Medical Laboratory Sciences

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Browsing Medical Laboratory Sciences by Subject "Anemia"

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    Comparative Cross-Sectional Study on Prevalence and Associated Factors of Anemia in HAART Naïve and HAART Experienced Adult HIV Patients at Zewditu Memorial Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2016-03) Alemu, Rahel; Tsegaye, Aster (PhD)
    Background: Hematological abnormalities are manifested in human immunodefieicincy virus patients as a result of progressive damage to the body’s immune system. They are documented to be the second most common causes and strong independent predictor of mortality and morbidity in people living with HIV/AIDS. Objective: To determine prevalence and associated factors of anemia in highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) naïve and HAART experienced adult HIV positive individuals. Methodology: A hospital based comparative cross sectional study was conducted from April to November, 2015 at Zewditu Memorial Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A total of 340 HIV infected adult individuals, 170 HAART naïve and 170 HAART experienced, were enrolled in the study. Participant’s socio-demographic and clinical information were collected using pre-tested structured questionnaire. Blood and stool specimen were collected from each participant. Blood was examined for full blood count, CD4 and hemoparasite. Stool samples were screened to detect intestinal parasites. Descriptive statistics were used to express the socio-demographic characteristics of the participants. Binary and multiple logistic regressions were computed to assess association between variables using SPSS version 20. P value less than 0.05 was taken as statistically significant. Result: - The overall all prevalence of anemia was 15.44%. The prevalence of anemia in HAART Naïve and HAART experienced patients was 24.71% and 7.1% respectively. Advanced WHO clinical stage (AOR= 9.63, 95% CI= 1.07-86.95), low CD4+ T cells count (<200) (AOR= 7.57; 95% CI= 2.17- 27.01), and body mass index <18.5 (AOR= 7.56; 95% CI= 2.12-27.01) were found to be predictors of anemia in HAART naïve patients. On the other hand, none of the variables was found to be independently associated with anemia in HAART Experienced patients. Conclusion: -Anemia is the common manifestation both in HAART naïve and HAART experienced patients. However, Prevalence of anemia is higher in HAART naïve HIV individuals than those on HAART. Therefore; further longitudinal study should be conducted to map every possible correlates of anemia and compare its burden in HAART Naïve and HAART experienced adult HIV patients. Keywords: Anemia, HAART-naïve, HAART- experienced, Risk Factors
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    Comparative study on Changes in Hematological Parameters during the First 6 month of Antiretroviral Therapy initiation Among HIV infected pregnant and non-Pregnant women at Zewditu Memorial Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2016-06) Aschalew, Jenber; Tsegaye, Aster (PhD)
    Background: The use of ARV prophylaxis during pregnancy can dramatically reduce the risk of vertical transmission of HIV infection. Currently, limited studies have documented the effect of ART in decreasing the risk of opportunistic infection as well as improving survival of HIV infected pregnant women and fetus. However, little is known about its impact on hematological parameters in resource limited settings like Ethiopia. Objective: To assess changes in hematological parameters after 6 months of ART initiation among HIV infected pregnant and non-pregnant women at Zewditu Memorial Hospital ART clinic, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methodology: A retrospective comparative study was conducted among HIV infected pregnant women who received ART between September 2008 and January 2014 at ART clinic of Zewditu Memorial Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Data conveniently collected from 384 pregnant women on ART was compared with that obtained from 384 non pregnant women who are on ART as controls. Demographic, clinical and hematological parameters data were collected between November and December 2016 carefully from the existing ART logbook and antenatal follow up cards. Data collected through a standardized format were entered into Excel spread sheet and transported into and analyzed by SPSS Version 20 software. Dependent variable frequencies, mean, standard deviation and range were calculated. Mean change of different hematological values during follow up time from the base line were compared using paired t-test. P value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: The results of the study indicated significant difference in RBC Count, Hb, HCT, MCV, MCH,MCHC PLT counts were statistically significantly lower, while CD4 count was significantly higher in HIV infected pregnant women compared to non pregnant women. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups for PLT and total WBC. Prevalence of anemia, leucopenia, thrombocytopenia and CD4+ T lyphocytopenia at baseline and 6 months of follow up were 49.5% vs 54.4%, 20.7% vs 4.9% , 20.8% vs 18.8% and 88.8% vs 69.8% for HIV infected pregnant women, respectively. The respective values in HIV infected non pregnant women were 37% vs 18% , 8.6% vs 5.8% ,38% vs 7.8% and 58.6% vs 34.1.Microcytic hypochromic anemia was the dominant type in the pregnant women while normocytic hypochromic was the commonest followed by microcytic hypochromic anemia in the non-pregnant women. Thus, monitoring of all hematological parameters (not only Hb) is warranted. Conclusion: Comparison of hematological parameters of HIV infected pregnant with non pregnant significant changes. Since these parameters are strongly influenced as a result of pregnancy. Key words: Pregnant women, Hematological parameters, anemia, thrombocytopenia, CD4+ T cells and ART
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    Hematological Profile of Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Care at Dilla University Referral Hospital, Dilla, Ethiopia: Comparative Cross Sectional Study
    (Addis Ababa University, 2016-10) Anberbir, Sara; Hussein, Mintwab (PhD)
    Background: Pregnancy manifests number of change in the normal physiology. Important of these changes are those which alter the hematological parameters. Hematological profile is considered one of the factors affecting pregnancy and its outcome. Anemia is the most common hematological problem in pregnancy. Objective: To assess the hematological profile of pregnant women in comparison with non pregnant women (as a control). Methodology: Comparative cross sectional study was conducted from March to May, 2016, on 110 pregnant and 110 non pregnant women at Dilla University Referral Hospital. A structured, pretested and interviewer administered questionnaire and laboratory tests were used to obtain data. Data was analyzed using the statistical soft ware SPSS version 20. Logistic regression, independent t test and one way ANOVA was used. P value less than 0.05 were taken as statistical significant. Result: The result showed that pregnant women exhibited statistically significant decrease value of RBC, Hb, HCT, MCHC, Lymphocyte, MID and PLT counts when compared with non pregnant. White blood cell, neutrophils and MCH were significantly higher in pregnant women compared to non pregnant women. No significant difference in MCV and RDW of pregnant women compared to non pregnant women. There was a significant decrease in RBC, Hb and HCT in the 2nd trimester compared to 1st trimester pregnancy. The RDW value increased significantly in third trimester when compared with 1st trimester pregnancy. The prevalence of anemia obtained in this study was 15.5%. Pregnant women who had primary educational level were 6.28 times more likely to be anemic compared to higher educational level. Conclusion: There was a significant difference in the majority of hematological parameters between pregnant and non pregnant women. RBC, Hb, HCT, MCHC, Lymphocyte, MID and platelet counts were significantly decreased whereas WBC, neutrophils and MCH were significantly increased in pregnant women. Therefore, there is a need to monitor these parameters during pregnancy and thus improve the outcome of pregnancy. Key terms: Hematological profile, pregnant women, anemia
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    Magnitude of Anemia and Associated Factors in Children Aged 6-59 Months at Keranyo Health Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
    (Addis Abeba University, 2021-02) Jiru, Zewdu; Tsegaye, Aster(MSc, PhD); Alemu, Jemal(MSc)
    Background: Anemia impairs physical capacity and work performance in all age groups. In children, anemia affects cognitive and motor development because of the need for adequate oxygen carrying capacity during the critical first few years of life when mental and physical growth are occurring at their fastest. In Ethiopia, Anemia among children aged 6-59 months children categorized as severe public health problem. Regular monitoring of the magnitude anemia and its predicting factors is helpful for appropriate intervention. Objective: To assess the magnitude of anemia and associated factors in children aged 6-59 months at Keranyo health center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopiafrom January 01 to February 30, 2020. Method: A cross sectional health facility based study wasconducted among 427 children aged 6 to 59 months. Convenient sampling technique was used to include the participants. Pretested and structured questionnaire was used to collect socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of the family and child. Data on nutritional status and capillary blood sample was collected from each child. Multivariate logistic regression was used to calculate adjusted odds ratios with the corresponding 95% confidence intervals.P-values less than 0.05 was also used to declare statistical significance. Result: Of the total 427 children, 210 (49.2%) were males. The overall prevalence of anemia among children aged 6-59 months was 177(41.5%) (95% CI: 36.8% - 45.9%). Of the anemic under-five children, 14(3.3%) had mild, 149(34.9%) moderate and 14(3.3%) had severe anemia. Children whose maternal education is below elementary((AOR=3.82, 95% CI = (1.66, 8.77)), children who had fever in the last 2 weeks (AOR=2.13; 95% CI: (1.33, 3.42)), who consumed tea (AOR=2.17; 95% CI: (1.20, 3.93)) and with mothers who was not supplemented with iron during their last pregnancy (AOR=3.02; 95% CI: (1.40-6.55)) were more likely to become anemic. Conclusion: This study confirmed thatthemagnitude of anemia in children aged 6-59 months in Keranyo health centeris in the severe public health category. Educational and occupational status of the mother, child history of fever in the last two weeks, child tea consumption and maternal iron supplementation during pregnancy were factors associated with anemia in those children (659 months).Therefore, strengthening awareness and bringingbehavioural change in order to increase the knowledge of reproductive women about anemia is warranted.
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    Magnitude, Severity and Associated Factors of Anemia Among Under- Five Children Attending Hawassa University Teaching and Referral Hospital and Adare Hospital in Hawassa, Southern Ethiopia, 2016
    (Addis Ababa University, 2016-07) G/Selassie, Yeshimebet; Tsegaye, Aster (PhD)
    Background: Anemia is a widespread public health problem associated with increased risk of morbidity and mortality. Infants, under 5-year-old children and pregnant women have greater susceptibility to anemia. The magnitude and associated risk factors for anemia vary in different settings. Objective: To determine the magnitude, severity and associated factors of anemia among under five children attending at Hawassa University Teaching and Referral hospital and Adare hospital, Southern Ethiopia. Methods: A hospital based cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2015 to June 2016 at Hawassa University Teaching and Referral hospital and Adare hospitals in Hawassa, Southern Ethiopia. A total of 422 under five children were included applying convenient sampling method. Socio demographic data and other predisposing factors were collected by using interviewer administered structured questionnaire. Venous blood sample were collected from each child and analyzed for hemoglobin determination using cell-Dyn 1800 automated analyzer. Stained thin and thick smears were prepared for malaria parasites detection. Stool samples were collected and processed using direct wet mount and formol- ether concentration method to detect intestinal parasites. Data was entered and analyzed using SPSS version 20 statistical packages. Binary and multiple logistic regressions were computed to assess association between variables. P-value less than 0.05 was taken as statistically significant. Result: Among the 422 study participants, 235(55.7%) were males and 187(44.3%) were females. The mean hemoglobin level was 10.59 g/dl and about 176(41.7%) of children were anemic. Anemia was of mild, moderate and severe type in 6.6%, 19% and 16.1% of the children, respectively. Being in the age group 6–23 months [AOR = 2.04: 95% CI (1.13, 3.69)], and having mothers with no formal education [AOR = 1.73: 95%CI (0.99, 3.02)] were identified as associated factors for anemia. Conclusion: The magnitude of anemia was remarkably high being predominantly of moderate and severe type. Children between 6 to 23 months and those who had mothers with no formal education were more likely to be anemic. Thus, interventions like health education for mothers/care givers should be strengthened. Key words: Anemia, Under five children
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    Prevalence of Anemia and Associated Factors Among Newly Diagnosed Patients with Solid Malignancy at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Radiotherapy Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2014-06) Kifle, Edosa; Alemu, Jema
    Background: Anemia is a common finding in cancer, which is caused by many factors. It is a major cause of morbidity in cancer patients resulting in impaired organ function, reduced health- related quality of life, aggressive tumor behavior, lower sensitivity to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, even shorter survival; however, little is known about the prevalence of anemia and associated factors among cancer patients during diagnosis in developing countries like Ethiopia. Objective: To assess the prevalence of anemia and associated factors among newly diagnosed patients with solid malignancy at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Radiotherapy center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from April - May, 2014 G.C. A total of 422 newly diagnosed patients with solid malignancy attending Radiotherapy center, TASH were enrolled to assess anemia prevalence and associated factors. Data was coded, entered and analyzed using SPSS version 16. Univariate analysis was applied to compute descriptive statistics for many variables. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were also used to examine the effect of selected variables on prevalence of anemia and severity of anemia by the help of Odds ratio (OR) with 95% Confidence Interval (CI). P-Value < 0.05 was taken as statistically significant. Variables that showed statistically significant association (p<0.05) in Bivariate analysis, were entered and analyzed by multivariate analysis. Result: Out of 422 respondents, 285(68%) were females and 153(36%) of respondents fell into 35-49 age group with age range between 18-80 years and median age of 45. The overall prevalence of anemia across different tumor was 23% and higher anemia prevalence was noted in gynecology (37.7%) and colorectal carcinomas (26.7%). Majority of the anemic patients (68%) remained untreated for anemia. The mean trigger hemoglobin for transfusion was 7.7 g/dl. About 83.5% of anemia was mild to moderate type. Performance status (AOR = 3.344; 95% CI 1.410 – 7.927) and bleeding history (AOR = 3.628; 95% CI 1.800 – 7.314) showed statistically significant association with occurrence of anemia with p-value < 0.05. Conclusion: The overall prevalence of anemia across different tumor was 23 %, in which gynecology and colorectal showed relatively higher anemia prevalence, 37.7 % and 26.7 % respectively.
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    Prevalence of Helicobacter Pylori Infections and Associated Risk Factors Among Women of Child Bearing Ages in Selected Health Centers, Kolfe Keranio Sub City, Addis Ababa
    (Addis Ababa University, 2015-10) Terfa, Kumera; Desta, Kassu (Assistant Professor)
    Background: H.pylori is a gram-negative, spiral shaped, flagellated organism uniquely adapted to colonize the gastric mucous layer. It affects approximately one half of the world population and it is more prevalent in developing countries. The increased risk of infection is especially high occupational status,),(X2 =3.708, P=0.447), number of pregnancies (gravidity) (X2 =8.314, P=0.140), number of people in house hold (X2=2.479, P=0.140), gestational age (age of pregnancy) (X2 =7.879, P=0.069) and number of children ( parity) (X2=0.437,P=0.933). And some expected risk factors like habits of drinking alcohol (P=0.677), cigarette smoking (P=0.468), chat chewing (p= 0.818), drinking tea and coffee (P=0.757), using water for drinking (P=1) and Intestinal parasites (P=0.306) between H.pylori stool antigen test positive results, however, the study subjects who had a habits of drinking alcohol; cigarette smoking and chat chewing were very few in numbers. Conclusion: This study showed high prevalence of H.pylori infection among pregnant than non pregnant women. H.pylori infection was associated with a low hemoglobin value, history of gastrointestinal illness and presence of Hypermesisgravidum. H.pylori infected pregnant women showed high rate of anemia than non infected pregnant women. Some expected H.pylori associated risk factors like presence of intestinal parasites, smoking habit, chewing chat and drinking alcohol habit do not have significant association with H.pylori infection in this study. Key words: Anemia, H.pylori, pregnancy, Hemoglobin concentration, H. pylori Stool Antigen test among those living in the developing world due to precarious hygiene standards, crowded households and deficient sanitation associated with this part of the world. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in kolfe keraniyo sub city in two health centers (Wereda-5 & Woreda- 9) Addis Ababa, Ethiopia among child bearing ages of women, 195 pregnant and 137 non pregnant women matched for aged (16-40 years). A structured questionnaire was used to collect sociodemographic data of the study participants. Biological data such as blood samples were analyzed for determination of hemoglobin concentration and Stool samples were assessed for the presence of H.pylori infection by H.pylori stool antigens test kit and the presence of intestinal parasites were also assessed by direct stool examination (wet smear) and formol- ether concentration techniques. Data were summarized in frequencies (%) and mean (SD) as appropriate. Chi-square tests, logistic regression was used in the analysis as needed. In all cases P-value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: The overall prevalence of H. pylori infection among study subjects of child bearing ages of women was 29 %( 96/332).The prevalence of H.pylori infection was higher in pregnant women than non pregnant women, 33.8% (66/195) among pregnant women and 21.9% (30 /137) among non pregnant women (X 2= 5.589 P value = 0.020). In this study there was statistically association between some association of risk factors and H.pylori infection like pregnancy status (OR1.825, 95%CI=1.105-3.014, P=0.020), history Hypermesisgravidum in pregnant women (OR=1.652 95%C.I=1.262-2.162, P=0.00), history of gastrointestinal illness and low hemoglobin value, (OR=5.259, 95% CI=2.978–14.449, p=0.003). There was no statistically significance between H.pylori stool antigen test positive results and sociodemographic characteristics of the study participants including like Maternal age (X2 =3.670, P=0.435), marital status (X2 =0.634, P=0.996), educational level (X2 =3.033, P=0.387)