Centers for Ethio Mines Development

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A Masters Project on Utilization and Quality Enhancement of Local Kaolin Clay Minerals Through Beneficiation
(Addis Ababa University, 2023-02) Abiyot Ayalew; Anteneh Marlign (PhD); Meseret Aregahegn:-Co-Advisor
Recently, some researchers labeled industrial minerals as ‘Development Minerals ‘because of their crucial role for fast local economic development and their necessity in the industrialization. The commercial term “Kaolin “is one of the most versatile industrial clay minerals composed essentially of kaolinite (Al2O3.2SiO22H2O). Kaolin What we call it as “China clay” have been found in Ethiopia as huge reserve estimated (20 million tons), throughout in the different parts of country. However, manufacturing industries import commercially value-added Kaolin from foreign countries due to the low qualities of local kaolin which have major impurities. The impurities of Kaolin from literatures and from XRF characterization of Raw Kaolin (RK) are quartz, mica, feldspar, iron oxide and titanium oxide minerals. Here my interest was to improve the qualities of this local kaolin through physical, thermal and chemical beneficiation to substitute imported commercial Kaolin. The two principal objectives of kaolin refining were the removal of impurities and the production of the desired particle-size distributions. Possibly to meet some industrial requirements, the coloring impurities (mainly iron oxides and other small amounts of fuxing components) must be removed. Based on the XRF analysis, the raw kaolin ore from AlemTena, Ethiopia containing 64.135 wt% SiO2, 25.747 wt% Al2O3, 4.838 wt% Fe2O3, and 8.22 wt% loss of ignition (LOI). Then it was physically beneficiated, chemically leached, and thermally treated for possible industrial use, especially for ceramic applications. The leaching experiments were carried out using oxalic acid solutions as leaching reagents for the iron extraction and colour enhancement process. A substantial reduction of iron oxide (4.838 to 3.107 wt %) and silica (64.135 to 57.285 wt%) SiO2 on the other hand a substantial increment of alumina (25.747 to 33.662 wt%) Al2O3 from the raw kaolin was observed at operating conditions of 2.0 M oxalic acid, the temperature of 90 °C, and contact time of 120 min. From Chemically leached kaolin we observed a significant whiteness and brightness. In other way the thermally treated kaolin was observed an increment of iron oxide (4.838 to 6.605 wt %) and also it lost its crystalline structure and becomes an amorphous phase but still its alumina and silica contents improved. Generally, from my study I understood that, the physically beneficiated, chemically leached, and thermally treated kaolin raw material can used to fabricate low-cost kaolin-based ceramic products.
Analyzing the Effect of Operational Parameters on the Breakage Mechanisms of Spodumene Mineral to Optimize the Comminution Processes of Lithium Bearing Pegmatite in Kenticha, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2023-06) Abdu Ebrahim; Alberto Velazquez Del Rosario (Prof); Ijara Tesfaye (Mr.0
This study is aimed to investigate the optimal operational conditions for breaking down the Kenticha, Ethiopia Li-pegmatite,which contains lithium minerals, particularly spodumene. The goal is to produce high-quality spodumene concentrate by achieving the desired particle size, particle distribution, which are crucial for efficient separation during the physical separation and subsequent froth flotation steps. To achieve this, one sample from Kenticha Li-pegmatite replicated four times were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) techniques for mineralogical and geochemical analysis respectively. XRD analysis confirmed that the ore was predominantly composed of spodumene, with minor amounts of quartz, mica and feldspar. AAS analysis showed that the ore contained a moderately high level of lithium (approximately 2.5%) as well as other trace elements such as iron, and very low amount manganese and phosphorus. The results indicated that the ore had the potential to be a valuable source of lithium for industrial purposes. The sample then were crushed using a Laboratory Jaw Crusher in primary step and the study was conducted for different conditions parameters of grinding as a secondary step using a Laboratory Ball Mill. Optimal breakage mechanism was determined to achieve the desired spodumene concentrate.The results showed that the optimal conditions under the experimental analysis identified as milling power: 41 W, amount of feed: 250 g and the milling speed: 500 rpm, could produce narrow size distribution and the desired particle size for high spodumene concentration. This research has significant implications in the field of lithium mineral processing, providing important insights into the operational parameters that can achieve high-quality spodumene concentrate.
Applicability of Gravity Separation Method on The Ashashire Gold Ore Deposit from Benishangul Gumuz Region, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2023-06) Misganu Kabeta; Mulugeta Sisay (PhD); Abaynesh Mitiku (Mr.) (Co-Advisor)
The current Project of applicability of gravity separation method for gold ore deposit was conducted in Ashashire locality of Benishangul gumuz region, North western Ethiopia. The purpose of this project is beneficiating the Ashashire gold ore deposit by applying the gravity separation. The Ashashire composites were produced to provide sufficient mass for this study and experiment includes sample preparation, head assay analysis of gold and multi-element, gravity concentration and mineralogical analysis. The study conducted to determine the applicability of gravity separation method by using KC on the Ashashire gold ore deposit. The samples were moderately ground to the standard grind size of P80 - passing 106, 75, 53 μm and this nominal size was selected for the preliminary assessment for Concentration optimization. During the study, a grind optimization was conducted on the composites sample with varying grind size to evaluate the effect of grind size on gold recovery. The gravity testing comprised three-stage concentration by centrifugal knelson concentrator to produce gravity concentrate. High recovery of gold from the gravity concentrates was achieved from the second gravity concentration. Based on the results from laboratory experiments, a grind size of P80 75 μm is selected as optimal size for the ashashire deposit using KC gravity methods. Increasing the grind size from P80 of 75 μm to106 μm decrease recovery rate from 75 % to 54 % or decreasing the grind size from P80 of 75 to 53 μm decrease gold recovery rate to 37%. It was observed that repeat gold head assays varied, indicating the presence of coarse gold particles and uneven gold particle distribution. The native gold grain in the ores is mostly associated with quartz and Fine gold is closely associated with pyrite, forming inclusions and dispersed within pyrite. According to the fire assay, chemical, and mineralogical analyzes data, only gold and telluride is commercially valuable component in the ores. Presence of 2.13 ppm Te was detected in the composite sample during head assay analysis. The differences between assayed head grades and calculated head grades would indicate that the gold is not evenly distributed within the ore and occurs as localised spots. Gold was identified to occur predominantly in the native form and as Au-Te. The sample subjected to gravity separation assayed about 2.6 g/t Au.
Application of Lapidary Technology for Sustainable Gemstone Resource Development In Ethiopia
(2023-09) Tsion Shumalem; Abubeker Yimam (PhD); Aselefech Mitiku (Ms.)(Co-Advisor)
Ethiopia is renowned for its mineral abundance and more than 40 varieties of gemstone resources. With the artisanal and small scale miners controlling the production, the phase of the gemstone path abruptly came to a halt, with just a few rough dealers and a few gem cutters remaining, resulting in a very low economic benefit from the sector. The purpose of this study is to look into the function of lapidary technology for sustainable gemstone resource development in Ethiopia. The paper focuses on identifying the country‘s gemstone resource development challenges, the stages of the lapidary process and colored gemstone value chains, lapidary technology and the economic and social importance of lapidary technology in creating various jewelry and decorations using the new technology. In this study, interviews, literature reviews, lapidary work on a selected sample (gemstone from Wegel Tena, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia), and an economic analysis of rough and value-added gems are conducted to analyze the role of lapidary technology on the industry. Furthermore, it is designed to comprehend the stages of the supply process and gem value chain, as well as to investigate the economic and social ramifications of modern lapidary technology on the development of sustainable gemstone resources. The impact of lapidary on increasing the value of rough gemstones is enormous. An economic analysis made of agate, crystal quartz, obsidian, jasper, and opal found that there is an increase between 400 and 70,000 folds due to the effect of lapidary technology and value added on the rough gemstone. The study’s findings revealed that the fragmented character of the gemstone business attributed to its lag behind other mining industries. Moreover, the study indicated that the gemstone industry in Ethiopia lacks technology, finance, lapidary expertise and a controlled market system. Enabling legislation should be put in place to ensure that the necessary economic return from gemstone resources is attained in order to protect the business and support a successful gemstone cutting and polishing industry.
Application of Montmorillonite Type Bentonite Clay From Chacha Area as Alternative for Local Construction Material
(Addis Ababa University, 2023-06) Addisu Misgana; Abubeker Yimam (PhD); Enatfanta Melaku (Mr.)
Hollow concrete block are produced from derbanPozolana Portland Cement (PPC), pumice and other aggregates (sand, scoria, gravel and clay). Mixing ratio and composition for HCBs although depend on the availability of materials. It is widely varying among the producers of cottage and industrial scale. However, all producers apply cement as a major constituent for binding. The demand of cement for HCBs and other construction materials is very high while the cement supply is very low. As a result, cost of production and sell price in the market is expensive and becoming not affordable for end users. The objective of this study is to investigate and evaluate the effect in using relatively cheaper bentoniteas cement replacement in HCBs production. Bentonite is available in a bulk when compared to cement. In the process focushas been given for curing and compressive strengthof HCB by varying the amount of cement and bentonite as major constituents in three ways (10kg bentonite replacing 10kg cement, 15 kg bentonite replacing 15 kg cement and 20 kg bentonite replacing 20 kg cement for a single batch /64 HCBs). All HCB samples were produced using 0.84 m3 pumice, 40 liters’ water. In addition silicate analysis (chemical composition) and physical properties (bulk density, moisture content and free swell test) of Chacha clay. Standard Compressive strength tests using (CES24:2013) method for HCBs of six sample replicates with average result on a total of 54 samples tests were made for 14, 21 and 28 age of curing time. For 28days’ age the average compressive strength (N/mm2) of 1.43, 1.27 and 1.23 were achieved by 10%, 15% and 20% bentonite replacement respectively. The compressive strength of HCBs is found to increase with increase of curing age and decreases with increase of the bentonite loading ratio. Generally, replacing of cement with bentonite at 28 days, a 10% bentonite replacement obtained the highest strength value, followed by a 15% bentonite loading ratio and a 20% bentonite loading ratio.
Beneficiation and Characterization Techniques of Coal in the Western region of Tarcha Zuria Wereda
(Addis Ababa University, 2025-05) Daniel Kassaye; Zekarias Gebreyes (PhD)
Coal stands as the most plentiful and extensively found fossil fuel. Thanks to advanced methods, it can be extracted, moved, and stored efficiently and economically. The global trade of coal is experiencing consistent growth, accompanied by intense competition regarding supply and pricing. Nevertheless, the future commercial viability of coal hinges on its environmental sustainability, particularly on the ability of the power generation sector to minimize sulfur and other harmful emissions. This research examines the extraction methods employed at the Tarcha coal deposit located in Tercha Zuria Wereda, Southern Ethiopia. It utilizes a wet extraction technique to evaluate flotation responses and optimize key factors such as yield percentage and ash content. The primary goal of the study is to enhance the quality of coal by refining flotation processes and minimizing impurities. Laboratory experiments are conducted with varying particle sizes and different ratios of collector to frother in the froth flotation process. The results indicate that the highest coal recovery yields are achieved at a collector-to-frother ratio of 8:4, while also assessing how these variables affect ash content. The data reveal a clear trend of increasing ash content as particle size decreases, highlighting the importance of maintaining specific parameter ranges to optimize yield. Ultimately, this project offers valuable insights that could support local mining operations, particularly the ET-Mining Development Company, which is actively involved in job creation and community development initiatives. The outcomes of this study may also aid Ethiopia in meeting its domestic coal needs, potentially decreasing its dependence on imported coal as the nation advances its coal resource development.
Beneficiation and Upgrading of Coal Via Dense Media Separation (DMS) In Ankober Woreda, North Shewa Zone
(2023-06) Gizachew Ayu; Bogale Tadesse (PhD); Henok Tamirat (Mr.)(Co-Advisor)
Coal is a type of fossil fuel and a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock, formed when dead plant matter decays into peat and is converted into coal by the heat and pressure of deep burial over millions of years as rock strata and used as a fuel for energy resource. But, coal is usually formed associated with gang mineral (ash) those can decrease combustibility of coal. Thus, to utilize this resource safely and efficiently, coal separation and concentration is required. Density-based rejection of ash is an effective method to remove gangue before the process of coal combustion for the purpose of improving the quality of coal. By using a uniform crushed particle size of coal sample (-4.75+4.5 mm) in different specific gravities of heavy medium (1.4, 1.6, and 1.6), the specific gravity of 1.4 was found to be the optimum parameters to successfully upgrade the coal and improve its calorific value. Based on the results of the float product of 32.8% of concentrated coal and 24% upgraded coal obtained with reduced ash content of 60.72% and 21.79% increase of fixed carbon at specific gravity 1.4 and also it was found that upgrading, floating, fixed carbon as well as ash reduction subsequently decreases in floats as the specific gravity increases unlike volatile matter. From this work, it can be concluded that beneficiation and upgrading of coal by dense media separation method is good technique to produce improved and safely used coal as an energy source for coal-fired utilization.
Beneficiation of Blended Coal by Froth flotation Technique, In The case of Kripto Coal Mining and Chemicals PLC Elasanchano Woreda Konta Zone South West Region of Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2025-03) Ewunetu Mitku; Mulugeta Sisay (PhD); Mamaru Genetu (Mr.) Co-Advisor
Beneficiation of blended coal in the case of Kripto coal mining and chemicals plc located Elasanchano woreda konta zone, south western part of Ethiopia using kerosene as a collector n-octanol as afrother sodium silicate as a depressant with aeration speed of 1850 r/pm to facilitate the formation of small bubble enhance the calorific value of blended coal in the three flotation parameters studied in this project. which is particle size, frother dosage and flotation time is investigated. The optimal particle size we get maximum combustible recovery and quality is +125+-250 μm particle size which have 35.699% recovery and its heating value measured in boom calorimeter is 6,047.5781Ca/gram. The optimal frother dosage we get maximum recovery and grade is 6ml of n-octanol which have 65.157% recovery and its heating value is 6,412.7735 Ca/gram. The optimal flotation time we get high combustible recovery and quality of coal is 10 minute which have 70.426% of recovery and its calorific value is 5,894.4779 Cal/gram. Generally, froth flotation technique is good for environmentally friend method for the reduction of sulfur content in coal which reduce the release of SO2 gas cause for the formation of acid rain and health risks including lung cancer in humans. This project reduces the sulfur content of blended coal 0.68% to 0.44%. So, froth flotation is an appropriate method for the enhancement of heating value and proximate and ultimate characteristics of coal by removing the impurities from coal.
Beneficiation of Lithium Ore Using Flotation Technique, In case of Erar Area, Harar Region, Ethiopia.
(Addis Ababa University, 2025-05) Taju Mohammed; Bisrat Kebede (PhD); Mamaru Genetu (Mr.) Co-Advisor
Enhancing the recovery of lithium from its ores is vital for supporting the growing demand for lithium-ion batteries used in electric vehicles and energy storage systems. This research investigates the beneficiation of lithium ore from Ethiopia’s Harar region through the froth flotation method, focusing on how varying reagent dosages affect flotation performance. Flotation tests were carried out by adjusting the amounts of collectors, frothers, and activators to study their effects on both the yield (concentration weight) and the purity (grade) of the lithium concentrate. The findings indicate that the amount of reagents used significantly influences flotation efficiency. The optimal result was obtained in experiment number 3, which used 5 mL of frother, 7 mL of collector, and 10 mL of activator, achieving the highest concentration weight. A steady increase in concentrate yield was observed from the first to the third experiment, followed by a decline through the ninth experiment. These results highlight the importance of precise reagent dosage control to maximize both the quantity and quality of lithium recovery. The study offers practical insights into improving the effectiveness and sustainability of lithium ore processing in the Harar region.
Biostratigraphy, Burial History and Thermal History of Gambella Basin, Ethiopia; Implications for Source-Reservoir Interaction and Hydrocarbon Generative Potential
(2023-06) Changkuoth Dhan; Samuel Getnet (PhD)
The Gambella Basin, located in southwestern Ethiopia, near the Sudan border, covers an area of about 15,350 sq.km. It has a NW-SE elongated outline, and it is presumed to be the southeastern extension of the Melut Basin of South Sudan. Geological data review indicates that sedimentation in the interior Basins of the South Sudan is controlled by intermittent rifting phases that continued up to Mid Miocene. Biostratigraphy, Burial history and Thermal history evaluation of Gambella area, analysis include the Palynological and Paleoenvironment analysis on 104 cuttings samples and 16 sidewall cores from the interval of 60-3500 mKB in Jekow well and carried out on seventy 70 ditch cuttings from the interval 745-3250 in Jacaranda well (PCOB report, 2007 ). The exploration wells, Jekow (in the East) and Jacaranda (in the West) Gambella, Ethiopia which have penetrated the target zone of Sothern Melut Basin extension of the South Sudanese rift Basin. The source rock screening, Thermal Maturity, zonal layer, geologic section, the vitrinite reflectance and the age have target the interest of burial history and the hydrocarbon generative of the Basin. A one-dimensional modeling of Burial history and Thermal history was performed in Jekow and Jacaranda locations using one PetroMod 1-Dimensional modeling of Integrated Exploration Systems of Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung, (GmbH-IES), Germany. However, due to unsuccessful exploration campaign in South Melut Basin where Gambella Basin is extended and in addition to the poor quality seismic data implied that the risk for the petroleum system in the West Gambella Sub-basin is still very high.
Categorization of Coal Based on Composition and Mineralogical Analysis for Evaluation of Quality Indicators; A Case Study of the Botor Tolay Area, Jimma, Southwestern Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2025-05) Likasa Bakala; Kebede Gamo (PhD); Bekele Ayele (PhD) Co Advisor
The classification of the coal's composition from the Botor Tolay deposit and its implications for coal quality indicators are the main goals of this study. The project research employs analysis of coal samples collected from five points within the studied area, utilizing techniques such as proximate, calorific value, sulfur content, XRD, XRF, and FTIR analysis methods to determine key compositional elements. The results reveal distinct categories of coal based on their calorific value, sulfur presence, moisture content, ash content, volatile matter, fixed carbon, and fuel ratio. Accordingly, calorific value ranged from (7,406.54 to 9,783.46Btu/lb), sulfur content (0.17 to 0.21%), moisture content (1.12 to 1.46%), ash content (33.99 to 48.52%), volatile matter (19.13-21.94%), fixed carbon (30.84 to 42.88%) and fuel ratio (1.61 to 1.95%). Hence, all the studied coal samples fall within the sub-bituminous coal category based on calorific value categorization. One of the coals sample BT-1 has the highest percentage of fixed carbon (42.88%), which made it to have a high fuel ratio, enabling it to be more combustible. Major element analysis of the coal sample indicates it contains the maximum amount of SiO2 (67.668% by wt.), and Al2O3 (24.194% by wt.) followed by Fe2O3 (4.472% by wt.) and (TiO2 (1.296% by wt.). Functional group analysis indicated the presence of the peak of the -OH stretching vibration group and the peak in the spectra of coal found between 1100 and 400 cm−1, which are assigned to clay minerals such as quartz, kaolinite, and illite. The Crystal chemistry structure analysis of the coal sample revealed the presence of silicon dioxide (SiO2) and pyrite (FeS2), which may contribute to increased ash content.
Characterization and Anionic Reverse Flotation of Boreda Kakisha Iron Ore, Melo Koza, Gofa Zone, South Ethiopia Region
(Addis Ababa University, 2025-06) Wondishaw Wosine; Kebede Gamo (PhD)
Iron ore, a mineral or rock from which metallic iron is extracted, mainly consists of iron in the form of oxides, hydroxides, carbonates, and sulfides. The presence of impurities like silica, alumina, phosphorus, sulfur, and trace elements can affect the ore's quality and suitability for iron and steel production, often requiring processing to reduce impurities. Anionic reverse flotation was used in this work to examine the impurity removal procedure for low-grade BK iron ore. BK iron ore sample is the low-grade and contains Fe2O3 (26.26 – 31.20 wt%, average 29.73 wt %) as iron-bearing mineral and SiO2 (43.16 – 51.78 wt %, average 45.78 wt %) and Al2O3 (11.46 – 13.60 wt %, average 12.42 wt %) as major associated impurities based on AAS analyses. The XRD mineralogical analysis showed that the iron ore sample primarily consisted of hematite and goethite as the main valuable minerals, with quartz being the dominant gangue mineral. The effect of varying particle size range was studied in the flotation test. BK iron ore was upgraded through anionic reverse flotation using the following conditions: 2 ml of 2% corn starch solution, 2 ml of oleic acid, 2 ml of 1% calcium chloride solution, and 2 ml of pine oil, pH of 11 and particle size of -250+150 microns, which is optimal particle size range because of highest concentrate grade due to mineral liberation and less affected by slimes. Under these conditions, a concentrate with 23.92% Fe grade and 97.21% iron recovery was achieved. The average iron (Fe) grade of 20.78% in the ore was increased to 23.17% in the concentrate, while the average iron oxide (Fe2O3) grade of 29.73% in the ore was upgraded to 33.15% in the concentrate. The percentage increase in iron content from the initial ore grade to the final concentrate grade was calculated to be 11.5%. This means that the average iron concentration in the concentrate has increased by approximately 11.5% compared to the original ore. However, further separation is necessary to enhance the iron content and eliminate impurities to meet the minimum iron grade specifications needed for blast furnaces and steel manufacturers.
Characterization and Beneficiation of Coal by Flotation in Sheka Zone Andiracha Woreda Shekibado Kebele, South West Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2025-05) Temamen Gebo; Melesse Alemayehu (PhD); Abinet Markos (Msc) Co-Advisor
This project successfully characterized and beneficiation by flotation of the coal founding in Sheka Zone Andiracha Woreda, using the proximate analysis and calorific value analysis method for coal detection and evaluation. The study focuses on the characterization and beneficiation of coal using proximate analysis and flotation methods. The parameters for flotation test method are affected by a number of physical and chemical factors, including type and dosage of reagents, pulp, particle size, impeller speed, froth depth, among many other during laboratory experiment. The flotation process can be done with the collector dosages (5ml to 10ml), frother dosages (2ml to 4ml) and particle size (-250 μm +125μm -75μm). Proximate analysis after and before treatment, which includes moisture, ranges from 5.27% to 13.64%, ash content range from 41.15% to 47.69%, volatile matter content ranges from30.46% to 23.46%, and fixed carbon content ranges from 23.13 to 15.22%, is essential for determining coal quality. The calorific value is most crucial component to determine the grade coal which is before flotation value 4002.21BTU/Ib and after flotation value is 6587.05BTU/Ib. The analysis highlights the relationship between coal ranks and calorific value, a critical indicator of energy efficiency and economic potential. By combining proximate analysis with optimized flotation processes, the study provides insights into enhancing the economic and environmental performance of coal from the study area.
Characterization of Coal Composition of Shela Area, Wolayita Zone, Southern Ethiopia, Implication
(Addis Ababa University, 2023-06) Abinet Markos; Sofiya Abdulkadir (PhD)
The present study focused on the mineral characterization of Kindo-Didaye coal by adiabatic Calorie Metter, Gravimetric, hard groove index and proximate techniques. The result showed that coal quality ranged between (2475.79-10931.96Btu/lb); Sulphur (<0.02 % to 2.93%), moisture (1.21 to 1.99 %), volatile matter (15.45 to 26.37%), ash content (28.19 to 71.26%) and fixed carbon (11.21 to 44.23%). The majority of the Coal samples fall within lignite “B”, subbituminous “B” and sub-bituminous “C” ranks and none agglomerating. The grindablity index of the majority of the coal samples has the range (56.2-66), which HGI values of the Shela area coal samples indicate that most of the samples can be characterized as lignite and are also extremely challenging to grind.
Characterization of Ore and Gangue Mineralogy at The Ashashire Gold Deposit, Benishangul- Gumz Region, Western Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2023-06) Getnet Belachew; Melesse Alemayehu (PhD); Basalifew Zenebe (Mr.) (Co-Advisor)
Gold is a precious metal that is highly prized and has been significant throughout human history. It has been used as money and for ornamental purposes. It is a crucial component in electronics, medical equipment, and other industrial uses. Around the world, mining operations have sprung up in response to the demand for gold, and efficient extraction and processing depend on an understanding of the mineralogy of gold deposits. This study aimed to characterize the mineralogy of the Ashashire gold deposit located in the Benishangul Gumuz Regional State, Western Ethiopia. Six representative mineralized core samples were analyzed using fire assay with atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), inductively coupled plasma (ICP), quantitative evaluation of minerals by scanning electron microscopy (QEMSCAN) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The study found that the gold in the deposit occurs primarily as native gold and gold-telluride, with a strong association with tellurium and often found as free particles or in association with gangue minerals such as quartz and pyrite. Pyrite is the dominant sulfide mineral detected in all core samples, with only trace amounts of chalcopyrite detected. The gangue minerals present in the deposit are mainly quartz, ankerite-dolomite, muscovite, chlorite, and albite, with lower levels of paragonite, rutile, magnetite, and calcite. The presence of tellurium suggests that specialized processing techniques may be required to liberate the gold from the tellurides. The degree of liberation, liberation sizes, and recovery of gold are all impacted by the texture of the ore. The gangue mineral composition of the ore can also impact gold processing in several ways, including cyanide consumption, clay coating and gold adsorption, ore hardness, mineralogical complexity, and processing costs. The mineralogical data can be used to develop a suitable processing route, taking into account the ore texture, gold mineralogy, and gangue mineral composition. A combination of techniques such as gravity separation, flotation, cyanide leaching, pressure oxidation, and CIL/CIP could be employed to maximize gold recovery and minimize environmental impact. Further metallurgical testing and optimization are necessary to fully understand and optimize gold recovery from this deposit.
Characterization of Permian to Triassic Formation Within Ogaden Reservoir Ethiopia, Implication of Source Reservoir Interaction
(2023-06) Eshetu Lema; Samuel Getnet (PhD)
The Ogaden region is located on the Somali Plateau, in southeast Ethiopia. Originally a clanbased term, the Ogaden is now commonly used for the entire region below about 1,500 m a.s. l., an area of some 350,000 km2 that encompasses most of the Somali Regional State and includes the southwest portion of Oromia. The Northern Ogaden Basin is underlain by Precambrian basement rocks and Phanerozoic rocks consist of Paleozoic – Mesozoic sedimentary rocks and Cenozoic volcanic and cover rocks. The Phanerozoic of northern Ogaden Basin is formed on an exhumed rift-related, NW-to WNW trending basin that formed as a result of the NE-SW extension that began in Paleozoic. The oldest rocks in the basin are represented by the deposition of Paleozoic-Early Jurassic succession, which is made of continental clastic sediments (Wayu Sandstone and Adigrat Sandstone). They are deposited within grabens bounded by NW-trending and northeast-and southwest-dipping normal faults, which are developed above a top-to-northeast detachment fault. They are un conformably overlain by Middle – Late Jurassic sediments comprised of mainly limestone with minor interbeds of shale and marls (Hamanlei, Urandab and Gabredarre Formation) that pass upward into the Garbeharre Formation, which consists of sandstone, mudstone, shale with minor interbeds of limestone at the base of the succession. The climate is hot, arid to semiarid, corresponding to the Ethiopian bereha and kolla climatic zones. Three basic physiographic provinces are recognized: the Genale and Shebele drainage basins and the Eastern Slope and Plains. The two drainage basins include spectacular upstream canyons that witness the vertical movements that have accompanied the succession of rifting events in the Ethiopian Rift, Afar, and the Gulf of Aden. In strong contrast, the Eastern Slopes and Plains is dipping less than 0.4° on average over hundreds of kilometers to the southeast and is mantled by red sands. Several remarkable Oagden landforms are described and analyzed, including volcanic, fluvial, and gravitational features, some having few equivalents in other areas on Earth.
Characterizing the Ore Mineralogy of Kenticha Pegmatite for Lithium Beneficiation, Southern Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2023-06) Gutema Mekonen; Alberto Velazquez (Prof.); Kaleb Gebreyes (Mr.) (Co-Advisor)
Lithium is a highly sought-after resource crucial for rechargeable batteries, and the Kenticha pegmatite ore deposit in Ethiopia holds potential as a source of this valuable element. The focus of this study was to investigate the mineralization of Kenticha, specifically the spodumene ore, and its suitability for beneficiation processes. Through XRD, AAS, and petrographic microscope analysis, the study identified the minerals present in the spodumene pegmatite ore, their average composition, and mineral texture for spodumene concentrate liberation. Spodumene was found to be the most abundant mineral, but its low degree of liberation from other minerals required additional processing steps for high yield. Weathering significantly impacted mineral identification and quantification, affecting diverse mineral morphology and liberation. The study's findings have implications for mining operations, exploration, and processing strategies, suggesting additional processing steps for spodumene recovery and highlighting the impact of weathering on mineral characterization. The study provides valuable information on mineral texture and liberation for selecting processing methods for beneficiation, contributing to a better understanding of the Kenticha pegmatite ore deposit's mineralization potential for lithium extraction.
Comminution circuit flow sheet Development for Optimum Performance of Iron Ore Processing, in the Case of Sekota, Wagehimra, Northern Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2023-06) Ephrem Tialhun; Abubeker Yimam (PhD); Megeressa Bedo (Mr.) (Co-Advisor)
Sekota Iron Ore aims to contribute to the economic development of Ethiopia by exploiting and producing high-quality iron ore for both domestic and international markets. The company expects to create employment opportunities and generate revenue for the government, which can be used to invest in other developmental projects. Besides, the establishment of Sekota Iron Ore could also help to reduce the country's reliance on imported iron and steel products, promote local industries and contribute to the growth of the mining sector. Most of the minerals extracted in the nature are founded disseminated with the gangue, this creates a necessity to liberate these particles and reduce the size for principally reach a big concentration of the desired material. As the comminution is by far the largest energy consumer in most mine sites, the study of the mineral processing try to conduct this size reduction with the bigger efficiency possible. comminution flowsheet design is a critical process in the production of iron ore. In this study, the flow rate was fixed at 150t/h with the Crusher specification of a Cedarapids JC24x36 jaw crusher model and a Nordberg Hp 300 S/M cone crusher. Based on the mineralogical information and ore properties provided the AggFlow Version 460.22 software is used to conduct, a comprehensive comminution flowsheet design to achieve the desired particle size distribution and mineral liberation. In the communition of primary crusher stage Iron ore at top size of 42 inches or (1066.8mm) generates 5 different ranges of materials, the first is at a size of 45mm, the second at 10mm, and the third is at 8mm, between 15 and 8mm and between 23.5 and 15mm. The primary crusher, a Cedarapids JC2436 Model Jaw crusher, was required to reduce the feed size with closed side setting of 69.85 mm to a manageable size of end product 21Mtph for further processing. The Nordberg Hp 300 S/M cone crusher was used as a secondary crusher with closed side setting (CSS) of 28mm to further reduce the particle size to 26Mtph. To complete the task several choices analyzed and as final design used 1 jaw crusher Cedarapids Jc 2436, and two cone crushers Nordberg HP 300 S/M. some screening and conveyors placed in the design to increase the reduction ratio of the equipment.
Determination of Coal Rank and Operational Efficiency through Blending Techniques in the ET-Coal Washing Plant in Dawuro, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2025-03) Berhanu Abate; Bisrat Kebede (PhD; Bekele Ayele (PhD) Co-Advisor
The study investigates the impact of blending and subsequent washing and flotation processes on coal quality. Four raw coal samples sourced from different seams were blended to create a uni-form feed before undergoing flotation. The study provides laboratory results of coal samples be-fore and after blending, washed by ET- Washing plant, and flotation treatments, highlighting significant improvements in key quality parameters, such as calorific value, ash content, sulfur levels, moisture content, and volatile matter. The flotation process, in particular, demonstrated considerable advantages in reducing ash and moisture content while increasing calorific value, making the coal more suitable for energy production. However, challenges related to sulfur con-tent and volatile matter remain. Additionally, environmental concerns such as water contamina-tion, air pollution, and solid waste management were addressed, with recommendations for the implementation of flotation circuits, desulfurization, and efficient waste management practices to minimize environmental impact. Economic analysis of the plant’s operation, including capital and operating costs, demonstrated that while the current process is cost-effective, the addition of flotation could enhance coal recovery and overall revenue. The study concludes that flotation provides the most significant improvements in coal quality and efficiency, making it a viable op-tion for enhancing the plant’s overall operational and economic performance.
Determination Of Work Index of Spodumene from Kenticha Ore, Southern Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2023-06) Anuwar Mama; Bisrat Kebede (PhD)
From Kenticha, Southern Ethiopia, granite and kenticha spodumene ore were collected and used separately as reference ores. Each test ore was weighed at 2000 grams, and the reference ore was weighed at 500 grams, and all were ground in a lab ball mill under the same conditions. Size analysis of the feed to the ball mill and the output from the ball mill was performed on both the test ore and the reference ore, with the results properly tabulated. The feed and discharge particle sizes for the samples going into the ball mill were calculated using the Gaudian Schumann formula to ensure an 80% passing rate. The work index of the Kenticha spodumene ore was then calculated using Bond's equation, and it was discovered to be 11.391 kWh/t.

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