School of Nursing and Midwifery

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    Factors Affecting Female Adolescent Sexual Reproductive Health Among In School Adolescents In Woreta Town, South Gonder
    (Addis Ababa university, 2007-07) Kelemework Abebe; Asnake Mengistu (PhD)
    Adolescents are alarmingly becomes sexually active at younger age. The socioeconomic, family atmosphere, peer pressure, individual life experience and other factors predisposed them to early onset of sexual activity. Premarital sexual activities of adolescent was accompanied with risk of unintended pregnancy, abortion, STDs including HIV/AIDS due to lack of factual information and knowledge of reproductive and sexual health issue. The major purpose of this study was to investigate factors which influence female adolescent sexuality among in school adolescents in Woreta town. In order to assess the objective of the study cross-sectional survey study design was used which includes quantitative method using a pre-tested written questionnaire and focus group discussion used to collect qualitative data as a supplement of quantitative. The sampling technique employed for this study was stratified sampling procedure. Data were collected from 660 females adolescents aged 12-19 years who are considered as adolescent in this study. The statistical tools that used to analyze the data include uni-variate, bivariate and multivariate analysis. Univariate used to describe the adolescents and parents variables. The chi-square test (bivariate) was used to establish the association between the independent variables and sexual behavior (dependent variable). Binary logistic regression model was used to analyze the effects of the explanatory variables on the female adolescent sexuality. The study revealed that 36.1 percent of unmarried female students ever had sex. As reported by respondents the main reason for having sex for the first time was the desire to marry and love affairs. 28.9 per cent of sexually experienced female adolescents were ever use of contraceptive and 21.8 percent used condom at first sexual intercourse. The finding of the study showed that age, education level, religiosity, living arrangement, mother education and occupation, father education, peer pressure, self efficacy, mother-adolescent communication and respondent attitude toward premarital sex were associated to female adolescent ever had sex. At multivariate level, the finding of the study depicted that adolescents discussed with their mother about sexual related issues were less likely to be sexually active than those who had never discussed with their mother about sexual related issue. Female adolescents who have no sexually experienced friends were 15.2 percent less likely to have had sexual intercourse relative to those who have sexually experienced friends. Adolescents in this study were found to involve in sex at early ages and most of whom do not use contraceptive. Thus, the need to initiate comprehensive sexual and reproductive health programs targeting adolescents and strong information education communication and intervention programs by all concerned bodies will be recommended. It also further noted that the neefor parental empowerment have to be emphasized to enable them to cope with the challenge ofadolescent life.
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    Assessent of Stress and Coping Strategies Among Women with Problem of Obstetric Fistula in Addis Ababa Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2008-06) Mengesha, Mesfin; Murugan, Rajalakshmi (PhD)
    Background: An obstetric fistula is a hole in the wall of the vagina connecting to the bladder or rectum that is caused by prolonged and obstructed labor. As a result the girl or woman is left with uncontrollable leaking of urine and/or feces from her vagina, and constant and humiliating odor and wetness. Compounding this catastrophic physical trauma, in almost all cases, the woman suffers the loss of her baby. Without treatment women are frequently ostracized from their communities out of shame. Some are rejected or abandoned by husbands and families. Many are unable to work or earn a living, driving them deeper into poverty (21). Coping responses are a dynamic series of transactions between the individual and the environment, the purpose of which is to regulate internal states and/or alter the person-environment relations. The theory postulates that stressful emotions and coping are due to cognitions associated with the way a person appraises or perceives his/her relationship with the environment 22. This study is conducted to determine the levels of stress and coping mechanisms used by women living with obstetric fistula admitted at Fistula hospital in Addis Ababa. Objective: To determine the sources and levels of stress, and coping mechanisms of women living with obstetric fistula. Methodology: Institution based retrospective cross sectional study was conducted at Addis Ababa fistula hospital from April 2009 to June 2009. Valid and reliable questionnaire administered to all eligible women admitted to the facility during the study period. Participants were surveyed with a demographic data sheet, stress, and ways of coping questionnaire and in-depth semi-structured interviews and then processed and analyzed using SPSS software version 17. Results: Finding of this study showed that, the most frequently encountered sources of stress are internal stressors with highest mean and standard deviation 61.81(11.35) followed by external stressors 27.01 mean and 7.09 SD. The least sources of stressors among these women were, situational stressors having Mean and SD 26.280(8.06). The coping strategy used most frequently among these study subjects was Planful problem solving, Mean and SD 20.341(3.856) and escape- avoidance 15.522 Mean and 3.841 SD. The less common utilized coping strategy among theses women was Confrontive coping having 3.806 Mean and 1.503 standard deviation. Conclusions: Women with obstetric fistula are exposed to many stressful situations as a result of their problem, and these stressful situations are occurring with differing degree. Women utilize different coping mechanisms in order to avert their problem, identification of the type of stressor and it’s level and coping strategy has a paramount importance. Recommendation: The care that we provide to mothers must be an understanding and of holistic type which encompasses education, literacy training, the development of social networks, and the provision of skills with which to earn an adequate livelihood
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    Patient Satisfaction with Nursing Care in Medical and Surgical Wards of Government Hospitals, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, May 2009
    (Addis Ababa University, 2009-05) Bekele, Solomon; Tachbele, Erdaw (PhD)
    Background: patient satisfaction with nursing care has been found to be the most important predictor of over all patients’ satisfaction with hospital care. Nursing practice is patient driven and patient centered. Accordingly, patient satisfaction has been strongly advocated by nursing professionals to be an important indictor of quality of nursing care delivery. Objective: The objective of this study was to assess patient’s satisfactions with nursing care provided in medical and surgical wards of government hospitals in Addis Ababa. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted in three governments hospitals namely Back lion, St. Paul and Yekatit 12, in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia from July 2008 to June 2009, The study population was adult patients who were admitted to the medical and surgical words of the study hospitals and stayed for at least seven days. The data coactions tool was a modified Newcastle satisfaction with Nursing scale (NSNS). Data analysis was computed by SPSS. Ethical clearance was secured from medical faculty, IRB office A.A.U. and study hospitals. Participation in this study was voluntary and based on patient’s ability to given informed consent. Result: A total of 450 adult patients from medical and surgical wards were approached from the study hospitals and 435 of them participated in this study (non-response rare was (3.4%). Participants who were males, age group 18-30 years old, stayed in the ward of for 7-15 day and have no history of previous admission were more satisfied. The overall rating of satisfaction was 56.3%. The top aspects that patients scored highest for their satisfaction with nursing care were the amount of privacy nurses gave to patients, the amount of freedom given on the ward and nurses manner in going about their work. The aspects with which patients least scored were the amount of time nurses spent with patients’, nurses awareness of patient needs the amount and type of information nurses gave to patients about their condition and treatment. Income and having other disease in addition to cause of admission were the significant predictors of patient satisfaction with nursing care (P<0.05). Implementation of individual nursing care plan and improving therapeutic nurse-patient communication were recommended. JEY WORDS: Nursing care, patient satisfaction.
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    Assessment of Adult Diabetic Clients Perception About The Effect of Diabetic Related Education and Counseling in Yekatit 12 and Black Lion Specialized Hospitals, A Cross- Sectional Study; Addis Ababa, 2009
    (Addis Ababa University, 2009-06) Getahun, Meaza; Demisse, Asrat ( Assistant Professor)
    Background: The incidence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is rapidly increasing on a global basis. Provision of proper educational session in health care facilities is believed as important in the management of T2DM. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the perception of adult diabetic patients on diabetic related education and counseling. Method: This cross-sectional study was done in Addis Ababa Black Lion Specialized Hospital (BLSH) and Yekatit 12 Hospital Diabetic clinics from April 25 – May 22, 2009. The techniques for data collection were interview method and Focus Group Discussion (FGD). Six nurses were interviewers and the principal investigator supervised the over all process during an interview. FGD was conducted by the investigator with the aid of tape-recorder. A total of Four-hundred forty two participants with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and 25 patients were included in FGD. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 15.0 and results were presented by tables, figures and different statistical tests were done to indicate associations between variables. Result: Out of 442 study participants and 25 informants, nearly 56.6% of them were females and 60.7% of them aged above 40 years of age. Three- hundred ninety one (88.5%) of them were living with family and 225 (50.9%) of them had low monthly income (< 400 ETB). Mean BMI and FBS of study participants were 23.6 ± 3.81 kg/m2 and 164 ± 71.1 mg/dl respectively. Almost half of the study participants had FBS level between 120- 199 mg/ dl of blood. Around 63.6 – 97.7% of study participants had sufficient knowledge on what diabetes mellitus is, management options and related acute/ chronic complications. Perception about given diabetic education was strongly associated with age, education, income and duration of patient’s diagnosis with T2DM (P < o.oo1 and p < 0.005). Conclusions: Regular educational session for patients with adult onset diabetes mellitus is mandatory for empowering them with knowledge and skill. The result of this study will be used in those diabetic clinics as valuable information for improvement of patient education, which is essential for the betterment in quality of health. Keywords: Counseling, education, perception, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
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    Risk Factors for Unsafe Sexual Behavior Among Preparatory Youth Students of Addis Ababa
    (Addis Ababa University, 2009-07) Dessie, Azeb; Abebe, Mesfin (PhD)
    Background: Youth’s sexual risk taking, which is recognized by involvement in premarital sexual activity, reluctance to use protective contraceptive, is observed to be the causes of various problems. As far as youths are exposed to high risk activities/ behavior is reported to be growing, it is obviously associated with Reproductive Health Risks (RHR), including the risk of HIV contraction, mainly acquiring the infection through unsafe sexual intercourse. Recognizing and addressing risk factors contributing to unsafe sexual behavior, and also understanding why they engage in risk behavior should be thought. Objective: The objective of this study is to assess the risks factors related to unsafe sexual behaviors Method: A cross-sectional study that employed quantitative data collection method supplemented by qualitative focus group discussion was used to assess risk factors for unsafe sexual behavior among preparatory youth students. The study was conducted from April to May 2009 in randomly selected 13 preparatory schools in A.A.on 461 samples of study subjects. Data entry, cleaning and analysis were done using SPSS version 13.0, bi- variate analysis was used to describe some of the socio-demographic variables, and logistic regression model was used to measure the association of outcome variables of different characteristics of the study subjects. Results were presented by tables and figures. Result: Out o 461 sample size 454 participated in the study making the response rate of 98.48%, 46.70% of the respondents were sexually active, the majority were males within the age group of 18-19 years. More than half of the sexually active students (60.84%),had their first sexual intercourse under the age of 18 years, the mean age of first sexual contact 16.4 years.60.85% of the respondents had multiple sexual partners, using condom consistently was practiced only by 40.6% of the sexually active respondents. Risks to unsafe sex like substances uses, peer pressure for doing sex, and loose family connectedness were found to be significantly associated (OR: 2.75, 95% CI: 1.633-4.636), (OR: 2.557,95% CI: 1.509-4.333), (OR:2.187, 95% CI: 1.172-4.084), respectively. Conclusion: The majority of youth students are at higher risk of acquiring unsafe sexual behavior which is related to risk factors or behaviors they are exhibited and obviously revealed with score on the AIDS risk behavior index. Considering the risk factors for youth unsafe sexual behavior preventive and promotive work should be strengthened through effective BCC and family life education.
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    Assessment of Factors Affecting Parents in Discussing Reproductive Health Issue with their Adolescent in Shambo town, Horo Guduru Wollega, Oromiya Region, Ethiopia, May 2009
    (Addis Ababa University, 2009-07) Assebe, Tesfaye; Gebrekidan, Berhane (Assistant Professor)
    Background: - even though sexual activity put adolescents at risk of various reproductive health (RH) challenges, many adolescent lack strong stable relation ships with parents or other adults with whom they talk to get information about their RH concern. Objectives: - The general objective of the study is to identify factors affecting parents in discussing reproductive health issues with their adolescent. Method: - Community based cross-sectional study was designed to determine factors affecting parents in discussing RH issue with their adolescents among families who had children aged 10 years and above living in Shambo town conducted in May 2009. A total of 262 house holds were selected using systematic sampling technique. Data was collected using structured questionnaire by six data collectors from resident of Shamboo town. Data was analyzed by SPSS soft ware version 15.0. Descriptive statistics was employed to describe the study population in relation to relevant variables. Odds ratio with 95% confidence intervals and regression was employed to describe the strength of association between the selected study variables by controlling for the effect of possible confounders Result and discussion: - The study showed that most respondent 84.6% were found to be knowledgeable about reproductive health and also the majority 90% had positive attitude towards discussing the RH issue with their adolescent. However, small proportions 38.2% have communicated to their adolescent on reproductive health issue. Educational level, knowledge, and attitude of parents had significant association with discussion of parents with their adolescents on RH issues. Conclusion and recommendation: - It can be concluded that, even though parents had basic information on RH, they did not practice in discussing RH issue with their adolescent. It is recommended that health workers in helping parents to become effective communicator to their adolescent as well as considering their role of educator should be considered
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    Assessment of Occupational Hazards Among Students of Nursing And Midwifery in Clinical Practice, in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2009
    (Addis Ababa University, 2009-07) Fite, Teferi; Araya, Tekebash (PhD)
    Background: In their every day clinical practice, Nurses and Midwife students are at risk of occupational hazards especially risk of exposure to blood born pathogens potentially resulting to infections. The Nurse and Midwife students are prone to occupational health hazards and they are unrecognized group of health care providers. High levels of occupational hazards are believed to affect students’ health and academic functions. If the occupational hazards are not dealt with effectively, feeling of loneliness, sleeplessness and worrying may result. Effective coping strategies facilitate the return to a balanced state, reducing the negative effects of occupational hazards. Therefore, it is better to identify the occupational hazards that the Nurses and Midwife students face during their clinical practice and mechanisms of coping or preventing the occupational hazards. In order to have healthy and productive Nurses and Midwife graduates for the country, assessing the occupational hazards they face in their clinical practice and prompt intervention is very necessary. Objective: The objective of this study is to assess the occupational hazards faced by the Nurses and Midwife students during their clinical practice in all Degree program Nursing and Midwifery Schools in Addis Ababa. Methods: Cross-sectional descriptive survey was conducted from November 2008 to June 2009. 422 self administered questionnaire was distributed to 6 Health College Nurse and Midwife students who were systematically sampled and all have been filled and returned with much effort. The study populations were all of the systematically sampled of the regular Nurses and Midwifery day Degree program students of the six Nursing and Midwifery Schools excluding evening and 1st year students. Data was coded and analyzed using SPSS version 11 for computing frequency distributions. Greater number of responses and percentages were calculated. Result: The majority of the respondents (51.1%) knowledge of occupational hazards was gained from Nursing and Midwifery Schools, followed by books (16.6%) and Journals, (9. 2%). Majority of the study population (93.1%) indicated that they have got needle prick, blood splash and skin cuts during their clinical practice. The result confirms that all the factors mentioned in the work plan such as physical, biological, psychosocial and mechanical factors cause occupational hazards in the clinical practice. Conclusion and recommendation The study showed high rate of occupational hazards and the strongest predictor of needle prick injury, blood splash, and skin cuts, Nurse and Midwife students at risk for blood born pathogens. A safe and healthy practical area for Nurse and Midwife students is necessary for safe patient care and implementing control measures as well as preventive measures such as using universal precautions and managing shortage of preventive materials in clinical practical areas are recommended
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    The Desire to Have Children: Is Pmtct an Opportunity for Hiv Positive People? A Cross Sectional Study in Mekelle Health Institutions, Tigray/Ethiopia, 2009
    (Addis Ababa University, 2009-07) Desta, Amanuel; Cherie, Amsale (PhD)
    Back ground: The introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy has changed the life prospect of PLWHA towards parenthood. However, little is known about the extent of PLWHA desire to have children. Objective: The aim of this study is to assess the desire to have children and identify factors associated with desire to have children among men and women living with HIV/AIDS at follow up of ARV treatment units. Method: A cross–sectional facility based study was conducted; using a pre tested structured questionnaires on sample of HIV–infected men and women attending at ARV treatment sites in Mekelle hospital and three health centers in Mekelle town. Total sample sizes of 367 respondents were selected using systematic random sampling technique. Respondents were selected proportional to the size of each facility serving ARV treatment. Data were analyzed using SPSS statistical soft ware version 15.0. Ethical clearance was obtained from the Medical Faculty of Addis Ababa University. Result: Data were obtained from 367 respondents, yielding a response rate 98.9%. One hundred forty four (39.2%) of respondents had desire to have children. Among men this proportion was 43.6% (n=61), in contrast to 36.6 (n=83) of women. Generally desire to have children was higher in the age group 20-29 years compared to elderly age group with OR 10.48 (95% CI: 5.07, 21.63). Respondents who disclosed their HIV status to their partners had significant association for desire to have children compared to those who do not disclosed with OR 1.67 (95% CI: 1.00, 2.80). Conclusion A significant proportion of HIV infected individuals have desire for children. Issues related to fertility desires need to be addressed more frequently by health care providers to their HIV-infected clients through counseling to facilitate informed decision- making about child bearing.
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    Health Related Quality of Life of People Leaving with HIV/AIDS in Hawassa University Referral Hospital
    (Addis Ababa University, 2010-01) Kassa Andargachew; Aga Fekadu (Bsc)
    Background: Understanding the health related quality of life in people living withHIV/AIDS has become increasingly a key measurement of treatment outcome Purpose: This study was intended to assess the health related quality of life (HRQQL) of people living with HIV/AIDS in Hawassa University Referral Hospital by using theWilson and Cleary model. Methods: Using a cross-sectional design and convenience sampling method, a quantitative exploratory survey was conducted on HIV patients attending the ARTclinic (n=392). Using pretested questionnaires the data collected on demographic and clinical characterist ics, symptom status, and patients’ perceptions of quality of life were organized based on the Wilson and Cleary framework for analyzing variables related to quality of life. Then, by using SPSS for Windows version 15 a hierarchical multiple regressions was conducted with quality of life as dependent variable Result: The sample of 392 persons was 259(66.1%) female with mean age of 32.5(SD=8.6) years .On the day of the interview, few 37(9.4%) individuals presented with opportunistic infections(OI).Similarly the average types of symptoms, out of the possible 64 symptoms, experienced per person on the date of visit was 4(SD=4.5).Twenty three predictor variables explained 65.1% of the variance in patients’ overall quality of Life. Those participants with higher health related quality of life scores were those who had greater functioning, fewer financial worries, lower symptom intensity, with fewer health worries and had no opportunistic infection. In addition social support and disclosure worries made statistically significant relationship with HRQOL at Pvalue less than0.05. Conclusion: The Wilson and Cleary model of quality of life serve as useful organizing framework for developing an understanding of the correlates of quality of life for a sample of persons living with HIV/AIDS in Hadassah University Referral Hospital. Health related quality of life for this sample was primarily defined as over all functional abilities, absence of financial worries, control over symptom intensity, lack of health worries and also absence of opportunistic infections. These findings are similar with finding studied both in developed and developing countries. Based on the finding of this study, recommendations are forwarded.
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    Assessment of the Reproductive Health Needs of High School Students in Hossana, Ethiopia.
    (Addis Ababa University, 2010-06) Kegnu Tadele; ArayaTekebash(B.Sc)
    Background Sexual and Reproductive Health problems that the young people are facing are not localized to onegeographic location or one part of the world. Worldwide, 15 million adolescents experience pregnancy each year. Since most of these pregnancies are unwanted, young women tend to have induced abortions, whether legal or not. Moreover, half of new HIV infections are observed in the15-24 age groups. On top of this, studies about STI in adolescents show that the incidence is increasing. Today, each year, one in 20 adolescents suffers from an STI other than HIV (1). Objectives and methods A cross sectional institution based study was conducted to assess the reproductive health needs of high school students in Hossana Town. 422 study subjects were identified by using multi stage sampling method. Data was collected using structured questionnaire, entered and analyzed using EPI info and SPSS statistical program respectively. ResultsAbout 35.8%, of the respondents had experienced penetrative sexual intercourse and 59.5% of the respondents reported that their first sexual intercourse had been unplanned. About 16.9% of the respondents have more than one sexual partner. Among sexually active students, 45.7 % had used condom during their first sexual intercourse as a means of preventing pregnancy and/or STIs including HIV/AIDS. Majority (70.4%) of sexually active female respondents have ever been pregnant out of which 52.9% of them had induced abortion. Conclusion In spite of the students need to get SRH services, the school clinics are not providing theirservices adequately. The health service delivery system should consider the special needs of youth and work out comprehensive and effective policies and strategies to provide young people with the services appropriate to their needs.
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    Determinants of Nurses’ Job Satisfaction in Government Hospitals, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, June 2010.
    (Addis Ababa University, 2010-06) Yimam Wondwossen; Mekonnen Bazie(Msc)
    Introduction: Nurse‟s job sat isfact ion is a cornerstone for improving the qualit y of health care, patient satisfaction, staff morale, job competence, patient compliance, positive patient outcomes and its continuity of care; however, dissatisfaction leads to decreased productivity, efficiency, and the quality of care, each of which raises costs to the health care system. Objective: The main objective of this survey was to assess levels and determinants of nurses‟ job satisfact ion by using Herzberg‟s job motivator and hygiene factors in Addis Ababa government hospitals. Methods: Institution based cross-sectional study was conducted from Nov to May 2010 on 300 nurses working in Addis Ababa government hospitals. Pre-tested and self administered questionnaire was used to collect data from six hospitals. Simple random and systematic sampling technique was employed in this study. The data was entered, cleaned and analyzed using SPSS version 15. Associations between dependent and independent variables assessed and presented using frequency, mean, standard deviation, student t-test, ANOVA, & Pearson‟s correlation test. Statistical significance was set at p-value < 0.05. Results: Three hundred nurses responded from the sampled 314 respondents and composed a response rate of 95.5%.The majority 188 (63%) of nurses were dissatisfied with their job. Advanced age and work experience were related with nurses‟ job sat isfact ion. The overall mean satisfaction score of hygiene and motivation factors were 3.54 (+0.96SD) and 3.35 (+0.09SD) respectively. Almost all determinants were positively and moderately correlated with job satisfaction, whereas compensation was negatively and strongly correlated with job satisfaction. Conclusions: The majority of nurses were dissatisfied with their job. Advanced age and work experience were statist ically significant and associated with nurses‟ job sat isfaction. Almost all hygiene and motivation factors were positively and moderately correlated with nurses‟ job satisfaction. Hygiene factors were more important predictors of job satisfaction than motivation factors in this study subjects. The study subjects were not satisfied with the compensation (salary) that they received for their work that they do. Recommendations: Managers can use both hygienic & motivation determinants as a strategic tool to increase nurses‟ job sat isfact ion and they should also give priorit y and design appropriate mechanism to their young and low experienced nurses to improve level of their job satisfaction. The factors contributing to nurses‟ dissat isfact ion with compensation (salary) should be further investigated and depending on the findings, alternative methods of reward need to be considered.
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    Assessment of Factors Affecting Contraceptive use Among Preparatory School Adolesents in Addis Ababa, 2010.
    (Addis Ababa University, 2010-06) Demas Tangute; Tachbele Erdaw
    Background: Adolescents in Ethiopia are exposed to various risks, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), other sexually transmitted infections (STIs), unwanted pregnancy and unsafe abortion due to unprotected sex while they have high knowledge of contraceptive use. Objective: To asses the factors affecting modern contraceptives utilization among preparatory school adolescents Methods: A cross sectional school based study was conducted on April to May 2010 in Addis Ababa Administration using multistage stage sampling technique .A total of 830 students in five government and three non government schools were included in the study. A pre tested structured questionnaire complemented with focus group discussion were used for data collection. The data entered cleaned and analyzed using SPSS version 15 software. Frequencies, cross- tabulations and logistic regression were used Result Overall from 830preparatory school adolescents 159(19.2) % were sexually active .Of which 69(43.4 %) had used modern contraceptive methods. Most of the respondents used condom 52 (75.4%). Significantly higher proportion of male adolescents 55(79.7%) than females 14(20.3%) used contraceptives. In the binary logistic regression sex, living with friends, living alone, having pocket money, discuss sexual related issue with friends, condom, shops and affordable service were found to be significant predictors of contraceptive use. Conclusion The prevalence of contraceptive use was low this showed that sexually active adolescents are highly exposed to the consequences of unprotected sex Adolescents who discus sexual related issues with their close friends were more likely to use contraceptive than who don‟t Adolescents who had pocket money were more likely to use contraceptives than who had no Religious prohibition, ashamed to buy, emotional and unplanned sexual practice, fear of being seen by some one who knows them and trust their partner were the most frequently reported reasons for not to use contraceptives by school adolescents The most preferred method for future use was condom and the most preferred source for future use was shop Recommendation Establish Parents- teachers - students relationship to have free discussion time in order to decrease their fear and ashamed about sexuality to bring behavioral change Since the most affecting factor to use contraceptive by sexually active school adolescents were ashamed to buy and emotional unplanned sexual practice, other strategies like getting the service every where when they need by using modern technology should be considered Most of the adolescents preferred to use condom with affordable service from the shop, considering this training to the shopkeepers about the storage and supplying of condom is mandatory since condom can be easily affected by heat
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    Cross Sectional Study on Assessment of Parturient Need of Continuous Nurses Labor Support in Labor Wards in Public Hospital under Addis Ababa City Administration Health Bureau.
    (Addis Ababa University, 2011) Hadra Nebiha; Araya Tekebash(PhD)
    Introduction: Supporting women at delivery is an essential part care during labor. The term 'labor support' refers to continuous non-medical care of a laboring woman. It includes physical comforting such as touching, massaging, bathing, grooming, applying warmth or cold; and emotional support such as continuous companion reassurance, encouragement, anticipatory guidance, information provision, and non-medical advice. Labor support and care may also involve procedures and facilitation of communication between the woman and staff to assist her in making informed choices .Furthermore; it may comprise emotional support for woman's partner. Objectives: To assess parturient need and satisfaction of continue nurse support in labor wards in Public Hospital under Addis Ababa city administration Health Bureau. Methods: Institutional based descriptive quantitative cross-sectional study was employed. The study was conducted in Hospitals under Addis Ababa City Administration Health Bureau. The data collection was carried out using structured questionnaires filled by trained student nurses. Data was be analyzed using EPI 3.04 and transformed to SPSS version 16.00 in the computer for further analysis. Result: About 91.1% of need women continuous nurses support during labor. The women rated the most important supporting nurses’ behavior were emotional need followed by tangible support. Conclusion: the nursing behaviors that tap into emotional support were found to be the most important. Emphasizing the emotional dimension of the process of labor in addition to the technical aspect can be very important. To maintain high standards of professional quality care in reproductive health, nurses need to recognize helpful nursing support behaviors to laboring women.
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    Drug Resistance Pattern of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis and its Association with Patients` Knowledge, Attitude and Practice towards Tuberculosis in Eastern Amhara Region
    (Addis Abeba University, 2011-03) Esmael, Ahmed; Desta, Kassue (BSc, MSc); Ali, Ibrahim(BSc, MSc); Agonafir, Mulualem(BSc. MSc)
    Background: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a serious public health problem, worsened by the emergence and spread of drug resistance particularly multi-drug resistance that threat global TB control. Data obtained from KAP survey is essential to plan, implement and evaluate Advocacy, Communication and Social Mobilization (ACSM)work. Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the magnitude of drug resistance pattern of M.tuberculosis, knowledge, perception and practice of patients` towards TB in Eastern Amhara Region, North East Ethiopia. Methods: A cross sectional survey was conducted among new and re-treatment patients (age > 18 years old) from September 2010 to February 2011. A structure and pre-validate questionnaires was used to collect data. Primary isolation and DST were carried out on egg based LJ media using indirect proportion method. Chi-Square and multivariate logistic regression was used. Results: Out of 230 study participants for DST, 165 were new cases while 65 were previously treated cases. From these, 66.5% of isolates were sensitive and 4.4% resistance to four f irst line anti-tuberculosis drugs (HRSE) while the remaining 33.5% was resistance to at least for single drug. MDR-TB was detected in 6.5 % isolates, of which 4.4% were resistance to all four first line drugs. Overall resistance to S, R, H and E was found in 27 % (62), 10 % (23), 17.8 % (41), and 6.5 % (15) respectively. Mono resistance was found in 17.4 % (40) of all isolates Among new cases primary drug resistance for one or more drugs was observed in 23.6 % (39)cases. Primary MDR-TB was found in 3 (1.81%) cases. Similarly among previously treated cases resistance to any drug was found in 58.5 % (38) cases. MDR-TB in previously treated cases was found in 18.46 % (12) Cases; the highest being in failure cases 9.23% (6). More over the mean and median knowledge score of respondents about PTB was 6.81 and 7 respectively. Majority (53.6%) of study subjects had poor knowledge score, feels not well informed about TB and had several misconceptions that need to be clarified. Majority (66.6%)ofstudy subjects heard about TB for the first time from health workers. Of study participants, 79.9% mentioned that TB transmits by respiratory droplets through coughing and sneezing and prevents by covering mouth and nose (66.6%). The four common symptoms mentioned by respondents were cough (65.6%), weight loss (33.2%), cough > = 2 weeks (32.7%) and shortness of breath (29.4%). About half of respondent not knew current free cost of TB diagnosis and treatment. Majority of respondents also worried about the disease due to it might transmits to their family, might not be cure, social interact (fear of stigma) and unable to do work. Cost (69.9 %) and difficulties in transportation (54.5 %) mentioned as the main reason for their delaines t o seeking care. Previous drug exposure and 1 + bacterial load independently contribute for the development of drug resistance TB strains. Similarly Illiteracy, rural residence, non-previous history of contracting TB, experiencing self treatment option, and delayed frequency of visit were independent predictor of low knowledge score. Conclusion: Drug resistance TB particularly MDR-TB is an emerging problem in new and retreatment patients in our study area. Majority of respondents also had poor knowledge and several misconceptions that need to be clarified. Hence, it is essential to address the problems of drug resistance through establishing good TB control program including DOTS plus service and raise KAPs` of patients through establish proper IEC pathway to indicate the level of severity and to create proper awareness about its cause, transmission, prevention and availability of service.
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    Assessment of Knowledge and Practice of Women for Birth and Emergency Preparedness in Hawassa City,SNNPR, Ethiopia.
    (Addis Ababa University, 2011-05) Tsegaye Meseret; Aga Fikadu (MSN)
    A cross-sectional community-based comparative study was conducted to assess knowledge and practices of birth preparedness and complication readiness and factors associated with their practices among women who gave birth in the last 12 months preceding the survey in Hawassa city, SNNPR, Ethiopia. The study was undertaken between October 2010 to April 2011 pre tested structured questionnaire was used to obtain relevant information. Data were obtained from 550 mothers. Including both unprompted and prompted responses, 85.6% of the respondents mentioned identifying place of delivery, 90.4% mentioned saving money, 45.5% mentioned identifying skilled provider and 81.8%mentioned identifying a mode of transportation as elements of birth preparedness. Two hundred twenty two (40.4%) of the respondents reported that they identified place of delivery, saved money and identified a mode of transport ahead of childbirth. In multivariate analysis birth preparedness was higher among literate mothers (OR= 2.41, 95% CI= 1.97,4.37), women who have a good income (OR=3.28, 95% CI= 1.91,5.64), women with history of still birth (OR= 3.37, 95% CI= 1.47,7.75), having ANC follow up (OR= 4.13, 95% CI= 1.33, 12.82)and awareness about BPCR (OR= 8.25,95% CI=4.47,15.22). About 82.2% of the respondents gave birth by a skilled provider. Skilled provider at birth was higher among those who were literate, with better income, first births, those who had ANC follow up and those who were birth prepared. The study identified poor comprehensive knowledge and practices of birth preparedness in general and very poor knowledge on danger signs in particular. Improve the information given during ANC follow up, with special emphasis given to birth preparedness in general and information on obstetric danger sign in particular, community education about birth preparedness, particularly about danger signs, empowerment of women, improving the information given during the ANC follow up with are recommended.
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    Assessment of Nurses’ Perception Towards Nursing Profession in Public Hospitals Under Addis Ababa Health Bureau, Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2011-05) Wondwossen, Liya; Berhane, Emebet (PhD)
    Background: Whatever notion or idea best describes nursing and whatever set of activities it is defined, it is clear that there are different perceptions of nursing. Perception by itself is merely defied as an idea, belief, or an image you have as a result of how you see or understand something. The Perception of nursing may vary depending on age, educational level, social and professional experience. Objective: To assess Nurses’ Perception among Professional Nurses in public hospitals under Addis Ababa Health bureau, Ethiopia. Methods: Institution based cross sectional quantitative descriptive study with a cross sectional study design was used to assess the perception of nursing among professional nurses. The sample size was determined by using a formula for estimating a single population proportion. Sample size was 264. Data collection was carried out using structured questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed using EP Info version 3.5.1 and transformed to SPSS version 15.00 in the computer for further analysis. The analyses was verified using descriptive interpretation for demographic variables using frequencies and means, and comparative interpretation was employed for internal analyses using cross tabulation. The significance was checked using p value 0.05 and 95% confidence interval. Result: the response rate was 256 (96%). Majority (67.6%) were female nurses. More than half (56%) of nurses had good perception towards nursing. A significant association was seen between educational level and perception of nursing (P < 0.05). In addition education and perception of important aspects of nursing had shown association (P< 0.05).Conclusion & recommendation: Majority of nurses who participated in this study had good perception towards nursing. Occupational factors were identified as a leading factor which affects perception. Though this research lay down a base for the assessment of perception towards nursing by nurse professionals in our country, further researches are recommended.
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    Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Intension of Health Science Students Toward Safe Abortion Care Provision in Debre Markose University, Ethiopia, May 2011
    (Addis Ababa University, 2011-05) Asmamaw, Tarekegn; Assefa, Yeshi (PhD)
    Background: Negative attitudes toward abortion among professionals providing abortion services could be an obstacle even under a law which permits abortion on request. The shortage of health care providers who are willing or trained to perform abortions undermines the provisions of safe abortion services, by limiting the availability of safe, legal abortion, and has serious implications for women's access to abortion services and health service planning. Objective: The aim of this study is to assess knowledge, attitudes and intension of DMU Health Science student toward safe abortion provision. Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional institution based study was conducted to examine knowledge, attitude and intension of health science students (n=190) to provide safe abortion care services using pretested standard questionnaire at Debre Markose University. Result : Respondents were asked whether unsafe abortion is one of the major health problems in their country. Out of all respondents, 94.2% said that it was a major health problem. 65.3% agreed that they are more comfortable with medical abortion than with surgical abortion. Large majority of respondents 89.0% reported that they were not plan to perform abortion for their patients regardless of their reason for terminating a pregnancy. Discussion: More intension to provide medical abortion and surgical abortion in this study might have been the perception of students considering that higher magnitude of the problem of unsafe abortion in our country and the need of safe abortion care providers to solve maternal morbidity and mortality from unsafe abortion. Conclusion and recommendation: Very surprisingly majority of students in this study have willingness to seek abortion care training. Although it may not be possible or desirable to require abortion training for every future health care provider separately, making safe abortion care training a standard part of the curriculum will open avenues for both future nurses and health officer who are in favor of providing safe abortion care services. More important, expanding abortion training in the allied health professions will likely alleviate the abortion provider shortage throughout Ethiopia. Key word: Attitude, Intension, safe abortion provision, medical abortion, surgical abortion.
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    Assessment of Client Satisfaction on Quality of Antenatal Care Service Provided to Pregnant Women Attending Defense Hospitals, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
    (Addis Ababa University, 2011-05) Belay Senait ; Kalku Yemesirach(MSc)
    Background Maternal mortality occurs from risks attributable to pregnancy and child birth as well as from poor availability and quality of health services. ANC is the key entry point of a pregnant woman to receive quality health service, broad range of health promotion and preventive services which promote the health of the mother and the baby. The UN millennium Development goal (MDG 52000) aims to reduce the number of women who die in pregnancy and childbirth by three-quarters between 1990 and 2015. Objective- This study aimed on assessing the quality of antenatal care service provision at Defense Hospitals: Addis Ababa and Debrezeit. Methodology- It was a cross sectional qualitative and quantitative study performed on the antenatal care attendees during the study period. Data collection was performed using structured questionnaire and focus group discussion with clients and facility observation checklist. Result- Data on clients’ satisfaction on quality of antenatal care were collected from 403 respondents. Findings indicated overall clients’ satisfaction with respect to indicators of quality care was around 85.6%. The odds of satisfaction of women who got information on danger signs were about five times more than those who did not get the information [AOR (95% CI) 4.883(2.007-11.8800)].The qualitative study identified an imbalance regarding information provision between clients’ expectation and received information and facility observation showed the presence of adequate material and human resource for providing antenatal care. Conclusion– In general this study has revealed majority of the clients’ were satisfied with the service. Information provided to clients during the antenatal checkup was not as expected by the respondents. The facility observation checklist has revealed adequacy of available material and manpower to provide the necessary ANC. Recommendation- The high satisfaction level from the antenatal care service in the health institutions should be sustained. The health care providers should be aware of the importance of meeting women’s information needs during antenatal visits and then be prepared to satisfy them by increasing their consultation time and mechanism of providing similar information to clients should be established and strengthen in both hospitals.
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    A Comparative Study on Nurses and Midwives Job Satisfaction Between Functional and Business Processing Re-Engineering (BPR) Method of Organization in Hawassa University Teaching Hospitals, Snnpr, Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2011-05) Kassa, Abdu; Mandesh, Alemnesh(PhD)
    Background: Job satisfaction is the affective orientation that an employee has towards their work. What makes a job satisfying or unsatisfying does not depend only on the nature of the job, but also on the expectations that individuals have of what their job should provide. Objectives: The main objective of this study is to compare levels of professional nurses and midwives job satisfaction and its determinants between functional and business processing re- engineering (BPR) method of organization in Hawassa university teaching hospitals, SNNPR, Ethiopia. Methods: Institutional based cross- sectional descriptive data was collected by using self- administered questioners complimented by focus group discussions from 122 nurses and midwives full time workers who were randomly selected via simple random sampling technique. Results: The analysis and interpretation of data was made using simple percentage count, mean score, and crude and adjusted odds ratio. Narrations of some qualitative data were also used. Concerning the findings of overall job satisfaction on both methods of organization almost half by half result were found, means the new method (BPR) couldn’t bring a significant change on nurses and midwives job satisfaction. Also half of the respondents were planned to learn out of nursing science in the coming five years because of hate of organizational affiliation towards nurses. This may cause shortage of experienced nurses and midwives which is a global problem nowadays. Conclusion: The study in this regard showed that a lot has to be done in the future to avert this situation. To this end, it should receive special managerial attention by finding out possible strategies, to strengthen predictors of intention to remain employed and upgrading their knowledge in nursing sciences, like employment practices that reflect moral integrity, incorporate clear communication systems, maximize employee involvement in decision-making, cohesive working relationships (cooperation with medical staff), appropriateness of the system for nursing, promote praise and recognition, and establish a shared vision and goals
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    Prevalence of Suboptimal Child Spacing Practice and its Associated Factors Among Women of Child Bearing Age in Serbo Town,Jimma Zone Southwest Ethiopia, 2017
    (Addis Ababa University, 2011-06) Bacha, Girma; Wondwesson, Kalkidan (PhD)
    Introduction: Birth spacing is the time gaps between two consecutive life births. Optimal spacing until the next pregnancy is generally understood to refer to resting period that allows the mother time to recover from pregnancy, and labor. Family planning programs have advocated three and more year’s intervals between births for infant and child health and survival. Recent research found that the health of mothers and infants with the birth interval of 3 to 5yrs is safer than 2 yrs or less. Objectives: To assess Prevalence Of Suboptimal Child Spacing Practice And Its Associated Factors Among Women Of Child Bearing Age In Serbo Town,Jimma Zone Southwest Ethiopia, 2017 Ethiopia, from March to April 2017. Methods: Community based cross sectional study design was used. Samples of 314 women were selected using simple random sampling. Semi structured and pretested questionnaire was used in a face to face interview to collect the data. Data was checked for completeness and analyzed using SPSS V.20. Bi-variable logistic regression and multi- variable regression were done for predictor variables associated at p-value <0.05 with the outcome variable. Finlay the findings were presented using tables, pie charts and graphs accordingly. Result: The prevalence of short birth interval in this study was 59.9%. Independent predictors like age at first marriage (AOR: 2.10, 95%CI=1.19, 3.69), sex of index child (AOR: 1.964, 95%CI= 1.05 3.96), educational status (AOR: 3.05,95 %CI=1.68, 3.83), duration of breastfeeding (AOR: 3.09, 95%CI=1.38, 6.96) and use of modern contraceptives (AOR: 1.94, 95%CI=1.09, 3.45) were found to be statistically associated with short birth interval. Conclusion and Recommendation: Majority of the study respondents were practicing short birth interval. Education level, age at first marriage, having female child, short duration of breastfeeding and not using of modern contraceptives were some of the factors associated with the outcome variable. The Woreda Health bureau and Educational bureau should work in collaboration to create awareness so as to minimize the problems accordingly. Key words: Suboptimal, birth interval, Women of Child Bearing Age, Serbo town