Environmental and Development Studies

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Practice and Challenges of Solid Waste Segregation in Addis Ababa City
(Addis Ababa University, 2023-02) Worku Adefris; Shimeles Damene (PhD)
Solid waste segregation has a critical role for effective waste management; however its implementation level in cities of developing countries including Ethiopia still remained at low level. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to analyze the practices and challenges of solid waste segregation in Addis Ababa city. To achieve the planned study objective data was generated through household survey, focus group discussions and key informant interviews. The collected quantitative data were cleaned, encoded and statistically analyzed using a descriptive statistics method using SPSS while thematic analysis method was used to analyze and describe the qualitative data. The data analysis revealed that only 21.3% respondents reported that they segregate the solid waste frequently and about half 45.5% segregate solid waste rarely. Conversely, a considerable proportion 28.7% of the respondents reported that they don’t segregate the solid waste and the rest 4.5% respondents reported that they were not sure. This result implies that the solid waste segregation at household level was implemented through almost one-fifth percent of the total sampled of respondents that was correctly practiced while the majority of respondents were somehow practicing rarely on segregating the solid waste which could be considered as an opportunity to encourage the practice in the city. Moreover, the study finding also showed that the practice has been challenged by different factors like social, institutional and contextual aspects that can further be classified as negligence, budget scarcity and lack of training, and lack of guidelines, respectively. These all challenges have negative and statistically significant effects (chisquare test, P<0.05) on solid waste segregation. The Chi-square test showed that respondent’s sex, monthly income, marital status, home type, willingness, collecting materials availability, awareness and accesses to guideline of survey respondents were statistically significant (P <0.05) associated with solid waste segregation practice. Therefore, this tells that there should be a broad awareness creation to the general public to improve knowledge and attitude of dwellers, training program for dominant stakeholders and waste collectors for proper waste segregation practice, and allocating sufficient budget to support the practices with appropriate basic warnings, tools and equipments so as to improve solid waste segregation practice at the city level.
Assessment of Challenges and Coping up Strategies of Hospitality Industry amid Health and Political Crises: The Case of Selected Star-Rated Hotels in Addis Ababa
(Addis Ababa University, 2022-06) Yadunael Atinafu; Shiferaw Muleta (PhD)
The Covid-19 pandemic and political crises have caused substantial production cessations and supply chain distractions bringing about crumple consequences across all commercial segments in a scene that was not ever estimated. It is expected that the blowout of the current crises will have significant humanitarian crunches to Addis Ababa city in particular and Ethiopia at large. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the implication of health and political crises on hospitality industry particularly four and five star rated hotels in Addis Ababa. The specific objectives of the study are; to assess the consequences of political instability and COVID-19 crises on four and five star rated hotels, to analyse the challenges faced by these star rated hotels in Addis Ababa city amid current crises, to assess the coping up strategies of star rated hotels in Addis Ababa to withstand the effects of the current crises and to examine the effectiveness of the coping up strategies of star rated hotels in Addis Ababa during crises. So as to address the objective of the study; the data were collected from both primary and secondary sources comprising hospitality industry professionals and practitioners. A qualitative approach involving semi-structured interviews was employed and the compiled data were analysed via descriptive technique. Purposive sampling was applied to conduct interview with 20 stakeholders in the area of tourism and hospitality industry. Study findings disclosed that health and political crises perpetrated substantial financial costs on hotels functioning in the city. To take measures on the effects of health and political crises, hotels introduce impermanent but innovatively shaped procedures that turn and adopt to cost reduction and marketing approaches. The study could help to better comprehend the susceptibility and resilience of tourism hospitality industry to health and political crises in the perspective of four and five star rated hotels in Addis Ababa city.
Harmonizing Indigenous and Scientific Seasonal Drought Forecasting Knowledge for Building Livelihood Resilience: The case of Borana Oromo Pastoral Households’ of Southern Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2023-09) Abera Bekele; Feyera Senbeta ((PhD, Professor)
This study examines pastoral households‘ livelihoods resilience capacities with especial insights on the driving role of the seasonal drought forecasting knowledge in livelihood decision making and implementation among the Borana Oromo pastoralists of southern Ethiopia. Thirteen districts of the Boran Zone were grouped into six clusters that consist of Yabello, Teltele, Gomole, Dirre, Moyale and Guchi based on the traditional rangeland resources divisions and the proximate of the area to each other for the purpose of this study. Primary data were collected using households survey, experimental groups, focus group discussions and key informant interviews. Historical rainfall data were retrieved from the website of national Aero-Space administration - predition of world energy resources / NASA POWER access project climate data/ and Ethiopian meteorological agency/NMA/. SPI and ANN based analysis methods were used in the actual and in the prediction of the historical seasonal drought forecasting of the study area. PCA based on the variability (%) and factor loadings methods of data analysis were used in the verification of the variation of the resilience process and resilience outcome before and after the severe drought of the 2016/17 in the study area. Regarding qualitative data, this study used thematic based qualitative data analysis techniques. The study findings revealed that the widely used practices of indigenous-based seasonal weather forecasting objects were observable external features of astronomic Moon and Stars in the study area. It was identified that the observation of the Moon and Stars features had been offering sufficient lapse time in a more than/within ahead of a season. This study showed that both astronomic moon and stars based temporal and spatial dimensions of the forecasting were happened in Hagayya dry season (January and February), Ganna (March to May rainfall), Adolessa dry season (June to September) and Hgayya rainfall (October to November) seasons. This indigenous weather forecasting practices are still regularly used in every livelihood decision making process. Similarly, this study identified that, actual/observed and ANN based Ganna and Hagayya seasons SPI 3-months and SPI 6-months prediction value of 1981 – 2021 discovered that Borana Zone rainfall seasons on which communities rely for their entire life supporting systems were/ are drought prone seasons. In the study area, NASA POWER data were more promising in providing actual and predicted seasonal drought modeling when compared with the NMA data. The finding of this study also showed that there were alignments between indigenous and scientific seasonal drought forecasting knowledge in the study area. PCA output value retained the use of indigenous weather knowledge and its multidimensional overall impacts in making the establishment and maintenance of water sources, rangeland management, livestock mobility and social network/support out of 22 resilient preparedness variables. Cattle and sheep were less resilient while goats, camels and rangeland productivity were more resilient to 2016 drought out of 15 resilient outcome capacities. Integrated drought risk management/ knowledge based holistic development approach will sustainably minimize adverse effects of drought in the study area.
The Role of Energy Saving Cook Stoves for Economic Benefits of Women: the case of Dessie Town
(Addis Ababa University, 2023-09) Aberash Wedaj; Zelalem Guta (PhD)
The study aimed to assess utilization of energy saving cook stove for women economic benefits, in the case of Dessie Town, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia. The research employed both quantitative and qualitative (mixed methods) approaches. Descriptive and exploratory research designs were also used in the study. To conduct this study, the researcher used simple random sampling technique by which a certain number of households are selected at random from the population of women using energy saving cook stoves in Dessie town. In this study, only primary data was collected through structured questionnaire. Data collected through questionnaires was analyzed using quantitative descriptive and inferential statistics with the help of IBM SPSS software version 26. The study revealed that energy-saving cook stoves are generally perceived to be available and accessible in the community, with cost savings and quality being major incentives for their use. The study also found that using energy-saving cook stoves has a positive impact on daily lives, family income, and monthly cooking expenses. In addition, all independent variables, including availability and accessibility, awareness of benefits, cost, and socio-cultural factors, have a moderately positive relationship with the economic and social benefits of using energy-saving cook stoves. This suggests that there is room for improvement in promoting the use of energy-saving cook stoves, particularly among those who perceive them to be less available. The researcher recommends that interventions should be designed to increase awareness and promote the use of energy-saving cook stoves, particularly among those who perceive them to be less available. In addition, it is recommended that efforts should be made to ensure that energy-saving cook stoves are affordable and of good quality.
Effectiveness of the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (Esia) of Bole Lemi Industrial Park, Addis Ababa
(Addis Ababa University, 2023-10-27) Addismeraf Ayalew; Engdawork Assefa (PhD)
This study assesses the effectiveness of the environmental and social impacts of Ethiopia's Bole Lemi Industrial Park, the nation's first public industrial park, established in collaboration with the government and the World Bank's International Development Association (IDA). The primary focus is on scrutinizing the implementation of the Environmental Social Impacts Assessment (ESIA) and understanding the community's perception of the park's impact. The research employs a mix of primary methods, including interviews, questionnaires, and observations, with key informant interviews involving representatives from the Industrial Park. Findings highlight a thorough examination of potential environmental and social risks, evaluating the effectiveness of follow-up measures. Progress in waste management and resource utilization is acknowledged, but gaps in chemical waste disposal, water quality monitoring, worker compensation, and community engagement are identified. The study emphasizes the need for enhanced engagement with employees and the community for sustainable social development. The research also scrutinizes the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP), it emphasizes the need for involving stakeholders like IPDC, regulatory bodies, and factory owners. The study indicates the importance of stronger Environmental and Social Management Practices. The community's perception of environmental pollution underscores the necessity for increased awareness, institutional capacity, and enforcement mechanisms. Despite positive impacts on social well-being and economic growth, concerns about water pollution and inadequate commitment are identified. Stakeholder engagement and awareness are deemed crucial for addressing gaps in ESIA implementation and follow-up improvements. In conclusion, the study emphasizes the importance of optimizing benefits and promoting sustainable development in the Bole Lemi Industrial Park, with recommendations for continuous stakeholder dialogue, further studies, and capacity-building initiatives. Policymakers, the government, and stakeholders in industrial park development can benefit from the study's insights.
Challenges and Achievements of Green Area Land Use Plan Implementation in Addis Ababa City Administration: The Cases of Yeka Sub-City
(Addis Ababa University, 2023-10) Belete Alemneh; Shimelis Damene (Ph.D)
Urban green areas are an essential component of urban land use plan that give multiple benefits and plays a great role for the livability and sustainable development of urban areas. But the implementation of urban green areas in the cities of developing countries, especially in Africa and Sub-Sahara African countries including Addis Ababa are under extreme pressure. Therefore, this study intended to analyze temporal green area land use plan implementation status in Addis Ababa, the case of Yeka Sub City. The studies assessed the achievements of green area land use plan implementation, plan implementation, follow-up and controlling mechanisms, and identify the key challenges of implementing prepared green area land use plan. To meet the intended objectives of the study both qualitative and quantitative research approaches and techniques were used. Both primary and secondary data were used to conduct research. The finding of the study revealed that the implementation status of urban green areas in Yeka Sub City is deprived. In the ninth master plan from the planned 4230 hectare of land 1915.75(43.72%) were implemented.; while in the tenth structural plan from the proposed 4,020.42 hectare of urban green area plan only 1765.83 hectares were developed/protected. On the contrary both in the ninth and tenth land use plan the percentage of other land uses are increased. The analysis result also shows that the availability of many institutions with clear mandate and legal frameworks, the land use plan and current greenery development activities are the main achievements of green area land use plan implementation. The result of the study revealed that Political interference and lack of political commitment, Poor institutional capacity and coordination, the expansion of unplanned settlements and limitation in applying urban green area planning and implementation principles like, multi-scale planning, participation, applicability and continuity are the major challenges that hinder the implementation of green area land use plan. Therefore, political commitment, reduction of political interference, institutional capacity building, fostering of institutional coordination, integration of urban green area planning and implementation principles and control of unplanned and illegal settlements expansion should be considered to enhance effective urban green area plan implementation.
The Role of Social Media in Promoting Tourism Products and Services in Addis Ababa city Administration
(Addis Ababa University, 2022-11) Bethelhem Amessa; Tesfaye Zeleke (PhD)
The tourism sector is a multifaceted activity that is included in the daily activities of human beings, which serve as an economic pole for various countries. Almost all society is involved in tourism activity directly or indirectly. However, this study focuses on the areas where professionals engaged in the tourism sector work to contribute to the change in the growth of tourism, to promote tourist destinations in their districts and sub districts and to facilitate the marketing of the tourism sector. The objective of this study is to investigate the role of social media in marketing and promotion of tourism products and service in Addis Ababa. The research used descriptive design following both qualitative and quantitative approaches. The research data collected were from both primary and secondary sources through survey questionnaires and interview. From the total number of Tourism Marketing and Promotion officers 163 were selected using random sampling method. After data collection, data processing was done by using Statistical Package for Social Science software. According to the collected survey results, it can be stated that most of the tourism offices use social media network like Facebook and Telegram to promote. In addition to this, it is understood that most of the employees couldn’t find internet access from their workplace; thus, it has been hindrance on promotion and marketing work using social media. The result of the study shows that, the utilization of the social media on promoting of tourism products and services is not satisfactory. As reported by this thesis, the tourism office's website should be interesting and attractive for tourists. The tourism sector should work in collaboration with other institutions and individuals. In addition to this, by seeing the experience of other countries, conditions should facilitate to study city-oriented tourism differently by experts.
The Negative Effects of Civil War in 2021/22 on Tourism Suppliers in Lalibela
(Addis Ababa University, 2023-06-27) Birhan Dejen; Shiferaw Muleta (PhD)
The adverse effects of civil war on tourism industry have brought greater attention by numerous scholars in recent times. The aim of this study is to explore and describe the negative effects of the recent civil war on tourism suppliers in Lalibela. The study indicated that the recent civil war had a catastrophic impact on the economic, social, safety, and security issues for tourism suppliers and the study also covered crisis management implemented by tourism suppliers in the aftermath of the recent civil war. A qualitative research approach was employed to complete the study, and data was gathered through in-depth interviews, indirect observation, and an extensive journal article review supported by books, documentary information, and the internet. To meet the objectives, nondiscriminatory snowball sampling techniques were used to conduct in-depth interviews with 26 respondents. The data was transcribed from Amharic to English, thematically analyzed, and arranged through systematic interpretation. The results of the study revealed that civil war had a negative effect on tourism suppliers in the research area due to its linkages effects. Drop foreign tourist arrivals by 98% and domestic tourist arrivals by 69% in 2022 compared to 2020 before the outbreak of the civil war. The analysis also showed a 97% and 55% decrease in revenue from tourism for both domestic and foreign travelers, respectively. The findings proved that the economic crisis caused a social crisis in terms of livelihood challenge, human rights violation, physical insecurity, and psychological damage. The findings also indicate poor crisis management implemented by the majority of tourism suppliers, who simply used past savings rather than looking for other options. The study discovers that civil war adversely affected not only tourism suppliers but also the livelihood of the community that relied solely on the tourism industry. The researcher suggests that tourist suppliers look for another feasible choice rather than relying on the vulnerable tourism business. Government assistance is urgently needed to aid tourism suppliers such as hoteliers, guides, and souvenir vendors who would otherwise go bankrupt. The federal government should foster a political atmosphere conducive to the peaceful resolution of all problems.
Perceptions and Practices of Urban Agriculture Farmers in Bishoftu City, the Case of Chelekeleka and Ganda Gorba Woredas: A Study of Environmental Sustainability and Socioeconomic Contributions
(Addis Ababa University, 2023-09) Fekadu Negusie; Admasu Tsegaye (Prof)
This research delves into the intricate relationship between urban agriculture (UA) and environmental sustainability in Bishoftu, Ethiopia. While UA is often touted as an eco-friendly practice with socioeconomic benefits, the evidence supporting this claim is often anecdotal. This thesis examines the perceptions and practices of UA farmers in Chelekeleka and Ganda Gorba Woredas, uncovering their understanding and implementation of environmental sustainability and socioeconomic contributions. Employing questionnaires, interviews, and focus groups, the study surveyed 102 farmers and 10 professionals. While farmers utilize diverse agricultural methods, some boasting positive environmental impacts, others lack scientific backing and can be harmful. Despite a generally good grasp of UA's environmental impact, knowledge gaps remain, with some farmers unknowingly using harmful fertilizers and chemicals. Water usage also presents a complex picture. Farmers using multiple sources can harvest multiple times a year, but this intensity can strain the environment. The study further explores UA's economic benefits on farmers' livelihoods and their social cohesion, finding that interaction and information sharing within support groups bolster environmental sustainability. However, a significant lack of trust among farmers hinders information sharing, potentially jeopardizing environmental progress. The research concludes that UA's environmental impact in Bishoftu is multifaceted. While farmers have made positive strides, there's a clear need for scientifically backed agricultural practices, enhanced environmental awareness, and stronger trust and information sharing. While UA has undoubtedly improved farmers' incomes and livelihoods, its environmental footprint demands attention. This research highlights the potential of UA to contribute significantly to a more sustainable and resilient Bishoftu in terms of environment sustainability and socioeconomic contributions, urging further development and optimization of this promising urban practice.
Awareness, Practice and Challenges of Liquid Waste Management: A Case of Wereda-9 Gulele Sub City, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia- 2023
(Addis Ababa University, 2023-06) Gashaw Kebede; Shemeles Damene (PhD)
This study examined LWM awareness, practice, and challenges in Addis Ababa. A household survey, focus groups, key informant interviews, and field observations were used to gather the data. While 2 FGDs were done with 16 community leaders, the 2 KII informants were professionals working in LWM government institutions, 2 environmental health experts and 2 executive officers of the study wereda. About 266 residents were included in the survey who were selected from research wereda sampling sites. Only 16.5 % of the residents responded that they have proper sewage system in place for disposing of liquid waste, while 10.9% of respondents said they used septic tanks, and only 12% discharged to sanitary sewers. In relation to this, 33.8% of the families surveyed took part in LWM training sessions. The Addis Ababa Water and Sewerage Agency (AAWSA) supplies a variety of different sized vehicles to collect liquid waste. Accordingly 24.8% of survey respondents, while 0.8% use, reuse, and recycle liquid waste from flush toilets and 0.4% from urine toilets. With a significance level of P <0.001, the study found a significant correlation between age, education, and family size and LWM practice, training, and the use, reuse, and recycling of liquid waste. However, there is no gender biased relationship with having a septic tank, receiving instruction on managing liquid waste, and discharge of waste at the right location. Education level and monthly income have a history of having septic tank and LWM experience, according to the multiple linear regression factors that were provided. Age and educational level have historically had a significant impact on receiving training in LWM practice and proper management of liquid waste from homes to disposal sites. Poor awareness, financial constraints, low motivation and attitude, poor quality sanitary infrastructure and inadequate liquid waste handling equipment lead to poor liquid waste management practice. To increase knowledge, practice and tackle challenges of LWM in general in Addis Ababa city specifically in Gulele-sub city creating awareness, enforcing environmental laws, establishing quality sanitary infrastructures and allocating enough budget should be mandatory.
Determinants of Adoption of Vermicomposting Technology among Smallholder Farmers in Walmara Woreda, Oromia Region, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2023-11) Getachew Alemu; Aseffa Seyoum (PhD)
The majority of the workforce in Ethiopia is employed in agriculture, which also has the largest economic contribution. However, agriculture is relied small-scale subsistence farming systems which practiced on infertile soil. Because of this low agricultural production owing to infertility problem, many people have been facing food insecure. Using vermicompost is among important solution for reducing such soil fertility problem and vulnerability to food insecurity although the practice is not adopted by farmers at expected level. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze factors influencing the adoption of vermicomposting technology in Walmara woreda. To achieve the objective of the study, data were collected from 184 householders (HHs) where (76 vermicompost adopters and 108 non-vermicompost adopters HHs). In addition, key informants and focus group discussions were conducted to support the survey data. The quantitative data analysis were analysed using both descriptive and econometric methods. Data analysis was done using both descriptive and econometric methods. A logistic regression model was used to estimate the determinants of adoption of vermicomposting technology. The analysis revealed that age, education status, field demonstration, distance to nearest farmland, access to credit and the extent of soil fertility problem were the variables that were significantly affected. The studies also showed that vermicompost has a positive role to increase soil fertility, and thereby boosted crop production and productivity. The analysis showed the main challenge of adoption of vermicomposting technology in the study area are lack of awareness, interest, labour, vermin box, access of technology, land, government support, and capital. The study determined that vermicompost is the main possible solution to increase soil fertility and production in the study area. Thus, it is advised that vermicomposting technology be given priority by governments as well as other interested participants in order to increase soil fertility, production, and productivity.
Examining Factors Affecting General Managerial Employees' Organizational Commitment: The Case of Star-Rated Hotel Managers in Addis Ababa
(Addis Ababa University, 2023-10) Getu Mulugeta; Ephrem Assefa (PhD)
The commitment of skilled employees, especially managerial employees to their organization is presumed to have a crucial role for organizational success. This study aims to investigate the factors affecting the organizational commitment of managerial employees in star-rated hotels in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. To meet this objective, the study used a descriptive and correlational research design and a quantitative approach. The study collected data from 105 general managers of star-rated hotels in Addis Ababa using a questionnaire. The study identified five predictor variables affecting managerial employees’ commitment to their organization namely owner-leader relationship, organizational culture, reward and compensation, flexible job design, and working condition. The study used various statistical techniques, descriptive statisticsand inferential statistics (correlation analysis, and regression analysis) to test the research hypotheses and the validity of the questionnaire item. The result of descriptive statistics revealed that general managers of star-rated hotels have low level of commitment to their organization (x=2.55). Moreover, among the predictor variables, the managers have low level of perception towards reward and compensation (x=2.59) and flexible job design (x=2.57).They had good perception towards organizational culture (x=3.29), and working condition (x=3.83), and worklife balance (x=3.41). Furthermore, the result of regression analysis showed only owner-leader relationship, reward and compensation and working condition have caused a statistically significant weak positive effect on hotel managerial employees’ commitment to their organization. At the end, the study discusses the implications of the findings for theory and practice, and suggests some directions for future research.
Meeting, Incentive, Convention and Exhibition (MICE) Tourism in Addis Ababa: Current Practices, Challenges and Prospects
(Addis Ababa University, 2022-04) Tsega Wondu; Shiferaw Muleta (PhD)
MICE tourism, which denotes meetings, incentives, conferences and exhibtion, has emerged as a significant sector in tourism. However, the practices and challenges of MICE tourism in Ethiopia have not been fully investigated. This study, therefore, aims to fill in this research gap by exploring the practices challenge and prospects of meetings, incentives, conferences and exhibitions (MICE) tourism in Addis Ababa. The study adopted a descriptive research design. The population of study consisted of the employees of Ethiopian convention Bureau, chamber of commerce and sectorial association, Ethiopian event organizers some selected hotels and Addis Ababa Culture, Art and Tourism Bureau. The sample size of this study was 16 individuals determined using purposive sampling. From the research results, the practices of MICE tourism in Addis Ababa show that in five standard hotels however only UNECA and AU conference facilities that fit with the international standard. Still existing meeting facilities in AU and UNECA has relatively small capacities and are not business oriented. Regarding the challenges in the development of the MICE tourism industry in Addis Ababa, including absence of full understanding of the MICE sector, lack of standardization of MICE services providers, lack of MICE tourism policy ,lack of legal framework for MICE tourism, poor practice of MICE sales and bidding ,poor practice of MICE business networking, lack of MICE brand image and lack of MICE market focused research ,inadequate data for planning of MICE sector, strong international competition,COVID-19,political instability and several marketing challenges are identified. Moreover, the prospect of MICE tourism in Addis Ababa the expansion of international airports at Addis Ababa, the ongoing construction of AACEC, AAEC and the development of attraction sites in Addis Ababa and effort of Ethiopian Convention bureau on bidding international exhibition and conference is a huge step forward in increasing traffic to Addis Ababa's MICE tourism.
Factors Pushing Key stakeholders in discharging pollutants to Nearby River: The Case of Akaki River, Addis Ababa
(Addis Ababa University, 2022-11-25) Selamawit Shewangizaw; Ermias Teferi (Associate Professor)
Water is a vital natural resource that we use for drinking and other purposes in our daily lives. The socioeconomic features and exponential population growth, horizontal physical expansion, high levels of poverty, low quality housing, low level of access to water supply and sanitation services, irrigation land along the river side’s and inefficient facility and practice of industries in waste management have significant input to pollution of the river and because of this pushing factors key stakeholders discharge pollutant to Akaki river. However it is rare to find studies assess these pushing factors and because of this specific knowledge gap this study conducted to fill knowledge gap. The major objective of this study was to assess pushing factors for key stakeholders in discharging pollutants to Akai River. The study used secondary data from Water land research center on spatial and temporal variation data of physical and chemical parameters and Heavy Metals concentrations of the Akaki river water and the river water quality interpreted by drinking, domestic and irrigation water use quality standards of various guide lines. As well as to assessing behavior of key stakeholders and Akaki river bank characteristics the researcher select a representative sample from the target population those are households and industries settled along the Akaki river by purposive sampling method which was used to select Akaki kality, Lafto Nefasesel, Kolfea Keraniyo and Addis Ketema sub cities as sampling areas and tannery and textile industries and EPA, AAWSA and sampling areas sub city offices and by systematics sampling method 222 sampled respondents sizes selected out of 503 populations. Descriptive research design with mixed approach method was used. Descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression model were used to identify factors that determine the pushing factors of key stakeholders in discharging pollutant to Akai River. The result showed that 63.5% of the household heads had poor practice and (36.5%) household heads had good practice in discharging pollutants to Akaki River. The resulting distribution further, Variables such as educational status, family size, accessibility and affordability to Waste management facility/service and WASH facility, toilet discharging service access and affordability, Knowledge and Poor Attitude of households and industries Economical capacity and behavior on Akaki river pollution are significantly affects the households and industries practice on discharging pollutant to Akaki river. Thus, the researcher recommended that in the process mitigate further river pollution; including near-term coordination and longer-term mitigation responses, these variables should be considered by the government decision makers, donor agencies at different level and individual household heads.
Effect of Organizational Culture on Crisis Management Practices in Hospitality Industry: Evidence from Star Rated Hotels in Addis Ababa
(Addis Ababa University, 2022-06) Semalign Jiru; Shiferaw Muleta (PhD)
The tourism and hospitality industry is a fast-growing industry in Ethiopia. The main objective of this study was to analyze the consequences of organizational culture on the crisis management practices of star-rated hotels in Addis Ababa. The general managers or delegated general managers were the themes of the study. The target population for this study was consisting of 138 hotels and therefore the unit of analysis was general managers or delegated general managers in the star-rated hotels. So as to deal with the target of the study primary data were collected from 91-star-rated hotels through a questionnaire. An in-depth interview was made with four hotel expertise. The primary instrument for data collection during this research was an interview and a structured questionnaire. Thus, organizational culture was measured using the measurement dimension adapted from the Denison organizational culture survey. The instruments have four sub-scales, measuring the four main cultural traits namely: involvement, consistency, adaptability, and mission. Additionally, data regarding crisis management was gathered using questionnaires. This cross-sectional data was analyzed and interpreted through Pearson Correlation and regression analysis used to see the link and also the effect of the two variables by using SPSS 20. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics helpful to spot and describe how the independent variables (organizational culture) affect dependent variables (crisis management) and lastly to allow some recommendations supported the findings from the analysis. Major findings were interpreted supported the results of the analysis. apart from the info gathered from interviews, all data was analyzed using SPSS and also the study was descriptive; hence, it had been analyzed in terms of mean, standard deviation, and matrix.to test the connection between the organizational culture and crisis management the researcher conducted correlation and multivariate analysis, Accordingly, it's found that there's a major positive relationship between the identified cultural dimensions (Involvement, Consistency, Adaptability, and Mission) and crisis management. To further assess the effect of organizational culture on crisis management, a multiple linear regression analysis was conducted and indicated that had a significant relationship with crisis management measures, since the p-value for F-statistics (0.000) was less than the significance0.05.
Local Communities’ Attitudes and Engagement towards Sustainable Tourism Development in Protected Area: Evidence from Bale Mountains National Park, Dinsho Woreda
(Addis Ababa University, 2022-11) Senait Zeleke; Tesfaye Zeleke (PhD)
The main aim of this study was to study the attitude and engagement of local communities towards sustainable tourism development. The study conducted in Bale Mountains National Park (BMNP) in Dinsho woreda of Bale zone south eastern Ethiopia. Descriptive and explanatory research designs with quantitative and qualitative research method were used. The survey questionnaire was designed for local communities and key informant interviews were conducted for tourism stakeholders while in-depth interview for local communities. Both probability and non-probability sampling methods were used to collect data from respondents. Simple random sampling was used to distribute survey questionnaires to local communities and purposive sampling was used for interviewee / tourism stakeholders and local communities in key informant and in-depth interview respectively. The interviewees were selected based on their knowledge and occupation. The data were collected through using both primary and secondary data sources. The quantitative data was analyzed through using SPSS version 20 and qualitative data through text narration. The total 358 of respondents were participated in survey part of the study and 10 respondents were participated from tourism stakeholders and local communities were participated for qualitative data collection through key informant and in- depth interviews. The finding of the study showed that the engagements of local communities in tourism sector are still in the infancy stage and local government needs to give more attention to tourism and the sector development. The overall feedback of local communities revealed that, negative attitude towards environmental and economic sustainable tourism development. In addition to this, the awareness of the communities toward sustainable tourism development needs improvement to build a good attitude on resident mind. In the contrary, the local communities have been positive perception towards social-cultural development. The result revealed on study area plenty of constrained, lack of tourism training, lack of infrastructure, lack of diversification of tourism product and service, unwise resource conservation, lack of awareness, lack of digital promotion and technological infrastructures, less attention given to the destination, focusing on single tourism product /attraction/, lack of government support, lack of coordination among stakeholders and government. Hence, the relationship between host communities and government as well as non-government should be improved, infrastructure development must be applied, and promotion of the destination also the other essential activity which should be applied.
Assessing the Impact of Climate Change on Surface Water Resources Availability: the Case Awash Bello Watershed, Awash basin
(Addis Ababa University, 2021-08) Tadele Tesfaye; Ermias Teferi (PhD)
The sign of climate change and its impact is revealing on different natural and synthetic systems. The objective of this study was to analyse and quantify the impacts of climate change on stream flow in awash Bello watershed, upper Awash River basin, Ethiopia. Ensemble mean of six Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) Africa regional climate models operating under two alternative scenarios of Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5) was used. The period from 1990 to 2010 was used for the analysis of the baseline scenario while the periods (2031–2070) and (2071–2100) were used for future scenarios analysis. The impact assessment on stream flow was done using soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) hydrological model. The statistical performance of the SWAT model in simulating the stream flow was shown with coefficient of determination R2 of 0.91, R-Factor of 0.62 and Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) of 0.87 for monthly calibration and R2 of 0.79, R-Factor of 0.56 and ENS of 0.67 for monthly validation periods. Mean monthly changes in precipitation and temperature (maximum and minimum) were used to quantify these impacts. The result of bias-corrected precipitation and temperature disclosed a logical increase in all future periods for both RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios. These changes in climate variables created an increase in mean annual stream flow by 14.5 and 19.1% for RCP 4.5 and by 4.7 and 6.9% for RCP 8.5 scenarios of the 2070s and 2100s, respectively. This result provides valuable information for guiding current and future water resource management in the awash Bello watershed and similar other areas in all awash basin as well as in Ethiopia.
Implications of Watershed Management Practices on Water Availability Using Hydrus 1D Model in Aba Gerima Watershed, Upper Blue Nile basin, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2022-05) Tekuamework Fikadu; Ermias Teferi (PhD)
Despite significant improvements in environmental protection and watershed management, there is still a problem of land degradation and natural resource depletion in Ethiopia. The main objective of this thesis was to assess the water availability implications of watershed management practices in Aba Gerima watershed, located in upper Blue Nile basin, Lake Tana sub basin, Ethiopia. Soil moisture, meteorological, ecological and ground water level data were collected and analyzed with Hydrus 1D model to estimate hydrological components such as surface flux, bottom flux, soil water storage, Evaporation, root water uptake and infiltration of each of the eight study sites. Based on this, the cumulative evaporation in 365 days for sites under controlled situation was 37.63% higher from that of sites under watershed management practices. Besides to this, sites under watershed management were better in water availability having respective 4.6 % and 12.5% higher surface and bottom flux than the sites under controlled environment. In terms of modeling efficiency, the model predicted results for all of the 8 sites in a very good precision, with R2 values 0.73 to 0.853 and RMSE values ranging from 0.015 to 0.04. Simulated results were calibrated with inverse solutions of Hydrus 1D model. Daily in situ measured soil water content data in different layers of 400mm soil profile was applied for calibration. Therefore, the study concluded watershed management practices have positive implications in improving water availability parameters in Aba Gerima and suggested, every watershed should be treated according to appropriate management type based on detail study.
Practices of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ethiopia in Promoting Tourism Products in Abroad
(Addis Ababa University, 2022-07) Terefe Tujuma; Tamirat Tefera (PhD)
Ethiopia is one of Africa’s most fascinating destinations with enormous, unique and amusing cultural, natural, and historical attractions. To promote these attractions to the international communities, the Ministry of foreign Affairs of the federal democratic Republic of Ethiopia has played a great role. The Ministry has many practical experience in promoting Ethiopian tourism destinations and products and also faced enormous challenges that hinders the promotional activities.
Assessing the role of Ethiopia’s diplomatic missions in promoting for Ethiopian’s tourism development, In the case of foreign affairs Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2022-05-05) Lili Hailu; Enegdawork Assefa (PhD)
In the modern countries to create a strong image focused on dimensions of diplomacy aims to promoting a positive image of tourism, exports, foreign direct investment and foreign policy of the country. This study assessed the role of Ethiopian‟s diplomatic missions in promoting for tourism development in the case of foreign affairs Ethiopia. Both qualitative, (interviewee and focus group discussion) and the quantitative (one hundred thirty one questionnaires) were employed to generate relevant data. Mainly, descriptive statistics was used to analyze the quantitative data using SPSS version 26 and the qualitative data was analyzed parallel, thematically and triangulation system. The study result revealed that, majority of respondents have agreed resulted as high level of scores on the role of diplomatic missions for tourism development. The FGD and key informants have strongly supported this statement. Besides, diplomats participation in promoting their country for tourism development, Furthermore, the statement that Ethiopian diplomatic missions political challenge in promotion, showed that, most respondents are approximately responded in a medium level. The statement that Ethiopia diplomatic missions economical challenge in promotion, showed that, nearly similar but, little proportion of respondents are responded in a medium level and Ethiopian diplomatic missions Socio-cultural challenges in promotion, showed that majority of respondents are in the range of medium. The FGD and interviewee are strongly supported the above descriptive results. As the study finding concludes that, Ethiopian‟s diplomatic missions are potentially promoting tourism to develop Ethiopian tourism sectors. The study recommended that, all diplomats should design effective strategy to promote a positive image of tourism. Tourism industry recently has been recognized as a major priority of governments but there is a shortage in tourism promotion experts. Ethiopian Diplomats are participated in the development of tourism because, they do tourism promotion, assessments and reports and they provide best experience to our home country, also, Diplomats participates with tourism stakeholders in policy recommendations or policy formulation and opinions, event organization, tourism market segmentation, tourism destination development with interaction between tourists and the host local customs, traditions and standards.

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