Road and Transportation Engineering
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Item Image Based Pavement Condition Assessment(Addis Ababa University, 2022-08) Jibril Akmel; Bikila Teklu (PhD)For the purpose of developing and implementing pavement management plans, it is the duty of all road authorities to gather pavement distress data from their network of roads. The Addis Ababa Road Authority invests a considerable sum of money in paving upkeep each year. The major goal of this thesis is to suggest a creative, sound method for evaluating the quality of asphalt pavement in order to maintain it effectively using a semi-automated system. This study makes use of video data that was gathered from a camera mounted on a moving car. Pavement photos were collected from Addis Ababa’s pavement road segments that were chosen at random. Images of pavement defects such as cracks, potholes, pitching, raveling, and rutting were imported straight into an image-j program for analysis. The analysis's findings are also utilized to calculate the pavement condition index (PCI). The pavement condition has been assessed in this study in terms of the surface distress present at the time of the field evaluation. Because it covers the topic of pavement distress identification the most thoroughly and is based on a reliable statistical technique of pavement samples, the PCI procedure has been employed in this case. Based on the PCI of the road sections, the ASTM D 6433 condition rating process was applied to the evaluation. The research's findings show that the maximum PCI value for 10 sections of asphalt-damaged pavement is 98.5, indicating that the PCI curve is in its typical position for recently constructed pavement. The minimum value of PCI is 20, which indicates a very serious severity level. It needs reconstruction. Each pavement section's PCI values may have been used to determine the priority of its upkeep. Due to Ethiopia's restricted maintenance fund availability, prompt and logical determination of maintenance and rehabilitation are required. The study also states that it is crucial to prioritize repairing deteriorated pavement components.Item Value of Travel Time for Commuter Work Trips in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2025-07) Kidanemariam Alula; Fitsum Teklu (PhD); Abel Kebede (PhD) Co-AdvisorThe economic valuation of travel time has been acknowledged as a core input to transport-demand modelling, infrastructure appraisal, and pricing strategies. In this study the Value of Time (VOT) of Addis Ababa commuters was estimated so that variations attributable to travel mode, socioeconomic profile,, and corridor congestion could be quantified during their morning trip to work. Data were collected through a stated-preference survey administered to 400 employed travelers in Addis Ababa. Six hypothetical choice tasks were completed by each respondent after a pilot instrument had been refined. Utilities were modelled by multinomial specifications, and supplementary regressions were performed to test income-, purpose- and congestion-interaction effects. the study finds an aggregate VOT of 259.6 Birr/hour in the pilot and 275 Birr/hour in the main survey lower than GDP-scaled benchmarks and indicating a high premium on time savings. Heterogeneity analysis reveals that individuals from higher-income households and private-mode users exhibit substantially higher VOTs. The study recommends differentiated pricing strategies. Future research should enlarge the sample well beyond the current cases and extend the survey to multiple journey purposes with an addition of attributes such as impact of activities during travelling and urgency. These enhancements will generate purpose- and reliability-sensitive VOT estimates that more accurately reflect Ethiopia’s diverse travel behaviour.Item A Comprehensive Through Lane Saturation Flow Rate Model for Signalized Intersection by Considering Illegal Crossing Pedestrian Effect at Selected Intersections in Addis Ababa(Addis Ababa University, 2025-06) Ephrem Bogale; Yonas Minalu (PhD)One significant element influencing urban traffic performance networks is signalized intersections. It can guarantee safe and efficient traffic flow through the crossings and optimize their capacity. Researchers have been examining signalized junction capacities for a long time. However, the pedestrian effect has not been well studied. Two perspectives are used to analyze the effects of pedestrians: 1) Traffic flow is disrupted by pedestrians; 2) Speed and saturation flow rate are reduced as a result of pedestrian interference. One of the crucial aspects of analyzing the capacity of signalized junctions that is influenced by several circumstances is saturation flow rate. Geometric conditions, traffic conditions, driver conduct, traffic light timing, gradient direction, number of lanes, lane width, volume and kind of turning actions, and pedestrian movement are some of the effective aspects that HCM identifies as determining saturation flow. Walking is a popular form of transportation in Addis Ababa, and people who cross the street when green traffic light is on have an impact on traffic flow. We chose five Addis Ababa signalized crossings to examine how pedestrians affect signal capacity. St. Estifanos, Banko de Roma, Ayer Tena, Jemo Michael, and Saris Abo. Their current functional status, being four-legged, high pedestrian flow, High traffic volume, least interference to entry and exit traffic due to parking activities were the criteria for their selection. Video graphic method was used to gather pedestrian and traffic data from the field. The hours of 8:00 AM to 9:00 AM and 3:00 PM to 4:00 PM were used to gather traffic data. To develop a suitable saturation flow equation for estimating capacity and designing traffic infrastructure for heterogeneous traffic, the heterogeneous traffic must be transformed into homogeneous using a common unit, called the PCU. The dynamic PCUs have been computed in this study, which takes vehicle size and speed into account as key variables for PCU component estimation. The Method adopted in this thesis work o generate a model equation to calculate PCU is Speed-Area method which is developed by Dr. Satish Chandra, according to Chandra’s method (1) This study presents a saturation flow rate analysis of selected Addis Ababa's signalized crossings under mixed traffic situations. In order to collect information on traffic volume and speed on city roads, a video graphic technique was used to determine the saturation flow. The headway which is the amount of time that passes between successive cars crossing the stop line had calculated and then 3600 divided by this headway to get the saturation flow rate. Measurements of saturation flow rates generally show 2.47% - 29.53% lower values than those currently used in the Highway Capacity Manual. The saturation flow rates at the local crossings will be overstated if HCM's suggested value is implemented in study intersections; the presence of pedestrians didn’t show significance in through lane saturation flow rate. A general model for the saturation flow rate analysis should have been created in the spot while we design and maintain an intersection in Addis Ababa.Item Laboratory Performance Evaluation of Hydrated Lime Additives on Moisture Susceptibility of Water-Based Foamed Warm Mix Asphalt (WBFWMA) Mixtures(Addis Ababa University, 2025-03) Getachew Adibaru; Robeam Solomon (PhD)Warm mix asphalt (WMA) technology is recently developed and includes organic and chemical additives as well as water-based process (foaming effect), known for its environmental benefits, allows asphalt materials to be produced, placed and compacted at a relatively lower temperature than hot mix asphalt (HMA). This study evaluates the moisture sensitivity of water-based foamed warm mix asphalt (WBFWMA) by utilizing the hydrated lime additives as anti-stripping agent. The performance test was conducted with modified Lottman test for two nominal sizes of aggregate (20mm and 14mm). Statistical analysis using two-tailed t-test was also conducted to check the significance of the test result. The test result indicates that WBFWMA is more sensitive to moisture induced damage than HMA. However, the ITS value for lime-modified WBFWMA is comparable to HMA, revealing that it provides similar performance along with added environmental and cost benefits. The result recommended the use of lime-modified WBFWMA for its environmental and safety advantages.Item Performance Evaluation of Crumb Rubber with Kaolin Modified Asphalt for Sustainability of Flexible Pavement(Addis Ababa University, 2025-05) Deguamlak Shumu; Robeam Solomon (PhD)The growth of traffic demand needs sustainable and durable asphalt pavement. Currently the price of bitumen has increased due to the increase in price of crude oil. Sustainable and durable pavement materials are needed to partially replace bitumen. This research aims to evaluate the performance of crumb rubber with kaolin modified bitumen asphalt for sustainability of flexible pavement. An experimental type of research was conducted to evaluate the properties of crumb rubber with kaolin modified asphalt. Six different content of CR and kaolin added to 80/100 penetration grade bitumen by weight. Physical and rheological test including penetration, ductility, softening point test, flash and fire point test, RTFOT and DSR test was conducted for both control and modified binder. Double wheel track test, indirect tensile modulus test and ITS test were conducted for control and modified asphalt mixture to evaluate the mechanical performance of asphalt. The result of study indicates crumb rubber and kaolin bitumen modification improves the physical and rheological properties of asphalt binder. Both CR and kaolin modified binder improves the stiffness, temperature susceptibility and elastic property of asphalt binder. One way ANOVA statistical analysis indicates that kaolin and crumb rubber has a significance effect on physical properties of binder. Based on the outcome of the study the optimum content of crumb rubber and kaolin were found as 3.5% and 10% respectively. 3.5% CR, 10% kaolin and the optimum combined mix improves rutting resistance of asphalt by 52.2%, 52.1% and 73.9%. These materials also improve load associated cracking and moisture damage effect of asphalt concrete. Crumb rubber and kaolin modified asphalt can reduce economical cost by 12.3% as compared to the conventional asphalt.Item Assessment of Road Safety Audits in Reducing Traffic Accidents: The Case of Addis Ababa City(Addis Ababa University, 2025-05) Addisu Getahun; Yonas Minalu (PhD)This audit evaluates road safety conditions across three major urban corridors in Addis Ababa: Leghar to Ayat via Megenagna and CMC, Shiromeda to Bole via 6 Kilo, and Megenagna to Kara. The assessment used a checklist of 78 items to review key infrastructure components including traffic signage, road markings, street lighting, pedestrian facilities, guardrails, landscaping, and other roadside safety features. The findings reveal widespread deficiencies, particularly in the areas of traffic signing, road markings, and pedestrian safety. While certain elements—such as street lighting coverage and landscaping were found to be partially compliant, critical features like clear zones, protective barriers, and accessibility infrastructure remain largely inadequate. These shortcomings pose serious safety risks to both motorists and pedestrians. Of particular concern is the Megenagna to Kara corridor, which is outdated and has not been upgraded due to ongoing corridor development. This route demands urgent attention and safety intervention. In contrast, newer corridors show relatively better performance but still require formal traffic safety audits and effective implementation of RSA findings. Overall, the audit highlights the demanding need for a wide-ranging infrastructure improvement plan and the systematic integration of Road Safety Audits (RSAs) into all current and future road development projects in Addis Ababa.Item Modeling the Impact of Traffic Factors on Queue Length at Consecutive Signalized Intersections(Addis Ababa University, 2025-02) Dereje Nigussie; Yonas Minalu (PhD)Urbanization and increased vehicular traffic have led to significant challenges in managing traffic flow at signalized intersections, particularly in developing countries. This study focuses on optimizing traffic flow at consecutive signalized intersections by analyzing the factors affecting queue dynamics. The objectives include modeling the impacts of pedestrian volume, signal green time allocation and proportion of buses presence on queue length. Using a simulation-based approach with SUMO software, the study modeled various traffic scenarios to understand the interactions between vehicles, pedestrians and signal timing. Key findings highlight that queue lengths are heavily influenced by signal timing inefficiencies, pedestrian crossing during vehicle gaps and the presence of proportion of buses, which exacerbate delays and reduce intersection capacity. A multinomial linear regression model was developed to assess the impact of pedestrian volume, proportion of buses and green time on the performance of two consecutive signalized intersections. The regression model yielded significant results, with an adjusted R square value close to one, indicating a strong correlation between pedestrian volume, proportion of buses and green time and probability of queue formation. Factors such as pedestrian volume, proportion of buses and green time were found to be statistically significant in influencing the performance. This research contributes to the field of urban traffic management by providing insights into optimizing signal timing strategies and addressing the unique challenges of mixed traffic conditions.Item Examine The Influence of Ride Hailing Service on Mode Choice Behavior Among Commuters in Addis Ababa(Addis Ababa University, 2024-10) Natnael Gizachew; Yonas Minalu (PhD)This research examines the influence of ride-hailing services on public transport mode choice among commuters in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, including both car owners and non-car owners (NCOs). As transportation systems evolve in urban areas, understanding how ride-hailing services impact the choices of all commuters is critical for developing a competitive and efficient public transport (PT) system. The study focuses on identifying the factors that drive commuters' preferences between ride-hailing services and PT, with a specific emphasis on NCOs during the modeling process, as they are more likely to shift to the newly proposed PT system. The analysis employs Chi-Square and Weibull methodologies to investigate the relationships between socio-demographic variables, service attributes, and mode choice behavior. These techniques allow for a comprehensive evaluation of commuter behavior and the timing or likelihood of mode shifts. Chi-Square analysis assesses the association between categorical variables, such as income, age, and ride-hailing preferences, while Weibull analysis examines time-to-event data, providing insights into the transition between transportation modes over time. The primary objective of the research is to develop a competitive public transport proposal that integrates the convenience and technological features of ride-hailing services, such as Time savings, comfort, and security and safety, while retaining the affordability and broad accessibility of traditional PT. The study aims to: • Examine the overall impact of ride-hailing services on commuters' mode choice behavior: Analyze how ride-hailing services have influenced transportation preferences across all commuter segments. • Identify the factors that drive the growing preference for ride-hailing services: Explore why commuters are increasingly opting for ride-hailing over PT, particularly focusing on key service attributes such as comfort and convenience. • Narrow focus to NCOs for the mode shift analysis: Assess why NCOs are more likely to transition from ride-hailing services to the proposed PT, given that they do not have the option of private car use. • Leverage Chi-Square and Weibull analysis: Apply these methods to evaluate relationships among variables and predict mode shift tendencies effectively. The findings of this research aim to provide actionable recommendations for policymakers and urban transport planners to enhance PT services and make them more competitive with ride-hailing options. By addressing the needs of NCOs and incorporating the technological advantages of ride-hailing services, this research proposes a public transport system that can effectively meet the needs of diverse commuter groups in Addis Ababa. Keywords: Ride-hailing services, public transport, mode choice behavior, Chi-Square, Weibull analysis, affordability, safety, competitive public transport, urban transportation, Addis Ababa.Item Factors Associated to Speeding Behavior Of Driver In Shebelle Zone Road Network, Somalia Regional State, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2024-10) Haile Bechnie; Getu Segni (PhD)Speeding is a major contributor to road crashes globally, linked to increased risks and severity. Understanding drivers' perceptions of speeding is crucial for developing effective behavioural countermeasures, despite advancements in speed management strategies. Thus, this study investigates the factors influencing speeding behaviour in Shebelle Zone Road Network, Somalia Regional State, Ethiopia. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach encompassing quantitative surveys analysis, the research explores both explanatory and descriptive aspects of speeding, employing independent samples test, correlation and multiple regression analyses. Out of 452 targeted respondents, 400 completed the survey, resulting in an 88.5% response rate. The findings reveal that male drivers represent 96.25%, with 64% aged 18 to 30. Most drivers are married (67.75%) and 22.88% have education up to grade 8, while 83% possess valid driving licenses. Traffic patterns vary by vehicle type and season, influenced by environmental factors. The study highlights strong connections between demographic factors and excessive speeding behaviour. Passenger cars, pick-ups, and Land Cruisers make up 72.25% of vehicles. Notably, 34.75% of drivers have less than 2 years of experience, and 86.75% reported being involved in traffic crashes in the past two years, with speeding identified as the primary cause in 81.13% of cases, emphasizing the need for targeted. Most respondents believed that poor road conditions could impair vehicle control and increase crash risks. Additionally, vehicles used for khat transportation often disregard speed limits, indicating a significant enforcement issue. These insights are crucial for developing effective road policing and interventions to promote safer driving practices. Perceptions of speed limits vary, influenced by perceived enforcement laxity, personal enjoyment of speed, and time pressures. The study identified key factors affecting speeding behaviour on the Shebelle Zone Road Network in Ethiopia, including vehicle positioning, driver licensing, road conditions, and enforcement levels. Younger and male drivers showed a higher tendency to speed, particularly in small vehicles and those used for khat transport. The connection between low enforcement levels and speeding underscores critical areas for intervention. The study concluded that targeted interventions are essential to address the unique driving behaviours identified. The findings emphasize the need for gender-specific educational programs, enhanced enforcement strategies, and improved public awareness campaigns to foster responsible driving practices. By addressing these factors, it is possible to significantly reduce speeding incidents and improve road safety in the region. This study recommends implementing gender-specific road safety initiatives for younger, less experienced drivers and developing adaptive traffic management strategies for seasonal variations. Strengthening enforcement in rural areas and enhancing public education on the dangers of speeding are crucial. Additionally, promoting alternative leisure activities and integrating engineering solutions can improve safety along the Shebelle Zone Road Network.Item Toll Price Elasticity for the Addis Adama Expressway(Addis Ababa University, 2024-10) Nebiyu Nebabu; Fitsum Teklu (PhD)This research investigates the toll price elasticity of demand for the Addis Adama Expressway. The study aims to quantify how changes in toll prices affect traffic volume across various vehicle categories. Through econometric analysis using historical data from July 2019 to June 2023, the research incorporates key factors such as toll prices, fuel prices, GDP per capita, and external influences like security concerns and overburden restrictions. The findings show that toll price elasticity varies across vehicle categories, with short-term elasticities ranging from -0.25 to -0.51, indicating a negative but inelastic response to toll price increases. Over the long term, toll price elasticity becomes more pronounced, suggesting that drivers adjust their behavior over time in response to price changes. Fuel price elasticity was found to be unexpectedly positive, reflecting the cost-saving advantages of using the expressway compared to non-tolled roads. The research highlights the importance of integrating toll price elasticity into pricing strategies to optimize revenue while maintaining traffic levels. The results provide valuable insights for policymakers, supporting data-driven decisions on toll pricing and infrastructure development for the Ethiopian Expressway Network.Item Assessment of Traffic Accident Cost in Addis Ababa Case of Different Road Segment(Addis Ababa University, 2024-10) Alemneh Tesfaye; Anteneh Afework (PhD)Road accidents have many negative costs that are regarded as socio-economic costs. In recent years, road traffic accidents have caused a significant and increasing socio-economic loss in developing countries in general and in Ethiopia in particular. With the high growth of road accidents throughout the developing world, it is essential that adequate sums of money are spent in dealing with the problem. In the absence of an estimate of accident-related economic issues, it is difficult to identify the sums of money that should be invested each year on road safety countermeasures. Nevertheless, the estimation of the national explicit costs of road accidents as well as the implicit value of the accidents is rarely highlighted to policy makers. This paper aims to review accident costing methodologies in developing countries and apply it in estimating the economic loss of road traffic accidents in the country, Ethiopia. And also it focuses to insight the challenges of estimating the costs of road accidents in low income countries where vital registration and relevant statistics concerning road accidents are scarce. A feasible method for costing road accidents in such instances is identified, and the severity and costliness of road accidents in the country is demonstrated. Accident data and cost figures of 2009/10 are considered to make the estimation of the annual traffic accident cost in Ethiopia. The analysis shows, among other things, road accidents erode more than 0.49% of the country's Gross Domestic Product (GDP).Item Toll Price Elasticity for the Addis Adama Expressway(Addis Ababa University, 2024-10) Nebiyu Nebabu; Fitsum Teklu (PhD)This research investigates the toll price elasticity of demand for the Addis Adama Expressway. The study aims to quantify how changes in toll prices affect traffic volume across various vehicle categories. Through econometric analysis using historical data from July 2019 to June 2023, the research incorporates key factors such as toll prices, fuel prices, GDP per capita, and external influences like security concerns and overburden restrictions. The findings show that toll price elasticity varies across vehicle categories, with short-term elasticities ranging from -0.25 to -0.51, indicating a negative but inelastic response to toll price increases. Over the long term, toll price elasticity becomes more pronounced, suggesting that drivers adjust their behavior over time in response to price changes. Fuel price elasticity was found to be unexpectedly positive, reflecting the cost-saving advantages of using the expressway compared to non-tolled roads. The research highlights the importance of integrating toll price elasticity into pricing strategies to optimize revenue while maintaining traffic levels. The results provide valuable insights for policymakers, supporting data-driven decisions on toll pricing and infrastructure development for the Ethiopian Expressway Network.Item Evaluating Functional Hierarchy of the Road Network Based on Trip Performance(Addis Ababa University, 2024-05) Rediat Kassa; Yonas Minalu (PhD)The quality and performance of road networks are significantly influenced by the functional hierarchy of roadways in metropolitan area. The functional hierarchy of roads affects the design and operation of road networks, as well as the trip performance. The primary objective of this study was to assess the functional hierarchy of various road network patterns to understand their influence on trip performance. The scope of study includes evaluating the functional hierarchy of road networks and their impact on trip performance within a urban area of a chosen cites on up to 6 kilometers within a four-square-kilometer section of the city. It has a significant contribution to forecast future trip performance and support proactive planning. Additionally, it provides practical recommendations to guide urban planning agencies in optimizing road network hierarchy, ultimately benefiting urban residents and commuters globally. Cities with higher junction densities, longer trip lengths, and a higher proportion of residential roads tend to experience longer travel durations within the network. This relationship modeled using a power function with logarism transformation which effectively captures the hierarchical structure of urban road networks. Interestingly, travel duration is significantly negatively affected by the presence of primary and secondary roads. Primary and secondary roads both show negative coefficients, indicating that higher proportions of these roads correlate with slightly reduced travel durations, likely due to their design for efficient travel. While the effect of primary roads is small but significant at p value of 0.00, secondary roads have a more substantial impact, emphasizing their importance in reducing travel time within the network. On the other hand, tertiary roads have a negligible and statistically insignificant effect on travel duration, suggesting that changes in their proportion do not distinctly influence travel time. However, residential roads demonstrate a significant positive relationship with travel duration with p value of 0.00, reflecting the duration of the trip has to be increased due to lower speed limit and existence of frequent stops typical in residential areas. Additionally, junction density showed a significant positive relationship with trip duration, with a p-value of 0.00. This indicates that as junction densities increase within the network, the trip duration also increases. The likely reason for this is that higher junction density implies more road connections from different directions.Item Improving Level of Service of Light Train, Pedestrian and Motorized Vehicle Shared – Space Intersection (Case Study of Saris Adey Ababa Intersection)(Addis Ababa University, 2025-01) Anteneh Zemedkun; Robeam Solomon (PhD)Providing of mass transport such as electric train in urban area is the best method to solve many transport problems such as safety, congestion, delay, free from air pollution, shortage of transport system supplies and others. However, provision of mass transport like urban light railway transit in congested city becomes a major cause for different problems such as excessive delay and queue formation and low performance of roads specially at grade crossing intersections and roundabouts that will be shared by pedestrian, light rail way and Motorized vehicle along the LRT. Accordingly, the main Couse for the problems are due to the light rail way builds parallel with center/median of road alignment and fragmented of the road area by fence, at grade crossing intersections become more congestion due to they were designed and build by considering only motorized vehicle and pedestrian without considering the new provided LRT, high concentration of U turns traffic due to lack of U turns in other locations and Un-controlled and high concentrated pedestrian crossing activities. Performance evaluation of the intersection under current traffic conditions was done during peak periods. The performance evaluation indicated that the approach delays of the intersection become over twelve minutes during peak periods. This research deals about improving the Level of Service of Light Train, Pedestrian and Motorized Vehicle Shared – Space at grade signalized Intersection, Case study Saris Adey Ababa at grade Signalized Intersection by propose alternative solution for the identified problems causes and to see if an acceptable performance can be achieved with-out provision of under pass and over passes (grade separation). In order to achieve this goal necessary data were collected at the study intersection. Formerly VISSIM simulation software was used to for designed and modeling. During the study Fixed Traffic Signal control with calibrated saturation flow, Transit Signal Priority, installation of Pedestrian fence and signals and diverting U turns to other locations are considered as alternative solutions. Performance evaluation such as maximum and average queue length, travel time, intersection delay and level of service was used as Comparing criteria under current and future traffic conditions. The best options for the study area are Fixed Traffic Signal control and Transit Signal Priority. Since, diverting U turns on other locations and provision of pedestrian signal were applied simultaneously with Fixed Traffic Signal control and Transit Signal Priority. Related to selecting the best alternative from Fixed Traffic Signal control and Transit Signal Priority. Fixed traffic signal control has less intersection delay of 72.9 sec/veh for vehicles however; it has additional delay on Tram and main traffic flow directions. On the other hand transit Signal Priority has higher intersection delay 79.9 sec/veh and additional approach delay on the opposite direction from Tram way but it has less approach delay for main approaches vehicles and for Trams. Transit Signal Priority with green extension and Red Truncation are preferred to be applied.Item Correlating Land-Use Characteristics and Parking Demand Conditions: A Case Study in Yeka Sub City, Addis Ababa-Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2024-10) Dawit Berhanu; Yonas Minalu (PhD)The increasing car ownership in Addis Ababa is causing increased parking issues, leading to traffic and impacts. Current parking lots are high in traffic and population density but cannot meet city needs due to their location and capacity. A more effective parking system is needed, requiring a thorough examination of existing conditions and analysis of suitable locations for new parking lots. This study investigates parking conditions and land use characteristics in Yeka sub city, Addis Ababa, focusing on on-street parking areas and available off street parking. It assesses the city's current parking issue in terms of available supply and required demand in terms of land use. A Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) approach is used to solve the parking location selection analysis problem. The weightage of criteria used in the analysis is estimated, and potential parking solutions or site selections for new parking areas are identified using a combination of GIS & Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) techniques, identifying primary & sub-criteria, with a focus on travel absorption centers (land use), parking, and transportation as the primary criteria for selecting parking lots. The combination of GIS and AHP provides an efficient and optimal strategy for site selection & locating suitable parking locations. The AHP approach, when applied to criteria, established relative weights, whilst GIS enabled spatial analysis to discover ideal parking spaces. The MCDA results indicate that the most suitable parking lot. The study identifies accessibility to main roads as the criterion carrying the greatest weight (0.6472), while accessibility to church and mosque facilities (0.0205). The study area, primarily in the south-west of the sub city, has high suitability for public parking, with 0.924 square kilometers (1.057%) being extremely suitable. The remaining areas are suitable, moderately suitable, less suitable, and unsuitable covers 6.972, 9.52, 1.507, and 80.945 percent of the study area. To summarize, the integration of GIS with sophisticated aggregation and suitability analysis methodologies has a high potential to integrate and evaluate several geographical data sets at the same time, particularly in site selection studies. The study identified the suitable area for parking having 1.057% being extremely suitable with different suitability ranges. The study is a critical resource for sustainable urban management and decision-making, offering insights into future urban planning and identifying ideal parking lot sites.Item Travel Time Reliability to Evaluate the Performance of Bus Transport Service Along Major Corridors of Addis Ababa City(Addis Ababa University, 2024-10) Betselot Kassaw; Abel Kebede (PhD); Robeam Solomon (PhD)Travel time reliability (TTR) has been progressively considered an important measure of the performance of the transportation system. TTR is related to the travel experience and is significant to both users and public transport operators. The study investigates bus travel time reliability along major corridors in Addis Ababa, focusing on identifying key factors that influence reliability and proposing actionable improvements. As urbanization drives increased travel demand, public transport systems, particularly buses, are crucial for sustainable mobility. However, challenges such as traffic congestion, inadequate infrastructure, and unreliable services undermine their effectiveness. The main objective of the study is to characterize and develop predictive analysis of bus travel time reliability for a major corridors in Addis Ababa: Corridor 1 (Mexico to Haile Garment Square), Corridor 2 (Kara Kore to Wabi Shebelle Hotel/Mexico), and Corridor 3 (Megenagna to Derartu Square). The study aims to assess bus TTR, identify influencing factors and their impact on TTR of bus transport, and assess TTR from the users' perspective. A descriptive research method was used, combining quantitative and qualitative research approaches. Primary and secondary data were collected, including AVL (O D based) system data for travel time estimation and TTR modeling, as well as user perspectives gathered through interviews. A multiple linear regression model was applied to identify factors affecting bus TTR. Users were purposively selected at bus waiting stations along the corridors. Index based analysis with the planning time index was used to measure the reliability of the study corridors, and travel time pattern revealing that peak hours (AM(6:30 9:30) and PM(4:00 7:30)), and weekdays (Monday, and Friday) were particularly unreliable. The regression model fit, using those variables, yielded adjusted R squared values of 0.79 (79%) without interaction model and 0.8 (80%) with interaction for the study corridors. The analysis indicates that segment length, travel speed, dwell time, bus lanes, number of intersections, number of bus stops, bus frequency, time of the day, and day of the week are significant factors affecting bus travel time reliability across the corridors. Among interviewed users, 67% are unaware of the bus schedule, 50% acknowledged the impact of dwell time on bus TTR. 88% of respondents agreed on the effect of bus frequency and reported long waiting times, with 53% waiting over 30 minutes to get the next bus & 85% believe dedicated bus lanes reduce travel time. Users rated the day of the week and time of day as significant factors in TTR, with average scores of 1.58 and 2.1 out of 5, respectively, indicates the unreliability of travel time over the study corridors that supports the findings of the other numerical analysis. Therefore, the study recommends the need for tailored strategies, including optimizing bus schedules, implementing dedicated bus lanes, and improving communication and frequency, to enhance bus travel time reliability and user satisfaction. These insights offer valuable guidance for policymakers and transport authorities aiming to improve bus public transport services in Addis Ababa.Item Airport Runway System Performance Capacity Assessment: The Case Study for Addis Ababa Bole International Airport Runway System(Addis Ababa university, 2024-06) Alemu Weldemariam; Robeam SolomonThe airfield's capacity is a crucial aspect vital to airport transportation services, with the runway serving as a pivotal component influencing the airport's overall capacity. This study focuses on analyzing the capacity and demand of the airfield particularly the runway at Addis Ababa Bole International Airport (AABIA). Flight data, encompassing daily operations on various sampled dates under different weather conditions, aircraft compositions, seasonal variations, across multiple years, and, during peak and non-peak hours has been meticulously sampled, modeled, analyzed, and filtered to identify the maximum hourly capacity and the potential capacity constraints factors. Two method of capacity analysis have been used. The first method is Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Advisory Circular AC 150/5060-51. Using this method, 40, 50, and 60 Percent Arrival capacity was calculated and this capacity figure identified the general status of the capacity compared to the current demand and deep understanding achieved. In the Second method (ICAO), aircraft separation rules for arriving and departing aircraft were taken into account. Based on the nature of the aircraft fleet mix statistical analysis Poisson Joint cumulative Distribution for leading and following aircraft was computed for all possibilities. After getting the capacity at four points of arrival departure combinations joining those four points on the arrival vs departure graph serves as the capacity curve or capacity envelope. By inserting the actual current arrival vs departure data in the same graph of the capacity envelope, the current demand compared to the capacity is identified. Conversely, the impact of runway occupancy time and actual runway demand on departure delays has been evaluated using linear regression. The study results indicate that actual demand has no effect on departure delays. However, the duration of runway occupancy has a slight influence on delays, suggesting that the current demand has not yet reached the runway system's capacity. Therefore, the delays are caused by the factors which are not related to the runway system. The general conclusion is reached that the capacity of the runway system is higher than the current demand indicating that at this point the Runway system is not a major factor in any current delays in aircraft operations. In other terms, the findings reveal that the current runway capacity can sufficiently meet the current demand. Despite the capacity of the runway system exceeding demand during peak hours, the study indicates that the average runway occupancy time is higher compared to similar hub airports such as London Gatwick and Mumbai airports which are busier airports that have a similar runway system and handles a mix of Heavy and Medium aircraft similarly, indicating that proactive measures is required to enhance the capacity of the runway system to ensure that the runway system will accommodate the future demand without causing excess delays.Item Assessment of Traffic Congestion Analysis Measures in Addis Ababa City (A Case Study of Mexico Square to German Roundabout Road Segment)(Addis Ababa, 2024-06) Samuel Endale; Bikila Tekelu (PhD)One of the most prevalent issues with urban transportation systems is traffic congestion. When there is a disruption in the regular flow of traffic, it leads to a decrease in speed, a delay in travel, and a substandard quality of service, this is known as traffic congestion. Depending on the causes, traffic congestion can either be recurrent or non-recurrent. Recurrent congestion is brought on by transient signal changes, capacity violations, and excessive traffic demand. On the other side, unusual events like work zones, severe weather, and other occurrences could cause non-recurring congestion. Numerous methods for evaluating traffic congestion have been devised, taking into account various factors such as speed, travel duration, frequency of delays, quality of service, and other congestion indicators. The level of service method and travel time-based measurements, which are the two categories into which the already existing congestion measures were divided, then examined within this research. The road segment Mexico square – German roundabout was chosen from the city’s core area and three road sections were selected from this segment to achieve the stated objective. The relevant data was manually collected by the researcher from selected segments, utilizing equipment appropriate for the study's objectives. The results showed the travel time based measures showed variations in the congestion state while indicating a similar congestion trend during peak and Off-peak hour for the Africa union – Pushkin square and Mekanisa Abo – Mekanisa road sections while showing a uniform congestion state for the Mekanisa – German Roundabout Road section. The capacity for the level of service was modeled using three traffic flow models, the Greenshields, Greenberg and Underwood model. The result indicates the underwood model better explained the data compared to the other two models. And, the advantages and disadvantages of the measures used have been discussed from the results.Item Reliability Distribution Modeling for Bus Dwell Time and its Contributing Factors: A Case Study in Selected Routes of Addis Ababa City(Addis Ababa University, 2024-04) Asmamachew Yilak; Girma Gebresenbet (PhD); Hilina DemekeThe initial point of contact between the passenger and the passenger service is at the bus stop. All buses in Addis Ababa City now operate in mixed traffic with no signal prioritization, with the exception of BDL (Bus Dedicated Lane) on a few chosen routes. Bus stops are significant components of the Public bus system, and the way they are run has a significant impact on the network's overall service level and transit effectiveness. The aim of this work was determining the most influential factor on dwell time and the likelihood of dwell time occurrence at stop. Quantitative and qualitative data were gathered for a study on bus dwell times at stops, with quantitative data obtained from bus stops and qualitative data from passengers. Manual field data collection was conducted due to the lack of Automatic Passenger Count (APC) and Automatic Vehicle Location (AVL) data. To ensure accuracy, data collection was repeated for three days at each stop and time frame, three bus type, and the averages were used for dwell time determination. Directionality was considered, categorizing bus stops into upstream, stop, and downstream sections. The lengths of these sections were determined based on observed bus maneuvers within a 10-meter radius during a pilot survey. Video recording and direct transcription onto paper sheets were used to collect data for a specific bus. Only buses stopping at designated stations within the specified range were considered for the study. The data were analyzed using a statistical model and the probabilistic method of analysis. The research successfully achieved its stated objectives, contributing to a novel approach for evaluating dwell time. The author developed two models to identify the most significant factors affecting bus dwell time specifically, the Gaussian and Weibull regression models. The Weibull regression model demonstrated superior accuracy and a better fit for predicting bus dwell time, with a significantly lower RMSE (0.075) and an Adjusted R-squared of 92.63%, compared to the Gaussian regression model (RMSE: 3.93, Adjusted R-squared: 93.00%). Moving to specific coefficients in the Weibull regression model, factors such as No_aligt. Weibull (Number of alighting), Alig.Weibull (Alighting time), Board.Weibull (Boarding time), Idle.Weibull (Idle time), No. Boa.Weibull(Numbers of Boarding), Odd.pen.Weibull (Odd. Penny Weibull), Re.boa.Webull(Re-boarding passengers), Accel.Weibull (Acceleration time), and Far side (Far side stop location) exhibited a statistically significant effect on bus dwell time at stops. However, the location of the far side stops and the time of day had no effect on dwell time. The combined effect of stop location and bus type did not show statistical significance (p-value: 0.845), surpassing the conventional threshold of 0.05. However, analyzing the variables individually revealed a significant difference between stop type location and bus type in relation to dwell time. Specifically, Alliance buses exhibited longer dwell times compared to single Sheger and Anbessa buses.Item Assessing the Socio-Economic Impact of Traffic Congestion in Addis Ababa (Case Study: welete to Total)(Addis Ababa University, 2022-02) zuleha Jemal; Bikila Teklu (PhD)Addis Ababa is the cities which is undergoing in a fast urbanization and facing traffic congestion in significant manner. It has both social and economical implication on the peoples of the country. The socio-economic impact of traffic congestion comes in many forms, such as increase stress and fatigue, constraint social relation, increase accident and incident, increase transport cost, difficulty to estimate travel time, missing appointment and late delivery, block for emergency vehicles, diversion to the local road, and health problem. This study assesses the socio-economic impact of road traffic congestion in Addis Ababa city in case of Welete-Total road segment. Primary data collected using questionnaires and filed visit. The data collect from questionnaires analyze using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software to assess the cause, impact and solution of traffic congestion at study area. And the data collected from field visit of the three major intersections at the road segment was used for Traffic volume and Spot Speed analysis using Excel spread sheet. And performance Analysis of the intersections was done by considering delay, queue and LOS using VISSIM 9 software. The level of service result of Ayertena signalized intersection, Zenebework Roundabout and Total Turbo Roundabout is LOS-F, LOS-B and LOS-D respectively. The estimated Total congestion cost of the all three intersections based on delay cost and change in vehicle operating cost at morning peak hour is 879,968.45 ETB. To enhance performance of Total 3kutr mazoriya Turbo Roundabout, this study proposed engineering solutions is signalizing the roundabout by maintaining its current geometry as it is. Signal timing design and approaching saturation flow rate were computed by using HCM 2010 and coded in vissim software to do performance analysis. The result showed significant reduction of delay from 72.59 seconds to 17.84 seconds and increase Level of service of the roundabout from LOS-D to LOS-B.