Veterinary Public Health

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Browsing Veterinary Public Health by Subject "Abattoir"

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    ASSESSMENT OF THE CONTAMINATION OF BEEF WITH SALMONELLA AND KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES AND BEEF HANDLING PRACTICES ALONG BEEF SUPPLY CHAIN IN DUKEM TOWN, ETHIOPIA
    (2017-06) Zelalem, Sisay; Dr. Fanta Desissa , Dr. Gezahegn Mamo
    Salmonella is a major cause of food borne disease in the world, with an increasing concern for the emergence and spread of antimicrobial-resistant strains. A cross-sectional study was conducted between November, 2016 and April, 2017 to estimate the prevalence, and determine the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Salmonella, and assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices along beef supply chain in Dukem town. A total of 286 samples comprising feces, carcass swab and retail meat were collected and examined for the presence of Salmonella following the standard techniques and procedures. Hundred respondents consisting of 20 abattoir workers, 20 butchery workers and 60 consumers participated in the study. Systematic random sampling and purposive sampling techniques were used to generate the desired data. The overall prevalence of Salmonella along the beef supply chain was 6.3% (95% CI: 3.9-9.7). The specific prevalence of Salmonella based on sample source was 0.9%, 2.9%, and 12.7 % in feces, carcass swab, and retail meat, respectively. There was statistically significant difference along the beef supply chain(X2 = 14.3027, P <0.05). Among the isolates, 94.4% (n=17) were resistant at least to one of the antimicrobials. All the isolates (100%) were sensitive to Kanamycin where as 94.4%, 88.9% and 83.3% of the isolates were found to be sensitive to Sufisoxazole, Tetracycline and Nalidixic acid, respectively. Multi-drug resistance was observed in 27.8% (n=5) of the isolates.Majority (95%) of abattoir workers didn’t know that contaminated carcass has public health risk. According to the respondents, falling of carcass in the dirty floor and sudden stomach cut were the major possible sources for carcass contamination. All of the abattoir and butchery workers received neither job related training nor medical check up. Most (70%) of consumers had habit of eating raw beef and 73.3% of them had no knowledge about the transmission of Salmonella via meat consumption. In conclusion, the study found the occurrence of Salmonella along beef supply chain with higher prevalence at meat retail shop and the variability in the susceptibility pattern of Salmonella isolates against the tested antimicrobials. It also showed that the existing beef handling practices, knowledge and attitudes about the importance of occurrence of Salmonella along the beef supply chain could be a potential public health risk unless the necessary intervention is in place. All stakeholders should raise awareness in minimizing the occurrence of Salmonella and thereby transmissions of resistant Salmonella to humans and risk of raw beef consumption along the beef supply chain particularly at meat retail. Moreover, identifying Salmonella serotypes circulating in the area and regular monitoring of the heath status of workers and hygienic condition of the slaughter house and meat retail shop is recommended.
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    ESCHERICHIA COLI O157:H7 ISOLATION FROM FECES, SKIN AND CARCASSES AS WELL AS TOTAL AND FECAL COLIFORMS ON CARCASSES OF SMALL RUMINANTS AT AN EXPORT ABATTOIR, MOJDO, ETHIOPIA
    (2008) GASHAW, MERSHA; Dr. Moses N. Kyule, Dr. Daniel Asrat
    The purpose of this study was to find out the presence of association between carcass contamination with E. coli O157: H7 and fecal and skin prevalence of E. coli O157: H7 and to estimate coliform loads on before and after wash of sheep and goats carcasses at an export abattoir at Modjo, Ethiopia. A total of 711 samples were examined for the presence of E. coli O157:H7 from fecal samples, skin swabs, carcass swabs before and after wash from sheep and goats slaughtered between October, 2007 and April, 2008. Water samples were also collected for the isolation of E. coli O157:H7 and coliform counts. Total and fecal coliform loads were estimated on same carcasses using Violet Red Bile Agar (VRBA). For the isolation of E. coli O157:H7, all samples were enriched with modified Tryptic Soy broth with novobiocin (mTSB+n) and concentrated using immunomagnetic separation (IMS). The bacteria-bead complex was plated onto cefixime-tellurite containing Sorbitol MacConkey agar (CT-SMAC) and presumptive colonies were confirmed by latex agglutination test as recommended by ISO16654, (2001). E. coli O157:H7 was isolated from feces (4.7%), skin swabs (8.7%), carcass swabs before wash (8.1%), carcass swabs after wash (8.7%) and water samples (4.2%), respectively. A statistically significant association was found between prevalence of carcass contamination with fecal and skin E. coli O157:H7 status. The total coliform counts before and after carcass wash were 3.15 log10CFUcm-2 (SD= 0.77) and 2.97 log10CFUcm-2 (SD = 0.82), respectively. The log10 means of fecal coliforms before and after carcass wash were 2.96 (SD=0.88) and 2.77(SD=0.91) respectively. Statistically significant difference was observed between the means of total coliform counts (P=0.002) and fecal coliform counts (P=0.001) before and after carcass wash. No fecal coliforms were isolated from water samples. PCR analysis identified both stx1 and stx2 genes from one E. coli O157:H7 isolate collected from goat carcass. The identification of this virulent factor indicates the potential of sheep and goats as sources of E.coli O157:H7 for human infection in the country. Control measures to reduce the public health risks arising from E. coli O157 in reservoir animals must be addressed at abattoir levels by reducing skin and fecal sources and carcass contaminations at different stage of slaughter operations. Applications of HACCP system are strongly recommended at the abattoirs.
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    ISOLATION, IDENTIFICATION, ANTIMICROBIAL SENSITIVITY TEST AND PUBLIC AWARENESS OF SALMONELLA FROM RAW GOAT MEAT SLAUGHTERED AT DIRE DAWA MUNICIPAL ABATTOIR, EASTERN ETHIOPIA
    (2014-06) BESHATU, FEREDE; Dr. Aklilu Feleke, Dr. Getachew Tadesse
    A cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2014 to April 2014 on 249 apparently healthy slaughtered goats at municipal abattoir of Dire Dawa. Since there is no report on the status of Salmonella, the study was conducted with the objectives, to isolate, identify, estimate the prevalence, to delineate the antimicrobial sensitivity and assess public awareness on Salmonella. A total of 249 goat carcass swab were systematically collected and examined for the presence of Salmonella following the standard techniques and procedures. Out of the total of 249 carcass swab samples, 44 (17.7%) were positive to Salmonella. Of all isolates, 43(97.7%) were multiple antimicrobial resistant and highest level of resistance was observed for tetracycline (100%), nitrofurans (100%), streptomycine (81.8%) and kanamycin (79.5%). However, all isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin. The knowledge, attitude and practices of goat meat handlers and consumers were found poor. Therefore, goat meat provided to the city was found less hygienic and not safe for human consumption. Thus, urgent intervention program is essential to minimize the risk associated with consumption of goat meat contaminated with Salmonella. Finally, the authors recommended that the use of standardized procedures in slaughtering and handling of goat meat, provision of training on best practice of handling of meat for handlers and raising the level of awareness of people.
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    Molecular characterization and antibiogram of Escherichia coli O157:H7 from cattle carcass in abattoir and butcher shops of Burayu town, Oromia, Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2023) Segni Bedasa; Dr. Bedaso Mammo; Dr. Zerihun Assefa; Dr. Beksisa Urge
    Escherichia coli O157:H7 is the most important foodborne pathogen in countries like Ethi-opia, where raw beef meat consumption is common. However, the occurrence of this patho-gen in beef carcasses has not yet been studied in Burayu Town. Therefore, a cross-sectional study design was conducted from October 2022 to June 2023 to generate relevant infor-mation on the occurrence and antibiogram of E. coli O157:H7 from cattle carcasses as well as assess the hygienic and sanitary practices of meat handling in abattoir and butcher shops in Burayu Town. For this study, a total of 254 samples (121 carcass swabs, 37 knives, 37 personnel hands, 22 cutting boards, 6 water, 6 sewage and 25 cecal contents) were randomly collected from abattoir and butcher shops. E. coli O157:H7 isolation and identification were carried out using primary culture and biochemical tests. Conventional PCR was conducted to detect the eae gene from positive isolates. The antibiogram of E. coli O157:H7 isolates was assessed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Data analysis was carried out using STATA Version 14.0. The overall prevalence of E. coli and E. coli O157:H7 was 22.05% (56/254) and 5.5% (14/254) with higher distribution in butcher shops (17.11%-27.65%% and 2.8%-12%) than in abattoir (13.16%-27.67% and 1.8%-10%), respectively. From PCR amplification of eae gene in 12 isolates, 490 bp target gene was amplified in 10 isolates. The antibiogram of E. coli O157:H7 indicated that 78.6% (11/14) of the isolates had developed resistance against tetracycline, whereas 64.3% (9/14) had developed re-sistance against both amoxicillin and penicillin. On the other hand, 78.6% (11/14) and 71.4% (10/14) of isolates were susceptible to gentamycin and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, re-spectively. Resistance to three or more antimicrobials was detected in 78.6% of the isolates, which signifies a public health risk. The results of this study revealed that the circulation of MDR E. coli O157:H7 isolates at the beef value chain is a potential public health hazard in Burayu abattoir and butcher shops. Increasing awareness on hygienic practice, strictly fol-lowing sanitary rules at the abattoir and butcher shops, and antimicrobial stewardship are highly recommended to halt the transmission dynamics of E. coli O157:H7 at the human-animal-environment interface.
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    PREVALENCE AND ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERN OF ESCHERICHIA COLI O157:H7 IN RAW BEEF, MUTTON AND CHEVON AT ADDIS ABABA ABATTOIR ENTERPRISE AND SELECTED RETAIL SHOPS, ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA
    (2012-06) TIZETA, BEKELE; Dr. Girma Zewde, Dr. Genene Tefera
    A study on the prevalence of Escheriehia coli O157:H7 and antimicrobial susceptibility test was undertaken on beef, mutton (sheep meat) and chevon (goat’s meat) obtained from Addis Ababa abattoir enterprise and retail shops at Addis Ababa from August 2011 to April 2012. A total of 384 raw meat samples consisting of 64 beef, 64 mutton and 64 chevon were collected each from the abattoir and retail shops that mean a total of 128 beef, 128 mutton and 128 chevon were analyzed during the study period. E. coli O157:H7 was isolated and identified according to OmniLog identification technique. Out of 384 meat samples examined, 39 (10.2%) were positive to E. coli O157:H7. Among the meat samples examined, beef was the most frequently contaminated with E. coli O157:H7 with an overall prevalence of 13.3%. Of the examined samples, 9.4% mutton and 7.8% chevon were also positive for E. coli O157:H7. With regard to meat source, the prevalence rates of E. coli O157:H7 at abattoir and at selected retail shops were recorded to be 5.7% and 14.6%, respectively. No significant variation in prevalence rate among the three types of meat types (p>0.05) was observed. However, significant differences in prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 was observed among meat sources (p<0.05). The antimicrobial susceptibility investigation of 39 E. coli O157:H7 isolates using 10 commonly marketable antimicrobial discs revealed that the isolates were susceptible to nine antimicrobials from 69.3% to 100% except streptomycin which showed susceptibility of 48.7%. Results of the present study on antimicrobial sensitivity test indicated that an over all resistance of 28.2% and 30.8% was developed to streptomycin and amikacin. Similarly, 5.1%, 5.1%, 7.7%, 12.8% and 17.9% resistance rates were developed against nalidixic acid, tetracycline, amoxacilin-clavulanic acid, cephalothin and ciprofloxacin, respectively. Multidrug resistance to three or more drugs was detected in 4 (57.1%), 1 (14.3%) and 2 (28.6%) of the isolates from beef, mutton and chevon, respectively. This indicates the possible risk of E. coli O157:H7 particularly for the consumers who have the habit of eating raw or undercooked meat, elderly and imunocompromised individuals in Ethiopia. These findings stress the need for implementation of E. coli O157:H7 prevention and control strategies from farm production to consumption of meat and meat products.
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    STUDIES ON THE PEREVALENCE, ANTIBIOGRAM, ASSESSMENT OF RISK FACTORS AND PUBLIC HEALTH SIGNIFICANCE OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS IN BEEF AND ENVIRONMENT AT ADDIS ABABA
    (2014-06) Feben, Adugna; Prof. Mahendra Pal
    A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2013-April 2014 to determine the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus from Addis Ababa abattoir and retail shops from beef Carcasses and equipment to determine antibiotic resistance profiles of the isolates found in and around Addis Ababa. A total of 888 samples comprising of 384 abattoir and 384 retail shops. carcasses swabs were in the transport medium using systematic random sampling. The swab samples were also obtained from abattoir equipment (n=60) and retail shop equipment n=(60). In addition, questionnaire survey was conducted to assess the hygienic practice during working time and possible risk factors regarding the contamination of meat. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated and identified using standard bacteriological techniques. The prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus in abattoir, retail shops and equipments was 9.3%, 19.7%, 17.5% respectively. Consequently, statistically significant association (p= 0.00) was observed in the prevalence of S. aureus between abattoir and retail shop Antimicrobial susceptibility test was also conducted on 133 isolates of S.aureus, using the disc diffusion susceptibility method. In this study, varying level of resistance of S. aureus was against bacitracin, methicillin, neomycin, and teteracyclin 95.1% was noticed. The susceptibility pattern indicated that S. aureus isolates exhibited varying level of resistance to two or more antimicrobial agents. Preventive measures to avoid the presence of pathogenic Staphylococcus isolates by adopting the good hygienic practices during slaughtering and handling of beef carcasses are emphasized.
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    STUDY ON THE PREVALENCE OF THERMOPHILIC CAMPYLOBACTER SPECIES IN SHEEP AND GOAT CARCASSES AT HELIMEX EXPORT ABATTOIR
    (2008-06) TEFERA, WOLDEMARIAM; Dr. Girma Zewde, Dr. Daniel Asrat; Dr. Getahun Ejeta
    Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli are frequent worldwide causes of food-borne gastroenteritis in humans. A study on the prevalence of thermophilic Campylobacter species from the carcasses of slaughtered sheep and goats was undertaken at Hashim Nuru Jiru Ethiopia livestock and meat import-exporter (HELMIX) export abattoir in Debre-Zeit, Ethiopia from November 2007 to April 2008. A total of 218 sheep and 180 goat carcasses (398 total carcasses) were examined from carcass swabs taken from crutch, abdomen, thorax and breast areas. From each slaughtered animal, carcass swab was taken only from one of these sites on the carcass but each swabbing site was swabbed for three different operations in the abattoir namely before evisceration, after evisceration and after washing. A total of 654 swab samples were collected from 218 sheep carcasses comprised of 56 crutch swabs, 49 abdomen swabs, 50 thorax swabs and 63 breast swabs before evisceration, after evisceration and after washing. Similarly, 540 swabs from 180 goat carcasses were collected consisting of 52 crutch swabs, 46 abdomen swabs, 42 thorax swabs and 40 breast swabs from each of the three slaughter operations. Thus from the three operations a total of 1194 swabs were analyzed. Bacteriological analysis of the samples was conducted in the Microbiology laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Debre-Zeit following the techniques recommended by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO, 2002). From a total of 398 carcasses examined, 40 carcasses were positive for Campylobacter with contamination rate of 10%. Per contamination rate with either C. jejuni or C. coli were 10.6% (n=218) and 9.4% (n=180) for sheep and goat carcasses, respectively. However, statistically significant difference was not detected in the rate of carcass contamination between sheep and goat carcasses (p=0.72). The most prevalent thermophilic Campylobacter species recovered from the sheep and goat carcasses was C. jejuni accounting for 7.3% (n=398), followed by C. coli 2.7% (n= 398). Out of the 40 positive samples the proportion of the Campylobacter species was 72.5% and 27.5% for C. jejuni and C. coli respectively. This variation in the isolation rate between the two Campylobacter species was statistically significant (P=0.003). Though there was no statistically significant difference (P=0.57) in the rate of carcass contamination among the four swabbing sites, the highest contamination rate was observed in the breast area at a rate of 12.6% (n=103) followed by abdomen with contamination rate of 11.6% (n=95). Highest rate of carcass contamination was observed after evisceration as compared to prior evisceration and after x washing (p=0.000). Washing of the carcass did not reduce carcass contamination in the slaughtered sheep (2=0.18; P=0.68), however there was a substantial reduction in the level of carcass contamination after washing in goat carcasses ((2=10.72; P=0.001). The present study revealed the existence of severe cross contamination during slaughter operations particularly during evisceration. Carcass contamination by Campylobacter can be reduced, and thus its public health impact, through good hygienic practices in the abattoir.
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    STUDY ON THE RISK OF HUMAN TAENIASIS AND PREVALENC OF BOVINE CYSTICERCOSIS IN JIMMA TOWN, SOUTHWESTERN OROMIA
    (2012-06) MERON, TALU; Dr. Getachew Terefe, Dr. Girma Zewde
    A cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2011-March 2012 to estimate the prevalence of Cysticercosis in cattle slaughter at Jimma abattoir and risk of human infection through raw meat consumption at butcheries of Jimma town. Interview was conducted on 120 residents to know the risk of infection through raw meat consumption. Active abattoir survey and questionnaire survey were performed to accomplish the study. Of the total 600 inspected animals, 15 animals had varying number of C. bovis giving a prevalence 2.5% (15/600), a total of 41 cysts were collected and anatomical distribution of cysticerci were; 12 (29.3%) in shoulder muscle, 9 (21.9%) in neck muscle, 5 (12.2%) in tongue, 5 (12.2%) in heart, 4 (9.8%) in masseter muscle, 4 (9.8%) in liver and 2 (4.9%) in kidney. Of the total 120 interviewed respondents/ consumers, 66.6% (80/120) had contracted the disease at least once in the last two years and maximum infestation was three times per year. The majority of the respondent had an experience of raw meat consumption as a result of traditional and cultural practice. The infestation varied significantly (p< 0.05) with age group, sexes, habit of raw meat consumption and religion of the respondents. However, there was no significance (p>0.05) difference between educational level and martial status of the respondents. The findings of this study indicated the importance of cysticercosis and taeniasis in public health aspects in the area. Therefore, due attention should be given to the public awareness and strict routine meat inspection in order to safe guard the public health and promote beef industry in the country.
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    Trend of Cysticercus bovis Prevalance in Cattle Slaughtered at Addis Ababa Abattoir Enterprise its Public Health Significance
    (Addis Ababa University, 2024) Yitagesu Belachew; Dr.Biruhtesfa Asrade
    A cross-sectional investigation conducted during October, 2023 to February, 2024 in order to ascertain the prevalence of C.bovis and the frequency as well as cyst distribution in infected cattle which is supported by a retrospective study for the last ten years in the abattoir. Out of the 602 carcasses that were inspected 5 (0.83%) had Cysticercus bovis infections. Of the 6 cysts, 3(50%) were viable. The cysts were found in different organs and muscles (The triceps muscle, the liver, tongue, and masseter muscle).Triceps muscle was the most affected tissue. According to a questionnaire survey; Taenia .saginata taeniasis is still a human health problem in Addis Ababa city. Of 110 respondents, 47(42.73%) had experienced Taenia saginata a minimum of once in the past. 67% of the respondents were aware that eating raw beef can spread the zoonotic disease Taenia. saginata taeniasis. The prevalence of Taenia saginata taeniasis had a statistically significant correlation between the sex, occupation, source of information, knowledge about transmission and prevention (p<0.05).Theresearch area's yearly taenicidal medicine treatment cost for the year 2022/23 was estimated to be 2,310,965 ETB; it is comparable to 41,597.37 USD. The drug inventory made it very evident how important Taenia saginata is conomically to the Addis Ababa. In line with the study's findings showed that the current methods for inspecting meat were insufficient to stop Taenia saginata cysticerciinfected carcasses from getting into the hands of consumers. It is mportant to focus on improving meat inspection practices and educating the public to reduce the problem.