Department of Sport Science and Physical Education
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Item Effects of Endurance, Strength, and Speed Training Modalities on Physiological, Haematological and Performance Determinants Influencing Elite Ethiopian Middle and Long-Distance Athletes(Addis ababa Universty, 2026-05-10) Nigatu Worku; Aschenaki TaddesseMiddle- and long-distance running performance is influenced by a complex interplay of aerobic and anaerobic determinants, haematological and physiological factors, anthropometric characteristics, diet, genetics, and various training modalities. While the efficacy of endurance, strength, and speed training modalities has been widely studied, their effects on haematological and physiological determinants in the context of Ethiopian middle- and long-distance athletes remain underexplored. This study aimed to investigate the impact of endurance, strength, and speed training modalities on physiological and haematological determinants of performance among elite Ethiopian athletes. A quasi-experimental design was employed, involving 20 elite middle- and long-distance athletes from the Ethiopian Adidas team. The athletes underwent 6-week blocks of endurance, strength, and speed training interventions, with pre- and post-tests conducted to assess changes in selected physiological (VO2 max, resting heart rate, energy expenditure) and haematological (hemoglobin, hematocrit, RBC, WBC) determinants. Performance was evaluated through event-specific time trials, 400-meter sprint tests, and indirect VO2 max tests. Haematological assessments were conducted using complete blood chemistry laboratory tests. This thesis, structured as an article-compilation, presents four distinct studies. Each Study details the specific adaptations in physiological, haematological, and performance measures resulting from the respective training modality. The first study examines the effects of the endurance training intervention on key physiological and haematological determinants of performance. The second study investigates the effects of the strength training block. The third study analyzes speed training and, the final study examine the combined effects of these training interventions on physiological, haematological and performance determinants among elite Ethiopian athletes. The final chapter synthesizes the combined effects of these training interventions, draws overall conclusions, and offers practical recommendations for coaches and athletes, as well as directions for future research. Endurance training increased VO2 max (+6.20 ml/kg/min, p<0.001), reduced resting heart rate (-3.80 bpm, p<0.001), elevated haemoglobin (+0.5 g/dL, p<0.05) and hematocrit (+4.35%, p<0.001), and improved 5000m time (-18 s, p<0.01). Strength training enhanced 400m speed (-1.21 s, p<0.001), running economy (-4.2% oxygen cost, p<0.01), and 5000m time (-6 s, p<0.05). Speed training improved 400m performance (-1.0 s, p<0.001), anaerobic capacity (+8.7%, p<0.01), VO2 max (+0.7 ml/kg/min, p<0.05), and enhanced 5000m time (-9 s, p<0.01). The illustrative findings across the four studies suggest that each training modality elicits unique and significant benefits. Endurance training enhanced VO2 max and haematological markers. Strength training improved running economy and muscular power without compromising aerobic or haematological status. Speed training boosted anaerobic capacity, 400m performance, and also contributed to VO2 max improvements. Collectively, these results indicate that a periodized and integrated approach, incorporating all three training modalities, is optimal for enhancing the performance of elite Ethiopian middle- and long-distance runners. Middle- and long-distance running performance is influenced by a complex interplay of aerobic and anaerobic determinants, haematological and physiological factors, anthropometric characteristics, diet, genetics, and various training modalities. While the efficacy of endurance, strength, and speed training modalities has been widely studied, their effects on haematological and physiological determinants in the context of Ethiopian middle- and long-distance athletes remain underexplored. This study aimed to investigate the impact of endurance, strength, and speed training modalities on physiological and haematological determinants of performance among elite Ethiopian athletes. A quasi-experimental design was employed, involving 20 elite middle- and long-distance athletes from the Ethiopian Adidas team. The athletes underwent 6-week blocks of endurance, strength, and speed training interventions, with pre- and post-tests conducted to assess changes in selected physiological (VO2 max, resting heart rate, energy expenditure) and haematological (hemoglobin, hematocrit, RBC, WBC) determinants. Performance was evaluated through event-specific time trials, 400-meter sprint tests, and indirect VO2 max tests. Haematological assessments were conducted using complete blood chemistry laboratory tests. This thesis, structured as an article-compilation, presents four distinct studies. Each Study details the specific adaptations in physiological, haematological, and performance measures resulting from the respective training modality. The first study examines the effects of the endurance training intervention on key physiological and haematological determinants of performance. The second study investigates the effects of the strength training block. The third study analyzes speed training and, the final study examine the combined effects of these training interventions on physiological, haematological and performance determinants among elite Ethiopian athletes. The final chapter synthesizes the combined effects of these training interventions, draws overall conclusions, and offers practical recommendations for coaches and athletes, as well as directions for future research. Endurance training increased VO2 max (+6.20 ml/kg/min, p<0.001), reduced resting heart rate (-3.80 bpm, p<0.001), elevated haemoglobin (+0.5 g/dL, p<0.05) and hematocrit (+4.35%, p<0.001), and improved 5000m time (-18 s, p<0.01). Strength training enhanced 400m speed (-1.21 s, p<0.001), running economy (-4.2% oxygen cost, p<0.01), and 5000m time (-6 s, p<0.05). Speed training improved 400m performance (-1.0 s, p<0.001), anaerobic capacity (+8.7%, p<0.01), VO2 max (+0.7 ml/kg/min, p<0.05), and enhanced 5000m time (-9 s, p<0.01). The illustrative findings across the four studies suggest that each training modality elicits unique and significant benefits. Endurance training enhanced VO2 max and haematological markers. Strength training improved running economy and muscular power without compromising aerobic or haematological status. Speed training boosted anaerobic capacity, 400m performance, and also contributed to VO2 max improvements. Collectively, these results indicate that a periodized and integrated approach, incorporating all three training modalities, is optimal for enhancing the performance of elite Ethiopian middle- and long-distance runners.Item Roles, Contributions and Managerial Skills of Athlete Managers in Ethiopian Athletics(Addis ababa Universty, 2025-03-20) Bereket Yitbarek; Aschenaki TaddeseMiddle- and long-distance running is the most popular athletics event in Ethiopia, participated in both sexes in search of glory, recognition, and/or financial security. Athletes engage in the training tirelessly with enthusiasm, and their success was determined by the different stakeholders; however, athlete management protocols play a significant role. To this end, the study attempts to examine the roles, contributions, and managerial skills of athletes` managers by using a concurrent mixed-methods research design. Both quantitative and qualitative data were gathered by using a 5-point Likert scale questionnaire and a semi-structured questionnaire. SPSS version 27 was used to analyze quantitative data, and the qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis. The samples for the study were 248 elite athletes, 16 coaches, eight athlete managers/agents, and two experts from the Ethiopian Athletic Federation. The study was conducted in the capital city, Addis Ababa, where the majority of participants reside. The response rate for the questionnaire was 84.6%. Majority of the respondents were male athlete (n=151, 60.9 %); and in terms of their running discipline, majority of them were long-distance runners (n=171, 69%). On the other hand, all of the coach respondents were male. Factor analysis was carried out for roles, contributions, managerial skills, and developmental aspects; accordingly, each factor was treated as a subtheme. Accordingly, roles played by athlete managers can come in the form of training-related, competition-related, or off-field roles; and they provide logistic, technical, and social support to athletes under their supervisor. With regard to the managerial skills, an athlete manager possesses conceptual, technical, and human/interpersonal skill. On the other hand, the developmental aspects of the Ethiopian athletics focus on elite, youth, coach, and training center development. To better understand the descriptive analysis frequency and percentage were used to analyze the responses from the questionnaire. In relation to the inferential statistics, non-parametric tests were used since the data fails the normality test; Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests show a non-normal distribution (K-S, p<0.05); accordingly, Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis H tests were employed to assess the group difference. The findings reveal that roles related to training and competitions were emphasized over off-field roles. The logistic and technical supports were favoured at the expense of contribution to the social support. Athlete managers were found to possess better conceptual skills resulted from their prior exposure as an athlete and/or coach while their human and technical skills require a remedy. Athlete managers highly emphasize on working with elite athlete via hunting what is on the market. Besides, poor linkage was observed among training centers, clubs and athlete representatives (athlete managers). Therefore, the Ethiopian Athlete Federation should play its mandating role in insisting athlete managers to address the roles, contributions and managerial skills in a balanced manner.Item Effects of Peer Teaching in Football Concepts of Physical Education on the Social Development of Secondary School Students: The Case of Sebeta Secondary School, Oromia Regional State(Addis Ababa University, 2025-07-01) Dessalegn Bizuneh; Woldie BelachewEnhancing students' social skills is a central aspect of physical education. Peer teaching has emerged as a promising strategy to foster collaborative learning and interpersonal development, particularly in the context of football instruction. This study investigated the impact of peer teaching on the social development of secondary school students learning football. A total of 104 students encompassing an experimental group (n = 52), which engaged in peer teaching, and a control group (n = 52), which received no intervention participated in the study. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire comprising 36 Likert-scale items. An Independent Samples Test was employed to analyze differences in social development scores between the two groups. Results revealed a statistically significant improvement in the experimental group’s social development scores. Students exposed to peer teaching demonstrated notable gains in selfawareness, self-management, decision-making confidence, social awareness, and relationship skills which are subscales of social development. These findings suggest that integrating peer teaching into football instruction can effectively promote key social competencies. The study underscores the value of peer teaching as impactful pedagogical approach within physical educationItem Effect of Regular Exercise on Selected Skill Related Physical Fitness Components of Female’s Students in Abyssinia Secondary School of Addis Ababa Addis Ketema sub city(Addia Ababa University, 2025-09-01) TAMRAT YOSEF; Woldie BelachewThis study was conducted to investigate the Effects of regular exercise on selected skill related physical fitness components of female students at Abyssinia secondary school, located in Addis Ababa City Administration at Addis Ketema Sub City. To conduct this study the researcher used quasi-experimental research design. Purposive sampling method was used to select 30 female students from grade 9th female students. The respondents were used simple random sampling to classify into two groups as 15 students control and 15 students experimental group. Exercise programs of regular exercises were performed in a form of training for the experimental group under this study for three consecutive months. The activity was given with the frequency of 3 days per week for 3 months and the duration was 40 minutes per session. The skill-related physical fitness variables selected for the study were: agility (Illinois Agility test), speed (30m Sprint run) and power (Broad jump). A mixed-methods study was used to investigate female students' change in skill related fitness components. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, paired-sample t-test, and independent sample t-test. SPSS was used to analyses quantitative data. The level of significance chosen was 0.05. In addition, qualitative data were gathered from selected experimental group female students using semi-structured interview items and analyzed. The result revealed that there was a significant difference between the Illinois agility test mean scores of EG and CG female Students. Also, there was a significant difference between 30m Sprint test mean scores of EG and CG female Students. Besides, there was a significant difference between Broad jump test mean scores of EG and CG female Students. Experimental group female students provided favorable opinion regarding 12 week regular exercise in improving agility, speed and power. Based on the finding of the study summary, conclusions and recommendations were madeItem Cardiovascular Function and Biochemical Biomarkers Response to Concurrent Training: Effect of Exercise Sequence on Type 2 Diabetic Patients(Addis Ababa University, 2026-05-01) Friew Amare; Alemmebrat K.Background: For people with type 2 diabetes, concurrent aerobic and resistance training is recommended because of its benefits for lipid profiles, cardiovascular health, and glucose control; however, the optimal exercise regimen remains unknown. This study examined the effects on metabolic and cardiovascular outcomes in persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) of two concurrent training sequences: aerobic exercise followed by resistance exercise and resistance exercise followed by aerobic exercise. Methods: 39 people with type 2 diabetes were randomized into three groups for a 12-week parallel-group, randomized controlled trial: aerobic-resistance training (CART), resistance-aerobic training (CRAT), or a control group (COG). Anthropometric indices were secondary outcomes, while glycemic control, lipid profile, and cardiovascular function were primary outcome measures. After adjusting for average daily calorie intake, a repeated-measures ANCOVA was used. Results: The findings indicated that both CART and CRAT produced significant improvements in glycemic control, lipid profile, and cardiovascular function compared with the control group (p < .05). Significant between-group differences were identified in HbA1c, HOMA-IR, fasting blood sugar, glucose tolerance, LDL, triglycerides, total cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, resting heart rate, oxygen saturation, and VO₂ peak, with moderate-to-large effect sizes (η² = .258-.699). However, only HbA1c (MD = 0.29%, 95% CI: 0.11–0.70, p = .041) and HOMA-IR (MD = 0.30, 95% CI: 0.04–0.57, p = .022) demonstrated significant differences between the CART and CRAT groups, favoring CRAT, whereas CART showed relatively greater improvements in resting heart rate, body mass index and VO₂ peak. Conclusions: In individuals with type 2 diabetes, both CART and CRAT improved glycemic control, insulin resistance, lipid profile, and cardiovascular function. CRAT showed relatively greater improvements in HbA1c and HOMA-IR, whereas CART demonstrated better improvements in body mass index, maximum oxygen saturation, and resting heart rate. Overall, both concurrent training sequences were beneficial, with only minor outcome-specific differences between exercise ordersItem A Study on the Status of Public Primary School Physical Plants in Addis Ababa(Addis Ababa University, 1999-05) Tamirat Bekele; Ayalew ShibeshiBe purpose of the study was to make a survey on the current status of public primary .cbools in the city of Addis Ababa. Ute needed data was obtained by means of questionnaires distributed to 30 school \U1cipa!s, 28 members of school administrative committees, and 210 teachers working in Upublic primary schools randomly selected from five study "Zones" of the city. it data was analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. Accordingly the !leiI.fch revea led the following results. fit of public school physical plants were found to be inadequate to implement various ~cl programmes because they were not primarily designed for educational purposes, ~~yen those which were designed for educational purposes were built without overall gS,S/S\Ilents and appropriate design. lnaddition, more than half of the public schools did t; ~~e legally acceptable school map and plan. 0 0 Ir1 -t::bcs\udy, school principals and teachers showed much .similar perception with regard 'VlIating the adequacy and comfortability of school plants than members of school to e jJT;.trative committees. a~ 1 -c thool physical plants were not located according to their functional relationships pub "J o \tes comfortable for teaching-learning processes. Hence, the school compounds, and 0 cl&stoOms, staff-rooms and offices were not convenient for teaching-Ieaming tb e seland administrative activities. Almost all public school physical plants were by (oceS P 1 ~the standard set by the MOE. fi:l(be 0 . scl\)ols lack the necessary repair and maintenance, for the reason that the public onsibiliy was left to school administrative committeeS-Almost all of the respondents resP. d Jltither the ed ucatI.O na I 0 ffiI ces nor t he surroun dm' g commuru.t y m. vo Iv ed m. . dlcate Ill . d llIlintenance of public schools. repaIr an Most of these schools did not have educational facilities like libraries, laboratories, space and facilities for subjects that require practical activities. The mam financial sources for public schools were found to be school fees. The participation of school committees, parents, the surrounding community in the affairs of public school physical plants was insignificant. There are no clear-cut policy statements and general guidelines about the organization and administration of public schools. If these problems are to be met forth rightly and directly, then careful planning and study are necessary. If successful solutions with successful answers are to be arrived at, cooperative action is desired between professional educational staff, the board of education, other community agencies and all citizens of the community.Item Assessment of Cervical Cancer Patients of Psycho-Social Support: A case study of Black Lion Specialized Teaching Hospital(Addis Ababa University, 2019-06) Yenewid Gebeyehu; Moges AyeleThis research is about the Assessment of Cervical Cancer Patients Psycho-Social Support in the cases of Black Lion Specialized Teaching Hospital. Specifically, this research is done in order to identify the psychological challenges of cervical cancer patients, to assess psy, and to identify how patients treat themselves for cervical cancer. In order to achieve the above objectives this study used primary data which was collected through questionnaires and interview. The data collected from the sample were analyzed and interpreted by descriptive data analysis technique. The results of this study indicated that psycho-social support given to that cervical cancer patient was poor and there is a lack of psycho-social support for cervical cancer patients .. In addition to that the result indicated that, the existence of poor utilization of services was due to poor practice and lack of knowledge and information. Finally, the researcher recommended that there should be broad promotion to cervical cancer screening among women by informing them on their susceptibility and encouraging regular screening in order to detect cervical cancer at the pre-cancerous stage. Key words: Cervical Cancer, Counseling Psycho-Social support services, Palliative care:Item Students’ Performance in Physical Education: The Case of Football Techniques at Western Wollega Nejo Secondary School(Addis Ababa University, 2016-08) Loko AsefaThe main purpose of the study was to identify the root cause factors for the students’ low technique performance in football at Nejo secondary school and tried to propose effective way of minimizing the problem. Accordingly; it was designed in quasi-experimental research design. In order to assess the overall condition of school for teaching-learning process of football techniques as well as PE, data was gathered through observation, open-ended questions and technique test. The data from observation by the researcher and the response toward the questionnaires suggests that there was no suitable teaching learning environment for football as well as for PE in the school. In addition, data collected from fifty experimental groups of students via technique test in passing, dribbling and receiving as pre-test performance result. Then, practicing program was designed for the students in the manner of participatory and initiative way. The students engaged in the program for three months. After accomplishment, students’ technique performance measured as post-test performance result. The comparison of pre and post-test results shows that, the students’ technique performance was improved during post-test result as their pre-test mean value is 4.4, 3.56 and 5.44 for passing, dribbling and receiving respectively. Whereas,6.9,6.28 and 7.24 during post-test. Finally, based on findings from data interrelation, data analysis and conclusion was drawn. The recommendations given by the researcher were- Time allocation and class size should be suited for PE, effective methods and strategies should be applied by PE teachers, all concerning bodies should participate in creating appropriate teaching-learning environment for PE, foundation of students’ football club and competition program in the school. Key words : Football, Practice, Passing, Dribbling, Receiving, TechniqueItem The practice of youth male handball project and its impact on today's club participation in the case of Addis Ababa city administration(Addis Ababa University, 2011-06) Solomon Zewdu; Mebratu BelayThe purpose of the study was to asses the practice of Ethiopian 1998 male handball project on the selected 6 six high school of Addis Ababa and its impact on today's Ethiopian club participation. There by investigate how the current practice and implication of the project using A descriptive survey method employed to reveal the present situation of practicing in Addis Ababa and the impact of its challenges on today's club participation sources on the bases of availability sampling for this an extended review of the literature was taken to discuss the different principles and theories of practice and application of projects on the whole world wide and specifically youth handball and other sport projects practiced on the world and Ethiopian context. The subjects of the study were 75 from those 18 of them are federal and regional sport education bureau officers 30 of them are male trainees of the previous six school projects. And 21 of them are to day's player of the three Ethiopian national clubs with their instructor and assistant coaches and six of them are selected from the previous amateur technical committee and current supervisor's .to this effect the respondent sampling varied out through probability sampling techniques to test the basic questions. Finally ,the study has summarized what has already been said and conclusion were drawn from the fmdings. Based on the fmdings commendable recommendations were forwarded which the researcher has assumed valuable and up to the capacity of Ethiopian sport authority and policy makerItem Effects of Circuit Training Program on Physical Fitness Among Female Students: Alibo High School Horo Guduru Wollega Zone (Oromia Region)(Addis Ababa University, 2016-11) Kassahun Aga; Alemu,-Mekbib-2016_ETDThis study attempted to explore effects of circuit training program on selected physical fitness variables of female students. Purposive sampling technique was used to select 24 novice female students on intervention and comparison group aged15 to 16 years from grade 9 students. The main objective of the study was to investigate the effect of circuit training program on selected physical fitness variables of Alibo high School female students Horo Guduru Wollega Zone in Oromia Regional state. Those subjects under this study took part in experimental design pre and post test on both group from October 1/02/2015 to December 30/04/ 2016, 2 days per week for 3 months and 40 minutes prerecession. The physical fitness variables selected for the study were: cardio respiratory endurance (1.6 km run in minutes), muscular endurance (sit-ups reps/60 seconds), muscular strength (modified push-ups reps/30 seconds), power (standing long jump in meter) and agility (4x10 m shuttle run in seconds).Data were analyzed by using SPSS paired samples t- test with pair wise comparison of means at 95% confidence interval. The results indicated that there were significantly improvements in performance on selected physical fitness variables due to the effects of circuit training with active rest (p < 0.05).This study confirmed that circuit training with active rest was significant to improve the physical fitness variables. The main finding of the study was novice female students have discovered positive outcomes towards physical fitness variables. The study also illustrates that health and fitness level of participants can be improved as a result of circuit training program. Key words: circuit training on: cardio respiratory endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, power and agility