Environmental and Development Studies

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Developing Web-Based Geographic Information Systems as a Tool for Planning and Providing Tourism Resource in Addis Ababa City, Ethiopia
(2021-06) Abiy Hailemariam; Ermias Teferi PhD
In many Sub-Saharan African countries, tourism is one of the most important and fastestgrowing economic sectors. However the sector has not developed at the anticipated rate in emerging nations such as Ethiopia. Although Ethiopia has many potential tourist attractions, due to insufficient and inadequate tourism promotion, shortcomings in website content, such as a lack of maps and up-to-date information, have become a barrier to the sector's development. These are not only costly due to the need for information updates and expirations, but they also lack sufficient abstractions to assist visitors in making travel plans.Web-GIS databases are one of the most successful ways to sell tourism. The primary goal of this study was to create a GISenabled online interactive tool for tourists. Using data obtained from the Addis Ababa city administration, this study created a Web-based Geographic Information System (GIS) model with dynamic and interactive maps for managing and promoting tourism resources. This was created using open source Web-GIS software, GeoServer, PostgreSQL, and Tomcat Apache, and users have access to it. Web maps were designed and created using the outcomes of spatially based tourism data flow and database models contained in a web-based GIS with more abstractions.The designed model allows for the management and promotion of tourism resources in order to ensure a successful and long-term tourism industry
Deconstructing REDD+ Implementation: Power Relations, Discourse and Gender Inclusion in the Bale Eco Region, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2024-12) Aklilu Bekele; Engdawork Assefa (PhD)
The imperative to combat climate change has catalyzed the development of innovative institutional frameworks, with REDD+ emerging as a prominent global initiative aimed at incentivizing sustainable forest management. This study delves into the intricate REDD+ institutionalization, stakeholder engagement, discourse and gender perspectives within Ethiopia’s Bale eco-region, a crucial focal point of international climate policy. The study used text documents, socio metric survey, interviews and Focus group discussion with project actors and participants. Snowball and purposeful sampling was employed to recruit participants for the study. A purposive sampling technique was used to select 22 institutions to take part in the socio metric survey. Depth interviews were conducted with 92 key informants who represented a variety of stakeholder groups, including small-scale farmers, NGOs representatives, REDD+ expert, government officials, community leaders, academics, practitioners, and policymakers. In addition, 4 four focus group discussions, 2 in each village were conducted. The study employs a policy arrangement approach (PAA) and discursive institutionalism (DI), Social Network analysis, discourse analysis and it also makes use of Agrawal’s insight analytical framework and involvement typology to analyze the data. (PAA) and (DI) were used to analyze the complex frameworks influencing the project’s institutionalization processes. While SNA looks at power dynamics and interactions between actors, the qualitative framework allows for a comprehensive evaluation of actor participation. The social network data was analyzed using an open source software called NodeXL. In addition, discourse analysis serves as the methodological lens, unraveling the narratives and environmental discourse that shape REDD+ implementation. Agrawal’s insight analytical framework and involvement typology was used to explore gender disparities and barriers to women’s involvement in the project engagement. The analysis captures the intricacy of REDD+ and their practical implications. Our study sheds light on multifaceted challenges persisting within REDD+ institutionalization despite progress made in formulating strategies. In addition, our study delves into the complex discourse surrounding REDD+ implementation, highlighting divergent perspectives among stakeholders, including promoters, moderators, and opponents. While promoters envision REDD+ as a transformative solution to climate change, opponents express concerns about potential negative effects and advocate for systemic changes. Actor participation and power dynamics within the Bale ecoregion’s REDD+ project emerge as focal points of our inquiry. The study findings unveil the intricate web of actors contributing to national strategies, funding, and capacity building, while also revealing disparities in local community involvement and decision-making. Moreover, the exploration of gender inclusions within REDD+ development interventions underscores the importance of gender equity and inclusivity in achieving broader environmental and social goals. To sum up, our study provides critical insights into the challenges and opportunities within REDD+ implementation, emphasizing the importance of inclusive decision-making processes, This necessitates a shift towards more decentralized and participatory governance structures that empower local communities, particularly women, to have greater control over forest management decisions and benefit-sharing mechanisms. Strengthening local institutions, promoting transparency and accountability, and integrating REDD+ with existing local governance systems are crucial steps towards achieving this. By fostering local ownership, enhancing environmental integrity, and ensuring equitable distribution of benefits, a more robust and sustainable REDD+ institutional framework can be established in the Bale eco-region.
Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Pesticide Use among Smallholder Onion Farmers: Evidence from Fogera District, South Gondor Zone, Amhara Region, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2024-10) Beamlak Zegale; Aseffa Seyoum (PhD)
This study investigates the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of smallholder onion growing smallholder farmers in Fogera District, South Gondar Zone, Amhara Region, Ethiopia, towards pesticide use, addressing significant gaps in understanding how these factors influence safe pesticide practices. The primary objective was to assess farmers’ awareness of the health and environmental risks associated with pesticide use and to evaluate their pesticide application practices. Utilizing a cross-sectional research design, data were collected from 300 smallholder farmers through structured questionnaires, key informant interviews, and field observations. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS version 27, employing both descriptive and inferential methods, including regression and correlation analyses. The findings reveal that while a considerable proportion of farmers possess a certain level of knowledge regarding pesticide use, but notable gaps exist in their understanding of safe practices and the environmental impacts of pesticides. Approximately 62.4% of the variance in pesticide use was attributed to knowledge, attitudes, and practices. The study highlights a concerning trend of unsafe pesticide handling, including the mixing of expired chemicals and inadequate use of personal protective equipment. In conclusion, the study underscores the need for enhanced awairness creation programs focused on safe pesticide practices and improved access to personal protective equipment’s. Recommendations include promoting integrated pest management (IPM) strategies and establishing safe waste disposal facilities, aiming to mitigate health risks and environmental hazards associated with pesticide use among smallholder onion farmers in Ethiopia.
The Linear Relation of Service Quality and Customer Loyalty: The Case of Star-Rated Hotels in Addis Ababa
(Addis Ababa University, 2022-06) Endegnanew Assefa; Ephrem Assefa (PhD)
Ethiopia, notably Addis Ababa, is a well-known tourist destination and the headquarters of a number of international and intercontinental organizations. Tourism is an important part of the country's economy, a source of income for many people, and drive factor for investment. Hotels are an indispensable part of the tourism industry. The purpose of this study is to assess the linear relation of service quality and customer loyalty in the case of star-rated hotels in Addis Ababa. To this end, pertinent data were gathered through structured questionnaire from 384 customers of three, four and five-star hotels in Addis Ababa. The study used five dimensions of SERVQUAL model to test the effect of service quality (independent variable) on customer loyalty (dependent variable). Quantitative data gathered through structured questionnaire were processed via SPSS and analyze by using descriptive and inferential statistics (linear regression analysis). The findings of the study indicated that each of the five service quality dimensions (reliability, responsiveness, tangibles, empathy, and assurance) have a positive and significant effect on customer loyalty, with tangibles having the greatest impact. To sum up, hotels should pay attention to what their customers think about the service quality of the hotels, as this study discovered that service quality has a direct impact on customer loyalty.
Analyses of House-Hold Willingness to Pay for Off-Grid Electricity Service Koftu Mini-Grid Akaki District Oromia Region, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2024-12) Kifilu Getachew; Aseffa Seyoum (PhD)
Satisfying the ever-growing energy demand, but at the same time reducing greenhouse gas emissions and mitigating climate change are some of the most challenging and ardent issues for the policymakers around the world. Renewable energy is perceived as an effective way to cope with the dual nature of these challenges, usually topping the list of meaningful changes that our society can implement. Mini-grids play a critical role in providing electricity to remote, off-grid communities in grid option is not feasible. However, success of mini-grid projects can be hindered by poor cash flows and limited revenue returns. A clear understanding of off-grid household’s preferences for electricity services is a prerequisite for mini-grid stakeholders to set tariff structures and stimulate income-generating power demand to scale up mini-grid deployment. The purpose of this paper is to determine to what extent the rural population is willing to make financial expenses for development of renewable energy. We also explore what lifestyle and socio-demographic factors influence willingness to pay. A contingent valuation methods were applied to 380 households from the rural populous and willing to pay is 355 birr (USD 6.57) per month. However, the empirical model reveals that the rural household’s WTP value alone is insufficient to cover the cost of electricity. The total willingness to pay (TWTP) falls significantly short of the proposed project costs, covering only about 57% of the running costs and 39% of the total monthly costs. Investing in a decentralized mini-grid (DMG) with these characteristics would result in a capital loss over the system lifetime, necessitating subsidies to avoid financial losses. Our results also show that the creation of new jobs, household income, family size, age, basic education level, gender of the household head, occupation (particularly farming), and marital status, significantly impact household’s WTP for renewable mini-grid services in the study area. Additionally, asset ownership, particularly land access, also significantly influences household WTP for these services. The study is useful in the design of adequate fiscal and renewable support policies and serves companies by identifying willingness to pay influence factors, as well as by demonstrating a market segmentation procedure. Additionally, creating an enabling environment by improving access to low-cost financing, implementing regulations that minimize project-related risks and fostering collaborative partnerships through a mix of public and private investments should be key policy objectives. These measures will facilitate the deployment of renewable hybrid mini-grid systems and help achieve targeted electrification ratios in a sustainable manner
Flood Vulnerability Assessment, Adaptation and Challenges. The Case of Akaki-Kality Sub-City, Addis Ababa
(Addis Ababa University, 2024-06) Sabrin Nureddin; Engdawork Assefa (PhD)
Flooding is one of the most pervasive and destructive natural disasters, disproportionately affecting urban areas with inadequate infrastructure and vulnerable communities. Addis Ababa's Akaki-Kality sub-city, particularly Woreda 03, is highly prone to flooding due to its location near the Akaki River, making it a critical area for study. This research aims to assess the flood vulnerability of households in Woreda 03, with a focus on gender disparities, to provide actionable insights for equitable flood risk management. The study employs an indicator-based flood vulnerability index, drawing on socioeconomic data from 120 households. Factors such as early warning systems, flood frequency and duration, family size, proximity to water, elderly population, access to emergency services, household income, sanitation access, housing quality, education level, previous flood experience, evacuation routes, flood protection measures, flood insurance, and communication networks were analyzed. Descriptive statistics, regression, and ttests were used to examine adaptive responses and the impact of socioeconomic factors on vulnerability. Findings reveal that female-headed households are more vulnerable to flood risks compared to male-headed households. This heightened vulnerability is attributed to social factors such as lower income, limited access to resources, and reduced adaptive capacity. The study also identifies significant differences in adaptive responses and socioeconomic determinants of vulnerability between the two groups. To address these challenges, the study recommends targeted interventions, including the implementation of gender-sensitive flood risk management strategies, improved early warning systems, and enhanced community-based flood protection measures. Policymakers are urged to prioritize the adaptive capacity of femaleheaded households through infrastructure development, better access to information, and inclusive urban planning to mitigate the negative effects of flooding on vulnerable groups.
Retailers’ Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices towards Pesticide Waste Disposal and Their Implications on the Environment and Human Health: The Case of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
(Addis Ababa University, 2022-10) Semhar Berihun; Ermiyas Teferi (PhD)
In Ethiopia, pesticides are widely used for a variety of purposes. These pesticides have wastes which are considered as potentially dangerous chemicals to human health and the environment. The occurrence of contamination and poisoning among humans and the environment is highly reported due to unsafe handling practices and their usage. This is due to insufficient knowledge and unfavorable attitude towards the hazardous risk of pesticide wastes among retailers. Hence, the overall objective of the study is to assess the knowledge, attitude and disposal practices of pesticide retailers found in Addis Ababa city. The data were collected from 85 pesticide retailers which were selected through simple random sampling technique. The data were collected through questionnaires, interview and related literature review. The collected data were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics tools such as t- test and Pearson chi-square were used. Among the respondents, 80% of them didn’t use the proper methods of pesticide waste. 58.8% of pesticide retailers dispose pesticide wastes in a place which is not given or known by the government. 55.3% of them do not dispose their wastes in unsuitable place. 51.8% of the respondents replied that they don’t dispose according to the instruction labeled on the container. In general we can conclude that there is improper pesticide waste disposal practices among retailers. From 85 retailers only 24 (28.24%) know the risk or hazard of pesticide wastes, but 61 (71.76%) of them, which are the majority, don’t know the hazardous nature of pesticide wastes. 82.35%, 83.53%, 76.47%, and 65.9% of the respondents didn’t know environmental Policies, strategies of pesticide waste management, proclamation of environmental pollution control on hazardous waste, and government regulation on pesticide waste management respectively. more than 50% of the respondents answered that impacts of pesticide waste on land, air and water bodies is weak, medium and no effect. This implies that most of the retailers have no knowledge on the impacts of pesticide wastes on the environment and human health. Only 11.77% of the retailers were not worried about the environment, while 31.76%, 29.41% and 27.06% of the retailers gave sometimes worried, worried and very worried responses respectively. 23.53% and 41.18% of the respondents strongly agree and agree respectively on the harmfulness of pesticide wastes but 9.41% and 14.12% of them strongly disagree and disagree with this issue. On the responsibility of retailers for pesticide management, 43.53% and 28.23% of the respondents strongly agree and agree respectively but, 1.18% and 17.65% of them strongly disagree and disagree respectively. 31.77% and 25.88% of the respondents strongly agree and agree respectively that they upset when they see other retailers disposing pesticide wastes irresponsibly while 8.24% and 22.35% of them strongly disagree and disagree respectively. This implies that significant number of the retailers have positive attitude to protect the environment. Generally, we can conclude that although they have no sufficient knowledge, most of the retailers have positive attitude towards the hazardous risks of pesticide wastes.
Benefits, Challenges and Factors Associated With Micro and Large-Scale Poultry Farm Waste Management: Evidence From Poultry Farms in Bishoftu
(Addis Ababa University, 2024-09) Zelalem Genene; Shimeles Damene (PhD)
Solid wastes generated from the agricultural sector can be converted to economically beneficial commodity and reduce their negative impact on the environment. Poultry wastes generated from small to large scale frames are among hazardous material from agriculture sector if not properly managed and despised. Poultry production has been expanding in most developing countries including Ethiopia with poor attention on the consequences of the waste to the environment and the possible options to translate the materials to economically useful commodity and protect the environment from degradation. Therefore,the purpose of this study was to analyze benefits, challenges and factors associated with micro and large-scale poultry farms waste management in Bishoftu area, Oromia region, Ethiopia. The study used questionnaires survey collected from 235 sample respondents both from small scale and large scale poultry farms. In addition, qualitative data were collected through key informant interviews (KIIs) and field observation. The collected quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation and regression analysis. Descriptive analysis, incorporating the frequency and mean, along with a summary of results, suggested that housing, waste type, regulatory, technology, farm size and stakeholders involvement play crucial roles in enhancing waste management practices. From the correlation analysis, it was found that farm size, stakeholders, technology, and housing were shown to be strongly correlated in the study while waste type and regulatory frameworks were found to be moderately and poorly correlated, respectively. On the other hand, regression analysis indicated that the predictors jointly explained significant variance in waste management practices. Among them, increasing farm size, waste kind, regulatory framework, stakeholders involvement, technology, and housing, impacts the waste management practices significantly. In conclusion, the study recommends that training in areas like disease control to reduce death caused wastes, feed ingredient identification to reduce manure related wastes, and backyard poultry bird management can help make poultry farming financially feasible in the study areas. Regulating the size of farms and giving sufficient training to the poultry farmers are also another recommendations related to benefits. Finally biosecurity safety can be ensured by giving the necessary training regarding the impact of the wastes on the nearby by life.
Sustainability of Climate Change to Adaptation interventions in Loka Abaya Woreda, Sidama Region Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2024-10) Zerihun Estifanos; Belay Simane (Proffesor)
This study evaluates the sustainability of adaptation interventions in Loka Abaya Woreda, Sidama Region, Ethiopia, focusing on the influence of key contextual factors including community participation, institutional capacity and governance, adoption of Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) technologies, and financial resources. A mixed-methods approach was employed, integrating quantitative analysis through multiple linear regression and qualitative insights via thematic analysis to examine the relationships between these variables and the sustainability of the Climate-Smart Integrated Rural Development (CSIRD) project. Findings revealed that community involvement, CSA technology adoption, financial resources, and institutional capacity positively influence project sustainability. Additionally, the study emphasized the critical role of government policies and robust monitoring and evaluation systems in ensuring the long-term success of adaptation efforts. While the interventions demonstrated some positive outcomes, areas for improvement were identified, particularly in strengthening the integration of climate change policies and enhancing stakeholder coordination and resource allocation. Recommendations include strengthening policy integration, improving stakeholder collaboration, and ensuring sufficient resources to sustain adaptation practices in rural Ethiopia.
Exploring The Relationship between Women’s Economic Empowerment and Fertility Intension in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2024-06) Biruk Kiflu; Muluget Bezabih (PhD)
Women's empowerment is an important indication of societal transition, and it is a global priority because it has implications on population size, development, health, and education. Many women in developing country like Ethiopia had low economic empowerment and had also large population size. Therefore, exploring women economic empowerment and relationship with fertility intention could show the key controlling and balancing the economy and population size. The study aims to explore women’s economic empowerment and their fertility intention in Addis Ababa. Cross-section study was applied for the study. Double population proportion sample size was used to calculate the sample of 605. Two stage cluster sampling techniques were applied. Frequency, t-test, and binary and multiple regression were used in the analysis. The result show economically empowered women who marry between the ages of 28 and 37 have 7.1 times the fertility intention of married women aged 18 to 27 (p-value= 0.022) (AOD 95%CI: 7.1: 1.3-38.1). In contrast, those women economical empowered and those employed women had 95% low fertility intention among those who were not employed (pvalue 0.002) (AOD 95% CI: 0.05: 0.08-0.3). Economically empowered women face barriers to become high fertility intention the barriers were mentioned, mothers' lack of intention to carry a child and the perception that having a minimum number is more civilized. Age at marriage also effects on fertility intention, with women nearing menopause having a stronger intention to have children than those who are far from menopause in both economically and non-economically empowered women. To maintain fertility rates in other parts of the country, it is important to enhance women's economic empowerment through income-generating activities such as employment and trade. This can be done through various stakeholders, including government bodies, using Addis Abeba as an example.
Assessment of Surface Water Potential and Demand of Upper Genale River Basin under the Impact of Climate and Land Use Land Cover Change, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2024-08) Mehari Shigute; Tena Alamirew (PhD); Adane Abebe (PhD)
Understanding how climate and land-use changes affect water availability and demand in a watershed is crucial for planning and managing water resources effectively. This study addresses this need by examining the Upper Genale River Basin in Ethiopia. It investigates long-term trends in rainfall and temperature to inform agricultural water management. It also analyzes the impact of land use land cover (LULC) change on water flow and future climate change on water resources. Finally, the study assesses the potential for developing water resource systems and future water demand scenarios, providing valuable insights for adaptation and mitigation strategies in the basin. To achieve these objectives, long-term climate data from the Ethiopian National Meteorological Service Agency (NMA) were collected, and 30 m-resolution Landsat imageries were used to assess the impact on watershed hydrology and analyze the dynamics of LULC change. Future climate scenarios for the 2021-2050 and 2051-2080 time periods were developed using four different GCM-RCM combinations from the CORDEX-Africa projections under the RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios. Additionally, to investigate water resource demand and allocation under current and future scenarios, socioeconomic data (population, livestock, irrigation) was collected from federal and regional sources. The Coefficient of Variation (CV), Standard Rainfall Anomaly (SRA), and Precipitation Concentration Index (PCI) were used to evaluate the observed climate characteristics of rainfall and temperature. In addition, the MannKendall test and Sen's slope estimator were used to assess the trend and magnitude of changes in rainfall and temperature. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was calibrated and validated in SWAT-CUP using the sequential uncertainty fitting (SUFI-2) algorithm using monthly measured flow data. The model performed well, with a coefficient of determination (R2 ) > 0.74, NashSutcliffe efficiency (NSE) > 0.72, and percent bias (PBIAS) ranging from -5% to 5% for the calibration and validation periods. The annual, winter, spring, summer, and autumn rainfall variability in the basin was high, with coefficients of variation (CVs) of 20%, 89%, 30%, 45%, and 32%, respectively. The standardized rainfall anomalies indicated that the basin had a drier season than a wet season. The mean length growing season ranges in 43 to 79 days in Belg and 38 to 170 days in Kiremt seasons. Most rainfall stations showed no significant increasing trend in annual, summer, and autumn rainfall, but there was a decreasing but statistically insignificant trend in spring rainfall at all stations except Bensadaye, Bore, Telamokentise, and Yirba Muda. The analysis result also shows to minimize yield reduction and crop failure during spring and autumn supplementary irrigation is essential. For instance, maize and sorghum varieties require supplementary irrigation of up to 202 mm and 252 mm, XXII respectively. Over the past 30 years, annual and seasonal maximum and minimum temperatures in the basin have been increasing trend in most stations, and the landscape has changed significantly. Satellite images analyses show that settlements, cultivated land, and bare land have all increased in area from 0.16% to 0.28%, 24.4% to 47.1%, and 0.16% to 0.62%, respectively, while forests, shrublands, and grasslands have decreased from 29.6% to 13.5%, 23.9% to 19.5% and 21.8% to 18.9%, respectively, in the area. These changes in LULC have affected the water cycle in the basin, leading to increased runoff and total water yield, and decreased lateral and groundwater flow. Under the two RCPs, annual and seasonal precipitation is expected to decrease while temperatures rise during the 2030s (2021- 2050) and 2060s (2051-2080). The simulation result indicated a significant change in hydrological aspects. Under MPI-ESM-LR, EC-EARTH, and MIROC5 climate models, the study area's total water yield, surface runoff, ground waterflow, and lateral flow all decrease annually. However, all climate models (MPI-ESM-LR, EC-EARTH, CNRM-CM5, and MIROC5) show an increase in evapotranspiration of up to 8.1% due to an increase in temperatures. The decrease in rainfall and increase in temperatures will reduce annual water yield, surface runoff, ground waterflow, and lateral flow by up to 39.8%, 39%, 50%, and 40%, respectively, for the entire study basin. The observed and predicted annual and seasonal rainfall variability, as well as rising temperatures and LULC modification over the study area, have a significant impact on hydrological processes, resulting in droughts, flooding, and extreme water loss due to evaporation. These changes have consequences for agricultural and livestock production, domestic water supply, and municipal services. In addition, the WEAP model was used to evaluate water demand and allocation under different scenarios, the results predict a dramatic rise in water demand across the upper Genale River basin by 2050, driven by population growth, irrigation expansion, and the climate change. Water scarcity is expected to worsen, especially for irrigation, due to combined pressures from increasing consumption, potential climate change impacts, and limited water resources. As a result, natural resource managers, policymakers, and stakeholders in the study area will be better able to design and implement effective and sustainable land use planning and water resource management in order to deal with the ongoing impacts of climate, LULC change, and variability. It is also critical to develop strategic adaptation measures and a longterm approach to climate risk management.
Groundwater Recharge Estimation Using Distributed Model (Wetspass): The Case of Afa-Selga Watershed, Abay Basin
(Addis Ababa University, 2024-07) Hayal Derb; Taye Alemayehu (PhD)
Understanding the spatial variability of groundwater recharge is crucial for managing and evaluating groundwater resources. In the Afa-Selga watershed Population growth necessitates increased groundwater resources, while water scarcity hinders sustainable development, especially for domestic and agricultural use. Historical rainfall, temperature and wind speed data is crucial for climate studies, water resource processes, and hydrological modeling. Four absolute homogeneity tests were used to investigate the homogeneity of annual rainfall data sets in five meteorological stations in the Afa-Selga watershed, revealing usefulness at a 95% significance level. By preparing inputs in the form of digital maps using remote sensing, GIS tools and processing of meteorological and hydrological observations, that were designed for estimation of the annual and seasonal groundwater recharge, surface runoff, and evapotranspiration amount in the Afa-Selga watershed using WetSpass modeling method, the model spatial and temporal characteristics allow spatially distributed quantification of water balance components. The primary objective of utilizing The WetSpass model was used to estimate annual and seasonal groundwater recharge, evapotranspiration, and surface runoff in the Afa-Selga watershed. Longterm hydro-meteorological and watershed bio-physical data were used for model input. The longterm average annual rainfall of 1246.6 mm was divided into 117.41 mm (9.42%) recharge which is equivalent to 68,039,095 m3 /yr. (579.5 km2), 948.9 mm (80.5%) evapotranspiration, and 125.87 mm (10.08%) surface runoff The hydrological water balance components for the Afa-Selga watershed are accurately simulated by the model. The model performed well, as shown by good statistical values for the correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.89) and Nash-Sutcliffe (NSE =0.84).
Sustainability and Challenges of Urban Green Infrastructure Development and Management: The case of Adama City, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2024-06) Olani Gobena; Shemeles Damene (PhD)
Urban green infrastructure (UGI) plays a crucial role in improving the environmental, economic, and social aspects of cities. However, cities and towns of developing countries, including Ethiopia in general and the study city are not properly making and implementing. In addition, the existing interventions are not supported by metrical evidence-based research. Therefore, this study focused on the sustainability of UGI development and management in Adama City. The study utilized both quantitative and qualitative approach to achieve its objectives. It gathered socio-spatial data from multiple sources and employed various techniques and tools for analysis. The research mapped and calculated the status of UGI (Urban Green Infrastructure) from 1991 to 2021 using city land use data available in ArcMap format. Additionally, socioeconomic data were collected from 372 households through a structured questionnaire, and the data was analyzed using descriptive statistics. The GIS-based analysis result revealed that UGI status over the past three structural plan periods was below the standard set for modern cities, as evidenced by a significant decline (by 63.07%) in UGI and in conversely, built-up areas expanded dramatically (by 574.91%). Green infrastructure coverage found below the national standard that covers only 5.6% of the total area of the city. The existing green infrastructure components per capita were also found to be 8.09 m2 , which is below the standard (15m2 ) set for cities. In relation to this, the majority of survey respondents reported a lack of amenities such as playgrounds (87.1%), sports fields (95.2%), or forests (78.2%), where all the survey respondents mentioned the amenities deficit is much below the standards set for modern cities. The key challenges to implementing sustainable urban green infrastructure include a lack of clear implementation strategies, insufficient prioritization and attention from local administration, limited community participation, lack of transparency, poor connectivity and integration among existing urban infrastructure, lack of public awareness, inadequate resources to implement the scanty plan, ineffective long-term management and maintenance plans, poor cooperation among different departments and offices, and difficulties in resource mobilization and policy enforcement. Therefore, to address these issues, decision-makers should take appropriate measures to improve the integration, accessibility, transparency, community involvement, and overall governance of urban green infrastructure development and management so as to ensure the long-term sustainability of greenery in the city
Human wildlife conflict a case of Gunegedo District in Somali National Regional State, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2024-01) Shibiru Tilahun; Aseffa Seyoum (PhD)
Conflicts between humans and wildlife have existed since the beginning of human history. It occurs and increases wherever factors that increase the overlap between humans and wildlife those are habitat loss, human activity, affecting communities near wildlife habitat and essential livelihoods. Conflicts threaten people's welfare, health, safety and the economy. To mitigate conflicts caused by human-induced environmental change realistic tools and Methods are required. Ethiopia's diverse wildlife threated by anthropogenic and raise conflict. The purpose of this study was identifying the existence and determinant factors of human wildlife conflict in the pastoral community of SNRS in Gunagado district in the selected kebeles. Among 261HH 178 (68%) confirmed that the existence of human wildlife conflict in the study area. The incident confronting 83% of the case human induced. Among the attack on livestock 64% of the event causes death. The results indicate that 34.8 % conflict occurred weekly and 67% of the case was happening during dry season when movement was mandatory in searching of water and pasture. Habitat loss was indicating that 83% aggravate incidences for conflict. The trend of human wildlife conflict 86.4 % shows that as it was increasing from previous time. Hyena was the most responsible for attacking livestock followed by Cheetah and goats attack was ranked first 45% as the result shows followed by cattle. The result shows that households’ age, education status, livestock size and participating off farm activities are the most determinant factors for human wildlife conflict. It also shows that age, education status and participating off farm activities are the most determinant factors HH attitude towards wildlife conservation program. Improving household awareness, develop effective conservation strategies and alternative livelihood option helps to alleviate the challenge and betterment of household attitude towards wildlife conservation in the study area as well as throughout the region due to community having similar culture and livelihood option.
Urban Vegetable Farmers’ Awareness on the Health Impacts of the Utilization of River Water for Vegetable Production and Environmental Protection Practices in Nefas Silk Lafto Subcity, Addis Ababa
(Addis Ababa University, 2024-10) Solomon Abebaw; Aseffa Seyoum (PhD)
The exponential growth of urban population size worldwide created a demand for sustainable solutions to address urban challenges such as food security, environmental pollution, and resource management. Urban river pollution poses significant health risks to vegetable farming. The contamination of rivers with pollutants from various sources negatively affects the quality and safety of vegetables leading to potential health hazards for both farmers and consumers. This particular study investigates the awareness level of urban vegetable farmers in Nefas Silk Lafto sub-city, Addis Ababa, regarding the health impacts of using polluted river water for irrigation and their implementation of environmental protection strategies. The study employed a survey research design. For data collection, structured questionnaires, interviews and field observations were used. In addition, secondary data sources such as books, articles, and legal documents were also reviewed. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics. The study found critical gaps in urban vegetable farmers' awareness and mitigation of health risks from polluted river water irrigation. While 62% acknowledged the water was polluted, only 13.1% knew the specific risks. Most farmers (86.9%) had not noticed negative impacts on production, and none were employing risk mitigation measures, due to lack of access to alternative water and financial constraints. Though 77.4% knew of relevant regulations, only 60.6% believed there were sufficient government policies to address urban river pollution impacts. Paradoxically, the farmers expressed belief in existing policy guidelines, yet failed to implement sustainable environmental protection strategies. The researcher observed the river was highly polluted, but farmers continued to use it without treatment. The study found a significant knowledge gap among urban vegetable farmers regarding the health risks of using polluted water for irrigation, with the majority lacking awareness of these potential hazards. Farmers did not implement any mitigation measures, despite most not observing negative impacts on crop quality or yields. While many farmers were aware of environmental regulations, they did not effectively adopt sustainable practices due to barriers like limited access to alternative water sources and financial constraints. The recommendations call for improving farmer training and awareness, facilitating stakeholder collaboration, and providing support to enable the adoption of environmentally-friendly irrigation and water management approaches.
Characterization of Major Alluvial Aquifers of Ethiopia and Determination of their Vulnerability to Climate and Land cover Changes
(Addis Ababa University, 2024-06) Tesema Kebede; Tenalem Ayenew (PhD)
Water is an essential resource for the sustainability of life. Goals for access to clean water, the growth of the energy sector, and food security can all be met with the help of climate-resilient groundwater management. Nonetheless, not much study has been done to evaluate Ethiopia's groundwater resources. The purpose of this study was to examine the physical attributes of Ethiopia's principal alluvial aquifers and determine how sensitive they were to changes in the country's climate and land cover. Geographic information systems (GIS), remote sensing, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method of multicriteria decision-making (MCDM), and machine learning algorithms (MLAs) were all utilized in the first segment. The hydro-geological, climatic, and land use land cover (LULC) characteristics were explored as potential influencing variables for groundwater in the study regions. Following that, the stable isotope and geochemical analysis were employed to better understand the groundwater and the underlying geological components. Examination of aquifer vulnerability using a modified DRASTIC index was the third technique implemented. The study's other main emphasis was the effect of changing climate and land cover on groundwater. Independent research on LULC and climate change was also conducted in this part. Lastly, the study looked at how groundwater is affected by changes in climate and land cover together. According to the groundwater potential analysis, 81.93% of Fafen-Jerer, 22.35% of Gambela, and 17.38% of Shinile are classified as low and very low potential zones. The high and very high groundwater potential zone covers 4.32% of Fafen-Jerer, 55.52% of Gambela, and 64.8% of the Shinile sub-basin. The key criteria highly influencing groundwater potential in the research areas are geomorphology, rainfall, and geology. The geochemical analysis indicates that the predominant cation and anion concentrations are Ca2+ > Na+ > Mg2+ > K+ and SO4 2- > HCO3 - > Cl-> NO3 - respectively. The groundwater in the study sites is slightly alkaline and quite hard. Mixed (Na-Mg-Ca) water is the most prevalent water type kind in the research area. The primary hydrochemical process is the interaction between rocks and water. The isotope analysis revealed that groundwater samples of hydrogen and oxygen isotopic compositions were mostly concentrated close to the meteoric water line. The results demonstrate that precipitation has been found to have more enriched isotope compositions than groundwater at both locations (Dire Dawa and Jigjiga). The LULC's findings show that croplands have reduced, whereas forests have increased significantly in coverage in the western catchment (WC). The LULC shift for the eastern catchment (EC) indicates an increase in area coverage of grasslands, croplands, and urban areas, XVIII and a reduction in shrublands, and barren. Climate research reveals that climate change will be a major concern for water supplies in the studied regions. Over the reference period (1981-2010), the WC and EC had annual temperature rises of 1.5 and 0.06 oC, and annual precipitation declines of 15.73 and 3.68 mm/year respectively. These changes in these core climatic parameters continue to affect future cases. According to the UNEP aridity index (AI) and De Martone aridity index (DMI) results the aridity indices also followed a downward trend for the past periods. These changes shift the climate characters from humidity conditions to semi-arid and arid climates. According to the study, the effect of climatic change is more pronounced in the WC than in the EC. The results of the current period's climate change show that it is particularly robust in the study regions' dry corners. The effect of climate on groundwater will be pronounced in these regions by the end of 2070. The outputs of this research should provide a significant understanding of Ethiopian alluvial aquifer zones for future studies in paleoclimatology, hydrogeology, meteorology, and geomorphology. The study's findings might be useful for water resource and environmental management, as well as policy and decision-making.
Examining the Attitude and Perception of Stakeholders on Sustainable Urban Green Infrastructure Development in Addis Ababa.
(Addis Ababa University, 2024-06) Manaye Mageso; Ephrem Assefa (PhD)
Urban green infrastructure development is a strategic approach that requires the harmonious concept, attitude and perception of stakeholders to footprint sustainability. However, the urban green infrastructure (UGI) faces challenges in implementation either knowingly or unknowingly. This study aimed to examine the concept, attitude and perception of stakeholders towards sustainable urban green infrastructure development in Addis Ababa. Pertinent data gathered using survey questionnaire from 121 respondents were processed through SPSS version 29 and analyzed with the help of descriptive statistics. Moreover, qualitative data collected from 26 key informant interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis. The results reveal that respondents stimulate principles of UGI and perceive the existence and benefits with low level incorporation in current practices. The current urban planning process failed to consider stakeholder perspectives when developing or expanding urban green infrastructure projects. Furthermore, most of the stakeholders have positive attitude towards UGI Multi-functionalities of UGI especially green accessibility is incorporated in low level in current practices. The study also found that the major challenges associated with UGI are limited public education about the benefits of urban green infrastructure followed by lack of funding/resources, technical difficulties in implementation, lack of political will/support for such initiatives and resistance from local communities or stakeholders in the implementation. To curb these problems, research recommends respective authorities or responsible organs to advance the information/communication to the public regarding the main principles to increase the concept/ knowledge of urban green infrastructure to enhance from stimulation level to determination and internalization.
Gender Transformative Approach for Climate Change Adaptation in Ethiopia: A Case Study on Gender Model Family
(Addis Ababa University, 2024-06) Yebaherlay Merkeb; Belay Simane (Professor)
Climate change is a global phenomenon that poses a significant challenge to people's livelihoods worldwide. Ethiopia, in particular, stands out as one of the most susceptible nations to the effects of climate change, lacking the necessary capacity to effectively respond. Climate resilience pertains to the construction of systems and practices capable of adapting to and enduring the impacts of climate change, which frequently have a disproportionate effect on vulnerable communities. When examining the impact of climate change on women, numerous studies underscore the role of discriminatory norms and regulations, women's socioeconomic status, and restricted mobility in rendering them more susceptible to the effects of climate change. The general objective of this study is to analyze how the Gender Transformative Approach (GTA) has improved the resilience of women in Ethiopia by examining the implementation of a GTA program called Gender Model Family (GMF) in Ethiopia. The data collection format includes key informant interviews, group discussions, and couple and family interviews, as summarized below. A full description of the methodology is also available in Atmadja and Beyene (2024).The sampling technique used in this study is non-probability sampling because it involves purposive selection of specific villages and individuals to gain detailed, contextual insights into the impact of the GMF program, without aiming for generalizable results across a broader population. The methodology employed in this study combines thematic coding, narrative analysis, and descriptive analysis to offer a comprehensive exploration of the research topic. This approach ensures a deep and nuanced understanding of the data, contributing valuable insights to the field. The findings reveal that the GMF program fosters equitable decision-making and shared responsibilities among men and women across various regions and decision areas. In contrast, non-GMF participation tends to favor men having more influence, albeit with regional and gender differences. GMF participants strongly support discussions between men and women and shared responsibilities, unlike non-GMF participants. Overall, the analysis underscores the positive impact of the GMF program on gender dynamics, promoting fairness in work distribution, decision-making, and income opportunities. These findings align with broader research, highlighting the critical role of gender-sensitive programs in transforming traditional gender roles and fostering economic and social well-being within households. And also improves resilience of women by improving equitable decision making, shared responsibilities among men and women and access and control over different resources.
Urban Fire Resilience in Addis Ababa: A Case Study in Arada Sub-City
(Addis Ababa University, 2021-10) Yemesrach Yichilal; Tesfaye Zeleke (PhD); Messay Mulugeta (PhD)
The study examines the coping capacities and setbacks of urban households in Addis Ababa, specifically in Arada Sub-city. The research uses interviews, focus group discussions, and secondary data from the FDRMC, Arada Sub-city Administration, and Central Statistics Agency. It reveals that fire coping capacities and setbacks coexist, with administrative problems, lack of resources, public awareness, traffic jams, and a lack of a unified fire code hindering efforts. Some parts of Arada Sub-city are more vulnerable due to the frequency of fires in the last five years and the quality of house structures. Fire vulnerability varies at different times of the year, with windy and dry seasons being most fire-vulnerable, while Belg and Kiremt are more resilient due to wetter and more humid weather. The study concludes by identifying two aspects: coping capacities and setbacks to resiliency exhibited by urban households in the face of fire risks. Major pro-active urban fire vulnerabilities include a mismatch between current DRM policy and practice, high population density and overcrowding, unchecked urbanization, unsuitable urban planning, and sub-standard housing. Competing phase setbacks include misalignment of regulations and existing policy, high population density, overcrowding, lack of resources, and invading established Police parameters.
Willingness to Pay For Improved Health Care Waste Management in Addis Ababa: Application of Contingent Valuation Method
(Addis Ababa University, 2024-06) ZenebeTefera; Aseffa Seyoum (PhD)
Health care waste (HCW) has drawn attention from all over the world due to the risk it poses to the public health. Of the waste produced by health care activities,85% is classified as general waste, and the remaining trashes hazardous due to its potential for being radioactive, poisonous, or contagious. The general objective of the study was to estimate willingness to pay(WTP) for improved health care waste management practice among selected public health facilities in Addis Ababa. To meet the study objective, a cross sectional, descriptive study design through mixed approach was used. 300 respondents which were selected through accidental sampling technique were participated in the study. Contingent valuation model was utilized to estimate the environmental valuation. Moreover, for the analysis of the study results, Logit model of analysis was used. The analytical application SPSS version 26 was used to analyze both descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings of the study revealed that among the total number of respondents, 240(80%) were found to be willing to pay for the proposed improved health care waste management service. And gender, marital status, educational status, family size, monthly income of the respondents, level of satisfaction and awareness about the effects of current health care waste on health were found to have significant association with respondents WTP for the improved health care waste management service. Even though there are efforts to tackle the effects of health care waste in the public health facilities under study, there is a lot to be done .the study recommends ……………….

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