Veterinary Public Health

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Browsing Veterinary Public Health by Subject "Addis Ababa"

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    A Retrospective Study Of Dogs Rabies, Vaccination Coverage And Challenges In Addis Ababa
    (Addis Abeba University, 2024) Kirubel Befekadu; Dr. Biruhtesfa Asrade; Dr. Zerihun Assefa
    A retrospective and cross-sectional study about the incidence of rabies and the coverage and barriers of rabies vaccination was conducted in Addis Ababa city from October 2023 to April 2024. The objective of this study was to assess the general condition of rabies and its vaccination coverage within Addis Ababa. Data was collected through surveys of dog owners and interviews with veterinarians in various sub-cities across Addis Ababa. Additionally, retrospective analysis of dog bite records from the Ethiopian Public Health Institute and canine vaccination data (2020- 2023) from the Farmers and Urban Agriculture Development Commission were employed. Out of the 206 dog owners who participated in the survey, the majority (66.5%) indicated that their dogs were fully vaccinated. Some of the significant barriers for dog vaccination acknowledged by respondents were poor knowledge of rabies, unrestricted dog movement, and lack of mass vaccination campaign. Interviewed veterinary professionals identified lack of equipment, coordination with other agencies and inadequate long-term planning as the major barriers for vaccination coverage. In Addis Ababa, 3,123 individuals were reported to be bitten by a suspected dog from 2019 to 2023 and overall incidence rate was found to be 12.45. In the same period 92.7% of the victims were reported to have received post-exposure prophylaxis. According to records from the Farmers and Urban Agriculture Development Commission, a total of 96,319 dogs received rabies vaccination in Addis Ababa during the period spanning from 2020 to 2023. In the present study, there was a significant increase in the number of human cases of dog bites receiving post-exposure anti-rabies vaccination. Additionally, this research revealed a lack of awareness regarding rabies vaccination, particularly notable in sub-cities like Arada and Lemi Kura. This study recommends for the scaling-up of periodic mass vaccination campaigns for dogs, coupled with one health initiatives and targeted restrictions on canine movement, as a comprehensive strategy for rabies control.
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    A cross-Sectional Study on Salmonella in Apparently Healthy Slaughtered Sheep and Goats at Addis Bbaba and Modjo Abattoirs, Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababauniversity, 2004-06) Molla, Wassie; Molla, Bayleyegn (PhD)
    The present study was undertaken on apparently healthy slaughtered sheep and goats, and apparently healthy abattoir personnel at Addis Ababa public and Modjo modern export abattoirs from September, 2003 to February, 2004. The objectives of the study were to determine the prevalence and distribution of Salmonella in sheep and goats and abattoir personnel, to identify and characterize the prevalent Salmonella serotypes and to determine the antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolates to selected antimicrobial agents. A total of 1224 samples consisting of faeces (n=204), mesenteric lymph nodes (n=204), liver (n=204), spleen (n=204), abdominal (n=204) and diaphragmatic muscles (n=204) samples from 104 sheep and 100 goats and 117 stool samples from abattoir personnel were collected. The samples were examined for the presence of Salmonella following the techniques recommended by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO 6579, 1998). Salmonellae were isolated from 12 of 104 (11.5% (95% CI = 6.1-19.3)) sheep and 3 of 100 (3% (95% CI = 0.6-8.5)) goats and none of the samples from abattoir personnel were positive for Salmonella. The frequency of isolation and distribution of Salmonella in different tissue and faecal samples of sheep and goats was analyzed. Of the total 624 samples examined from apparently healthy slaughtered sheep, 18 (2.9%) were Salmonella positive. Salmonellae were isolated from 4.8% faecal, 7.7% mesenteric lymph nodes, 1.9% liver and 1.9% abdominal muscle samples. Only one isolate was found from spleen and Salmonella was not detected from diaphragmatic muscle samples. Four (0.7%) Salmonella positive samples were detected from a total of 600 samples from apparently healthy slaughtered goats. Salmonella was isolated from 2% faecal and 2% mesenteric lymph nodes samples whereas in other organs Salmonella was not detected. In both species, the number of positive specimens was higher for faeces and mesenteric lymph nodes samples than others. Serotypes and phage types of Salmonella strains isolated from sheep and goats were identified. All the 22 Salmonella isolates were serotyped and serotypes of S. Typhimurium, S. Heidelberg, S. Typhimurium var. Copenhagen and S. Enteritidis strains were further phage typed. A total of 9 different serotypes were identified from sheep (n=7) and goats (n=3), of which S. Typhimurium (36.4%) and S. Heidelberg (18.2%) were the most prevalent serotype followed by S. Give, S. Poona and S. Reading (each 9.1%). Other serotypes including S. Typhimurium var. Copenhagen, S. Enteritidis, S. Niederoderwitz and S. I: 6, 7, 14:-: enz15 were also detected from sheep and goats. The most common serotypes recovered in sheep were S. Typhimurium (38.9%) and S. Heidelberg (22.2%) and in goats it was S. Poona (50.0%). Three serotypes, S. Poona, S. I: 6, 7, 14:-:enz15 and S. Niededrowtiz were reported for the first time in Ethiopia. The phage types identified include S. Typhimurium phage type 46, S. Typhimurium phage type 193, S. Typhimurium phage type 2, S. Typhimurium phage type 79, S. Typhimurium phage type U285, S. Typhimurium var. Copenhagen phage type 104, S. Enteritidis phage type 5a and S. Heidelberg phage type atypical. Of which S. Heidelberg phage type atypical was the most common phage type in sheep. Salmonella Typhimurium phage type 46 was the most prevalent phage type of S. Typimurium phage types in sheep whereas S. Typhimurium phage type 193 was found both in sheep and goats. All isolates were tested for susceptibility to a group of 24 selected antimicrobials. Out of the 22 isolates tested, 7 (31.8%) were multiple resistant from two to up to nine antimicrobials. Among the isolates, only S. Typhimurium (62.5%) and S. Reading (100%) displayed multiple resistances to ten different antimicrobials. Salmonella Typhimurium isolates were resistant to ampicillin and cephalothin (each 50.0%), sulfisoxazole, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazol-trimethoprim and trimethoprim (each 25.0%), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, chloramphenicol, spectinomycin and tetracycline (each 12.5%). However, S. Reading isolates showed resistance only to streptomycin, sulfisoxazole and tetracycline (each 100%). The results of this study showed the potential risk of sheep and goats as sources of pathogenic and multi-drug resistant Salmonella serotypes for humans in the study area. This is a significant threat to public health particularly to those who have direct or indirect contact to sheep and goats and consumers who have the habit of eating sheep and goats meat or meat products either raw or under cooked. These findings stressed the need for implementation of Salmonella control and prevention strategies from farm production to consumption of animal and animal products. Key words: Sheep, goats, abattoir personnel, Salmonella, serotypes, prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, Addis Ababa, Modjo
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    ESCHERICHIA COLI O157:H7: PREVALENCE AND SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION OF CATTLE MEAT AT MUNICIPAL ABATTOIR AND BUTCHERIES AS WELL AS ITS PUBLIC HEALTH IMPORTANCE IN ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA
    (2014-06) WOYNSHET, HAILE; Dr. Ashenafi Feyissa, Dr. AkafeteTeklu
    Escherichia coli O157: H7 is recognized as an important cause of diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic-uremic syndrome worldwide. The present study was conducted from November 2013 to April 2014 on 150 apparently healthy slaughtered cattle at municipal abattoir, 115 different butcher houses and 50 stool samples from two health centers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia with the objectives of establishing prevalence of E. coli O157: H7 on the carcasses at the municipal abattoir and meat presented for sale in butcher shops, providing information as to the major sources of carcass contamination in abattoir and butcher shops so that to forward strategies in minimizing the contamination and to study the public health importance of the organism in the study area. Different samples was taken for this study; skin swab, fecal samples, intestinal mucosal swabs and the inside and outside part of carcasses as well as carcass in contacts such as workers hands, knife, transporter clothes and vehicles from the abattoir and carcass swab, cutboard, butcher men hand and knife from butcher houses. In addition, stool samples from suspect individuals visiting in both Kazanchis and Kaliti health centers were collected. All the samples were then transported with buffered peptone water to the Microbiology Laboratory of College of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University for isolation and identification of E. coli O157:H7. After enrichment of samples with Triptone soya Broth supplemented with novobiocin and concentration of E. coli O157:H7 using Immuno Magnetic Separation it was inoculated on Sorbitol MacConckey agar supplemented with antibiotics, Cefixime and Potassium Telurite. Non-Sorbitol fermenting colonies were tested on latex agglutination test.From all 1380 samples tested only 10(0.72%) were found to be positive of E. coli O157:H7.From these 10(0.72%) positive samples 8(1.03) were from abattoir and 2(0.43%) were from butcher houses. No positive isolate were found from both health centers. All E. coli O157:H7 isolates were then checked for their susceptibility pattern by 10 selected antibiotics. The isolated strains were found to be susceptible (100%) to Kanamycine, Chloramphenicol, Ciprofloxacin, Sulfamethoxazole-trimithoprim and Nalidixicacid and also a Multidrug resistance to all 10 drugs was detected for all strain. To prevent contamination Hazard Analysis of Critical Control Points (HACCP) should be applied from farm to fork.
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    Estimating the Health Burden and Status of Rabies in Animals and Humans From 2014-2019 In Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2021) Elsa Zerabiruk; Dr. Fanta Desissa; Dr. Nigatu kebede; Dr. Teshale Sori
    Rabies is a notoriously underreported and neglected disease of low-income countries like Ethiopia where financial resources are limited and numerous interests compete, there is a need for updated quantitative data on the public awareness, health burden and costs of diseases to support prioritization. The aim of this study was to determine the level of community knowledge, Attitude and Practices (KAP) regarding rabies and to estimate the health burden and post-exposure treatment (PET) costs of rabies in Addis Ababa. Hospital based cross-sectional study was conducted from February 2020 to April 2020 to assess the KAP towards rabies. Two hundred and sixty-seven people who were bitten by rabies suspected animals were purposively interviewed for this study and retrospective study was conducted to assess the burden of rabies over the period of six years (2014 to 2019). Based on the collected data PET costs were evaluated and the health burden was estimated in Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs). The KAP study showed that 62.8% of the respondents had good level of knowledge and had medium (51.1%) level of attitude and practices towards rabies. In this study the good scores were higher in males (62.87%) than females. There was strong association between knowledge scores and type of employment (P= 0.003), Attitude and Practice scores and gender (P=0.001). There was significant positive correlation between Knowledge and Attitude and practice (P=0.001). The retrospective data indicated that a total of 8613 victims were registered and received post exposure vaccine in Addis Ababa over the period of six years (2014 to 2019). From this most important animal species responsible for PEP was dogs (93.8%). The annual suspected rabid dog exposures were estimated, and higher exposure was recorded in 2019 which was 54.5 per 100,000 populations. An annual estimate of approximately 10 human deaths and 57 disabilities resulting 430-955 DALYS per 100,000 populations per year due to administration of nerves tissue vaccine (NTV). Costs per completed (PET) estimated around 9.2 ±22.8 USD for children and 11.8±27 USD for adults in Addis Ababa.
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    OCCURRENCE AND ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE PROFILE OF SALMONELLA ISOLATED FROM PIGS SLAUGHTERED IN BISHOFTU AND ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA
    (2014-06) MUSSE, TADESSE; Dr. Aklilu Feleke
    Salmonellosis is considered one of the most widespread food-borne zoonoses in industrialized as well as developing countries. The presence of Salmonella in food animals at slaughter and the consequent cross-contamination of edible carcass tissues present a significant food safety hazard. A cross sectional study was conducted from March, 2014 to May, 2014; to determine the occurrence and antimicrobial resistance profile of Salmonella isolated from apparently healthy slaughtered Pigs and from the environment at slaughterhouses. A total of 583 samples (from Mesenteric Lymph nodes, Ceacal content, carcass swabs and abattoir environment) were analyzed for presence of Salmonella. Isolation and identification of Salmonella organisms was carried out by using the standard guidelines given by ISO-66579-3 (ISO, 66579-3: 2003). Of the 120 Mesenteric lymph node and Caecal content samples examined 58 (48.3%) mesenteric lymph node and 50 (41.7%) caecal content samples were detected Salmonella positive, respectively. Of the carcass swab samples Salmonella isolates were recovered from 16 (16 %) samples. Out of the 243 environmental samples (Personnel‟s hand, Eviscerating knife, Skin surface, De-hairing/Shaving material and Scalding water) from the slaughtering line, the highest rate of Salmonella was recovered from the skin surface 20 (34.5%), followed by De-hairing/Shaving materials 8(13.8%) and Eviscerating knife 7 (12.1%). Out of 167 Salmonella isolates tested for eight antimicrobials, all the isolates were resistant to at least one antimicrobial and 85% were resistant for more than one antimicrobial. Of which, 31.7% isolates were resistant to 2 antimicrobials; 24.5% were resistant to 3 antimicrobials; 19.2% isolates were resistant to 4 antimicrobials and 9.5% were resistant to 5 antimicrobials. The result of this study show that the wide spread of antimicrobial resistant Salmonella in apparently healthy slaughtered pigs and the abattoir environment which may pose a significant public health risk. Improving hygienic measures in the pork production chain is necessary in order to reduce the level of Salmonella infection in animals and the associated public health threats. Further large scale studies should be carried out to describe the risk factors associated with the emergence of drug resistant Salmonella and control of their spread across the country.
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    PREVALENCE AND ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERN OF ESCHERICHIA COLI O157:H7 IN RAW BEEF, MUTTON AND CHEVON AT ADDIS ABABA ABATTOIR ENTERPRISE AND SELECTED RETAIL SHOPS, ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA
    (2012-06) TIZETA, BEKELE; Dr. Girma Zewde, Dr. Genene Tefera
    A study on the prevalence of Escheriehia coli O157:H7 and antimicrobial susceptibility test was undertaken on beef, mutton (sheep meat) and chevon (goat’s meat) obtained from Addis Ababa abattoir enterprise and retail shops at Addis Ababa from August 2011 to April 2012. A total of 384 raw meat samples consisting of 64 beef, 64 mutton and 64 chevon were collected each from the abattoir and retail shops that mean a total of 128 beef, 128 mutton and 128 chevon were analyzed during the study period. E. coli O157:H7 was isolated and identified according to OmniLog identification technique. Out of 384 meat samples examined, 39 (10.2%) were positive to E. coli O157:H7. Among the meat samples examined, beef was the most frequently contaminated with E. coli O157:H7 with an overall prevalence of 13.3%. Of the examined samples, 9.4% mutton and 7.8% chevon were also positive for E. coli O157:H7. With regard to meat source, the prevalence rates of E. coli O157:H7 at abattoir and at selected retail shops were recorded to be 5.7% and 14.6%, respectively. No significant variation in prevalence rate among the three types of meat types (p>0.05) was observed. However, significant differences in prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 was observed among meat sources (p<0.05). The antimicrobial susceptibility investigation of 39 E. coli O157:H7 isolates using 10 commonly marketable antimicrobial discs revealed that the isolates were susceptible to nine antimicrobials from 69.3% to 100% except streptomycin which showed susceptibility of 48.7%. Results of the present study on antimicrobial sensitivity test indicated that an over all resistance of 28.2% and 30.8% was developed to streptomycin and amikacin. Similarly, 5.1%, 5.1%, 7.7%, 12.8% and 17.9% resistance rates were developed against nalidixic acid, tetracycline, amoxacilin-clavulanic acid, cephalothin and ciprofloxacin, respectively. Multidrug resistance to three or more drugs was detected in 4 (57.1%), 1 (14.3%) and 2 (28.6%) of the isolates from beef, mutton and chevon, respectively. This indicates the possible risk of E. coli O157:H7 particularly for the consumers who have the habit of eating raw or undercooked meat, elderly and imunocompromised individuals in Ethiopia. These findings stress the need for implementation of E. coli O157:H7 prevention and control strategies from farm production to consumption of meat and meat products.
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    STUDIES ON THE PREVALENCE, RISK FACTORS, PUBLIC HEALTH IMPLICATION AND ANTIBIOGRAM OF LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES IN SHEEP MEAT COLLECTED FROM MUNICIPAL ABATTOIR AND BUTCHER SHOPS IN ADDIS ABABA
    (2014-06) Selamawit, Mulu; Prof. Mahendra Pal
    Listeriosis is one of the important food-borne bacterial zoonotic diseases caused by Listeria monocytogenes, as a result of food and environmental contamination as well as zoonotic infections. This disease is becoming an emerging bacterial disease, with low incidence but high case fatality rate. The present study was undertaken to determine the presence of Listeriamonocytogenes in raw meat of market and abattoir. A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2013 to April 2014 to isolate Listeria monocytogenes from swab samples on sheep meat from abattoir, butcher shops, equipments, and to determine antibiotic resistance profiles of the isolates. A total of 873 swab samples comprising of 384 from the abattoir, 384 from butcher shops were collected using systematic random sampling technique and 105swabs were collected from equipments. Questionnaire survey was conducted to assess the hygienic practices of meat production in raw meat of market and abattoir and possible risk factors regarding the contamination of meat. Listeria monocytogenes was isolated and identified using standard bacteriological techniques. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was also conducted on 36 isolates Listeria monocytogenes. The overall prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes identified was 4.1%. And 2.1%, 5.5% and 6.7% from abattoir, butcher shops and equipments respectively. The study also revealed multi-drug resistant isolates in 24/36 (66.7%) for two or more antimicrobials. In addition, the presence of Listeria monocytogenes attributed to unclean working environment and improper handling of meat till it reaches to the consumer. Preventive measures to avoid the presence of pathogenic Listeria monocytogenes in raw meat and meat products should be undertaken, emphasizing the need for improved hygienic practices during meat production and also during distribution and consumption of the final products.
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    Trend of Cysticercus bovis Prevalance in Cattle Slaughtered at Addis Ababa Abattoir Enterprise its Public Health Significance
    (Addis Ababa University, 2024) Yitagesu Belachew; Dr.Biruhtesfa Asrade
    A cross-sectional investigation conducted during October, 2023 to February, 2024 in order to ascertain the prevalence of C.bovis and the frequency as well as cyst distribution in infected cattle which is supported by a retrospective study for the last ten years in the abattoir. Out of the 602 carcasses that were inspected 5 (0.83%) had Cysticercus bovis infections. Of the 6 cysts, 3(50%) were viable. The cysts were found in different organs and muscles (The triceps muscle, the liver, tongue, and masseter muscle).Triceps muscle was the most affected tissue. According to a questionnaire survey; Taenia .saginata taeniasis is still a human health problem in Addis Ababa city. Of 110 respondents, 47(42.73%) had experienced Taenia saginata a minimum of once in the past. 67% of the respondents were aware that eating raw beef can spread the zoonotic disease Taenia. saginata taeniasis. The prevalence of Taenia saginata taeniasis had a statistically significant correlation between the sex, occupation, source of information, knowledge about transmission and prevention (p<0.05).Theresearch area's yearly taenicidal medicine treatment cost for the year 2022/23 was estimated to be 2,310,965 ETB; it is comparable to 41,597.37 USD. The drug inventory made it very evident how important Taenia saginata is conomically to the Addis Ababa. In line with the study's findings showed that the current methods for inspecting meat were insufficient to stop Taenia saginata cysticerciinfected carcasses from getting into the hands of consumers. It is mportant to focus on improving meat inspection practices and educating the public to reduce the problem.