Anatomy

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Assessment of Reliability of Greulich and Pyle (Gp) Method for Determination of Age of Children at Debre Markos Referral Hospital, East Gojjam Zone
(Addis Abeba University, 2016-03) Tsehay Binalfew; Afework Mekbeb
Introduction: The significance of chronological age has gained salience in response to the development of laws and policies that rely on age as a marker or boundary. Skeletal age, or bone age, is the most common measure for biological maturation of the growing human. Greulich & Pyle and Tanner-Whitehouse (TW2) are the most prevalently employed skeletal age techniques today. However, the applicability of the Greulich & Pyle standards to populations which differ from their reference population is often questioned. Objectives: To assess reliability of Greulich and Pyle (GP) method for determination of age of children at Debre Markos referral hospital, East Gojjam Zone, Ethiopia. Subjects and methods: Hospital based cross sectional study design was applied to children coming to Debre Markos referral hospital from May to October 2015 GC who are fulfilling inclusion criteria of the study. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 20 and medcalc version 15 software. Significance was set at α= 0.05. Results: A total of 108 radiographs were analyzed. Mean skeletal age values are generally less than the corresponding chronological age. 64% of males and 63% of females sample CA were under estimated. The mean under-estimation was 11.8 months in the female sample and 8.7 months in the male sample. Although significant correlations were found to exist between SA and CA (p = .000), there was a significant difference between CA and SA (male, p = 0.0196; female, p = 0.0029). These differences occurred at 14, 19, 20, 21 and 22 years of age in females and 21 and 22 years of age in males.GP became inapplicable for the sample at 16 years for females and 16.5 years for males and later. Delay in skeletal maturation was observed in both sexes but the females in the sample are maturing earlier than the males. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest against the applicability of GP atlas and may not be directly applicable to an East Gojjam zone population. Recommendation: Large scale researches should be planned and nationwide guideline and atlas which can easily be used throughout the country should be developed. Key words: chronological age, bone age, Greulich & Pyle
Correlation Between Patterns of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings and Clinical Features in Patients with Low Back Pain due to Lumbar Degenerative Disc Disease, Attending Orthopedics and Neurology Outpatient Clinic in Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 2021.
(Addis Abeba University, 2021-09) Godanna Dureti; Afework Mekbeb; Lambisso Biruk ; Kebede Eskinder; Degefu Hailegebriel
Background: Low back pain(LBP) is defined as pain coming from between the lower rib margins and the gluteal folds. It is usually accompanied by pain and neurological symptoms in the lower limbs. Lumbar degenerative disc disease constitutes a group of degenerative pathologicchanges that are almost universal with increasing age and are a common cause of mechanical low back pain. There were contradictory reports regarding the correlation of MRI(magnetic resonance imaging) findings with clinical presentations. Objective: To evaluate the correlation between patterns of MRI findings and clinical features in patients with low back pain due to lumbar degenerative disc disease(LDDD) at Ortho-spine unite, in Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital(TASH), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, from April 1,2020, to March 30, 2021. Method: Hospital-based retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted in TASH, with arandomly selected sample of 246 patients from April 1, 2020, to March 30, 2021. Data was collected using Kobo Toolbox version 1.27.3 and exported to SPSS Windows 25 for analysis. Chi-square test, Bivariable, and Multivariable binary logistic regression analysis were applied to evaluate the association of different variables. Result: Of the total patients, 56.5% had radiculopathy, 6.1% had extremity weakness and 4.5% had bowel and bladder incontinence. Disc herniation was present in 82.9%, disc degeneration in 54.1%, neural foraminal stenosis in 56.6% and spinal canal stenosis in 44.3%. Spinal canal stenosis was significantly associated with age (age 40-59 [AOR=2.19, 95% CI (1.119-4.287)] & age >60 [AOR=3.7, 95% CI (1.753-7.691)] and radiculopathy, [AOR=2.4, CI (1.388-4.072)].Neural foraminal stenosis was significantly associated with age [age >60, AOR=3.425, 95% CI(1.560-7.519)], radiculopathy [AOR=2.7, 96%, CI (1.554-4.738)]. Neural foraminal stenosis was also significantly associated with the SLR(straight leg raise) test [AOR=2.0, 95% CI (1.0264.083)]. Conclusion:There is an association between MRI findings and the clinical presentation of patients. Spinal canal stenosis and neural foraminal stenosis were associated with radiculopathy and older age. The lower lumbar levels are highly affected by DDD due to the higher mechanical stress at this level. Radiculopathy is the most frequent clinical presentation accompanying LBP,and Disc herniation was the commonest degenerative finding.
Determinants of Placental Abruption among Pregnant Women who Attended Tikur Anbessa Specialized and Gandhi Memorial Hospitals: Institution Based Unmatched Case Control Study
(Addis Abeba University, 2021-10) Bazezezw Tsega; Afework Mekbeb; Mengesha Abdu
Background: Placental abruption, also known as premature separation of placenta, is a significant cause of maternal morbidity and mortality, especially in low resource settings. Despite its negative maternal and fetal outcome, the determinant factors of placental abruption have not been sufficiently studied. Objective: This study aimed to identify risk factors associated with placental abruption among pregnant women who attended Tikur Anbessa Specialized and Gandhi Memorial Hospitals Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 2021. Methods: A Hospital-based retrospective unmatched case control study was employed at Tikur Anbessa Specialized and Gandhi Memorial Hospitals by reviewing medical chart of women admitted for 3 years from September 11, 2017 – September 10 2020. Among which 376 women (188 cases and 188 controls) were included in the study. After data was collected by using Kobo Collect version 1.27.3 it was exported and analyzed using SPSS version 25. To identify determinants of Placental abruption, Bivariable and Multivariable binary logistic regression analyses were done. Statistical significance was considered at a level of significance of 5%, and an adjusted odds ratio with 95% confidence interval was used. Result: Prevalence of PA was found to be 0.25% and six identified independent determinants of Placental abruption with AOR [95% CI] were identified. These were advanced maternal age (Age≥35) [AOR=2.44; 95% CI: 1.13, 5.25], previous history of stillbirth [AOR=4.55; 95% CI: 1.11,18.59], previous history of abortion [AOR=2.28; 95% CI: 1.22, 4.26], previous history of cesarean section [AOR=3.21; 95% CI: 1.64, 6.29], premature rupture of membranes [AOR=8.88; 95% CI:3.27, 23.65] and preeclampsia [AOR=3.95; 95% CI: 1.54, 10.11]. Perinatal death among cases was 22 (11.3%) whereas there was only one maternal death recorded (0.5%). Conclusion and Recommendations: Prevalence of Placental abruption was low and advanced maternal age, premature rupture of membranes, and preeclampsia, as well as previous histories of stillbirth, abortion and cesarean section, were identified as independent determinants of placental abruption. Practitioners responsible for prenatal monitoring must pay attention to risk factors during prenatal care to prevent adverse maternal and fetal outcomes that may associate with placental abruption
Evaluation of the Acute and sub-Chronic Toxicity of Aqueous Extracts of Moringa Stenopetala Seeds on Kidneys, Liver, and some Blood Parameters of Wistar rats
(Addis Abeba University, 2021-01) Mamo Ephrem ; Afework Mekbeb
Traditional medicine is the oldest and culture-based method of the health care system. Among the traditional medicine practices, the use of herbal medicines is the most popular and used by most populations around the globe. M. stenopetala is one of the herbs used as a treatment for various illnesses in different Ethiopian societies. Although there are some data available regarding the various biological activities of the different parts of Moringa plants, that of safety study is scarce, especially relating to the extract of its seeds. The objective of this study was to evaluate the acute and sub-chronic toxic effect of orally administered aqueous extracts of M. stenopetala seeds on gross and histopathology of kidneys and liver, and some blood parameters of Wistar rats. For the acute toxicity study, 15 female rats were randomly divided into five groups with three rats in each group. The experimental groups (Groups I - IV) received a single dose of 300mg/Kg, 2000mg/kg, 3500mg/Kg, and 5000mg/kg of the extract, respectively, while the control group (GroupV) received distilled water orally. For the sub-chronic toxicity study, 24 rats for each sex were randomly divided into four groups, each group comprising of six rats. The rats in the experimental groups (Groups I - III) received 250mg/Kg, 500mg/Kg, and 1000mg/kg oral dose of the extract for 90 days, and the control group (Group IV) received distilled water for a similar duration. In an acute toxicity study, LD50 of the aqueous extract of Mstenopetala seeds was found to be above 5000mg/Kg dose. There were no observed apparent significant differences between the experimental groups and the control group in body weight gain, relative kidneys and liver weight, and gross pathological changes at the end of the 14 days experimental period. In the sub-chronic toxicity study,there was no mortality in all experimental rats of both sexes. Besides, there were no substantial the kidney and liver. Moreover, the light microscopic histopathological examination of sections of the kidney and liver showed no change in the treatment groups as compared with the control group in both sexes. Therefore, this study demonstrated that 90 days oral administration of aqueous M.stenopetala seeds extracts are relatively safe in rats up to 1000mg/Kg dose.
Evaluation of the Acute and Subacute Toxicity of Aqueous Leaves Extracts of Artemisia Afra on Brain, Heart and Suprarenal Gland in Swiss Albino Mice
(Addis Abeba University, 2015-08) Mekonen Ketema; Afework Mekbeb
Having primary health care is a human right which is fulfilled by western country because of expansion of health infrastructure, and increased quantity and quality of health professionals. But many developing countries including Ethiopia are yet far from achieving this. In Ethiopia, the majority of population relay on traditional medicine as a source of health care. The most common sources of traditional medicine are plants. A.afra is one of these plants that are used to treat different aliments. The aim of the present study was to investigate the toxic effects of A.afra on brain, heart and suprarenal glands. The study was conducted at Addis Ababa University, College of Health Science, School of Medicine, Department of Anatomy & Department of Physiology from Jan, 2014 to July, 2015. The plant was collected from Bale National park in Oromia Regional State. The plant was air dried and aqueous extract was prepared. In this research a total of 54 male and female mice of 8-12 weeks of age weighing 25-30g were used. The extract was given by oral rout in both acute and subacute study. The doses for acute toxicity study were 200mg/kg, 700mg/kg, 1200mg/kg, 2200mg/kg, 3200mg/kg, 4200mg/kg and 5000mg/kg of body weight, while for subacute toxcicy study a doses of 600mg/kg(low dose) and 1800mg/kg(high dose) of body weight were used. LD50 was grounded to be greater or above 5000mg/kg which indicates that the plant is relatively safe. There were no observed signs of toxicity at the lower three doses, although mild toxicity sign was observed at the higher dose level in dose dependent manner. In the subacute study, two treatment groups 600mg/kg and 1800mg/kg and one control group containing both sexes were used. Weights of mice were measured weekly and individual mice were observed for possible toxicity sign. At the end of 28 days, the animals were scarified and organs were harvested and processed for microscopic examination. No toxicity signs were observed in all treatment groups. There were also no significant weight changes between the treated and control group. On microscopic examination of the brain, heart and suprarenal glands no sign of cellular injury was observed. From this study it can be concluded that A.afra is relatively safe in mice. Key words: Traditional medicine, A.afra, Toxicity study, LD50, Histopathology
Evaluation of the Effects upon Chronic Administration of Aqueous Leaves Extract of Moringa Stenopetala on Blood Parameters and Histology of Liver and Kidney of Wistar Rats
(Addis Ababa Universty, 2017-12) Bayu Fikre; Afework Mekbeb
The world people use plants for the purpose of disease control and prevention as well as for nutritional purpose since prehistoric times. One of the plants used for such purpose is Moringa species. Traditionally, Moringa stenopetala and related species are used as antihypertensives, antidiabetics, anticancers, antioxidants, antimicrobials, antimalarials and edible material. Among the various species of Moringa, Moringa stenopetala locally known as “Shiferaw/Haleko” is indigenous to the Southwest region of Ethiopia. Despite its important functions and widespread uses, there are very limited studies carried out on the hematological and histological effects of Moringa stenopetala to investigate its safety. In previous acute and subchronic studies, no effects were observed on body weight, gross pathology as well as histology of kidney and liver (except a mixed inflammatory cells infiltration and slight activation of Kupffer cells). Similarly, there was no effect on hematological and biochemical parameters. However, it is not known if it is same in a prolonged administration of the extract. Hence, this study is aimed to find out if there is any sign of toxicity upon chronic (six months) oral administration of aqueous leaves extract of Moringa stenopetala on blood parameters and histology of liver and kidney of Wistar rats. The study was carried out at Ethiopian Public Health Institute and Addis Ababa University. The plant was collected from Arba Minch and aqueous extract was prepared. The experiment was conducted on 24 rats. They were grouped randomly into four; one control group administered distilled water and three experimental groups were administered aqueous extract of the leaves of Moringa stenopetala at the doses of 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg body weight orally for six months of chronic toxicity study by using OECD guidelines. There was no significant change (p>0.05) in body and organ weights, except a transitory decrease in body weight at the 2nd and 3rd weeks as compared to the controls, respectively in the female and male rats that received the extract at the dose of 2000 mg/kg body weight . Chronic treatment with 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg body weight of the leaf of aqueous extract did not significantly affect (p>0.05) most of the investigated hematological parameters. However, it induced significant (p<0.05) elevation in MCV of female rats at all doses when compared with X | P a g e the control. There is also decrement of MCH at doses of 1000 mg/kg and 2000 mg/kg significantly, (p<0.05) as compared to the control in male rats. There was no significant (p>0.05) difference in ALP, AST, ALT and total bilirubin in female rats administered at all doses as compared to the controls. However, the ALP of male rats that received 2000 mg/kg body weight, AST and ALT of male rats that received 1000 and 2000 mg/kg body weight were found significantly (p<0.05) increased as compared to the controls. Chronic treatment with the extract did not significantly affect the urea and creatinine levels, except in the female rats that received the extract at 2000 mg/kg where a significant (p<0.05) decrease in urea and increase in creatinine levels as compared to the controls were observed. Histological evaluation showed some mononuclear leukocytic infiltration around the portal traid and central vein of the liver as well as cytoplasmic vacuolization of hepatocytes in male rats treated the extract at 1000 and 2000 mg/kg body weight; Furthermore, there were mononuclear leukocytic infiltrations around the glomeruli and medullary regions, as well as widened urinary space of the kidneys at 2000 mg/kg body weight in female rats. Findings from the present study suggest that prolonged administration of the aqueous leaf extract of Moringa stenopetala at therapeutic dose is safe; however, it was toxic as doses accumulate.
Gross and Histomorphologic Study of Umbilical Cord and its Vessels in Preeclampsia
(Addis Abeba University, 2019-06) Mohammed Elsabet; Afework Mekbeb
Preeclampsia is the most common medical complication of pregnancy worldwide, occurring in an average of 4% of all pregnancies and accounting for 10% of perinatal and neonatal mortalityrate. Histomorphological changes in umbilical vessels are known to affect the critical functionsof placenta in the developing fetus. Relationships between umbilical cord abnormalities andpreeclampsia have been found to be a big debated issue in recent literature. This study aims toassess gross and histomorphological change of umbilical cord and it‟s vessels in preeclampticmothers as compared to low risk mothers at Black Lion Specialized and Gandhi MemorialHospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A case-control study was carried out in fresh specimens ofplacentas with umbilical cords on seventy-five mothers (50 controls and 25 cases). Gross morphologies were examined by inspection and measuring followed by microscopyexaminations of umbilical cord sections. Histological slides were taken from placental, middle, and fetal segments of the placenta. A reduction in the diameter of umbilical cord by a mean of0.93± 0.29cm was found in the preeclamptic group as compared to non preeclamptic mothers.The luminal diameter and wall thickness of umbilical arteries in preeclamptic mothers werefound reduced as compared to those from the non preeclamptic mothers. The reductions werehigher and significant in the fetal segment than the middle and placental segments. In case of umbilical veins, there was reduction of umbilical veins‟ luminal diameter and wall thickness in preeclamptic group at all segments. However, only the luminal diameter of umbilical vein at the placental segment, showed a significant decrement by a mean of 5.43 ±1.16mm. Therefore, thepresent study collectively found that although the length and site of insertion of umbilical cord did not show a significant difference, preeclamptic mothers have dramatically affected gross as well as histomorphology of the umbilical cord and its vessels as compared to non preeclampticmothers.
Prevalence of Dermatoglyphic Patterns and Palmar Creases among Diabetic and non-Diabetic Patients at Governmental Hospitals, East Gojjam Zone,North West Ethiopia,2019.
(Addis Abeba University, 2020-09) Tefera Yihun; Afework Mekbeb
Introduction: Dermatoglyphics is the scientific study of the skin ridge patterns on the fingers, palms and soles of human. Dermatoglyphics patterns are genetically determined and affected by physical, topographical and environmental factors in intrauterine life. There are lines in the palm known as palmar creases. A normal human palm contains three major creases. The patterns of the epidermal ridges and palmar creases serve as a diagnostic tools in a number of diseases that have genetic backgrounds.Diabetes mellitus is one such of diseases with a strong genetic basis and certain dermatoglyphics and palmar crease variations are expected to occur. Objectives: The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of digital dermatoglyphics and palmar crease patterns of the hand among diabetics and non-diabetics patients in governmental hospitals, East Gojjam zone, 2019 Methods: Institution based cross-sectional study was conducted by both observation and interview methods. Bilateral palmar and fingerprints were taken by mobile camera from selected volunteers of diabetic and non-diabetic subjects attending East Gojjam zone government hospitals. A Pearson chisquare test, bivariable, and multivariable multinomial logistic regression models were employed using SPSS version 20. Odds ratio with 95% confidence interval was computed and p-values less than 0.05 were considered significant. Result: In both diabetics and non-diabetic subjects loop type was the most frequent followed by whorl and arch types. Their prevalence were respectively 66.9% [95% CI: 65.4, 68.3], 28.4% [95%CI: 27, 29.8], and 5.1% [95% CI: 4.1, 5.4] in diabetics and 63.4% [95% CI: 61.9, 64.8], 32% [95%CI: 30.5, 33.4] and 4.7% [95% CI: 4.0, 5.3] in non-diabetic subjects. Being male was nearly 1.4 times likely to have loop type (AOR= 1.385 95%CI 1.120, 1.714) and whorl type (AOR=1.359 95%CI 1.090, 1.696) than arch type of dermatoglyphics patterns. Normal type of palmar crease has nearly similar distribution between diabetic and non-diabetic subjects. From aberrant creases simian had a bit higher distribution in diabetics compared to non-diabetics study participants. Conclusion: The study showed that there was significant difference in the distribution of fingerprint patterns between the diabetics and the non-diabetic subjects. The findings in the palm showed that normalcrease was the most frequent creases. In addition, there was significant association with sex, body side and symmetryness in the pattern of fingerprint distribution between the diabetics and non-diabetic subjects.
Prevalence of Digital Ridge and Palmar Crease Pattern Types and Associated Factors among High School Students in Dessie Town, Northeast Ethiopia.
(Addis Abeba University, 2020-08) Tirit Destaye; Afework Mekbeb; Tadesse Fentaw
Introduction: The term dermatoglyphics is composed of two Greek words, “derma” and “glyphic”meaning skin and curves respectively. It indicates the study of the epidermal ridge configurationon the fingers, palms and soles. Palmar creases or lines are epidermal flexure lines present on morphological variables. Dermatoglyphics and palmar creases are important tools for diagnosis of congenital diseases, personal identification, and criminal investigations. Objective: This study aims to assess prevalence and associated factors of digital ridge and palmar crease pattern types, among high school students in Dessie town, Northeast Ethiopia. Methods and materials: A cross- sectional survey qualitative and quantitative study was conducted. Systematic random sampling technique was used to select study subjects. The data was collected using self-administer structured questionnaires and by observational checklist after taking photograph of fingers and palms of students. A Pearson chi-square test, Independent t-test, bivariable and multivariable multinomial logistic regression models were employed using SPSS (version 20). Significance was set at p value less than 0.05. Results: : Most of the study participants had loop type digital ridge pattern which accounts 60.2%,whereas whorl and arch types accounted 32.2% and 7.6% respectively. Females were less likelyto have arch pattern (AOR=0.57; 95%CI: 0. 40, 0.82) and loop pattern (AOR=0.69; 95%CI: 0.61,0.8) than whorl pattern, when the rest variables are kept constant. Being right hand had higher loop pattern (AOR=1.19; 95%CI: 1.04, 1.36) than whorl pattern. The mean difference of ridge count was significantly higher among male students (0.005) and whorl pattern types (0.001).Among variant palmar crease types Simian crease pattern (5.9%) was the most common followed by Suwon crease pattern (3.5%), and Sydney crease pattern was the least (2.7%). Normal palmar crease was significantly higher among females but variant palmar creases are significantly higher among males (0.03). Conclusion: The loop type was the most prevalent type of digital ridge pattern. The mean of ridge count of male was higher than femal students. Among the palmar crease pattern, Normal crease pattern was the most prevalent type and the common type among the variant palmar crease patterns was Simian crease.
Project Paper on Risk of Birth Defects Associated with in Utero Exposure to Antiretroviral Drugs
(Addis Ababa University, 2013-02) Taye Amsalu; Afework Mekbeb
Birth defects are a global problem. This impact is particularly severe in middle and low income countries where more than 94 percent of the births with serious birth defects and 95 percent of the deaths of these children occur. The aim of this project is to review and present outcomes of antiretroviral drugs exposed pregnancy. Antiretroviral compounds differ from most other new pharmaceutical agents in that they have become widely prescribed in pregnancy in the absence of proof of safety. In this paper antiretroviral agents used in pregnant women infected with human immunodeficiency virus and their effects on the infants are reviewed. This review gives an overview about in vivo and in vitro developmental toxicity and teratogenicity of the anti-AIDS drugs (antiretrovirals), in experimental animals and humans. Animal embryos exposed in vivo to antiretrovirals exhibited significantly increased pregnancy losses, drugs incorporation into the DNA of fetal organs, external abnormalities, skeletal defects, developmental toxicity, carcinogenicity, reduced weight, anemia, deaths and significant mitochondrial damage. The in vitro antiretrovirals exposure of animal cells or organs resulted in cytotoxicity, growth retardation, chromosomal aberrations, mutations, sister chromatid exchange and other genotoxic effects. In earlier human studies, management of AIDS positive pregnant women with antiretrovirals revealed exposure of their infants to such drugs with evidence of adverse events. However, recent publications present conflicting data about the associations between antiretrovirals and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Because of the increasingly frequent use of highly active antiretroviral therapy during pregnancy, ongoing efforts are needed to monitor any long-term effects of in utero exposure to the multiple antiretroviral agents used. Key words: Birth defects, ARV Drugs, HIV, Pregnancy
Toxicity Study of Anti-Ectoparasitic Formulation Comprising Eucalyptus Globulus and Jatrophacurcas oils Blended using Industry Based Emulsifier on the Histopathology of Liver, Kidneys and some Blood Parameters in Mice.
(Addis Ababa Universty, 2018-08) Gebre Shewit; Afework Mekbeb
Background: Agriculture delivers a livelihood for the people of many African countries.Accordingly, animal agriculture provides strong base for Ethiopian economy. However, the presence of ectoparasites and secondary infections caused by their infestations decrease the quantity and quality of livestock production leading to low income. A lot of chemicals such as organophosphates, carbamates, acaricides, and chlorinated hydrocarbons are widely applied to regulate these ectoparasites and their adverse effects. However, most synthetic anti-ectoparasites are toxic and the relatively safe chemicals are expensive. Utilization of affordable and safer products from natural sources is, therefore, highly commendable. Objectives: The present study was carried out to evaluate the acute and sub-chronic toxic effects of the formulation. Methods: The experiments were performed on a total of 72 healthy male and female (54 for acute and 18 for sub-chronic) Swiss Albino mice. Grouping was done randomly based on the OECD guideline. The treatment groups were orally administered with 1.25%, 1.9%, 2.9%, 4.4%,6.6%, 9.9%, 14.9% and 20% ml/kg body weight doses of the formulation for the acute toxicity studies. 1.25% and 3.75% ml/kg body weight doses of the formulation were used for the subchronic toxicity studies. The control groups were administered with distilled water during both acute and sub-chronic toxicity studies. Results: There was no change in the general behavior of treatment groups as compared to the control during acute toxicity study. No death was recorded. The LD50 was found higher than 20% ml/kg body weight dose of the formulation. In the sub-chronic studies, no significant biochemical, hematological and body weight changes were observed, except for LDL, which wasfound increased in both treatment groups. Generally, histological architecture of liver andkidneys were normal. However, liver of animals treated with dose of 3.75% ml/kg showed small number of mononuclear leukocytic infiltrations around portal areas. Minor tubulointerstitial leukocytic infiltrations were also observed in the kidney sections of these animals. Conclusion and Recommendations: Results of the acute and sub-chronic toxicity studies revealed that the formulation is relatively safe. Further studies in other organs and animals are recommended toward establishing the safety of the formulation.

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