Clinical Psychology

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A Comparative Study of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice About HIVjAIDS and VCT among Defense University College Students
(Addis Ababa University, 2006-06) Yimer, Ibrahim; Tadesse, Sentayehu (PhD)
The major objectives of this study were to compare knowledge, attitude and practice about HIVIAIDS and voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) among Defense University College Students who identified their HIV negative status and those who do not. Tile sample of the study consists of students who identified their HIV negative status and those who do not. A total of 236 purposefully selected subjects were participated in the study. Data collectors administered a questionnaire prepared by the investigator for subjects in the three campuses of the Defense University College namely: Defense Health Sciences College, Human Resource Management College and Nlulugeta Buli Technical Training Institute. The statistical analysis in this study consisted of percentage and Chi- Square. The study shows that 94.3% of over all, 95.5% of the tested and 93.3% of the non tested respondents had good knowledge and 72.54% of over all, 75% of the tested and 66% of the non tested respondents had favorable attitude towards HIV/ AIDS. Wyfhen compared between the tested and the non tested on knowledge and attitude about HIV / AIDS there is no statistically significant difference between the tested and the non tested on their knowledge and attitude about HIV/ AIDS(Chi-square = 0.015, P<0.05). Regarding practice on HIV, 1 7.4% of over all students, 12. 7% of the tested and 25. 6%of the non- tested respondents had STDs during the last two years . . Moreover, 17.4% of over all, 16.7% of the tested and 19.6% of the non-tested had unsafe injection during the last two years. Concerning their knowledge about VCT, 76.3% of over all, 81.6% of the tested and 67.05% of the non tested had good knowledge, and also 77% of over all, 84.74% of the tested and 70.9% of the non tested had favorable attitude about VCT. When the tested and the non tested are compared there is statistically significant difference on knowledge about VCT (Chi-square = 23.99, df= 1 P<0.05). Bbut there is no statistically significant difference on attitude about VCT (Chi-square = 3.49, P<0.05) ... Concerning their practice, 83.3% of the tested 54.7% of the non- tested are willing to be retested and tested if the service is available. There is statistically significant differences between the tested and the non tested to be tested if the service is available, that is more of the tested are willing to be tested than the non tested if the service is available(Chi-square = 19.09, df=l P<0.05). The study made practical recommendations amide at preventing the spread of HIV/AIDS
Cross-Border Migration: Explaining Migration Intention from Selected Psychosocial Variables in South Wollo
(Addis Ababa Universty, 2023-03-15) Abebe Kibret; Abebaw Minaye (PhD)
Migration has become one of the challenging global issues of the twenty-first century. Therefore, analyzing future migration is essential to develop clear strategies to manage actual migration. This research aimed to investigate predictors of emigration intention and the interaction effect of social network and sex between those predictors and migration intention. A sample of 701high school students who were selected using multistage random sampling participated in the research. Exploratory Factor Analysis and Confirmatory Factor Analysis were employed to explore the dimension and loading of items respectively. To test the moderation effect of social network on migration intention and the predictor variables, structural equation modeling was employed using Amos version 27. As the finding indicates 54 % of participants expressed a desire to migrate abroad. The findings also revealed that there is a statistically significant difference in mean between female and male migration intentions (t(699) =12, P< .01). The global Chi-square test indicates sex significantly moderates the connection between the predictor variables and migration intention. The finding indicated that Attitude towards migration, National pride, subjective social norm, and perceived behavioral control predict youths’ migration intention. The result also revealed that social network strengthens the negative correlation between place attachment and intention to migrate only if the individuals have a high social network abroad. Social network of the youth is also found to moderate the relationship between attitude toward migration and migration intention. Therefore, strategies how to change the attitude of adolescents should be designed by NGOs, Government and Scholars in the area in collaboration with community members. Frequent training to adolescents about the consequences of migration should be intensively provided. Since it is the age of learning, teachers, families and communities need to work on adolescents to give priorities on their education. Key Words: Attitude: Migration Intention; National Pride; Perceived behavioral control; Place Attachment; Social Network and Subjective Social Norm
Depression among Addis Ababa University Students Sidist Kilo Campus: Prevalence, Gender Difference and Other Associated Factors
(Addis Ababa University, 2015-03) Gashaw, Yalemwork; Wise, Robert (PhD)
The general objective of this study was to find out depression among Addis Ababa University Sidist Kilo Campus. Quantitative method was employed to achieve the research objective. A sample of 303 respondents was selected by using equal sized stratified sampling technique. A standardized tool (i.e., BDI-II) was administered. Data were analyzed by using percentage, Spearman rank order correlation, Pearson correlation, t-test and logistic regression. The result of this study indicated that the prevalence of depression was 31.7%. Study year was negatively correlated with depression (rs = -.274). Similarly, gender, study year, and family marital status were significantly associated with depression. The result of logistic regression indicated that gender, study year and family marital status were the best predictors of depression. Considering the result of the study, the university communities such as counselors, teachers and administrative staff should take different actions for those students who were at risk for depression like by opening more counseling office, by giving orientations and different trainings for those students when they enter campus.
Level of Anxiety and Depression among Chronic Kidney Patients at Tikur Anbessa and St' Paul Specialized Hospitals, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2018-10) Abebe, Hiwotie; Yemane, Sisay (PhD)
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is globally issue health problem in both developed and developing countries. Depression and anxiety occurred in patients with chronic but remain undertreated despite intense unfavorable consequences on patients’ wellbeing. The major purpose of this study was to examine the level of anxiety and depression among chronic kidney patients in Tikure Anbessa and St Paul specialized Hospital. A total of 109 participants were selected using non-probability sampling techniques (convenient sampling techniques). The research design was a cross sectional survey design. Two standardized scales after checking their psychometric property were used to measure quantitative part of the data, which are Beck depression inventory and Hamilton anxiety scale. Quantitative analyses were used to analyze the data obtained through the scale to address the basic research questions in the study, data were analyzed using percentile, Pearson correlation coefficients, t-test, and ANOVA statistical techniques. The result shows that based on the minimal and mild classification of depression is 41.3% and 18.4% respectively, 20.2% show moderate level of depression. Mild anxiety symptoms exhibited in 66.2% and mild to moderate symptoms show in 12% of CKD patients. Results from the analysis of variance indicated that there was no statically significant difference in level of anxiety and depression based on age, independent t test indicate there was statically significance difference based on residence area, it indicates that rural area CKD patients had shown anxiety and depression compared to urban area. Correlation analysis shows anxiety and depression have positive relation. The study recommended that provide important data base on level of anxiety and depression among CKD patients in health setting and inspire researchers to further explore these concepts with respect to theory, practice and research in the field of counseling psychology.
Level of Depression among Institutionalized Orphan Children: Sos Children’s Village
(Addis Ababa University, 2007-06) Doda, Yodit; . A, Moges (PhD)
The aim of this study was to examine the level of depression among institutionalized orphan children. Participants of this study were 80 children aged between 13-17 and both sexes. Interview was held with 3 children and 2 caregivers selected purposively. Totally, the study has 82 participants. All children were subjected to psychiatric assessment for depression by Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI). Data about the institutional facilities were collected through interview. Quantitative data were analyzed using both descriptive (percentage, mean and SD) and inferential statistical methods such as independent-samples t- test and correlation. The prevalence rate of depression was 23.6% with a CDI cut-off score of 17. This study concluded that depression is highly prevalent among institutionalized children; there is no statistical difference in means among selected pairs of categories of children, and no statistically significant relationship between admission age and level of depression.
Prevalence of Depression ond Anxiety and Associated Factors Among Cancer Patient at Tikur Anbessa Hospital
(2017-10) Mekonnen, Meseret; Habtamu, Kassahun
Both depression and anxiety are the most common problems among cancer patients. But, there is information gap on the prevalence and associated factors of depression and anxiety among cancer patients in the study area. Having identified this gap, the current study aimed to assess prevalence and associated factors of depression and anxiety among cancer patients. This study is quantitative by design. Respondents of the study were selected using stratified random sampling. From the total population of the study site, a total of 384 cancer patients have participated in filling the questionnaire. Facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted from March to May2017.Data collected using questionnaire were analyzed using bivariate and multivariable binary logistic regression analysis. The prevalence of depression among cancer patients was 63% (95%, CI: 58.3-67.7). And the prevalence of anxiety among cancer patients was56.8 %( 95%, CI: 51.8-61.7). All factors, age, religion, monthly income and occupation were found to be significantly associated with depression while sex, residence, marital status, education, and social support were not significantly associated. And age, sex, religion, monthly income, education and occupation were found to be significantly associated with anxiety; whereas marital status and residence were not significantly associated. All clinical factors, (treatment type, type of cancer, stage of cancer, durations of diagnosis) were found to be significantly associated with both depression and anxiety. Social support and pain belief perception of patients were significantly associated with depression and anxiety. The study recommends that counselors and oncologists need to work in close collaboration among themselves to better serve cancer patients and also awareness creation to the general public seem essential to bring attitudinal change. Key words: Prevalence, depression, anxiety, cancer, Tikur Anbesa Specialized Hospital
The prevalence of Psychological Distress and associated factors among Caregivers of Schizophrenia Outpatients: The Case of Amanuel Mental Specialized Hospital
(Addis Ababa University, 2015-02) Girma, Emebet; Todd, Robert (PhD)
The main purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of psychological distress and associated factors among caregivers of schizophrenia outpatients in Amanuel mental specialized hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. This study used a cross-sectional survey research design and selected 110 sample of caregivers by using purposive sampling technique. Standardized instruments were used to collect data, namely Self Report Questionnaire (SRQ 20), Experienced Stigma Scale the Family Version, and Oslo 3 items Social Support Scale (OSS-3). The results of the study showed that 53 (48%) of the participants were found psychologically distressed. Current symptomatology compared to a year ago shows a significant relationship with psychological distress of caregivers (p- value <0.01).employed and unemployed caregivers show a significant mean difference on the score of psychological distress. Spearman’s correlation indicated that Experience of stigma has a positive and social support has a negative statistically significant relationship with psychological distress (p-value=.000). Logistic regression analysis indicates that caregivers who experience stigma and low social support have the likelihood of experiencing psychological distress. Mental health professionals and social workers have to give concern for the psychological wellbeing of caregivers of schizophrenia out patients.
Problematic Khat use: Case Definition and Impact Among Khat Users in Addis Ababa
(Addis Ababa University, 2014-06) Mihretu, Awoke; Fekadu, Abebawu (MD, PhD, MRCPsych)
Khat is a psycho stimulant herb, which has been in use in traditional societies in East Africa and the Middle East over many centuries. Although khat is reported to cause various health problems, what constitutes problematic khat use has never been systematically investigated. This study explored the acceptable and problematic uses of khat from the perspective of users. The study used an exploratory sequential design in which qualitative (emic) data was collected to define problematic khat use and quantitative data was then collected to evaluate the utility of the framework developed through the qualitative approach. The qualitative data was gathered through in-depth interviews (N=11) and focus group discussions (N=26). By supplementing this emic exploration of the experiences considered to constitute problematic khat use with an etic definition, DSM-5 criteria for stimulant related disorders, a structured questionnaire was developed. Then the quantitative study consisted of a cross-sectional evaluation of 102 respondents was done. Respondents both for qualitative and quantitative study were selected through snowballing and convenience sampling methods. Qualitative data were transcribed and subjected to thematic analysis whereas quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and nonparametric statistics. Impaired control, social and occupational impairment, recurrent risky sexual engagement after chewing khat, craving (harara), hazardous use, diminished effect (wesewase) and withdrawal sign/symptoms of khat were defined by the respondents as a criteria for problematic khat use. Frequency of chewiwng khat; three or four times per month unlike socio demographic characteristics of respondents was the independent predictor of problematic khat use [OR, 95% CI; 16.9(1.31, 21.7)]. Problematic khat use was also significantly associated with amount of khat, X2 (10,101) =19.82, p = .03, Cramer’s = .48 and problem drinking X2= (1,100) = 7.82, p = .005, phi = .3. Problematic khat use had also a negative impact on psychological wellbeing and alcohol use behavior. The study demonstrates that problematic khat use can be defined and evaluated. Interestingly there was a major overlap between the emic and etic approaches although the list of indicators for problematic use was more extensive in the emic approach. The study may form the basis for further exploration of the distribution of problematic khat among khat users
Problematic Khat use: Case Definition and Impact among Khat Users in Addis Ababa
(Addis Ababa University, 2014-06) Mihretu, Awoke; Fekadu, Abebawu (MD, PhD, MRCPsych)
Khat is a psycho stimulant herb, which has been in use in traditional societies in East Africa and the Middle East over many centuries. Although khat is reported to cause various health problems, what constitutes problematic khat use has never been systematically investigated. This study explored the acceptable and problematic uses of khat from the perspective of users. The study used an exploratory sequential design in which qualitative (emic) data was collected to define problematic khat use and quantitative data was then collected to evaluate the utility of the framework developed through the qualitative approach. The qualitative data was gathered through in-depth interviews (N=11) and focus group discussions (N=26). By supplementing this emic exploration of the experiences considered to constitute problematic khat use with an etic definition, DSM-5 criteria for stimulant related disorders, a structured questionnaire was developed. Then the quantitative study consisted of a cross-sectional evaluation of 102 respondents was done. Respondents both for qualitative and quantitative study were selected through snowballing and convenience sampling methods. Qualitative data were transcribed and subjected to thematic analysis whereas quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and nonparametric statistics. Impaired control, social and occupational impairment, recurrent risky sexual engagement after chewing khat, craving (harara), hazardous use, diminished effect (wesewase) and withdrawal sign/symptoms of khat were defined by the respondents as a criteria for problematic khat use. Frequency of chewiwng khat; three or four times per month unlike socio demographic characteristics of respondents was the independent predictor of problematic khat use [OR, 95% CI; 16.9(1.31, 21.7)]. Problematic khat use was also significantly associated with amount of khat, X2 (10,101) =19.82, p = .03, Cramer’s = .48 and problem drinking X2= (1,100) = 7.82, p = .005, phi = .3. Problematic khat use had also a negative impact on psychological wellbeing and alcohol use behavior. The study demonstrates that problematic khat use can be defined and evaluated. Interestingly there was a major overlap between the emic and etic approaches although the list of indicators for problematic use was more extensive in the emic approach. The study may form the basis for further exploration of the distribution of problematic khat among khat users
Psychoactive Substance Use Related Psychological Problems at Two Selected Governmental Hospitals in Addis Ababa
(Addis Ababa University, 2009-06) Kebede, Workneh; Tadesse, Sintayehu (PhD)
The general objective of this study was to explore psychoactive substance use related psychological problems at two selected governmental hospitals in Addis Ababa. The study also aimed at finding if there are duration of use, treatment intensity and number of substance use differences in exposure to the psychological problems (depression, anxiety and anger symptoms). Investigation of the psychological services in the two hospitals was also another objective. To meet these objectives, 68 substance users, 5 caregivers/parents and 5 health professionals were purposively selected and included int he sample. Three scales measuring the psychological problems (depressi n, anxiety and anger symptoms) and two semi - structured interviews were u ed as instruments. Quantitative and qualitative analyses were used to a alyze the data obtained through the scales and interviews. Percentage results showed that 69.2% of substance users showed above average level of depression while 58.8% of substance users showed moderate and severe level of anger symptom. Above moderate anxiety symptom was exhibited in only 25% of substance users' participants. Results from the analysis of variance indicated that there were no statistically significant duration of use and number of substance use differences in experiencing depression, anxiety and anger symptom levels. Only treatment intensity (inpatient and outpatient substance users) in experiencing depression were statistically significant variation but in relation to anxiety and anger were not statistically significant. The main and interaction effects of the three - way ANOVA, the treatment intensity (main effect) is found to bring statistically significant mean differences in depression level and the interaction effects (duration of use and number of substance use) indicated statistically significant differences in anger symptom levels. But the rest main and interaction effects of the three - way ANOVA came up with statistically non significant results. Interview results with caregivers/parents and health professionals showed the availability of psychological /counseling services in the two hospitals. Recommendations and implications of the study are indicated
The relationship between dysfunctional attitudes, self-esteem, life event stressors and depression Among Addis Ababa University students
(Addis Ababa University, 2014-10) Hussen, Eden; Singh, Yeswant (Professor)
Studies has consistently demonstrated that major depressive episode in patients compared to controls is preceded by major life event stressors. Beck postulated that maladaptive cognitive styles when triggered by stressful life events leads to depression. Self esteem is also a vulnerability factor to depression. Self esteem deficits are thought to play a Role in vulnerability to depression. thus the present study objective was investigating how prevalent depression is in university students and examining the main effects and interaction effects of self esteem ,dysfunctional attitudes, life event stressors, and gender on depressive symptoms among university students (N = 308). cross sectional research design was utilized to met the research objectives. Prevalence rate of 31.8% was found among AAU students. Regression analysis has shown that dysfunctional attitudes, self esteem, life stressors and gender had a unique significant contribution to the variability of depression and the regression model that included these variables was significant predictor of depression. The above mentioned variables were tested for their interactive effects on depression. Interaction of life stressors and dysfunctional attitudes, and life stressors and gender were not significant predictors of depression. However Interaction of self esteem and dysfunctional attitudes were significant predictors of depression. These results suggest that self esteem, dysfunctional attitudes, gender and life stressors have relationship with depression and might be vulnerability factors to depression. Dysfunctional attitudes and self esteem in combination predicts depression above and beyond the independent effect each have on depression.
The Relationship Between Stress, Coping Behavior and Substance Abuse Among Debreberhan University Students
(Addis Ababa University, 2014-10) Birhanu, Betelhem; Nega, Mulu (PhD)
The aim of the present study was to examine the impact of stress and coping on substance abuse among Debreberhan University students. A cross sectional survey research design using quantitative research approach was employed in this study. Stratified random sampling was used to select 364 ( 220 male and 144 female) participants from the target population after stratifying by colleges, department and sex. Data were gathered through self-administered questionnaire. Data obtained were analyzed using descriptive statistics, T- tests, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and regression. Results of the study showed that, lifetime prevalence rates of Tobacco was 19.6% , alcohol 62.7%, cannabis 9.8%, and Chat/Khat 25.4% while current prevalence rates for tobacco, alcohol, cannabis and chat were14.7%, 44.2%, 5.5%, and 22.3% respectively. The results of Regression analysis has shown that both stress and coping significantly predict substance abuse, with stress and disengagement coping yielding unique contribution for the dependent variable. The results of the T- test has also shown that there were significant gender differences in the mean scores of stress, coping and substance abuse among participants. From this study the magnitude of substance abuse is high. Stress and disengagement coping are the factors that have contributed to students substance abuse. Thus, there is a need to increase public awareness of the potential impacts of substance abuse, specially adolescents, and also help them identify effective and healthy coping strategies to forestall the onset of substance use
The School Principal Performance and It’s Relationship to Student Achievement in Secondary School in Western Shoa Zone
(Addis Ababa University, 2005-06) Benti, Dessalegn; Mehesha, Ayelew (PhD)
The major pwpose of the study was to examine the relationship between principals' peljarmance and student achievement in some secondary schools in western Shoa Zone. For the study purpose eight secondQly schools were selected by simple random sampling techniques among 12 secondary schools in Western Shoa Zone. Questionnaire was used to rate principal work efficiency. To rate principals' pel/ormances 50% of teachers were selected randomly by simple random sampling techniquesji-om each sample school and two wereda education administrators purposely participated in rating principal pel/onnances from each wereda education office on these sample schools. The sample schools students' GPA and different grade result in EGSECE obtained from students mark list from record office of each sample school. Pearson correlation moment also computed the data to analyze the relationship between principal performance and students achievement. The study revealed that there were significant relationship of teachers' perception of principal administrative function of planning and coordinating to students academic performance (2.00 and above GPA in EGSECE). The study correlated between wereda education administrators' perception of principal administrativefimction and students achievement (2.00 and above GPA in EGSECE). The resuil indicated significant relationship between principal administrative jimction of coordinating and entire administrative practices with students GPA. The other correlation computed between the subject teachers' perception of principal peljarmance and students subject passing (grade "c" and above in EGSECE). It showed strong relationship in principal pel/ormance and students (Amharic, Mathematics, Biology Afjim Ommo and Civic) achievement. Further the correlation computed among teachers and wereda education administrators' perception of principals' administrative functions and students total subjects grade "C" and ahove in EGSECE. The study result revealed that the principal administrative junction of coordinating in both of rating groups indicated a beller relationship with studellts academic pel/ormances
Sexual Harassment against Women with Visual Impairment in Addis Ababa: Types, Extent and Consequences
(Addis Ababa University, 2017-06) Gebreselassie, Luchia; Zeleke, Sileshi (PhD)
The primary objective of this study was to uncover the type, magnitude and consequences of sexual harassment among women with visual impairment in Addis Ababa. To this effect, a random sample of 72 women with visual impairment and a purposive sample of eight key informants provided quantitative and qualitative data through questionnaire and in-depth interview respectively. The results showed that whereas 84.7% of the women with visual impairment were of the view that blind women are vulnerable to sexual harassment, 68.1% of the women confirmed that they themselves were sexually harassed, suggesting how large the magnitude of the problem is. Regarding the causes, results indicated that Perpetrator tried to take advantage of blindness (46.9%), trust in perpetrator (34.5%) and dependence in perpetrator (16.3%) were found to be the leading causes for sexual harassment women with visual impairment. The results further indicated that the major consequences of the act were quickly angry (77.6%), sleeplessness or irregular sleep patterns (77.6%), suicide attempt (67.3%). The most frequently perpetrators were relatives (29%), neighbor (26%) and strangers (19.3%). Organization and associations such as family service and counseling centers, community legal service could be providing much needed support and services to individuals who experience sexual harassment, especially if person are reluctant or afraid to report incident, or uncertain and confused about what to do.
Structural and Functional Assessment on the Readiness of The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church in Providing Pastoral Counseling
(Addis Ababa University, 2018-06) Wube, Tamerat; Daniel, Gobena (PhD)
The purpose of the study was to assess the structural and functional readiness of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church (EOTC) to provide pastoral counselling. As to the methods, the study employed Rapid Assessment and Action Planning Process (RAAPP). Thus, the process was conducted as per the manual developed by WHO (2015) which includes three phases, Phase One: The Planning phase; Phase Two: The Orientation and Data Collection phase; and Phase Three: The Analysis and Action Planning phase and twelve (12) procedural steps. The area sampling was limited to Addis Ababa through purposive sampling where the criterion was availability of information. Five types of data sources were employed, namely, The Holy Synod; The Holy Trinity Theological College; EOTC Patriarchate Office; Members of the Likawent Guba’ae (Council of Church Scholars); and Members of a core-team with personal closeness to the functioning of the EOTC and specialized knowledge in psychology, law, management, economics, and theology. The sampling of all respondents except the members of the core-team, was purposive sampling where the criteria were access to relevant information and willingness to participate as data source, and the sampling of the core-team was conducted through snowball sampling method. Two types of data collection instruments, namely, semi-structured interview and Focus Group Discussion (FGD) were used as data collection tool. Interviews were conducted with scholars at Holy Trinity Theological College, Church scholars in the Likawent Guba’ae (Council of Church Scholars), and with Members of the administration at EOTC Patriarchate Office. Focus Group Discussion was held with members of the core-team. Concerning qualitative data analysis, thematic analysis method were employed to analyse qualitative information collected through semi-structured interview and focus group discussion to generate concepts, key themes and patterns and triangulation was made and all conclusions were presented to the core-team for consistency and contradiction. Findings are presented across the four study questions, which read as: (i) Is there pastoral guidance and counselling service in the EOTC? (ii) What are the nature and characteristics of pastoral guidance and counselling service in the EOTC? (iii) What is the level of structural readiness at the EOTC in providing pastoral counselling; and (iv) What is the level of functional readiness at the EOTC in providing pastoral counselling? The conclusions of the study are arranged, again, across the study questions, thus, (i) Regarding the 1st question, the research concluded that the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church does provide guidance and counselling services to its followers, however, the service does not meet with the nature of pastoral guidance and counselling; and (ii) the 2nd question, the research concluded that the guidance and counselling service provided by the EOTC is not pastoral since (a) it is fully biblical-based in nature; is delivered by the clergy with no specialized training to provide pastoral counselling; and (iii) Concerning the 3rd question, the research concluded that primarily, since the nature of guidance and counselling that is provided in the EOTC is not ‘pastoral’ in nature but ‘Christian or Biblical’ one cannot talk about structural inputs for ‘pastoral counselling’; (iv) Finally, regarding the 4th question, the research concluded that (i) again it would be fallacious to discuss on the availability and nature of functional inputs for ‘pastoral counselling’ in the EOTC since the nature of guidance and counselling that is provided in the EOTC is not ‘pastoral’ in nature but ‘Christian or Biblical’ and secondarily, regarding the availability and nature of function inputs for the prevailing Christian or Biblical counselling, the study has concluded that there is no functional inputs such as policy material, strategic document, guideline, protocol, minimum standard, code of ethics. Keywords: The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, Pastoral guidance and counselling.

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