Environmental and Development Studies

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Assessment of E-Marketing Practices of Star- Rated Hotels in Addis Ababa
(Addis Ababa University, 2022-07) Seid Ali; Shiferaw Muleta (PhD)
This research was aimed to Assessments of E-marketing Practice of Star- Rated Hotels in Addis Ababa. However, the existing empirical evidence in contrast with more settled theoretical evidence show the mixed result that the study got. The study employed a mixed-approach & descriptive design to answer the questions and achieve the research objectives. The information was obtained from sample respondents through questionnaires. As the sampling technique was implemented the study used two stage cluster sampling. The quantitative data were analyzed using frequency, percentage and tabulation by using SPSS 26 version. And hotels conduct e-marketing in a way of creating a web site. The Lack of privacy is challenging in practicing E-marketing. In addition there is insecurity (information abuse) as the challenge. Regarding to prospects even though there is government IT and E‐Commerce Policy, Laws, Rules and Support are in place. Meanwhile, IT and Telecommunication Infrastructure Costs are not affordable. In addition there is no general IT Knowledge and Culture in star rated hotel Community (including customers). Moreover, there is unavailability of resources and environmental opportunity. So, the study finally proposed are commendation it is better for the hotel industry to snatch out opportunity rather than seeking for it to minimize the adverse effect in absence of prospects for e-marketing. Finally the overall finding summary conclusion and recommendation indicated that the Ethiopia E-marketing system, works and implementation in the case of the starrated hotels still lack advanced, quality, various options to meet the desired goals of international hotel standards and satisfying its customer.
Assessment of Conference Tourism Development in Addis Ababa: Current Practices, Challenges and Opportunities
(Addis Ababa University, 2023-10) Seid Mohammed; Ephrem Assefa (PhD)
The main objective of this research was to assess the current practices, challenges and opportunities of conference tourism development in Addis Ababa. The researcher used descriptive design to answer the objective of the research and used both primary and secondary data. Respondents a r e c o m p o s e d of 150 conference participants (meet them in star rated hotels conference centers or meeting halls. They have done the questionnaire during the coffee break on individuals hotels which are randomly selected, 14 event organizers and conference planners who are working in those hotels, 3 concerned government offices are ECB,AAACTB,AAICEC and one tourism professional which are purposively selected to get reliable and convenient data for the research purpose. Survey data was processed using SPSS version 26 and analyzed via descriptive statistics. The results of the study indicated that conference tourism sector in Ethiopia i s in a very young stage. Though Ethiopia has huge potential in attracting and organizing regional, continental, and global conferences, the sector is still struggling with many challenges. The lack of pre and post (both in the past and current) entertainment activities for conference participants, as a person worked long years in the industry and based on my observation conference centers are not well equipped with facilities, language/communication barriers, lack of cooperation among stakeholders, absence of policy package, lack of well-designed conference infrastructure, absence of one window service for conference participants are major challenges. Access of cheap labor, the presence of various national and international organizations such as the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, African Union, European Union, Inter governmental authority on development, and the city Addis Ababa is also the seat of more than 135 embassies and NGOs, are some opportunities for the development of conference tourism in Addis Ababa. Furthermore, access to the center of the city, safety and security issues are one part of challenges, countries past record/ experience, tolerance of others culture, venue facilities, costs related with conference product and service and quality of product and services are the major challenges or factor which affect the selection of conference center and venue. Therefore, the researcher recommended that the current organizational structure for the MICE sector should be well redesigned in a way that give full mandate, responsibility and authority for conference tourism sector by the government (Ethiopian Culture and Tourism minister). Furthermore, adequate budget should be allocated by the Ministry of Tourism and Convention Bureau to participate on international BID to bring international conferences to Addis Ababa. Moreover, hospitality professionals should be assigned to work with internal revenue administration office at Bole airport terminals as the tourists and conference participants need good treatment with good welcoming hospitality service.
Sustainability of the Rural Land Registration Information System: Implications for Credit and Investment in Sustainable Land Management in Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2023-06) Shewakena Aytenfisu; Feyera Senbeta (Ph.D.), Professor; Tamirat Tefera (Ph.D.), Associate Professor
Land is one of the fundamental natural capitals and means of livelihoods for most of Ethiopian population in the rural landscapes. However, centuries of dependencies and unsustainable exploitations of this critical natural capital for sustaining livelihoods led to severe environmental degradation and disruption of ecosystems functions. To avert this situation Ethiopia has been implementing different interventions since early 2000s in the land administration front including policy and legal reforms, institutional restructuring, business processes reengineering, mass systematic land registration, and digitizing of land registers. While the available literature shows that these interventions improve tenure security and land administration service delivery, little has researched on the sustainability of the digital land registers called the National Rural Land Administration Information System (NRLAIS) and its implications for credit and investment in sustainable land management (SLM). By exploring the driving factors of the acceptance and actual use of the system in delivering land administration services, the study explores whether the NRLAIS is sustainable and assesses its implications for credit and investment in an on-farm SLM. To help generate new insights and fill this evidence gap, primary and secondary data were collected using surveys (from smallholder households and woreda land experts), key informant interviews with regional and federal land administration officials as well as micro finance officers, focus group discussions with Kebele administration officials and land administration committee members, literature review and policy analysis. A probit regression and structural equation models used as well as descriptive and inferential statistics substantiated by qualitative explanations were employed to analyze the data collected. The results indicated that several factors influence the acceptance and actual use of NRLAIS among land experts as a good proxy predictor of its sustainability. These factors include system quality, information quality, service quality, perceived ease of use, and perceived usefulness of the system. Landholders‘ formalization of subsequent land rights transactions after first-time land registration also significantly influenced by attitude, subjective norms, and intentions with implication for the up-to-datedness of the information in the NRLAIS. The results also indicate that access to information from the NRLAIS increases the creditworthiness of small landholders and reduces transaction costs and risks. Policy and legislative reforms in collateralizing land use rights incentivizes financial institutions to develop and provide a new loan product tailored to smallholders using land certificates as collateral. These reforms represent unique opportunities and xiii allow smallholder households to access the capital required to move from subsistence farming to more productive, market-oriented, and sustainable land use management practices. This has multiple policy and practice implications including a) land administration reforms need long-term and programmatic approaches, particularly land-IT system adoption should be context specific and fit-for-purpose, follow incremental approach including business process reengineering and data quality enhancement, b) maintenance and timely updating of the information in the land registers is critical which should also be given due consideration supported by reforming secure transaction law and expanding digitalizing of the land registers, raising awareness of land rights holders on the need to formalizing subsequent land transactions, creating user‘s incentives such as making service centers closer to landholders, and valuing land resource for higher land rights tradability such as credit market, c) consideration of land tenure institutional factors along the categories of security of tenure and bundle of rights for possible tradeoffs and synergies in the context of effective SLM policy that help to incentivizes small landholders‘ on-farm SLM investment.
Small‐Scale Urban Agriculture in Addis Ababa: a case Study of two Sub Cities
(Addis Ababa University, 2023-08) Siraj Akmel; Belay Simane (Professor)
The study attempted to assess the socio-economic and ecological conservation contribution of urban agricultural practices in the study area. Moreover, it attempted to assess coordination and cooperation among stakeholders regarding urban agricultural production and productivity. Both quantitative and qualitative approaches to data collection were employed for the study. Urban Agriculture is found not as a major source of household income in the study area; rather a supplementary activity with other income-generating activities. It has been practiced as a means of substituting market commodities by directly accessing household food needs through own production. UA practice in the study area contributes to sharing of knowledge & experience about agricultural produce types and practices. Urban agriculture’s contribution to employment other than members of households was found insignificant. Rather, households do the practice mainly as a supplementary activity to other income-generating activities. Urban agricultural practice in the study area serves as a means for coming together for close neighbors to get-together to discuss different social, economic and political issues. It also enabled households to keep different varieties of vegetables, fruits, spices and nonfood trees and flowers: - contributing to conservation of urban biodiversity. Moreover, the practice enabled households to keep their vicinity clean, conserve the soil, reduce flooding, reduce temperatures during dry seasons. In the provision of support services to urban households, major challenges related to urban agriculture in the study area include: lack/ weak consistency or alignment of directive, proclamation, weak/loose coordination of stakeholders, lack of access to land, water and agricultural inputs.
The Role of Museum for Tourism Development: The Case of Bilalul Habeshi Community Museum in Addis Ababa
(Addis Ababa University, 2023-10) Sofya Tsegaye; Tamirat Tefera (PhD)
This thesis focuses on assessing the role of museum for tourism development: the case of Bilalul Habeshi Community Museum. The study employed descriptive research design in line with qualitative led mixed research approach .Both primary and secondary data were employed as a source of data. Interview, questionnaire, and observation were data collection instruments. For questioner, 132 domestic and international visitors were selected by using convenience sampling technique and 7 key informants (museum manager, employee, founder of the museum, volunteers, and Addis Ababa Culture, Arts and Tourism Bureau expertise) were selected using purposive sampling method based on their concern, responsibility, knowledge and participation in the museum additionally 6 informants from visitors were interviewed and data were collected from 145 total respondents. The collected quantitative data were processed using SPSS version 24 and analyzed using descriptive statistics. The qualitative data were analyzed by thematic analysis. Finding of the study reveals that Bilalul Habeshi Community Museum has Islamic cultural, historical and religious heritage collections that represent Ethiopian Islamic community and it have potential to attract visitors, especially for Muslim community it is an important tourist site in the city because of its uniqueness in terms of holding Islamic heritage collections and it plays a significant role for tourism the development of tourism and attracting considerable number of visitors. Although with in short period of journey Bilalul Habeshi Community Museum plays a significant role in terms of promoting Islamic heritages, awareness creation about Islamic heritage, change misconception of Islamic heritage, education and research center, enjoyment, additional tourist site for the city and contribute for the development of tourism in the city. However there are common challenges as other museums faces such as carrying capacity and space for storing and displaying the collected heritage , promotion and as a finding shows that promotion and marketing activity is weak the museum have their own web site but the platform is not properly applicable and information are not timely updated ,information are not clearly express the potential of the museum and majority of museum visitors were got information from family, friends and colleges , organizational structure, location or accessibility and seasonality or event based tourist flow are major challenges that reduces the contribution of the museum. Finally the researcher concluded that, because of its unique heritage collection the museum has considerable potential for tourism development in Addis Ababa city as well as Ethiopia. Therefore the researcher forwarded recommendations; implementing well planned promotion and marketing strategy practices for increasing the contribution of the museum. Federal and Addis Ababa city government authority should be informed the relevance of collecting Islamic heritage and give due attention for them and as much as possible their support should be continued and government should consider the carrying capacity problem and as much as possible facilitate the expansion of the museum by giving a piece of land and for the future museum expansion the location of the place should be considered to mitigate location and accessibility challenge and to be easily accessible for visitor .For organization structure problem the financial issue of the museum should be separate from other social activity of Bilal center and managed by the museum itself. To mitigate the above challenges and for better performance of the museum stakeholders should be integrated and work with museum families.
Determinants of skilled hotel employees career development in the case of five star hotel at Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2023-02-23) Zemenu Yohannes; Ephrem Assefa (PhD)
Lack of career development after extensive experience & training in the tourism industry especially in hotel sectors is an area of great interest and concern. Lack of career development affects job performance. However, how organizational, factor [Political skills, Work content, Affective commitments, Leader member exchange] social factor [Family support, Friends support, Peer support, Co-worker support, Supervisor support & Social networking] and personality factors [Core self-evaluation, Neuroticism, Openness to experience, Conscientiousness and some demographic factors] influence career development is not well researched in Ethiopian hospitality industry. The objective of this study is, therefore, to find out the determinants of skilled hotel employees career development in the case of five star hotels found in Addis Ababa. The study adopted a descriptive and explanatory research design since the study intended to gather quantitative and qualitative data that describes the effect of social, organizational and personality factors on career development. The target population was 8(eight), five star (*****) hotel namely Sheraton Addis, Capital, Ellele, Marriott, Radisson Blue, Golden Tulip, Getfam, & Hayatt Regency hotel core employees working at Addis Ababa Ethiopia. The study collected both primary and secondary data. Primary data has been gathered using semi-structured questionnaires and interview and secondary data has been collected from theoretical and empirical studies. Descriptive statistics (correlation and regression analysis) were used to analyze the data. This included percentages and frequencies, Tables and other graphical presentations were appropriately used to present the data that were collected for ease of understanding and analysis. The study found out that among other things, how those determinant factors affect career development in the hotel sector? The study revealed that organizational, social and personality factors are important determinants factors on career development. This indicates much emphasis should be given to organizational, social and personality factors so as to be successful in their day to day work performance.
Assessment of Visitors Perception on Entoto Park Tourist Attraction Site
(Addis Ababa University, 2022-10) Hailu Tadele; Tesfaye Zeleke (PhD)
Visitors assess their satisfaction with tourist attraction locations by comparing the actual provision of tourist amenities and services with their expectations. This study's main objective was to objectively assess how satisfied visitors were with the tourist attractions offered at Entoto Park compared to their expectations. It looks into some of the key factors that may have an impact on how satisfied visitors are with various tourism amenities and services. When tourists have pleasant experiences with the tourist attractions, services, goods, and other resources offered there, they are more likely to stay, return, and promote the place to others.114 visitors to the tourist attraction site were included in the sample in order to investigate the relationship between tourist facilities and visitor satisfaction. Between May 14, 2022, and June 13, 2022, visitors to the research region, both local and foreign, provided the primary data. In order to gauge how satisfied visitors were with the attraction site, six aspects of the tourist facilities were examined: visitor safety and security; accessibility of the facilities, the site's allure and beauty, the hospitality services, the tourist information services, and the general perception of the brand and comprehension of the tourist attraction site. To gauge tourists' satisfaction with the existing tourism facilities and services, the components were categorized as being above or below visitors' expectations. A total of 114 respondents were included in the sample, which consisted of 52 men (45.6%) and 62 women (54.4%). The attraction site was filled with visitors of all ages. 35 to 49 years old made up the majority of responses (36%), followed by 25 to 34 years old (32.5%). 17.5% of visitors between the ages of 50 and 64 are respondents. The percentage of respondents under 24 years old was 7.9%, and the percentage of senior visitors over 65 years old was 6.1% of the total respondents. Entoto Park is a popular tourist destination that draws people from all vocations and walks of life. Government employment and self-employment accounted for 40% and 31.5%, respectively, of the respondents' total occupations. Visitors who are unemployed make up 10.5% of the responses, while visitors who are retired make up 9.6%. There are 27.2% of others overall, including workers in private and non-governmental organizations, professionals, managers, and educators, as well as those employed by UN agencies. Regarding visitors' countries of origin, the attraction site received both domestic and foreign visitors. Domestic respondents from Addis Abe made up the majority of the sample (56.1%), followed by domestic respondents from other parts of Addis Abe (24.56%), and the remaining 19.3% were foreign respondents from 12 different nations, including the United States, Germany, the United Kingdom, Canada, Italy, France, Australia, Belgium, Holland, Kenya, and Uganda. Different modes of transportation are used by visitors to get to the attraction site. Public transportation, particularly taxis and buses, was the preferred form of transportation for the majority of respondents (48.2%), followed by own vehicles (45.%) for getting to the attraction site. 5.3% of the respondents, who walked while taking in the city's panoramic view, traveled by foot, while 6.1% of the respondents used rental cars to go to the attraction site. In terms of how the tourists' visit was planned, 86.8% of respondents said that travel agents did not plan their trips, whereas only 13. Travel agencies organized 2% of the respondents. According to the study's findings, the Entoto Park attraction site's visitors were dissatisfied because three of these tourist facility components—accessibility of tourist facilities, hospitality services, and tourist information services—were not up to par with visitors' expectations.
Effects of Bedele Brewery Factory Effluent on Water Quality and Measures Taken To Encounter the Problems in Bedele District, Buno Bedele Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2022-06) Lami Yadata; Engidawork Assefa (PhD)
Bedele brewery is one of the industries in the Ethiopian town that releasing high amount of effluent wastewater discharge into the surrounding environment and to the water bodies. The aim of this study is to analyze the effects of Bedele Brewery Factory Effluent on Water Quality and measures taken to encounter the problems, in Bedele District, Buno Bedele Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia. Water samples were taken from the upstream part of Dabana stream, from brewery effluent discharge and downstream after 300 m from the point of effluent discharge to determine the pollution level of Dabana stream water quality exposed by Bedele brewery factory effluent. The water samples were analyzed for physicochemical parameters using DR/2400 and DR 3900 Portable Spectrophotometer by following standard methods and laboratory procedures. The analyzed physical and chemical parameters include; electrical conductivity (EC), turbidity, temperature, TDS, TSS, TS, pH, COD, BOD, DO, NO2 - -N, NO3 - -N, NH3-N, and PO4 3- concentrations were conducted following guidelines of American Public Health Association (APHA, 2017) and (WHO, 2011). Correlations among measured parameters and their significances of water and effluent samples collected were computed using SPSS software (version 22). From the measured values obtained in this study were almost half of the recorded values (turbidity, pH, temperature, TSS, COD, BOD and DO) were above the recommended values and the rest measured parameters were within both the Compulsory Ethiopian standard (CES, 2013) and World health organization (WHO, 2011; WHO, 2017) guidelines. Because of inadequate treatment of the effluent discharge from the factory & infrequent management of treatment plant as recommended standards this studied stream indicates polluted for domestic purposes. It also indicates the effects of discharging of effluent released from the brewery effluent are responsible for the high level of water contamination around the discharge point. Therefore, the waste water released from Bedele Brewery factory to the Dabana River affects the water quality standards and the responsible regulatory bodies (Environmental Protection Authority) should have taken measures in order to protect the river from such pollution problems. Thus, it calls for appropriate intervention, including awareness creation work and improving the existing infrastructure.
The Role of Selected Public Institutions in the Promotion of Ethiopian Tourism
(Addis Ababa University, 2022-06) Mekonnen Adugna; Feyera Senbeta (Professor)
The role of public institutions in the promotion of sustainable tourism is immense. This study assessed the role of public institutions to the development of the tourism sector in Ethiopia. A total of 120 respondents drawn from public institutions were selected as the sample of the study. Questionnaires were distributed to the selected respondents. Additionally, interviews were carried out with different personnel and institution leaders. Qualitative research method was used. The study findings indicated that the selected public institutions had a very limited involvement in promoting the Ethiopian tourism sector. The Ministry of Culture and Tourism, Ethiopian Tourism Organization and Authority for Research and Conservation of Cultural Heritages, were found to be the major publication institutions merely established to promote tourism activities in Ethiopia. Other public institutions considered for this study such as Ethiopian Biodiversity Institute, Ethiopian Airline, Ethiopian Road Authority, Ministry of Transport, Authority for Environmental Protection and Ministry of Agriculture had minimal role/participation in tourism promotion and development. Most of these public institutions had limited collaboration, lack finance, and proper institutional set up to promote tourism agendas; and the initiative taken to minimize such problems was very limited. The study has clearly showed that the role of public institutions towards tourism development agendas of the country was at an infant stage. This calls for the need to develop integrated policy which can use the composite resources of the selected public institutions for the development of tourism sector. The government need also design tourism policy frameworks which can enforce the selected public institutions work in coordination to promote the country’s tourism in an organized manner.
Assessment of the Effects of Political Unrest on Hotels and Tourism Establishments in West Shewa Zone: Empirical Evidences from Ambo District
(Addis Ababa University, 2023-01) Michael Amsalu; Shiferaw Muleta (PhD)
The purpose of this research is to identify how hospitality and tourism industry has been affected by the political instability in Ambo district, West Shewa Zone and how the industry stakeholders had reacted to mitigate its negative consequences. The data were collected via survey questionnaire, semi structured interview, document review, and personal observation. The significance of this study is providing information about the effects of political unrest, or turmoil on the development of tourism and hospitality industry in Ambo district, West Shewa zone, and will have many fold significances to the entire sector and all stakeholders in the tourism industry and government sectors. Thus, to achieve the objectives, descriptive research design and mixed research approach were used. Both primary and secondary sources of information were used for this study. The primary data were gathered from155 sample sizes, those of 147 through survey questionnaire, and 8 through key informant interviews and personal observation while secondary data were collected through a document review data collection instrument. The result of this study revealed that, Hotels and other accommodation establishments reduced their work force at the time of political unrest (X = 3.7823). Tourism service providers in Ambo district were troubling to operate their ordinary business activity during last three years (2019- 2021). The annual total revenue of tourism establishment has declined compared to the year before 2019. room occupancy rate, number of guests visiting tourism business, annual total revenue, number of employees, average number of stays of guests, service quality and service type providing by hoteliers are decline during political unrest. Hoteliers lost loyal customers, cost of operation and salary of employee’s increases. Tourism investors discouraged from investing new tourism-related investments and expanding their businesses, and delays completing the project on schedule. Properties of hotels and tourism establishments was damaged, including employees those of injured (14), arrested (9), and beaten employees. Hoteliers and other tourism establishments disabled from participating and interacting with other actors, attending meetings, and reduced their motivation to compete with each other. They perceive that political unrest discourages and disorganizes them from coordinating together, and feel tourism establishments need to be strengthened. Hoteliers and other tourism establishments had reduced their workforce, delaying their cost of operation, changed their orientation to the local community (customers), closed their business for a given period of time to reopen it after conflict over, and also lost their plan to expand their business to other areas.
Examining Local Food Supply Chain Management practices in Enhancing Purchase Practices: The Case of Star-Rated Hotels in Addis Ababa
(Addis Ababa University, 2023-10) Nafyad Tadesse; Ephrem Assefa (PhD)
Tourism is a multi-sectoral industry which has linkage with the various sectors of the economy such as agriculture. It is presumed that the sustainability and competitiveness of tourism businesses such as hotels partly depend on the performance of local food supply chain management practices. However, the integration between agriculture and tourism is quite fragmented in many tourist destinations in developing countries like Ethiopia. The objective of this study was to examine local food supply chain management practices in enhancing purchasing practicesthe case of star-rated hotels in Addis Ababa. The study applied mixed research approach, descriptive and Exploratory research designs. Primary and secondary sources were employed. Simple random sampling technique was employed to gather quantitative data using questionnaire from purchasing managers of 142 star-rated hotels and purposive sampling technique to gather interview data from 4 local food suppliers’ managers. Quantitative data gathered using questionnaire was processed via SPSS version 26, and analyzed using descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (multiple linear regression analysis and MANOVA). The results of descriptive statistics revealed that there is moderate level of mutual information sharing, supply chain integration, strategic supplier partnership, and actual purchasing. However, there is high level of logistics integration. Furthermore, the results of multiple linear regression analysis indicated that the dimensions of supply chain management practices namely mutual information sharing, supply chain integration, logistics integration and strategic supplier partnership have caused positive and significantly effect on local food a purchasing practice. On the other hand, The MANOVA result also revealed that there is not a statistically significant difference among the groups (star-rated hotels) in term of. The major local food supply chain related challenges faced by hotels are inconsistent supply of local food products, and poor transport infrastructure. Therefore, it is recommended that collective efforts should be made by star-rated hotels and local food suppliers to build mutual information sharing systems in order to increase the purchasing practices of star-rated hotels to purchase local food products.
The Relationship between Visitors Perceived Service Quality and Satisfaction: The Case of Unity Park, Addis Ababa
(Addis Ababa University, 2023-01) Namomsa Tadesse; Shiferaw Muleta (PhD)
The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between perceived service quality of tourism service and facilities, and satisfactions in the case of Unity Park Addis Ababa. The study employed a descriptive and explanatory research designs and mixed of quantitative and qualitative research approach were employed. The total of 385 questionnaires were distributed to the purposely selected visitors of Ethiopian Unity Park at Addis Ababa out of which 371 questionnaires were collected and used Questionnaire data were processed using SPSS version 26 and analyzed via descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (correlation, and mediation analysis). The result of descriptive statistics revealed that the mean values for Visitors perceived quality in Ethiopian Unity Park (Mean=4.16) and visitors satisfaction in Ethiopian Unity Park (Mean= 4.07). Furthermore, the results of Pearson correlation analysis revealed reliability (r=0.534 and p<0 .01) is positively correlated with visitors’ satisfaction. Responsiveness (r=0.464 and p<0 .01) is also positively correlated with visitors satisfaction, assurance (r=- 0.787 p<0 .01) is positively correlated with visitors’ satisfaction, empathy (r=0,635 and p <0.01) is positively correlated with visitors’ satisfaction, tangibility (r=-0.450 p<0.01) is positively correlated with visitors’ satisfaction, The regression results reliability (B= 0.151, Sig= 0.000), responsiveness (B=0.125, Sig=0.000), assurance (B=0.206, Sig= 0.000), empathy (B= 0.152, Sig= 0.000), tangibility (Beta= 0.090, Sig=0.000). Therefore, the alternative hypothesis H1, H2, H3, H4 and H5 accepted. Even though tourist satisfaction is high, tourist satisfaction monitoring should be performed on a continuous basis. The results may serve as valuable input for a trend analysis on the one hand and strategic discussions on the other.
Practice and Challenges of Solid Waste Segregation in Addis Ababa City
(Addis Ababa University, 2023-02) Worku Adefris; Shimeles Damene (PhD)
Solid waste segregation has a critical role for effective waste management; however its implementation level in cities of developing countries including Ethiopia still remained at low level. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to analyze the practices and challenges of solid waste segregation in Addis Ababa city. To achieve the planned study objective data was generated through household survey, focus group discussions and key informant interviews. The collected quantitative data were cleaned, encoded and statistically analyzed using a descriptive statistics method using SPSS while thematic analysis method was used to analyze and describe the qualitative data. The data analysis revealed that only 21.3% respondents reported that they segregate the solid waste frequently and about half 45.5% segregate solid waste rarely. Conversely, a considerable proportion 28.7% of the respondents reported that they don’t segregate the solid waste and the rest 4.5% respondents reported that they were not sure. This result implies that the solid waste segregation at household level was implemented through almost one-fifth percent of the total sampled of respondents that was correctly practiced while the majority of respondents were somehow practicing rarely on segregating the solid waste which could be considered as an opportunity to encourage the practice in the city. Moreover, the study finding also showed that the practice has been challenged by different factors like social, institutional and contextual aspects that can further be classified as negligence, budget scarcity and lack of training, and lack of guidelines, respectively. These all challenges have negative and statistically significant effects (chisquare test, P<0.05) on solid waste segregation. The Chi-square test showed that respondent’s sex, monthly income, marital status, home type, willingness, collecting materials availability, awareness and accesses to guideline of survey respondents were statistically significant (P <0.05) associated with solid waste segregation practice. Therefore, this tells that there should be a broad awareness creation to the general public to improve knowledge and attitude of dwellers, training program for dominant stakeholders and waste collectors for proper waste segregation practice, and allocating sufficient budget to support the practices with appropriate basic warnings, tools and equipments so as to improve solid waste segregation practice at the city level.
Assessment of Challenges and Coping up Strategies of Hospitality Industry amid Health and Political Crises: The Case of Selected Star-Rated Hotels in Addis Ababa
(Addis Ababa University, 2022-06) Yadunael Atinafu; Shiferaw Muleta (PhD)
The Covid-19 pandemic and political crises have caused substantial production cessations and supply chain distractions bringing about crumple consequences across all commercial segments in a scene that was not ever estimated. It is expected that the blowout of the current crises will have significant humanitarian crunches to Addis Ababa city in particular and Ethiopia at large. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the implication of health and political crises on hospitality industry particularly four and five star rated hotels in Addis Ababa. The specific objectives of the study are; to assess the consequences of political instability and COVID-19 crises on four and five star rated hotels, to analyse the challenges faced by these star rated hotels in Addis Ababa city amid current crises, to assess the coping up strategies of star rated hotels in Addis Ababa to withstand the effects of the current crises and to examine the effectiveness of the coping up strategies of star rated hotels in Addis Ababa during crises. So as to address the objective of the study; the data were collected from both primary and secondary sources comprising hospitality industry professionals and practitioners. A qualitative approach involving semi-structured interviews was employed and the compiled data were analysed via descriptive technique. Purposive sampling was applied to conduct interview with 20 stakeholders in the area of tourism and hospitality industry. Study findings disclosed that health and political crises perpetrated substantial financial costs on hotels functioning in the city. To take measures on the effects of health and political crises, hotels introduce impermanent but innovatively shaped procedures that turn and adopt to cost reduction and marketing approaches. The study could help to better comprehend the susceptibility and resilience of tourism hospitality industry to health and political crises in the perspective of four and five star rated hotels in Addis Ababa city.
Harmonizing Indigenous and Scientific Seasonal Drought Forecasting Knowledge for Building Livelihood Resilience: The case of Borana Oromo Pastoral Households’ of Southern Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2023-09) Abera Bekele; Feyera Senbeta ((PhD, Professor)
This study examines pastoral households‘ livelihoods resilience capacities with especial insights on the driving role of the seasonal drought forecasting knowledge in livelihood decision making and implementation among the Borana Oromo pastoralists of southern Ethiopia. Thirteen districts of the Boran Zone were grouped into six clusters that consist of Yabello, Teltele, Gomole, Dirre, Moyale and Guchi based on the traditional rangeland resources divisions and the proximate of the area to each other for the purpose of this study. Primary data were collected using households survey, experimental groups, focus group discussions and key informant interviews. Historical rainfall data were retrieved from the website of national Aero-Space administration - predition of world energy resources / NASA POWER access project climate data/ and Ethiopian meteorological agency/NMA/. SPI and ANN based analysis methods were used in the actual and in the prediction of the historical seasonal drought forecasting of the study area. PCA based on the variability (%) and factor loadings methods of data analysis were used in the verification of the variation of the resilience process and resilience outcome before and after the severe drought of the 2016/17 in the study area. Regarding qualitative data, this study used thematic based qualitative data analysis techniques. The study findings revealed that the widely used practices of indigenous-based seasonal weather forecasting objects were observable external features of astronomic Moon and Stars in the study area. It was identified that the observation of the Moon and Stars features had been offering sufficient lapse time in a more than/within ahead of a season. This study showed that both astronomic moon and stars based temporal and spatial dimensions of the forecasting were happened in Hagayya dry season (January and February), Ganna (March to May rainfall), Adolessa dry season (June to September) and Hgayya rainfall (October to November) seasons. This indigenous weather forecasting practices are still regularly used in every livelihood decision making process. Similarly, this study identified that, actual/observed and ANN based Ganna and Hagayya seasons SPI 3-months and SPI 6-months prediction value of 1981 – 2021 discovered that Borana Zone rainfall seasons on which communities rely for their entire life supporting systems were/ are drought prone seasons. In the study area, NASA POWER data were more promising in providing actual and predicted seasonal drought modeling when compared with the NMA data. The finding of this study also showed that there were alignments between indigenous and scientific seasonal drought forecasting knowledge in the study area. PCA output value retained the use of indigenous weather knowledge and its multidimensional overall impacts in making the establishment and maintenance of water sources, rangeland management, livestock mobility and social network/support out of 22 resilient preparedness variables. Cattle and sheep were less resilient while goats, camels and rangeland productivity were more resilient to 2016 drought out of 15 resilient outcome capacities. Integrated drought risk management/ knowledge based holistic development approach will sustainably minimize adverse effects of drought in the study area.
The Role of Energy Saving Cook Stoves for Economic Benefits of Women: the case of Dessie Town
(Addis Ababa University, 2023-09) Aberash Wedaj; Zelalem Guta (PhD)
The study aimed to assess utilization of energy saving cook stove for women economic benefits, in the case of Dessie Town, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia. The research employed both quantitative and qualitative (mixed methods) approaches. Descriptive and exploratory research designs were also used in the study. To conduct this study, the researcher used simple random sampling technique by which a certain number of households are selected at random from the population of women using energy saving cook stoves in Dessie town. In this study, only primary data was collected through structured questionnaire. Data collected through questionnaires was analyzed using quantitative descriptive and inferential statistics with the help of IBM SPSS software version 26. The study revealed that energy-saving cook stoves are generally perceived to be available and accessible in the community, with cost savings and quality being major incentives for their use. The study also found that using energy-saving cook stoves has a positive impact on daily lives, family income, and monthly cooking expenses. In addition, all independent variables, including availability and accessibility, awareness of benefits, cost, and socio-cultural factors, have a moderately positive relationship with the economic and social benefits of using energy-saving cook stoves. This suggests that there is room for improvement in promoting the use of energy-saving cook stoves, particularly among those who perceive them to be less available. The researcher recommends that interventions should be designed to increase awareness and promote the use of energy-saving cook stoves, particularly among those who perceive them to be less available. In addition, it is recommended that efforts should be made to ensure that energy-saving cook stoves are affordable and of good quality.
Effectiveness of the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (Esia) of Bole Lemi Industrial Park, Addis Ababa
(Addis Ababa University, 2023-10-27) Addismeraf Ayalew; Engdawork Assefa (PhD)
This study assesses the effectiveness of the environmental and social impacts of Ethiopia's Bole Lemi Industrial Park, the nation's first public industrial park, established in collaboration with the government and the World Bank's International Development Association (IDA). The primary focus is on scrutinizing the implementation of the Environmental Social Impacts Assessment (ESIA) and understanding the community's perception of the park's impact. The research employs a mix of primary methods, including interviews, questionnaires, and observations, with key informant interviews involving representatives from the Industrial Park. Findings highlight a thorough examination of potential environmental and social risks, evaluating the effectiveness of follow-up measures. Progress in waste management and resource utilization is acknowledged, but gaps in chemical waste disposal, water quality monitoring, worker compensation, and community engagement are identified. The study emphasizes the need for enhanced engagement with employees and the community for sustainable social development. The research also scrutinizes the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP), it emphasizes the need for involving stakeholders like IPDC, regulatory bodies, and factory owners. The study indicates the importance of stronger Environmental and Social Management Practices. The community's perception of environmental pollution underscores the necessity for increased awareness, institutional capacity, and enforcement mechanisms. Despite positive impacts on social well-being and economic growth, concerns about water pollution and inadequate commitment are identified. Stakeholder engagement and awareness are deemed crucial for addressing gaps in ESIA implementation and follow-up improvements. In conclusion, the study emphasizes the importance of optimizing benefits and promoting sustainable development in the Bole Lemi Industrial Park, with recommendations for continuous stakeholder dialogue, further studies, and capacity-building initiatives. Policymakers, the government, and stakeholders in industrial park development can benefit from the study's insights.
Challenges and Achievements of Green Area Land Use Plan Implementation in Addis Ababa City Administration: The Cases of Yeka Sub-City
(Addis Ababa University, 2023-10) Belete Alemneh; Shimelis Damene (Ph.D)
Urban green areas are an essential component of urban land use plan that give multiple benefits and plays a great role for the livability and sustainable development of urban areas. But the implementation of urban green areas in the cities of developing countries, especially in Africa and Sub-Sahara African countries including Addis Ababa are under extreme pressure. Therefore, this study intended to analyze temporal green area land use plan implementation status in Addis Ababa, the case of Yeka Sub City. The studies assessed the achievements of green area land use plan implementation, plan implementation, follow-up and controlling mechanisms, and identify the key challenges of implementing prepared green area land use plan. To meet the intended objectives of the study both qualitative and quantitative research approaches and techniques were used. Both primary and secondary data were used to conduct research. The finding of the study revealed that the implementation status of urban green areas in Yeka Sub City is deprived. In the ninth master plan from the planned 4230 hectare of land 1915.75(43.72%) were implemented.; while in the tenth structural plan from the proposed 4,020.42 hectare of urban green area plan only 1765.83 hectares were developed/protected. On the contrary both in the ninth and tenth land use plan the percentage of other land uses are increased. The analysis result also shows that the availability of many institutions with clear mandate and legal frameworks, the land use plan and current greenery development activities are the main achievements of green area land use plan implementation. The result of the study revealed that Political interference and lack of political commitment, Poor institutional capacity and coordination, the expansion of unplanned settlements and limitation in applying urban green area planning and implementation principles like, multi-scale planning, participation, applicability and continuity are the major challenges that hinder the implementation of green area land use plan. Therefore, political commitment, reduction of political interference, institutional capacity building, fostering of institutional coordination, integration of urban green area planning and implementation principles and control of unplanned and illegal settlements expansion should be considered to enhance effective urban green area plan implementation.
The Role of Social Media in Promoting Tourism Products and Services in Addis Ababa city Administration
(Addis Ababa University, 2022-11) Bethelhem Amessa; Tesfaye Zeleke (PhD)
The tourism sector is a multifaceted activity that is included in the daily activities of human beings, which serve as an economic pole for various countries. Almost all society is involved in tourism activity directly or indirectly. However, this study focuses on the areas where professionals engaged in the tourism sector work to contribute to the change in the growth of tourism, to promote tourist destinations in their districts and sub districts and to facilitate the marketing of the tourism sector. The objective of this study is to investigate the role of social media in marketing and promotion of tourism products and service in Addis Ababa. The research used descriptive design following both qualitative and quantitative approaches. The research data collected were from both primary and secondary sources through survey questionnaires and interview. From the total number of Tourism Marketing and Promotion officers 163 were selected using random sampling method. After data collection, data processing was done by using Statistical Package for Social Science software. According to the collected survey results, it can be stated that most of the tourism offices use social media network like Facebook and Telegram to promote. In addition to this, it is understood that most of the employees couldn’t find internet access from their workplace; thus, it has been hindrance on promotion and marketing work using social media. The result of the study shows that, the utilization of the social media on promoting of tourism products and services is not satisfactory. As reported by this thesis, the tourism office's website should be interesting and attractive for tourists. The tourism sector should work in collaboration with other institutions and individuals. In addition to this, by seeing the experience of other countries, conditions should facilitate to study city-oriented tourism differently by experts.
The Negative Effects of Civil War in 2021/22 on Tourism Suppliers in Lalibela
(Addis Ababa University, 2023-06-27) Birhan Dejen; Shiferaw Muleta (PhD)
The adverse effects of civil war on tourism industry have brought greater attention by numerous scholars in recent times. The aim of this study is to explore and describe the negative effects of the recent civil war on tourism suppliers in Lalibela. The study indicated that the recent civil war had a catastrophic impact on the economic, social, safety, and security issues for tourism suppliers and the study also covered crisis management implemented by tourism suppliers in the aftermath of the recent civil war. A qualitative research approach was employed to complete the study, and data was gathered through in-depth interviews, indirect observation, and an extensive journal article review supported by books, documentary information, and the internet. To meet the objectives, nondiscriminatory snowball sampling techniques were used to conduct in-depth interviews with 26 respondents. The data was transcribed from Amharic to English, thematically analyzed, and arranged through systematic interpretation. The results of the study revealed that civil war had a negative effect on tourism suppliers in the research area due to its linkages effects. Drop foreign tourist arrivals by 98% and domestic tourist arrivals by 69% in 2022 compared to 2020 before the outbreak of the civil war. The analysis also showed a 97% and 55% decrease in revenue from tourism for both domestic and foreign travelers, respectively. The findings proved that the economic crisis caused a social crisis in terms of livelihood challenge, human rights violation, physical insecurity, and psychological damage. The findings also indicate poor crisis management implemented by the majority of tourism suppliers, who simply used past savings rather than looking for other options. The study discovers that civil war adversely affected not only tourism suppliers but also the livelihood of the community that relied solely on the tourism industry. The researcher suggests that tourist suppliers look for another feasible choice rather than relying on the vulnerable tourism business. Government assistance is urgently needed to aid tourism suppliers such as hoteliers, guides, and souvenir vendors who would otherwise go bankrupt. The federal government should foster a political atmosphere conducive to the peaceful resolution of all problems.

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