Applied Developmental Psychology
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Item Depression and Associated Factors among Adult Diabetic Patients Attending at Diabetic Follow Up Clinic of Mikilililand Health Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2023-11) Assamin Assafaw; Assefa Berihun (Ass. prof.)Objective: The aim of this study was to assess depression and its associated factors among type-2 diabetic patients attending at diabetic follow up clinic of Mikililand health center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Methods: A facility based cross-sectional study design was conducted among 159 type-2 diabetic patients attending at diabetic follow up clinic of Mikililand health center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2023. Result: The overall prevalence of depression in the study was 41.5%. Those patient living in rent house [AOR= 5.927 (95% CI = 1.743,20.148)], those with duration of diabetes >5 yrs since diagnosis [AOR = 16.038 (95% CI = 1.611,159.3648)], those having family history of diabetes [AOR = 4.419 (95% CI =1.044,18.701)], those who had or experienced diabetes related complications [AOR= 9.166 (95% CI = 2.866, 29.314)] and alcohol use status [AOR = 30.1Item Smartphone Usage, Interpersonal Communication, and Emotional Intelligence Among Adolescent Students in Addis Ababa(Addis Ababa University, 2023-12) Lelna Nega; Yekoyealem Dessie (PhD)Adolescents' smartphone exposure has shown an increment in recent years. Individuals in this age group use smartphones for purposes like texting, calling, social media, gaming,entertainment, and education. However, excessive usage of smartphones impacts adolescents' well-being in several aspects. The present study sought to determine smartphone usage's relationship with adolescents’ emotional intelligence and interpersonal communication competence skills in different high schools in Addis Ababa. 394 adolescents (female = 230, male = 163) from six high schools in the Nifas Silk Laphto Sub-city (grades 9-12) completed a validated measure of emotional intelligence and interpersonal communication competence skills. To determine smartphone usage, the amount of time spent on smartphones on weekdays and weekends was asked. The sampling technique used to choose schools from the woredas was simple random sampling. Then stratified sampling was used because of the heterogenous nature of the population. The results indicated that emotional intelligence and smartphone usage have a statistically significant inverse relationship. (r = -0.115). The relationship between interpersonal communication and smartphone usage is also inverse but not statistically significant (r = -0.05) whereas emotional intelligence and interpersonal communication have a strong relationship (r = 0.602). A regression analysis showed that smartphone usage significantly predicted emotional intelligence but its predictive value towards interpersonal communication skills was not significant.Item The Relationship of Employees Motivation and Job Performance in the case of Ethiopian Broadcasting Corporation (EBC)(Addis Ababa University, 2023-11) Biniyam Ero; Tamirie Andualem (PhD)This research study aims to investigate the relationship between employee motivation and job performance in the context of Ethiopian Broadcasting Corporation (EBC) in Addis Ababa. The study employed a quantitative research strategy and utilized both descriptive and explanatory research designs. The research population was the permanent employees of EBC, and a systematic random sampling method was used to select 334 participants. The data were collected using a questionnaire with 40 attribute questions categorized under five major determinants: Recognition and Rewards, Work Environment, Leadership, Job Design, and Career Development. The responses were analyzed descriptively, inferentially, and through regression analysis to identify the significant predictors of job performance. The results of the descriptive analysis showed that employees were moderately motivated by recognition and rewards-related factors and that their expectations were somewhat met by the organization. The analysis suggests that the work environment, leadership, job design, and career development factors positively influence employee motivation and job performance. The results of the inferential analysis reveal a strong positive relationship between employee motivation factors and job performance. Moreover, the coefficients of the regression model also revealed that recognition and rewards, work environment, leadership, job design, and career development are significant predictors of job performance. Overall, the study concludes that recognition and rewards, work environment, leadership, job design, and career development are significant predictors of job performance. Keywords: Employee motivation, job performance, recognition and rewards, work environment, job design, and career development.Item Burden and Coping Strategies among Caregivers of Persons with Severe Mental Illness: Implication for Counseling Intervention.(Addis Ababa University, 2023-08) Mahelet Worku; Assefa Berihun (PhD)This study envisioned to assess the experiences of caregivers of people living with SMI by examining the burdens that they face and their coping strategies, across demographic variables. It was conducted on caregivers of people with SMI at Sitota for Mental Health Care and Lebeza Psychiatric Center. Purposive sampling was used as a sampling technique. The data was gathered from 117 participants (69 Female and 48 Male) through the use of self-report questionnaires. The questionnaire consisted of three sections which were demographic variables, Zarit Burden Interview and the Brief COPE inventory. The data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software package. The collected data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. It used frequency and percentiles tables, independent t-test, One-way ANOVA, Person correlation and multiple linear regressions. The result indicated, 72 (61.5%) reported little or no burden, 34 (29.1%) reported mild to moderate burden, 10 (8.5%) reported moderate to severe burden and 1 (0.9%) caregiver reported severe burden. Regarding coping, caregivers used more problem-focused strategies. Specifically, religion, planning and using instrumental assistance were highly used. In terms of the correlation between burden and coping the finding indicates a moderate, positive and significant correlation. The result of the regression suggested that the coping strategies of the caregiver explained 20.8% of the variance, R2=.208, F(1,115)= 30.19, p<.001. Thus, the coping strategies of the caregivers significantly predicted the caregiver’s burden, β=0.81, t=5.49, p<.001. For subscales of coping strategies, the result of the regression suggested that the coping strategies of the caregiver explained 11.7% and 18% of the variance for problem-focused and emotion-focused coping strategies respectively p<.001. All the relevant demographic variable does not have significant difference with in themselves in terms of burden and coping strategies. Overall, the results demonstrated that while no burden among caregivers, coping strategy is a predictor of burden and the demographic variables do not have any difference in burden with in them. It is recommended to study burden in relation to resilience and other specific severe mental illnesses. Key words; Burden, Caregiver, Coping StrategiesItem Value Priorities and Academic Achievement Among Adolescent Students of Oromia Boarding School in Bishoftu(Addis Ababa University, 2023-06) Mideksa Mekonin; Mulat Asnake (PhD)The major purpose of this study was to examine the value priorities and its relationship with adolescents’ academic achievement by studying with sex differences in value priorities among male and female students in ODASBS at Bishoftu town, of Oromia Region. The study assessed the relationship between adolescents’ value priorities and their academic achievement based on Schwartz 10 basic universal values as a guiding theoretical framework. To that effect the correlational design of quantitative research approach was employed. Out of 353 student’s a total of 286 participants were selected using census approach after excluding 67 non-Afaan Oromo language speakers and those who have participated in the pilot study. The study used quantitative data collection tools in the form of questionnaire to collect the socio-demographic data, including self-report average semester marks was used to determine students’ academic achievement and PVQ-21 developed by Shalom Schwartz was adapted through translation was used to measure the ten basic values. To address the research questions formulated in the study, data were analyzed using descriptive statistics mean, standard deviation, frequencies, and percentage, Pearson correlation coefficients, ANOVA, and independent t-test statistical tests. The findings revealed that self-direction with mean of 3.01 (SD = 1.32), security mean of 3.23 (SD = 1.51), stimulation mean of 3.30 (SD = 1.48), benevolence mean of 3.43 (SD = 1.65), and hedonism mean of 3.71 (SD = 1.89) values are the top five preferred values, whereas the study showed that three values such as; power with the mean of 5.70 (SD = 2.38), universalism mean of 5.02 (SD = 1.91), and achievement mean of 4.91 (SD = 2.40) values are the most least preferred values of adolescent students of ODASBS in Bishoftu town. Concerning the academic achievements of adolescents, about 5.6% of the students scored 96 – 100 average marks and 11.9% of them scored below 80(the minimum cut off score set by the school for promotion to the next grade level). Fathers educational level has shown as it makes significant variation on adolescent’s self-direction values, while none of the ten values showed significant variations as a function of mother’s educational level and similarly adolescents value priorities didn’t showed variation as a function of their parents’ economic status. Achievement value is identified as the only value that counted for the differences in value priorities between male and female adolescent students. Adolescents value priorities has showed partial alignment with the expected value preservation by the Ethiopian General Education Curriculum Framework (2020), which indicates further intervention on inculcating socially and nationally desirable values. Moreover, based on the results of the current study, the following conclusion and implications were drawn. Firstly, most adolescent students in ODASBS in Bishoftu town are academically high achievers based on the average marks they have earned while attending grade nine and ten. Secondly, self-direction, security, and stimulation are the most highly preferred values by adolescents while power, universalism and achievement values are the least preferred values where these in turn implies that the Boarding school promotes self-direction values through fostering the act and though of creativity, exploration and competitiveness among students and the current findings confirmed this as an objective meeting the school strategy in producing academically excelling students. Lastly, adolescents value priorities didn’t show significant correlation with their academic achievement, but the type of highly preferred values such as self-direction are considered as one of the implications of the school strategy in driven students to acquire such value.Item Civic Engagements among School Adolescents and the Roles of Parental Civic Socialization, School Experiences, and Social Media Use in Addis Ababa(Addis Ababa University, 2023-07) Azmeraw Belay; Belay Tefera(Prof.)This study examined how parental civic socialization, school civic experiences, and social media use, mediated by adolescents’ sense of community connectedness and perceived competence for civic action influenced civic engagement of school adolescents. The research employed Sequential Explanatory Design (QUAN-qual). Participants for the quantitative study were 1530 school adolescents aged 15-to-19-years (Mean age was 17.7) selected through multistage sampling procedures while 20 adolescents (10 with extreme high and 10 with extreme low civic engagement scores) for the qualitative strand. Structural equation modeling was used to investigate the direct and indirect (mediated) effects of parental civic socialization, school civic experiences and social media use, and independent and combined contributions of predictors on civic engagement. Quite a significant proportion (46.06%) of school adolescents had civic engagement scores below the mean (42) and 49.74% had scores above the mean. The majority of adolescents fall within moderate to high civic engagement levels. There was a significant sex differences in civic engagements, in favor of males. Sex as a predictor was significant, however; perceived parental socio-economic status and age did not significantly predict civic engagement. All the three independent variables were able to exert statistically significant positive direct and total indirect effects on civic engagement. The specific indirect (mediated) effects from parental civic socialization, school civic experience and social media use pass to civic engagement via adolescents’ perceived competence for civic action, but not through sense of community connectedness. All the predictors of civic engagement except sense of community connectedness reached level of significance and explained more than a quarter of its variance. The highest influence on civic engagement was exerted by parental civic socialization and adolescents’ social media use (pairwise) contributed the largest variance in civic engagement. Explanatory themes for high and low civic engagement included not mere level of presence or absence of same factors but also existence of certain unique environmental circumstances that exist in one and miss in another. For example, in high civic engagement adolescent groups, factors included open family environment for discussion; respect for each other’s ideas; concern about broader community matters; parental civic engagement emulated by adolescents; living in family who stand up for the rights of the most deprived; open classroom environment for discussion; and teachers respecting students’ ideas; being a member or a leader of district child parliament; and schools that promote volunteerism. Explanatory themes for low civic engagement, on the other hand, included absence of open family environment for discussion; lack of respect to other’s ideas; lack of proper parental civic modelling; being civically engaged perceived as violating cultural and religious values; low level of education and awareness on children’s rights; perceiving participation in adolescent-led parliaments exposes to risks; too young to participate in socio-political matters; fear of joining politics; and poor school performance leading to discrimination from participation. Implications for theory, practice, and research, and recommendations for future research were drawn.Item Organisational Culture, Organisational Commitment, Job Satisfaction and Turnover Intention: The Case of Ethiopian Ministry of Revenues(Addis Ababa University, 2023-06) Endalkachew Shibre; Mitiku Hambisa (PhD)The main purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship among organizational culture, organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and turnover intention. Questionnaire and interview were used to gather information from a random sample of 293 (178 Male and 115 Female) professional employees of the Ministry of Revenues at Federal level. Correlational and regression analysis were used to analyse the quantitative data and narrative analysis was used to analyse the data gathered through interview. Statistically significant relation were found among organizational culture, organizational commitment, job satisfaction and turnover intention (p<.01). Only 7% of the variation in the turnover intention of employees was found to be explained by the culture in the Ministry of Revenues, the commitment of the employees and job satisfaction. No enough evidence was found to support a statistically significant difference in intention to quit with respect to the demographic variables. It was concluded that organizational culture, organizational commitment, and job satisfaction were strongly related variables that play roles in explaining turnover intention of employees.Item Challenges of Ethiopian male migrant returnees from the kingdom of Saudi Arabia: the case of Gurd Shola Transition center, Addis Ababa(Addis Ababa University, 2023-06-01) Fana Baysa Kassa; Seleshi Zeleke (PhD)The purpose of this study was to investigate the challenges of Ethiopian male migrant returnees from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia who were temporarily placed at Gurd Shola Transition center, in Addis Ababa. A descriptive cross-sectional design was used in this study. Participants were identified using purposive sampling. 159 migrant returnees were chosen to participate in the study. They provided data for the study through a questionnaire which was administered and recorded by data collectors. The data were analyzed mainly using descriptive statistics. The findings indicated that most participants had experienced challenging living conditions both in Ethiopia and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. In particular, physical and psychological problems were major challenges of the migrant returnees in both work and prison environments. One may conclude from the findings that the migrant returnees faced different challenges starting from the time they initiated the migration process, during the time they were working in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, during their stay in the prison in Saudi Arabia, and after their return to their home country. Implications of the findings for the migrant returnees’ reintegration and the need for sound reintegration program that especially includes job opportunities are drawn. Keyword: Migration, saudialization, returnee migrant, reintegrationItem An Assessment of the Practice of Theatre For Development In Ethiopia and Its Role in Educating the Public: Case of A Show in Debre Markos Secondary School(Addis Ababa University, 2009-06) Samuel, Zekarias; Tebeje, Wegayehu (Prof)This is a study on the practices of Theatre for Development (TfD) and its role in educating the public with a special focus on its delivery in Debre Markos Secondary School. The main purpose of this study was to assess the historical development and practice of TfD in Ethiopia; its role, its use and acceptance on the target group of Debre Markos Secondary School grade 10 students. The total students of grade 10, 1170 (600 females and 570 males), were taken as a case study, since the TfD was shown only for them. The sample size of the study were 10%, 117 (60 female and 57 male) students through purposive sampling method. Questionnaire, focus group discussion (FGD) and interview were employed to collect the data. Moreover, secondary data were also collected mainly from books, journals, magazines and internet websites so as to strengthen the study. The data obtained were analyzed using both qualitative and quantitative methods. After analyzing the data, the result of the study revealed that, most of the respondents did not have awareness about TfD, most of them liked the TfD since it gave them two-way communication. As most respondents responded, TfD is an appro•p r ia te m e di u m i n o r de r t o e du c a te and create awareness to the public an&. it. i-,!. ql-!o Gp<;8pted its use, by the public because of it;>: ei:tiri;~m po/.!iItem Teacher Behavior, and Students' Self-Determination, Academic Intrinsic Motivation and Academic Achievement in Gondar Town Elementary Schools: A Path Analysis(Addis Ababa University, 2004-06) Nigatie, Workneh; Andualem, TamrieTo examine the extent and the process model relationships oj teacher behavior, and students' self-determination, academic intrinsic motivation and academic achievement in Gondar town elementary schools, a study was conducted in a sample oj 332 purposefully selected grade 4 students oj a randomly selected 5 schools. Three kinds oj questionnaires, which Jocused on teacher behavior, and students' selfdetermination and academic intrinsic motivation, and an achievement test containing Jour academic subjects oj grade 4 first semester portions were administered. The reliability oj the instruments were computed and Jound to be ranging Jrom .63 to .78 Jar teacher behavior subscales, .61 to .67 Jor self-determination subscales, .63 to .79 Jar academic intrinsic motivation subscales, and. 66 to .82 Jor academic achievement tests. The mean results revealed that teacher behavior and students' selfdetermination were below half, and that oj students' academic intrinsic motivation and academic achievement were a little above half Among the components oj th.ose variables, teacher autonomy support, and students' autonomy need, intrinsic motivation Jor English, and academic achievement Jor maths and English were below half The path analysis results indicated that teacher behavior has a significant mediated effect on students' academic intrinsic motivation via students' selfdetermination besides its direct effect on the same outcome variable. Teacher behavior with its components was significantly related to students' self-determination and it in turn with its components was significantly related to students' academic intrinsic motivation. However, students' self-determination and academic intrinsic motivation were not significantly related to their academic achievement. Similarly, the corresponding components oj academic intrinsic motivation and academic achievement were not significantly related. Discussions and conclusions are made on the basis oj these results. Finally, some recommendations are indicated Jor possible interventions and further studyItem Factors Affecting Females Education Participation and Academic Performance in Second Cycle Primary and Secondary Schools of Gambela Region(Addis Ababa University, 2009-07) Asrat, Wondemeneh; Pandey, Manishaa(Prof)The purpose of this study was to examine factors that affect participation and academic pelformance of female students in secondwy school of Gambela region. Factors which were believed to affect the participation and academic pelformance of female students are in school and out school relatedfactors such as: teacher related, school facilities and services related, students related, parent related, distance and guidance and counseling relatedfactors Were stated and treated in accordance with objective of the study. Descriptive survey design was employed for this study. Data relevant to the study were collected through questionnaire, interview and document analysis. Then the collected data were analyzed by using percentage, mean and t-test. Besides, Chi-square test was employed to examine the degree of conformity between teachers and female students' respondents to the problem raised. The finding regarding participation of female students revealed that even though there is a change ji-om year to year the problem exists. Concerning the achievement, female students have lower academic pelformance relative to males in the region. This is a function of different factors related to school and out of school factors. Therefore, suggestion such as the provision of gender sensitive training program to students, instructors as well as for all the member of the societies, strengthening the pelformance offemale students at primary, secondary and tertiary level to widen the pool of the level through possible interventions, in addition organizing the gender commitfee and opening female affairs office facilitate forums for discussion and assertiveness training to help female students to build self confidence and among the recommendations forwardedItem Comparative Analysis of Farmers’ Participation in Indigenous and Modern Soil and Water Conservation Practices in Raya- Alamata and Atsbi-Womberta Woredas, Tigray, Northern Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2017-06) Tadele, Kibrom; Aberra, Yohannes (PhD)In Ethiopia, public campaign on SWC practices has long history but still a day now, adopting of the new SWC technique has presented difficulty to implement at local level. This is why the thesis has dealt with problem of what make them farmers of the study areas getting confusion to participate in what kind of soil and water conservation practices. To obtain the intended objectives of the study; mixed approach i.e. the research was used both deductive and inductive approach to answer the research questions. These approaches are the broad division of comparative research design. The data for this study was collected from both primary and secondary sources. The primary data generated from 150-sample household survey from two sample kebeles as well as from the focus group discussion and interview. The questionnaire was translated from English into the local language (Tigrigna). Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were conducted to analyze the data. Binary logistic regression model had used for the strength of relationship between independent and dependent variables. The finding revealed that terracing (stone bund), ‘Gedeba,’ ‘Armo’ and ‘deret’ wrere the most indigenous SWC practices in AtsbiWomberta woreda; Whereas dendes, Dugay (soil bunds) and traditional waterway diversions were the two main traditional soil and water conservation practices in Raya Alamat woreda. The findings of regression estimation result on farmers’ possibility for participating in integrated SWC Practices in Atsbi Womberta Woreda, sex of respondents (P=0.003xxx), farming experience that have above 70 years old, (P=0.065x), livestock holding size(P=0.088x ), access to information from neighbor (P=0.016xx ) and access to information from parents (P=0.006xxx) were determinant variables. In Raya Alamata Woreda, farmers’ possibility for participating in integrated SWC practices, livestock holding size (P=0.096x), access to information from neighbors (P=0.034xx) and access to information from parents (P=0.004xxx) were determinant variables. Inconsiderable implementation of new technologies to need of agricultural growth was the most cause in the gradually decline of the indigenous soil and water conservation practices. Finally, farmers need to integrate indigenous SWC practices but due to low attention of their indigenous practices by development agents, they disobey to accept the new practice. Key words: Indigenous Soil and water conservation practices, modern soil and water conservation practices, farmers’ participation, integrated soil and water conservation practices, determinant factorsItem Students' Future Time Orientation as A Function of School Performance and Home Environment in Central Ethiopia: Instrument Development and Validation(Addis Ababa University, 1993-06) Shanko, Desalegne; Wondimu, Habtamu (PhD)Sixty nine statements from different spheres of life, reflecting students' future time orientation (FrO) were locally prepared, and administered to 500 grade 10 and 11 students from central Ethiopia. Item analyses through principal component analysis and item-test correlation yielded 51 items and 16 FrO factors with varimax rotation. The relationship between FrO scale versus students' achievement, sex, dwelling, socio-economic status (SES), parents' level of education and perceived intrinsic instrumentality (PI) was investigated. Employing stepwise regression and X2 analyses a significant effect was found due to achievement and PI. Separate as well as combined effects of the rest of variables were not significant. Consequently, the scale can profitably be used for assessing strength of motivation. Inspite of the developmental stage of adolescence that enables them to assert the future events realistically, the present findings were interpreted with respect to 'heuristic-bias' (Manger & Tiegen, 1988) that might have occured. Further research directions particularly, for selecting significant variables associated with FTO have been proposedItem The Practices of Curriculum Development, Implementation and Evaluation in Ethiopian Defense Training Main Department(Addis Ababa University, 2012-06) Fekade, Awgichew; Jebessa, Firdissa (PhD)The purpose of this study is to assess the practices of curriculum development and implementation in Ethiopian Defense Training Main Department. In order to meet the objectives of the study, a descriptive survey design was employed. The data was collected using questionnaires, focus group discussion, interview guide questions and document analysis. The data were collected from 86 instructors and deans, who were selected by using availability sampling and 125 students who were randomly selected. The questionnaires were piloted and checked for their reliability. The data obtained through the questionnaires were described and analyzed using frequency, percentages, mean, standard deviations, t-tests, and chi-square. The information obtained through open-ended questionnaires, and the interview was qualitatively analyzed to supplement the quantitative data . The findings of the study show that there was a problem of giving attentions for the stakeholders' roles and importance of participation throughout the curriculum development process. Th~ study revealed that shortage of qualified teaching staff compare with absence of specialization and experience academic staffs in terms of number and quality, were limiting the curriculum implementation and negatively influenced the quality of the output. The study further investigated that, poor in-service training before implementation of the new curriculum, unavailability of curriculum development and research center, shortage of instructional materials, lack of student's background knowledge, poor evaluation and feedback practice, poor student admission criteria, inappropriateness of the teaching methods, resistance to change, and teacher's teaching loads were substantially inhibited the implementation practices of the curriculum. Therefore, it is recommended that during curriculum development and implementation process the TMD should give attention to involve the entire Defense stakeholders, develop and upgrade the instructors, establish the research center, organize reference materials and set up clear and specific curriculum development implementation guidelinesItem Relationships of Gender and Mathematics Self-efficacy to Mathematics Achievement Among Grades 5 and 9 Students(Addis Ababa University, 2006-06) Wubalem, Asefa; Wole, Darge (Prof)The study was conducted among 156 grade 5 students (78 girls and 78 boys) and 157 grade 9 students (77 girls and 80 boys) of the schools of Debre Birhan town. The main objective of the study was to examine the relationships of previous math experience, specific math self-efficacy, general math self-efficacYi and subsequent math achievement among students of grades 5 and 9. The major statistics used to achieve this end were chisquare, multiple linear regression and t-test. One of the principal findings gave a hint that goes with Bandura's (1977) contention that previous experience is the most influential source of self-efficacy development. At both grade levels, task specific math self-efficacy predicted subsequent math achievement well. Besides, previous math experience made weak but significant contribution in predicting subsequent math achievement among 9th graders, but not among 5th graders. However, sex and general math selfefficacy measures did not predict subsequent math achievement in either grade. Moreover, grade 5 students were found more confident than 9th graders. The mean scores of boys and girls on all of the four variables were comparable among 51h graders. Boys and girls of grade 9 produced similar scores in previous math experience, specific math self-efficacy, and general math self-efficacy, but boys surpassed girls in subsequent math achievement. The gender gap observed in math achievement at high school level is a phenomenon repeatedly reported in many studies. Thus, high school teachers should do whatever they can to promote females' math achievement so as to develop self-efficacy in mathItem Assesment of Practices, Problems and Prospects of Counselling Services in Some Selected Secondary Schools of Addis Ababa(Addis Ababa University, 2004-06) Bulti, Amare; Orner, Yusuf (PhD)The purpose of this study is to assess practices, problems and prospects of counselling services in some selected secondary schools of Addis Ababa. The data were collected through questionnaires, interviews and focus group discussion. 553 students, 154 teachers, 13 directors, 21 counsellors and 78 focus group discussion members were involved in the study. Various statistical techniques both qualitative and quantitative such as Cronbach Alpha Reliability Coefficient, Percentage, Standard deviation, Mean, Coefficient of variation and Chi square test were used to analyse the data. The outcome of the data analysis revealed that there are problems in counselling activities (practices) and in the actual counselling facilities. For instance, there are no professional counselling centres to refer students who have difficult problems for better treatment. The counsellors lacked reference materials on counselling in their school libraries. Moreover, the findings show that there are a lot of practical activities carried out by the school counsellors in the secondary schools. Detailed problems and prospects related to counselling services were also identified. Finally, both short term and long term major recommendations are presented in order to improve the counselling services in the secondary schools of Addis AbabaItem Child Rights Violations and the Impact on Academic Performance: The Case Of Gambella Primary Second Cycle School Girls(Addis Ababa University, 2004-06) Getaneh, Alemayehu; Mulugeta, Emebet (PhD)771i study il1\ estigated the extelll to which girls' rights are violated or neglected, and examilled its fllllctiollal impact on their academic performance. A 101al of 196 respondents and 2-1 discussallts aged between 15 and 18 were involved A questionnaire, foclls group discussion, and school records were used to gather data. Percentage, al'erage (meall), t-test and Omega Squared (0/) were used for analysis. The reslllt of the stlldy show that girl ' rights are violated both at home and school environment. As a r '5111t, a nllmber offemale students do not benefit from the prol'ision C?i del elopmelll and safeguard rights. 111 extrellle cases, there has beell a difference amollg female studellfs III the protection (?f their rights. Stati tically significant difference is observed between the mean academic performances of female students whose rights are relatively protected alld those whose rights are violated Moreover protection difference in developmelll rights and afeg7lard rights as treated separately also show some variation among female students in their academic performance. It is also ob erved that development rights, together with safeguard rights have profound impact 011 their academic performance. Fil1ally, it is concluded that girls' rights violatiol1s are some of the main contributingfactors to their law academic performanceItem Assessment Literacy Among Teachers of Technical and Vocational Education Training (Tvet) Centers in Region-6(Addis Ababa University, 2005-06) Kelemu, Abera; Sa, Bidyadhar (PhD)The main purpose of the study was to examine teachers' training background, their perception on their training back ground they had in assessment of students' learning, the competence level of teachers in the seven standards of assessment, and teachers' perceptions about their abilities in the seven competence standards of assessment. Beside, the relationship among their background, perception and level of knowledge were investigated. To serve the purpose of the study 41 teachers available in the TVET centers of Region-6 form the sample of the study. To gather data from the selected sample teachers' assessment literacy questionnaire was administered. To analyze the collected data, percentage, t-test, ANOVA and Pearson product moment correlation were used. The results indicated that most teachers have taken less than one course on measurement and evaluation during their college training and they believe their training was inadequate. Most of them have no in-service training and they showed low level of performance in the assessment competency test and a large majority rated their abilities as "very good" in some assessment skills. It was also found that experienced teachers and teachers who have taken measurement and evaluation course during their college showed better overall performance than teachers who lack experience and who haven't measurement and evaluation course during their college education. However, a significant difference is not observed between teachers who believed their college training is adequate and those teachers who believed their college training to be inadequate. Based on these findings conclusion and suggestion have been drawn