. capricolum subsp. Capripneumoniae (Mccp). A cross-sectional study with a multistage sampling method was conducted to determine the sero-prevalence and associated risk factors of CCPP in the selected districts of central Ethiopia namely, Fentale and around Alage College from November 2016 to May 2017. Sera samples were collected and subjected to monoclonal antibody based competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for the specific measurement of antibodies to Mccp. A semi-structured questionnaire was administered for 64 selected farmers to assess their perceptions and a 10 years (2007-2016) retrospective outbreaks data was analyzed to assess the national status of the disease. Furthermore, pathological lung tissue samples were collected from diseased goats showing respiratory sign and Mccp antigen was detected using species-specific primer of polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The PCR test showed an amplification of the Mccp antigen as an approximate size of 316bp. A total of 400 small ruminants (370 goat and 30 sheep) were sampled, and 14.9% and 3.3% sero-positivity was observed, respectively. At district level, the sero-prevalence of the disease in goats revealed 22.9% in Fentale and 6.2% around Alage area with statistically significant difference (P< 0.05). Among flock category >70 flock group significantly higher sero-prevalence were recorded in contrast to flock group <30 (χ2= 9.73; P= 0.008). Multivariate logistic regression analysis on the risk factors showed that production system was a significant factors for sero-positivity (P= 0.002; OR= 5.8; CI=1.9-17.1). From the questionnaire survey CCPP is known by the local name ‘Sombesa’ in Fentale and they described the disease; however, around Alage College livestock keepers had no experience of the clinical disease. A total of 175 outbreaks were reported by 66 districts in the 10 year period. The lowland pastoral area was taken the large number of outbreaks report specifically Borana and Gamgofa zone. In conclusion, the findings indicated that CCPP is the major goat disease especially in the pastoral area which needs feasible measures to be put in place towards the control of the disease effectively.Item Seroprevalence Of Bovine Brucellosis Under Extensive Production System in Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia(2017-06) Yohannes H/Michael; Fufa AbunnaA cross-sectional epidemiological study was carried out in Sodo Zuria and Humbo districts of Wolaita zone southern Ethiopia from November 2016 to April 2017 to determine the seroprevalence and potential risk factors for bovine brucellosis in cattle under extensive production systems. The study populations comprised both indigenous and cross breed cattle were kept with other species such as sheep and goats. Serum samples were collected from 462 extensively managed cattle at least one year of ageby using multistage sampling technique. All serum were screened for Brucella antibodies by the Rose Bengal Plate Test and reactor sera were further tested by the Complement Fixation Test. Moreover, information was gathered on individual animal and herd level risk factors using a structured questionnaire survey. The overall seroprevalence of brucellosis was 1.3% (95% CI: 0.5-3) and 5.8% (95% CI:2-12) at both animal and herd level respectively. The results of univariate logistic regression analysis revealed that seropositivity to brucellosis was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in herd size > 10compared to those herd size <6. The result also indicated that there was a statistically significant increase in seroprevalence of brucellosis in cow with history of abortion and retained placenta. Nevertheless, in the multivariable logistic regression analysis, herd size (p = 0.02, OR=13.7, CI:1.4 -29.7)and abortion (p = 0.01, OR=9.8, CI:1.5 - 64.4) were statistically significant risk factors for individual animal seroprevalence. A total of 80 owners and/or attendants of cattle were interviewed parallel to blood sample collection, using structured questionnaire. Themajority of the respondents (90%) have lowawarenessregarding brucellosis and its risk foctors. Thus in the area people usually consume raw animal products, as result there is increased risk of acquiring infection.Although the overall prevalence of brucellosis was low, it could serve as source of infection to different herds as there is free movement of animals between herds.Therefore, control measures such as culling of aborted animal, proper disposal of aborted fetus, pasteurization or boiling of milk before consumption should be carried out to reduce risk of infection and transmission of the disease in livestock and human in the study area.Furtherbiochemical and molecular investigations of brucellosis need to be conducted to identify the specific species prevailing in the study area to promote effectivecontrol strategies.Item A Spatial Distribution Modeling of West Nile Fever Vectors In the Genus Culex in the Horn of Africa(2019-06) Tsega Berhe; Fufa AbunnaMany species under Culex mosquito are common vectors for West Nile Virus (WNV) and distribution of this disease is influenced by biological and physical variations. Spatial modeling of arbovirus mosquito in East African countries becomes influential due to increased frequency outbreaks and emergence. A study on a spatial distribution modeling of the West Nile Fever Vector in Ethiopia was conducted from May 2018 to June 2019. The collected Culex (Cx) species were Cx. pipiens (38.5%), Cx. univitattus (29.1%), Cx. antennatus (11.6%), Cx. quinquefasciatus (11%) and other Culex species (10.3%), potential vector species for WNV. WNV isolation was performed using Conventional one step reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR) with specific primer-WNV-F2 and WNV-Rev2. Occurrence data was obtained from Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) website and field sampling was also done in Mid Rift Valley and Southern Ethiopia. The models were created with a set of environmental predictors including climatic data, topographical, land cover, human, and livestock population count. Individual models and ensemble prediction was made using R package Biomod2. With individual models, overall average models agreed in predicting probability Culex occurrence highly contributed by soil type (49%) and precipitation (46.5%) but land cover had lowest contribution (13%). In individual models evaluation resulted eight of the total 10 models proved reliable estimations on True skills statistics (TSS≥0.8) with highest value were GLM (TSS=0.932), MARS (TSS=0.925) and RF (TSS=0.919) but result of SRE and MAXENT was found with poor TSS. An ensemble model evaluated using TSS metrics among the 30 models, the ensemble model included TSS ≥0.8. Soil type (37%) and precipitation (31.5%) were with high contribution but solar radiation (5.5%) had lowest contrition. Visualization of predicted probability occurrence of Culex showed high probability of occurrence in Oromia followed by SNNP region. Vector distribution varied from location to location depending to on their environmental preferences. Therefore, further investigation was essential on modeling of spatial and temporal situation of both vector and the disease.Item Study On Knowledge, Attitudes and Behavioral Practices of Animal and Human Antimicrobial Usage and Antimicrobial Resistance Amongst People in Bishoftu Town, Ethiopia(2017-06) Mulugeta Tesfaye; Fufa AbunnaThis study was conducted to assess public level of knowledge, attitudes and behavioral practice regarding antimicrobial use and resistance among publics and to assess factors influencing for self-medication. A cross sectional pre-tested structured questionnaires survey was conducted with 384 prospective participants by researchers using simple random sampling in four Kebele administrates in Bishoftu. Descriptive statistics, Chi square tests and multinomial logistic regression were used to correlate the associations of knowledge, attitude, and practice with socio-demographic characteristics. Of 384 subjects, 157/40.9% were female, 144/37.5% married,64.5% below secondary school,37.5% government employer, 57.35% animals owners, 53.4% had used some medication in the past 3 months and the mean age was 34(SD±12.5) years. Of the respondents, 35.4% believed that Antimicrobials are effective against viruses, 30.2% thought that Antimicrobials are effective against common cold and flu, 26% did not recognize the use of antimicrobial for bacterial infection and 62% and 29.7% knew that overuse or unnecessary use and using for animals of antimicrobial can cause them to lose their effectiveness. The attitude of respondent indicates more than 45% not complete the course of Antimicrobial, 22.9% prefer to by AM without prescription, while 34.4% literally miss some doses carelessly and 23.7% commonly used AM as food. Most respondents also has negative attitude towards self-medication. 20.3% of subjects search AM from relative/friends, 34.6%keeps unused AM for future use and 34.4% prefer to use AM for minor ailment. Approximately 14.8% were never consult the physician before start taking AM and 61.7% always check the expiry date of AM before using it. There are significant positive associations between knowledge and attitude towards antimicrobial usage resistance with (OR=27.7, p=0.000). These result indicated that respondents with higher knowledge were more likely to have positive attitude than others. Knowledge level are negatively associated with practice with (OR= 0.742, p= 0.605). On the other hand there are positive correlation between practice and attitude regarding antimicrobial use. According to this study respondents who have positive attitude (OR=14.2) were more likely develop good practical behavior (p < 0.000). According to result obtained from Multivariate analysis persons with low educational status (no formal education, p= 0.035; and primary school, p= 0.013) and non-govern mental employer (NGO), p= 0.000 were independently associated with inadequate knowledge. Persons with low educational status (no formal education, p= 0.000; primary school p=0.000 and secondary school, p=0.000) and inadequate knowledge were independently associated with poor attitude. As we found, a higher educational level has been associated with better knowledge and attitude adequate knowledge of appropriate Antimicrobial use was also a predictor for a good attitude. On the whole, respondents who had inadequate knowledge scores were more likely to have a poor attitude toward antimicrobial use and resistance. More respondents with inadequate antimicrobial knowledge than those with adequate knowledge abuse antimicrobial and contributing for the development of AMR. An inappropriate belief on Antimicrobial related aspects was observed and inappropriate behavior was noticed, which are reflections of insufficient knowledge and wrong beliefs. Interventions must be put in place to educate the public on appropriate Antimicrobial use. Further research is needed to advance understanding of factors associated with KAP regarding antimicrobials use, and to inform strategies to improve the appropriateness of their use.Item Study on the Prevalence of Bovine Cysticercosis in Awassa Municipal Abattoir and Taenia Saginata in Awassa Town and its Surroundings, Southern Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University Faculty Of Veterinary Medicine, 2006-06) Fufa Abunna; Gctachc TiiahullThe stud y was made from October 2005 to April 2006 at the Southern Nat ion, ationalities and Peoples Regi on. Awassa town and its su rroundings. It was carried out with the overall objecti ve of providing base line data on the prevalence of C bovis'T saginata. A total of 400 carcasses of randomly selected bovine animals we re used fOT the active abattoir survey. The study comprised of an active abattoir survey data collection at Awassa municipal abattoir. questionnaire sur. cy on \ 'oluntecr respondents and an inventory of phannaceutical drug stores and shops in Awassa town. Of the 400 carcasses examined during the study period. 105 (26.25%) were infected with C. bonos. The distribution of organs tissues infected with C. bO \'is werc. heart (11.25',). diaphragm (1.75',). masseter (8.5',). kidney (0.25',). lung (OJ'·,). shoulder (9°'0) . tongue (3.25° '0). and liver (0.75°0). Analysis of active abattoir survey revealed that there was a significant difference ( P < 0.05. OR = 3.34) between breeds. but there were no significant differences observed in the infection rates between sex (P > 0.05. ;( = 0.02) and origin (P > 0.05. OR = 0.87) of the animals. The viability test on all isolated bladder WOnTIS showed that -l4.2% were viable. The tonf,1Uc. heart. shoulder and masseter muscles had the highest number of viable (11.25°0), (9°0), (8.5°0) cysts respectively. Based on the questionnaire SUI\'cy. T. saginaw taeniasis is a v .. ide spread problem In Awassa town and it s surroundings. 64.1 00 of the respondents had contracted taeniasis due to T. saginala. The potential risk factors of taeniasis namely. age. sex. religion. occupation, educational le\ cis, raw meet consumption. use of spices during meat consumptio n and marital status were considered . The pre\alence of taeniosis was slightly significant by the age of the respondents (P 0.05 and ;! = 0.44). Among ~ luslim and Christian communities. it was found that there was a statistical significant difference in the pre\·alence oftaemosis (P0.05 and OR = 0.7 1). The prevalence of tacniosis was highly signilicant (P