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Item Assessment of Occupational Heat Stress-Related Illness and Associated Factors among Workers in Secondary Aluminium Production Factory and Water Bottling Factory around Addis Ababa, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa university, 2003-12-10) Walle Genet; Kumie AberaHeat-related illness is commonly observed among workers who are engaged in metal industries; it is aggravated by climate change. The effect of heat stress on workers’ health has not been adequately studied in EthiopiaItem Assessment of Occupational Exposure to Lead and Associated Factors Among Workers in City Buse Garage in Addis Ababa,Ethiopia:A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study,2023.(Addis Ababa University, 2023-12) Tesema, Merihatsidik; Abera(PhD); Wakuma,Samson (PhD)Background: One of the most unusable chemical exposures that occurred in automotive garage areas was lead. Occupational exposure of garage workers to lead dust commonly poses acute and chronic health risks that can be prevented. In Ethiopia, there have been limited studies on lead exposure among garage workers. Moreover, it overemphasized that workers are more exposed than non-garage workers to lead exposure Objectives: To assess the occupational blood lead levels and associated factors among the Anbessa City Bus Service Enterprise garage workers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: A comparative cross-sectional design was used to examine lead levels in 36 garage workers and 34 office workers. A stratified random sampling method was used to identify the study subjects. specimens of blood and associated factors were collected by trained medical laboratory experts. A recent MP-AES device was used to measure lead exposure in blood. Excel and SPSS Version 26 were used for data management and analysis. Linear regression tests were used to investigate associated factors on blood lead levels in the exposed groups, while an independent t-test was used to compare BLLs between the exposed and unexposed groups. Results: The mean age of exposed groups was 39.0 ±7.5 years, whereas unexposed groups were 37.9 ±6.1 years. Majority of the garage workers, 26 (72.2%), did not know how they were exposed to lead, and 17 (47.2%) of the workers did not wear any personal protective equipment during work activities. The mean BLL (29.7±12.2) μg/dl of exposed groups was statistically significant as compared to the mean BLL (14.8±9.9) g/dl of unexposed groups. Occupational job positions of exposed groups did not statistically significant from one another. Of the exposed groups, 8 (22.2%) had high BLL than the WHO and OSHA recommended limits (40 μg/dl). The main significant factors that affecting blood lead levels were extra daily working hours (β =3.8 μg/dl; p<0.01) and long work years (β =0.8 μg/dl; p<0.03) Conclusions: The overall garage workers had high mean blood lead levels as compared to the office workers. Hence, it is recommended that the garage management should apply good exposure prevention mechanisms and should give OSH trainings to employees.Item Assessment of Occupational Noise Exposure,Temporery Hearing Loss and Associated Factors Among Secondary Aluminum Production Factory Workers in Debre Berhan Town, Ethiopia.(Addis Ababa University, 2023-12) Nigussie, Meseret; Wakuma, Samson (PhD.); Tefera,Yifokire(PhD)Introduction: Occupational noise is a widespread risk factor with a strong evidence base linking it to an important health outcome (hearing loss).Beside the fact that hearing loss brought on by industrialization is currently a significant public health issue in sub-Saharan Africa, including Ethiopia, Objective: To assess occupational noise exposure, temporary hearing loss, and associated factors among secondary aluminum production factory workers in DebreBerhan Town. Ethiopia Methods: An institutional-based cross-sectional study design was employed from April 1, 2023, to June 30, 2023. The data collection methods were observational checklists, face-to-face interviews, aerial and personal noise level measurements. Trained data collectors participated in the data collection. A total of 458 production workers from the six departments were directly interviewed for the questionnaires, and again, 30 individuals from those production workers, five from each six departments, were selected randomly based on the similar exposure group (SEG) technique for personal noise dosimeter measurements. The data were entered into Epi info version 7 and exported to SPSS version 21 for analysis. Bivariate and multivariable logistic analyses were used to identify the associated factors. Statistical significance was declared using a 95% confidence interval and a p-value of < 0.05. Results: A total of 458 workers participated in this study, making the response rate 100%. Among the participants, 276 (60.1%) were males, with a mean age of 25.3 (+3.64) years. The prevalence of temporary hearing loss among workers was 69%, 95% (CI, 64.5-73.2%).Working departments and working hours were significantly associated with temporary hearing loss. The maximum average noise exposure levels for an 8 hours working day were recorded in the cold rolling mill (96.2 ± 0.82 dB (A)) and sizing (94.6+ 2.88 dB (A)) work sections. Conclusion: - This study indicated that workers in a secondary aluminum production factory are exposed to a very high noise level with a high prevalence of hearing loss. Working departments and duration of exposure (length of working hours) were the determinant factors to hearing loss. Recommendation: - The factory should implement noise control methods, such as engineering or administration with providing hearing protective devices to reduce the noise exposure of workers.Item Socioeconomic inequality in childhood undernutrition in Ethiopia; a secondary analysis of the 2016 Ethiopia demographic and health survey(Addis Ababa University, 2023-06) Maseresha,Nebiyu; Derseh,Anagaw(Phd); Tasew,Berhan (MPH)According to the income position of the country, the proportion of affected children varies. More than two third of stunted children and almost three quarters of wasted children reside in lower- middle income nations, where less than half of all children under the age of five lives. Ethiopia is one of the nations that is most afflicted by child undernourishment and is not on pace to achieve SDG target 2.2 by 2030. The study used secondary data analyses of EDHS 2016 data sets in order to assess the socioeconomic inequality in undernutrition and to explore the inequality by key socio- demographic characteristics. The background characteristics of the population were presented via tables and graphs and descriptive statistics. Graphs were also used to depict the trend, and regional variance was also discussed. Due to the two stage sampling procedure utilized in the EDHS data set, sample weights were used in all analyses. The analysis made use of Stata version 16. The three-stage inequality study for stunting, wasting, and underweight used the concentration curves, CIs, and decomposition of the concentration index. Concentration indices were used to explain the disparity in concentration curves after concentration curves for stunting, wasting, and underweight were shown. In order to investigate the elements that contributed to the socioeconomic inequality in undernutrition, a socioeconomic decomposition analysis was lastly conducted. Both the concentration curve and concentration index showed that the inequality in undernutrition by Stunting (-0.147), underweight (-0.143) and wasting (-0.054), all this indicating that undernutrition is more concentrated among the poorest than the better-off households. This inequality varies between region and residence. Therefore, FDRE should work to minimize this inequality and the variation among residence and regions.Item Shoe-wearing practice for prevention of podoconiosis and its associated factors in highly endemic areas of the Wolayita Zone, South Ethiopia Regional State: the application of health belief model(Addis Ababa University, 2023-11) Messele,Bethelhem; Birhane,Adugnaw (MPH, PhD); Solomon,Kalkidan (MPH)Background: Podoconiosis is a chronic, non-communicable, non-infectious, neglected tropical disease that is acquired by walking barefoot in red clay volcanic soils for a long period of time. Although many studies have been conducted on podoconiosis in Ethiopia, most of them have focused on the prevalence of the disease, therapy, and prevention strategies to manage the disease, and the study participants were those who were affected by it. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate how households in the Wolayita Zone perceive podoconiosis and shoe- wearing practices to prevent it. Objective:-To assess shoe-wearing practices for the prevention of podoconiosis and its associated factors in highly endemic areas of Wolayta Zone, South Ethiopian Regional State, 2023. Methods: A study was conducted in selected woredas of Wolayta Zone using a cross-sectional study design. The study had a total sample size of 617 participants, who were chosen using a multistage cluster sampling technique. Data was collected using Kobo Toolbox software, and SPSS version 27 software was used for the analysis. The association between the variables was identified using bivariable logistic regression with a p-value <0.25, then feed into multivariable logistic regression with a p-value <0.05 and a confidence interval of 95%, which were considered to be significantly associated variables. Result: In this study, out of 617 participants, 594 had participated with a response rate of 96.3%, and 301 (50.7%) of the respondents had good shoe-wearing practice. Out of the 594 participants, 335 (56.4%) were male, 169 (28.5%) were aged between 25 and 34, and 282 (47.5%) had a monthly income between 2751 and 5000 Ethiopian birr. Variables significantly associated with shoe-wearing practice were: residence in rural areas (AOR.210, 95%CI.101,.437); marital status being single (AOR 5.927, 95%CI 2.062, 17.042); occupation status: being a farmer (AOR.392, 95%CI.176,.876); educational status: primary (AOR 3.143, 95%CI 1.298, 7.615), secondary (AOR 7.558, 95%CI 2.998, 19.050); and higher education (AOR 7.933, 95%CI 2.811, 22.390); and among health belief model constructs, perceived barriers (AOR.849, 95% CI.792,.910) and perceived self-efficacy (AOR 1.150, 95% CI 1.000, 1.323) were significantly associated. ix Conclusion: The study found that only 50.7% of participants had good shoe-wearing practices. To improve this, community leaders and other stakeholders should educate their communities about the importance of good shoe-wearing practices and make shoes more accessible, comfortable, and affordable. This study has the potential to reduce the incidence of podoconiosis by identifying the predictors of shoe wear.Item Effective Early Kangaroo Mother Care Coverage and Associated Factors among Low- Birth-Weight Neonates in Selected Hospitals in Oromia Region, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2023-11) Roba,Beyene; Estifanos,Abiy Seifu (MPH, Ass.Prof.)Background: Globally, an estimated 13.4 million newborns were born preterm in 2020, with Southern Asia and sub-Saharan Africa contributing to 65% of cases. Despite the WHO endorsement of KMC for preterm infants, global KMC rates remained below 5% in 2021. In Ethiopia, despite efforts to expand KMC, less than 10% of eligible newborns received any form of KMC in 2021. Objective: This study aimed to determine the coverage of effective early Kangaroo Mother Care (EeKMC), examine associated factors, and identify facilitators and barriers to EeKMC initiation among <2000grams newborns in selected hospitals in the Oromia region, Ethiopia, in 2023. Methods: A facility-based cross-sectional study utilizing mixed methods was conducted. Secondary data were employed to determine EeKMC coverage (which is defined as proportion of <2,000g newborns for whom KMC, consisting of at least 8 hours of skin-to-skin care plus exclusive breast milk feeding, was provided within 24 hours after birth) and associated factors, while in-depth interviews and observations were carried out to explore barriers and facilitators of effective early KMC. The study spanned one year, from October 2022 to November 2023. We included 713 eligible low-birth-weight newborns in the quantitative data analysis. We applied bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses, with a significance level set at p < 0.05. We used thematic analysis to analyze the qualitative data. Result: Among 713 <2,000g newborns 4.6% (33/713) received EeKMC, while 55.5% (396/713) received exclusive breast milk feeding within 24 hours after birth. Newborns in the incubator (compared to those outside) [AOR=0.07; 95% CI (0.015-0.34)] were less likely to receive EeKMC. Our qualitative data identified health system related barriers to EeKMC including inadequate healthcare infrastructure, skill gaps, low motivation of healthcare provider, maternal emotional status, post-operative pain, lack of knowledge about KMC, and cultural norms that hasten mothers to go home after birth. Facilitators comprise quality improvement initiatives, visual aids, effective counseling, maternal willingness and regular pregnancy follow-up. Conclusion and recommendation: Our study found that the coverage of EeKMC is low. Comprehensive interventions addressing issues ranging from healthcare infrastructure inadequacies to cultural norms should be implemented.Item Assessment of Occupational Injury and its Associated Factors among Cement Factory Workers in Oromia Regional States, Ethiopia.(Addis Ababa University, 2023-11) Gizaw,Dereje; Kumie,Abera (PhD); Abegaz,Teferi(PhD)Background: The cement industry is a cause of many types of injuries. The rate of occupational injuries is high in developing countries including Ethiopia. This study aims to assess occupational injury and its associated factors among cement factory workers in Oromia regional states. Methods: - An institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted from April to June 2023 among Cement factory workers in the Oromia Regional States. The study subjects were selected using a simple random sampling technique. Data were collected using face-to-face interviews with 422 workers. The collected data were entered into Epi Info version 7 Software and transported to SPSS version 21 software packages for analysis. Variables with a 95% p-value at < 0.2 during the bivariate analysis were included in the multivariate logistic regression analysis to see the effect of confounding variables. Results: - The Prevalence of occupational injury in the last 12 months was 129 (30.6%) 95%CI. Of the total of 129 injured respondents, 45(35%) were hospitalized; of these, 31 (68.9%) spent more than 24 hours in the hospital and 415 work days were lost due to this occupational injury. Workers engaged in the engineering department had 4.19 times higher odds of injury compared to workers placed in the raw material department [AOR=4.19, 95%CI :( 1.71-10.29)]. Workers who do not use PPE had 1.79 times higher odds of injury compared to those who used it [AOR=1.79, 95%CI: (1.08- 2.97)]. Workers whose work involves hand-arm vibration had 3.14 times higher odds of injury relative to those whose work does not involve it [AOR= 3.14, 95%CI :( 1.29-7.66)]. Conclusions and Recommendations A high prevalence (30.6%) of occupational injuries was reported, affecting various body parts. Identified factors include high-risk job categories, lower education, insufficient PPE use, and manual handling activities. Recommendations include enhancing inspections, implementing comprehensive training programs, and measures to reduce manual handling risks.Item Assessing the Prevalence of Multidrug Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria and Associated Factors among Gram-negative Blood Culture Isolates at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital: A Retrospective Study(Addis Ababa University, 2023-05) Azerefegne,Eskedar Ferdu; Amogne,Wondwossen(MD, PHD)Background The rate of Multidrug resistant gram-negative bacteria causing bloodstream infection is increasing. The lack of control of access to antibiotics and restriction and weak antimicrobial stewardship in Sub-Saharan Africa makes antimicrobial resistance one of the current deadliest health care agendas. Continuous surveillance of the prevalence of AMR, identifying risk factors and implementing infection prevention is a priority. Objectives The aim of this study was to determine prevalence, bacteriologic profile, and associated risk factors of MDR-gram negative isolates and Carbapenem resistant gram-negative BSI admitted patients of Tikur Anbesa Specialized comprehensive Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods A single-center cross sectional retrospective study was conducted in medical wards of Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia from September1,2021 until September 1, 2023. Gram-negative blood isolates of 137 patients were assessed. The clinical profiles with demographic information, underlying comorbidities, sites of admission(wards), sepsis or septic shock during admission use of instrumentations, surgical procedures, use of prior antibiotics and type, length of hospital stay, use of immunosuppressive therapy are compared to the gram-negative blood stream infection as risk factors. Furthermore, rates of multidrug resistance and carbapenem resistance are determined with related risk factors. The microbiology data for the specimens collected for culture was retrieved from the electronic record system LIS while clinical parameters were entered both from the electronic medical database and the medical cards of patients. The data was entered, and bivariate and multivariable analysis was done using SPSS Ver 26. Results A total of 137 gram-negative blood isolates from patients in the medical wards were assessed during the study period. The mean age of the patients with gram-negative blood culture and SD Age of 43.1±18.17 years. Most of the blood cultures were collected from the patients at the Emergency room (29.2%). Almost 25% percent of the study participants had prior antibiotics exposure in the preceding three months before the blood culture. One-third (33%) of the Enterobacterales isolated from the blood cultures were Escherichia coli (33%) followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (30.1%). The Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that the Enterobacterales isolates showed a higher resistance towards with E. coli resistance to third and fourth generation Cephalosporins with 96.8% (Ceftazidime), and 87.1%(Cefepime) respectively. Resistance towards Carbapenems was an alarming 58.1% (79 of 136 blood isolates tested) in our study. Enterobacterales were 52.4% resistant to Carbapenems. The overall MDR rate among the gram-negative blood isolates in our study was 81%. Most of the MDR isolates are Enterobacterales with 83.5% being MDR. The K. pneumoniae blood isolates had Carbapenem resistance rate of 77.4%, while E. coli blood isolates had 47.8%. Risk factors associated with MDR gram-negative bloodstream infection were hematologic malignancy (AOR=1.4, 95%CI=1.12, 4.27), Enterobacterales isolated from the blood (AOR 4.4, 95%CI=1.57, 34.18), blood isolates from the ICU (AOR=2.1, 95%CI=1.24, 16.56). Risk factors associated with carbapenem resistance in gram-negative BSI were immunosuppressive treatment (AOR=2.1, 95%CI=1.24, 3.78), patients having history of prior Cefepime(AOR=4.9, 95%CI=1.27, 41.24), CNS shunt device(AOR=12.4, 95%CI=4.26, 22.56) and having Acinetobacter Spp. (AOR=4.2, 95%CI=2.19, 14.63). Conclusion The study highlighted the growing prevalence of MDR and Carbapenem gram-negative bloodstream infections in a hospital with limited resources. Our findings emphasize the urgent need for effective antimicrobial surveillance and infection control measures throughout the country.Item Magnitude, outcomes, and associated factors of road traffic injuries among trauma victims that visited AaBET Hospital from 2020 to 2022(Addis Ababa University, 2024-08) Behailu,Golgotha; Abegaz,Teferi (MPH, PhD); Tadesse,Yordanos (MPH)Background: Worldwide, approximately 1.3 million people die each year due to road traffic accidents and more than 90% of road traffic deaths occur in low and middle- income countries. Currently in Ethiopia, it is posing a major public health threat with significant morbidity and mortality in road traffic victims with a pooled prevalence of 31.5% in road traffic accident victims among trauma patients. Objective: The main objective of the study is to determine the magnitude of road traffic accident victims among trauma patients, associated factors, and their outcomes at ABET Hospital from January 2020 to January 2022. Methods: A quantitative retrospective institution-based study design was applied at AaBET Hospital using an adopted Kampala and tailored pre-tested data collection checklist with a systematic random sampling technique. The sample size was 667, and collected data was entered into Epi-Data and transferred to SPSS for analysis. Binary and multivariate analysis was used to determine associated factors with outcomes of road traffic injury victims. Results: The magnitude of road traffic accidents among admitted trauma patients at AaBET Hospital was 44.8%, with males accounting for 78% of the victims. The age groups between 30 to 44 years had the highest prevalence with 38.4% among the road traffic accident victims. 39.6% of victims arrived with private vehicles with the commonest time of injury during the day time. 44.3% of road traffic accident victims were pedestrians accounting. Only 50.8% received pre-hospital care/treatment before their referral. Severe injury outcomes accounted for 58.6% (190) and outcomes with non-severe injury were 41.4% (133). Factors with a significant association for outcomes were type of victims who are drivers, moderate Glasgow Coma Scale, and duration of hospitalization greater than 24 hours. Conclusion: Type of victims who are drivers , moderate Glasgow Coma Scale, and duration of hospitalization greater than 24 hours have a statistically significant association with severe injury outcome. With almost half of the trauma patients arriving at AaBET Hospital being road traffic accident victims, urgent multi-sector intervention is needed to prevent the injury as well as decrease complications.Item Social media Addiction among undergraduate students in the College of Health Sciences Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2024-05) Afework,Lidet; Girma,Eshetu (PHD); Tamire,Mulugeta (PHD)Background: Globally, 4.48 billion people use social media, one hundred fifty million new users have come online within the last twelve months, and on average, two hours and twenty-four minutes are spent on social media per day per person. Two hundred and ten million people are known to suffer from social media addiction. Hence, this study will determine the magnitude and associated factors of social media addiction in undergraduate students in college of health sciences Addis Ababa University Objective: The objective of the study was to assess the magnitude of social media addiction, and associated factors of social media addiction among undergraduate students in the College of Health Sciences at Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia 2024. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Addis Ababa University College of Health Sciences; Sefere Selam Campus .The study population were undergraduate students in college of health sciences sefere selam campus .A sample of 385 students were recruited using stratified simple random sampling. The data was collected using a structured, self-administered questionnaire using ODK and analyzed using SPSS version 25 data analysis software. Multiple Linear regression was used to identify the predictors of social Media addiction. Results: The prevalence of social media addiction among undergraduate health science students at Addis Ababa University was 44.4%. The age group 18-19 and 20-22 showed the highest prevalence of social media addiction (47.3%) and (47.19%) respectively. The mean hour spent on social media per day was 3.75 hours .Social media addiction significantly varies across different age groups, departments and gender. The predictors of social media addiction were sex p value <0.000 β (.131) ,95% CI (2.388, 7.584), age p value < 0.005 β ( -.089), 95% CI (-1.979,-0.359), self-esteem p value <0.002 β ( -.103) 95% CI (-1.535,-0.325), average hour spent on social media p value<0.000 β (.216),95%CI (1.557, 3.079) and psychological distress p value<0.000 β ( .612) 95% CI (1.258, 1.589). Conclusion: In conclusion, nearly half percentage of students are addicted to social media (44.7%) Mental wellness of the students such as level of psychological distress (high) and Low level of self-esteem are predisposing students for addiction to social Media . MOH, MOE and AAU shall be aware of growing addiction to social media in undergraduate students in college of health sciences Addis Ababa University and plan on expanding students’ refreshment centers, open discussion platforms and plan on possible solution for the growing addiction to social media by involving students and researchers.Item The Experiences of Institutional Review Committees in Conducting Post-approval and Site-monitoring of Research Projects in Ethiopia: A mixed-method Research(Addis Ababa University, 2024-06) Meaza,Girum Tamiru; Haile Mariam, Damen (MD, MPH, PhD); Nega,Adiam (BSc, MPH, PhD fellow); Kifle,Awgichew(BSc, MSc, PhD fellow)Background: Research showed a high magnitude of research misconduct in Africa. Despite the need, ethics committees in Africa seldom monitor studies after approval. Moreover, research showed inconsistencies in post-approval monitoring by ethics committees and a lack of data supporting the practice. Thus, the study aimed to explore the experiences, opportunities, and challenges of post-approval and site monitoring of studies by ethics committees in Ethiopia. Methods: A concurrent mixed-method study involving an institution-based cross- sectional, descriptive qualitative study, and a document review of on-site monitoring was done on the fourteen institutions. The quantitative survey was done on 84 members using a self-administered structured questionnaire and 14 in-depth interviews were conducted with purposively selected members from each institution. Moreover, a review of site monitoring reports was done using a checklist. The survey data and document review were analyzed descriptively and the in-depth interviews were analyzed thematically and integrated using MAXQDA software. Results: Less than half of the members, 39 (46.4%), indicated they had prior on-site monitoring experience and over 84% of the members had previous experience of ongoing review of protocols. The most frequent challenges were a lack of system, resources, and contextual difficulties. The data revealed procedure infractions and deviations during site monitoring, along with the corresponding measures. In addition, the capacity, availability of universities and research institutes, and the existence of trigger factors all presented opportunities for continued follow-ups. Conclusions and Recommendations: The common passive way of monitoring of studies by ethics committees is inadequate to protect the study participants. Given the presence of such research flaws, it is imperative to strengthen the capacity of the ethics committees and more emphasis should be given to active monitoring of studies by ethics committees and all research stakeholders should support the monitoring activities.Item Occupational lead exposure and renal function impairment among garage workers Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A comparative cross-sectional study.(Addis Ababa University, 2024-03) Getahun,Firehiwot; Gezu,Meaza(PhD); Abegaz,Teferi (PhD)Background: Lead exposure is a major occupational hazard in the automotive industry, where workers routinely handle lead-containing materials. Chronic kidney disease is a serious health risk associated with lead exposure. Objective: This study aimed to assess the blood lead levels and renal function test parameters of garage workers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Method: A comparative cross-sectional study involving 120 exposed garage workers and 110 non-exposed water bottling factory workers. Data collection included questionnaires, blood samples, body mass index (BMI), and blood pressure measurements. Blood analyses determined blood lead level and renal function parameters. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 26 software. The Mann-Whitney U test and the Kruskal-Wallis test was used to assess differences in blood lead levels and renal function parameters between groups. In addition, a generalized linear regression model was employed to examine the association between the glomerular filtration rate and independent variables. The significance level was set at (P < 0.05). Result: The median blood lead level of garage workers (11.98 μg/dL) (IQR) = 5.78ug/dL – 21.54ug/dL) was significantly higher than water bottling factory workers (6.87 μg/dL) (IQR = 4.17ug/dL– 10.13 ug/dL) (p < 0.001). Workers in mechanic and welding departments have higher blood lead levels than the comparison group. Creatinine levels were statistically higher in garage workers compared to the comparison group (p<0.030). In addition, the estimated glomerular filtration rate was significantly lower among garage workers (P<0.001). However, there were no significant differences in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) between garage workers and water-bottling factory workers. Diastolic blood pressure, older age, and higher body mass index were associated with the estimated glomerular filtration rate. Conclusion: Garage workers had significantly higher blood lead levels, indicating possible occupational exposure to garage workers compared to water bottling workers. In addition, serum creatinine was significantly higher among garage workers. So, preventive methods should be implemented to reduce lead exposure in garage workshops.Item Assessment of heat sress exposure level and heat- related illnessamong HabeshaSteel Millworkers in Bishoftu, Dukem Sub- City, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2024-07) Ketema,Beyene; Kumie,Abera(PhD); Wakuma,Samson(PhD)Background: Heat-related illness is a significant concern for workers in industrial settings, particularly in steel factories where high temperatures are common. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the prevalence of heat-related illness, heat exposure level, and associated factors among workers in steel and water factories. Methods: A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the prevalence of heat- related illness. Data were collected using questionnaires from 396 study participants, heat exposure levels were measured through WBGT, and observationchecklists were used to observe workplace environments.Descriptive and logistic regression were used for analysis using SPSS to describe the data and identify associated factors. Results: Heat-related illness prevalence among workers in the steel factory was 150(75%) and that inthe water factory was 38(19.3%) respectively. The most heat-related symptom experienced by both factories’ workers was sweating. In the steel factory, 167 (83.5%) participants,and in the water factory 125 (63.8%) of the participants reported sweating. Workers in the steel factory had higher odds of developing heat-related illnesses compared to thoseinthe water factory (AOR, CI = 95%, 11.2 (5.8-21.55)). Proximity to heat radiant, daily water intake, group of factory, and clothing were the main significantvariables (p-value<0.05). Heat exposure measurements using WBGT in thethree different workplaces of the steel factory were 28.1°C, 29.1 °C, and 29.2 °C which exceeded the threshold values. WBGT in the water factory was 22.6 °C, which was in the normal range. Conclusions:. The heat-related illness in the steel factory was higher than that of workers in the water factory. There is an increased heat stress in the steel factory compared to that of the water factory as measured by WBGT: 28.1°C, 29.1°C, and 29.2°C in the steel factory highlight levels of heat exposure that exceeded recommended safety and health thresholds.Item Sources and amount of dietary fiber intake and its effect on glycemic control among Type 2 diabetic patients on follow up in general government hospitals, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2024: Cross-sectional study(Addis Ababa University, 2024-06) Hailu,Feven; Haider, Jemal(MD, MSc, PHN, CRM, CME, HD); Getnet,Yalemworkt (MPH PhD Candidate)Background: Several comprehensive studies and evidences support the role of fiber in glycemic control. The glucose-lowering effect of fiber intake has not been consistently demonstrated in the literature and the effect related with source and amount of fiber intake of Type 2 DM patients. Although poor glycemic control has become more prevalent in Ethiopia in recent years, such information however is contextually limited in Ethiopia. Thus, this study attempted to examine the sources and quantify amount of dietary fiber intake and its effect on glycemic control of Type 2 DM patients. Objective: To determine the sources and amount of dietary fiber intake and its effect on glycemic control among Type 2 DM patients on follow up general government hospitals of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia ,2024 Methods: A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 282 Type 2 DM patients selected from Zewedtu Memorial Hospital, Yekatit 12 hospital and medical college, Tirunesh Bejing hospital and Ras desta Dametew hospital from March, 2024 to April, 2024. Data was collected from study participants using KOBO collect mobile data collection app. Repeated multiple pass 24-hour recall was used to collect dietary data. Dietary data was collected using portion size estimation methods and analyzed in to nutrient using Nutrisurvey2007.The final data analyzed using the Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) version 27.The association between dietary fiber and glycemic control was assessed with Pearson correlation and declared strong if Pearson coefficient was above 0.7. Result :The most predominant source of dietary fiber intake was cereal (79.5%). The mean (SD) dietary fiber intake and HgA1C were 32.5 ± 20 g/d and 7.61 ±1.49 respectively. Dietary fiber has an inverse correlation with HgA1c, with a Pearson correlation of -0.383 (p value <0.001). Of all measures of glycemic control total energy, duration of DM followup and dietary fiber were positive significant association with poor glycemic control with a P value<0.05. . Conclusion : Dietary fiber intake of respondents were inline with the recommendation. Incorporating fiber rich food in a diet improves glycemic management of Type 2DM patients .Therefore, consumption diet rich in fiber for Type 2 DM patients is recommended.Item Assessment of Occupational Chromium Exposure and Associated Factors Among Tannery Workers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A Comparative Cross- Sectional Study.(Addis Ababa University, 2024-06) Demissie,Belaynesh; Wakuma,Samson (PhD); Abegaz,Teferi(PhD)Background: Chromium is not only released into the environment from natural sources but also from industries. The pollutants generated in the tannery industry contain a high concentration of chromium which directly affects human health. Long-term exposure and high concentrations of chromium can cause respiratory challenges, cancer, skin damage, and birth defects. Despite this fact, there is no study done that shows chromium exposure levels in the tannery in Ethiopia. Objective: The objective of this study is to determine the level of chromium in hair samples and associated factors among tannery workers in Addis Ababa Ethiopia. Methods: A comparative cross-sectional study design was conducted to assess the hair chromium level of the tannery workers compared to the bottled water factory workers from November 2023 – June 2024 in Addis Ababa. A simple random sampling method was used to identify a total of 112 study participants with tannery (n=56) and water (n=56) factory workers. The hair samples' chromium levels were analyzed using a microwave plasma emission spectrometer (MP-AES), and structured questionnaires were used to assess the associated factors of hair chromium exposure levels. SPSS Version 26, independent t-test, chi-square, and linear regression were used for analysis. Results: The findings showed that the average hair chromium level of (11.2±10.0) mg/kg among tannery workers was significantly (p<0.001) higher than the average hair chromium level of (4.6±2.7) mg/kg among water factory workers. The linear regression analysis result also observed that working duration in the year, working hours per day, and working sections were statistically significant (p<0.05) relationships to hair chromium levels among tannery workers. Conclusion: This study concluded that the tannery workers had higher significant hair chromium levels as compared to the water factory workers. Consequently, overall, tannery workers had two times higher mean chromium levels as compared to water factory workers. Hence the exposure of chromium in tannery workers should draw much more attention shortly by conducting more research and developing occupational exposure limit guidelines.Item Knowledge, Practice, and Factors Influencing Publication Ethics among Health Researchers and Academicians: Institution-Based, Cross-Sectional Study(Addis Ababa University, 2024-07) Getachew, Hana; Taye,Girma (PhD); Woldeamanuel,Yimtubezinash (MD, MSc, PhD)Background: Publication ethics are rules of conduct for publishing scientific research results. They aim to ensure transparency, integrity, and accountability among writers, publishers, editors, reviewers, and readers. The International Committee of Medical Journals Editors (ICMJE), World Association of Medical Editors (WAME), and the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) are organizations working to provide guidelines and recommendations for authors, editors, and reviewers. These organizations aim to promote integrity, openness, and responsibility in publishing research results, ensuring high-quality science and avoiding potential moral dilemmas. However, the extent to which publication ethics standards are known or adhered to is not well known in Ethiopia. Objective: To assess knowledge, practice, and factors influencing practice of publication ethics among health researchers in three institutions. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at three institutions to examine knowledge, practice, and factors influencing publication ethics among health researchers and academicians. A total of 588 respondents were obtained from the three institutions, stratified sampling approach was used. The questionnaire was adapted and modified from an international survey and a self-administered questionnaire was given to participants. The data was analyzed using SPSS statistical software version 27. Results: This study revealed that a significant number of the participants lack knowledge about prior publication ethics, dual submission, self-plagiarism, and image manipulation. Authorship, conflict of interest, and plagiarism were well-understood by most respondents. However, those who engage in dual submission and have a conflict of interest were found to be more likely to violate publication ethics. This study also shows that an increase in experience leads to a 7% decrease in violation of publication ethics practices, while an increase in knowledge leads to an 11% decrease. These findings highlight unethical practices and suggest areas for improvement in publication ethics. Conclusion: The study reveals varied levels of knowledge and practice regarding publication ethics among health researchers and academicians, with gaps in consistent disclosure and adherence to ethical principles. Targeted interventions, continuous education, mentorship, and strengthening disclosure policies can improve standards.Item Parents’ and teachers’ perspective towards inclusive education for children with autism in pre-primary and primary schools of Addis Ababa: A Qualitative Study.(Addis Ababa University, 2024-06) Habtu,Hana; Berhane,Adugnaw(PHD,Assistant Prof.); Solomon,Kalkidan(MPH,Assistant Prof.)Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a developmental disability that can cause significant social, communication and behavioral challenges. Despite the Salamanca Statement's advocacy for inclusive education as a human right, the reality in Ethiopia shows a stark contrast, with only a small fraction of schools equipped with inclusive education. Objective: To explore the perspective of parents’ and teachers’ towards inclusive education for children with autism in pre-primary and primary schools of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: The study was conducted in Akaki Kality and Arada sub city pre-primary and primary schools, government and private schools. A qualitative content analysis study approach using mixed sampling method was used to select participants. Content analysis was carried out using Atlas Ti software. Result: The study indicated that the concept of inclusive education is not widely recognized by most parents of typical children, it is well-understood and supported by nearly all parents of children with autism. While most typical child parents and teachers support inclusion and recognize its benefits for autistic children, concerns are raised about academic value and disruptions of learning process; some typical child parents and teachers preferring segregated learning. Barriers to IE are multifaceted and categorized as child with autism behavior related factor, parent and teacher related factor, systemic and institutional factor. Among the factors that facilitate IE are typical students and teachers support, parents' positive beliefs on their child with autism, awareness creation programs in schools, and collaboration with different organizations. Conclusion and recommendation: parents’ and teachers' perspective towards inclusive education have mixed views most supporting and highlight the social skill benefit children with autism get. However both participants are concerned about the implementation of IE due to many existing barriers. Therefore, for a better inclusion of children with autism, strategies that best fit our country and laws that mandate schools to implement IE should be setted. In addition capacity building for teachers, human and material resources, special need teachers, and categorizing autistic children according to their level and supping them as per their need is required.Item Health Related Quality Of Life And Associated Factors Among Stroke Patientsattertiary care hospitals of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2024-06) Fiseha,Eden; Taye,Girma(Phd,Associate professor); Genene,Lidya (MPH, PhD candidate)Background: Stroke is the 2nd leading cause of death and daily adjusted life years globally. Stroke has a significant impact on the psychological and physical well-being of the patient, which affects health-related quality of life for stroke survivors. However, to the best level of our knowledge, there are no local studies conducted using stroke-specific qualities of life (SSQOL- 49). Therefore, this study aims to assess the quality of life among stroke survivors in Ethiopia using a stroke-specific quality-of-life tool (SSQOL-49). Objective: The study aimed to assess the health-related quality of life and associated factors among stroke patients at Zewditu Memorial Hospital and Yekatit 12 Medical College Hospital, in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Method: A health facility-based, cross-sectional study was carried out among 372 systematically selected adult stroke survivors from March 3 to May 3, 2024, at Zewditu Memorial Hospital and Yekatit 12 Medical College Hospital. A pre-tested, structured, stroke-specific quality of life tool (SSQOL-49) and a modified Rankin scale were used to collect data from eligible participants. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess association. A predictor with (AOR) with 95% CI was presented and P< 0.05 was used to declare statistical significance. The Hosmer and Lemeshow test was used to assess the goodness of fit of the model. Finally, the results were presented in statements, tables, and figures. Result: In our study 215 (58%) of study participants had poor HRQOL. Female gender (AOR = 0.101; 95%CI 0.022, 0.464), older age (AOR =0.005; 95%CI 0.001-0.400), ischemic stroke type (AOR =7.917; 95%CI 1.266-49.520), attack on the left hemisphere (AOR = 0.163; 95% CI 0.001, 0.485), and moderate to severe disability (AOR = 0.016; 95%CI 0.001, 0.248) were associated with lower HRQOL. And the presence of comorbidities like hypertension (AOR =0.122; 95%CI 0.025-0.611), cardiac disease (AOR = 0.167; 95%CI 0.038-0.740), and diabetes (AOR =0.045; 95%CI 0.046-0.967) were associated with lower HRQOL. Conclusion and recommendation: More than half of stroke survivors who had follow-ups at ZMH and Y12MCH had poor HRQOL. Incorporating the assessment of HRQOL in clinical evaluation and longitudinal HRQOL studies is advisable to confirm the cause-effect association.Item Early detection, referral and outcome of breast abnormalities at selected primary health care facilities in Addis Ababa: A multi-center mixed method study(Addis Ababa University, 2024-06) Alebachew,Bethlehem Fiseha; Getachew,Sefonias (MPH, PhD); Genene,Lidya (MPH)Background; There are more than 2.3 million cases of breast cancer each year, making it the most common form of cancer. Benign breast conditions, which are not studied well in Ethiopia, together with misdiagnosis and the knowledge gap among health professionals, make the burden even worse. Therefore, this study is crucial in bridging the knowledge gap with this regard. Objective; The aim of this study was to assess the magnitude of patients with breast abnormalities; referral; and professionals’ knowledge about breast cancer early detection work at selected primary health care facilities in Addis Ababa in 2024. Methods; A multi-center, mixed-method study using a multi-stage sampling method was conducted at primary healthcare facilities. The quantitative study, which was a retrospective cross sectional study, was conducted on all case note audits of patients for year 2023 to assess magnitude and patient outcomes. The other quantitative study had a cross-sectional design and a self-administered questionnaire was provided to health care professionals to assess their knowledge about breast cancer early detection work. The data was collected using Open Data Kit. The qualitative study was conducted with phenomenological study approach. The quantitative data was analyzed using STATA version 14 software. Descriptive statistics was done using frequency and percentages. Categorical data analysis and binary logistic regression were also done. Odds Ratio with its 95% Confidence Interval was used as a measure of association. Variables having a p value less than 0.05 in the multivariable model were considered as having significant association with the dependent variable. Results; The prevalence of breast abnormalities at the selected health facilities was 170.31 per 100,000 population among adult population and 109.14 per 100,000 female populations among women 30 and older. Patient delay was more than 30 days in 23.5% (85) of the cases. Only 14.9% (54 of the patients were referred to the next health facilities and physical examination was done only for 20.4% (74) of them. Of the health professionals, 27.6% (137) were knowledgeable (95%CI (0.24, 0.32)). Among trained health professionals, 72.7% (32) had poor knowledge. Work experience (AOR=5.61, 95% CI, (1.32, 23.9)); and risk factor identification (AOR=3.53, 95% CI, (1.66, 7.50)) were factors affecting knowledge of health professionals about breast cancer early detection work. The qualitative findings confirmed and explained the quantitative study findings such as absence of referral feedback, screening services and diagnostic investigations; poor knowledge of health professionals; and patient and healthcare related delays. Conclusions; There is higher prevalence of breast abnormalities among age 30 and above. Only 14.9% (54) of the patients were referred to the next health facility. Absence of diagnostic investigations and referrals with incomplete information together with absence of referral feedbacks deterred the referral experience. Majority of primary healthcare professionals have poor knowledge of breast cancer early detection work resulting in misdiagnosis and negligence. Trainings were given for very few of the health professionals and it was not effective that majority of the trained ones were not knowledgeable.Item Diabetic Health Literacy And Blood Glucose Control among Patients with Diabetes at Public Health Facilities in Bishoftu town, oromia, Ethiopia 2023/2024: Case-Control Study(Addis Ababa University, 2024-06-13) Asmelash Lidya; Negussie DeyessaUncontrolled blood glucose levels in most diabetes patients result from poor diabetes health literacy and are linked with significant mortality and morbidity. Diabetes patients with poor diabetic health literacy may have inadequate glycemic control likely to experience complications from the disease. However, insufficient studies support such a hypothesis in most low-income countries. Therefore, the main goal of this study is to investigate the link between diabetic health literacy and blood glucose levels in diabetic patients