Tropical Veterinary Medicine

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Browsing Tropical Veterinary Medicine by Subject "antimicrobial resistance"

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    PREVALENCE, DISTRIBUTION AND ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE OF SALMONELLA ISOLATES FROM SLAUGHTERED CATTLE IN DEBRE ZEIT, ETHIOPIA
    (2006-06) BERHANU, SIBHAT; Dr. Bayleyegn Molla, Dr. Ademe Zerihun
    A cross-sectional study was conducted on slaughtered cattle at a commercial slaughterhouse in Debre Zeit from October 2005 to February 2006 with the objectives of estimating the prevalence, serotype distribution, the antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolates from cattle and to investigate the association between some potential sources of Salmonella carcasses contamination. A total of 800 samples consisting of (n =100) swabs each, from, hides, flayer’ hands, eviscerator’s hands, carcasses and holding pens and similar number of samples from caecal and rumen contents and mesenteric lymph nodes, were collected separately. The samples were examined for the presence of Salmonella following standard techniques and procedures recommended by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Out of a total of 800 samples, 87 (10.9%) were Salmonella positive. Thirty-one (31%) of the hides, 19 (19%) of the rumen contents, 12 (12%) of the holding pens, 8 (8%) of the mesenteric lymph nodes, 7 (7%) of the flayer's hands, 6 (6%) of the caecal contents, 2 (2%) of eviscerator's hands and carcasses each, were positive out of 100 samples examined for each of the sample types. No statistically significant association (P > 0.05) could be demonstrated between the bacteriological status of the samples from potential sources of contamination and bacteriological status of the carcasses. Among the 87 Salmonella isolates 85 were identified as serotypes belonging to Salmonella enterica subsp enterica classified under eight serotypes, while the rest two isolates were grouped under subspecies salame. Salmonella Anatum (63.2%) and S. Newport (20.7%), were the most prevalent. Other serotypes isolated include S. Reading (5.7%), S. Eastbourne (3.4%), S. II 40:b:- (2.3%), S. Bredeney, S. Typhimurium, S. Uganda and S. Urbana, 1.1% each. The two predominant serotypes were isolated from, the hide, rumen contents, caecal contents, personnel hands, mesenteric lymph nodes and holding pens. Salmonella Urbana and S. Eastbourne were the only two isolates recovered from the carcasses. All of the isolates were tested for susceptibility to a panel of eight antimicrobials. Out of the 87 isolates tested, 36 (41.4%) were resistant. All serotypes, with the exception of S. Bredeney, S. x Typhimurium and S. Urbana, had at least one serotype resistant to one or more of the antimicrobials tested. Multiple antimicrobial resistance was detected for 11.1% of the isolates. Most frequent resistance was encountered for streptomycin (24.1%), followed by tetracycline (20.7%) and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (2.3%). The most common resistance pattern was a monodrug resistance pattern to streptomycin representing 47.2% of the resistant isolates. Results of this study showed that Salmonella are widespread in cattle at slaughter, personnels’ hands and the slaughterhouse environment; however the carcass contamination level was low. The study also indicated the need for further studies to be undertaken to determine risk factors associated with Salmonella in cattle and risk factors associated with antimicrobial resistance so that appropriate measures should be taken to reduce Salmonella infection and contamination in slaughter animals and thereby minimize the potential foodborne Salmonella infection in man.
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    Prevalence, Distribution and Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of Salmonella Isolated From Food Items and Personnel In Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababauniversity, 2004-06) Zewdu, Endrias; Gebreab, Feseha (Prof)
    A cross-sectional study to determine the prevalence, distribution and antimicrobial profile of Salmonella serotypes isolated from food items and apparently healthy supermarket butchery workers was undertaken from September 2003 to February 2004. A total of 1200 food items consisting of chicken carcass (208), pork (194), mutton (212), minced beef (142), cottage cheese (190), Tilapia fish meat (128) and ice cream (126) were purchased in Addis Ababa. Additionally sixty-eight stool samples were analyzed. Chicken carcass, pork, mutton and minced beef samples were collected from 32 randomly selected supermarkets while cottage cheese, fish and ice cream samples were collected from open markets (3), fish shops (6) and pastry shops (17) in Addis Ababa, respectively. Out of the food items, 7.8% were positive for Salmonella and of sixty-eight stool samples five gave positive result (7.4%). About 14% of chicken carcass, 11.3% of pork, 10.8% of mutton, 8.5% of minced beef, 2.1% of cottage cheese, 2.3% of fish and none of the ice cream yielded Salmonella. Salmonella was recovered from samples taken from 21 of the 32 supermarkets considered in the study. On the other hand one open market out of three, two fish shops out of six and none of the 17 pastry shops gave Salmonella positive results. A total of 14 different serotypes out of 98 Salmonella isolates were identified. Salmonella Newport (41.8%) was the most prevalent serotype, followed by S. Braenderup (12.2%), S. Hadar (8.2%), S. Typhimurium (7.1%), S. Dublin (6.1%) and S. Haifa (6.1%). Less commonly isolated Salmonella serotypes included: S. Infantis, S. Kentucky, S. Bovismorbificans, S. Anatum, S. Zanzibar, S. Kottbus, S. Saintpaul and S. 1: 9, 12:-. Salmonella Newport and S. Kentucky were reported for the first time in Ethiopia. Salmonella Newport was isolated from all sample types except ice cream, while S. Braenderup, S. Kottbus, S. Saintpaul were detected only from chicken carcass, pork and minced beef samples, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference in the rate of Salmonella isolation between meats (chicken carcass, pork, mutton and minced beef) and the rest of the samples (cottage cheese, fish and ice cream) (Pearson’s X2 = 37.569, df = 1, p-value = 0.000). The level of antimicrobial x i resistance was significantly higher for chicken carcass and pork isolates as compared to other samples (p = 0.003). Assay of antimicrobial resistance revealed that 32.7% of Salmonella isolates were resistant to one or more of the 24 antimicrobials tested. Generally resistance for 13 different antimicrobial drugs was recognized. The most common resistance was to streptomycin (24/32, 75%), ampicillin (19/32, 59.4%), tetracycline (15/32, 46.9%), spectinomycin (13/32, 40.6%) and sulfisoxazole (13/32, 40.6%). All the three Salmonella Kentucky isolates showed resistance to at least 8 antimicrobials, which includes: ampicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ciprofloxacin, nalidic acid, spectinomycin, streptomycin, sulfisoxazole and tetracycline. Out of the 12 Salmonella Braenderup isolates, 10 (83.3%) showed multidrug resistance to ampicillin, spectinomycin, streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and trimethoprim. Among the 8 S. Hadar isolates 7 (86.5%) showed antimicrobial resistance of which three isolates showed resistance to streptomycin and tetracycline, two isolate showed resistance to tetracycline and the other two for streptomycin. All the 6 S. Dublin isolates were resistant to carbadox (100 %) while one was additionally resistant to tetracycline. All the 6 S. Haifa strain isolated were resistant for at least ampicillin, streptomycin and tetracycline. Up to ten different antimicrobial resistances pattern was observed. Antimicrobial resistance was most common among Salmonella isolated from chicken carcass (18/29, 62.1%) followed by pork (5/22, 22.7%). Multiple antimicrobial drug resistance was observed in 23 Salmonella isolates (23.5 %). The detection of 7.4% Salmonella carriers’ supermarket workers shedding S. Newport, the most prevalent serotype, suggests possible linkage and potential source of infection. The findings of the present study ascertain that Salmonella serotypes were widely distributed particularly in supermarket meat samples and significant proportion have developed resistance for routinely prescribed antimicrobial drugs both in veterinary and public health sectors. This poses considerable health hazards to the consumers unless prudent antimicrobial usage, adequate heat treatment, improvement of standards of hygiene and development and enforcement of suitable legislation, which safeguard consumers, are urgently instituted. Key words: Prevalence, Salmonella, serotype, antimicrobial resistance, food items, supermarket, personnel, Addis Ababa