Browsing by Author "Ta'a, Tesema (Professor)"
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Item A Hisory of Horro District, 1910-1991(Addis Ababa University, 2015-09) Mosissa, Wagari; Ta'a, Tesema (Professor)This paper deals with a history of Horro district from 1910 to 1991. The core of the study deals with the settlement patterns, the livelihood and administration of the people of Horro district under the regimes of Haile Sillassie and the Darg. It was at Oda Bisil that the Jawi clans of the Arfe groups split from the rest clans and turned north and settled in the present day Horro district. The Horro Oromo who were collectively called Horro-Horritti with the passage of time extended in to different directions and settled between the Anger River and the Finca 'a River. The people of Horro believed in Waaqa since time immemorial. The people also give due respect to Qaallu. With the passage of time, however, the Qaallu Institution in Horro continued to decline because of various reasons. The local attempt of Abishe Garba of Gobaya clan to establish a strong Oromo kingdom in Horro in the second half of the 19,h century was interrupted by the illegal expansion of the GOJjame force in to the area and the neighboring districts. Despite their defeat at the battle of Embabo, the Gojjameforce established aftI'm control on Horro IInti11901. With the evacuation of the Gojjame force from Horro in the early 20,h century, however, the Shawans imposed the new social, political and economic system over the area. Horro district as part and parcel of northern Wallagga was occupied by the Italians in 1936. Despite their short reign, the Italians were known in bringing different reforms ill Horro. On the other hand the post liberation period was the period of harsh exploitation for the mass of the Horro people. With the fall of the Imperial regime the political, social and economic condition of Horro people changed. The Darg's new reform was soon followed by other legislations and declarations. Even though there was wide spread opposition among the Horro people against such legislations and declarations, the Darg implemented them almost forcefitlly. Such obligatOlY decree in Horro increased institutional instability and created uncertainty and mistrust among the people against the regime.Item A History of Bule Hora Town from its Foundation to 1991(Addis Ababa University, 2016-11) Alemu, Abebe; Ta'a, Tesema (Professor)This study deals with the history of Bule Hora townfrom its foundation to 1991.Its foundation can be traced back to the early decade of the twentieth century with the coming of Menilek 's forces to the region. Prior to the conquest and incorporation of the region, the site served the Guji Oromo of the area as a center where the Gada ritual and ceremonial activities were carried out. Since the area was a center of bandits who came from various places, soon after the conquest Balcha Safo sent his soldieries to the region and they camped at the traditional site. The officials and soldieries as well as those who came with them had permanently settled in and around the camp. The military center eventually evolved into a garrison town.Jts location on the long distance trade route network and the prevalence of peace and stability in the region with the help of officials and soldiers of the garrison relatively contributed to its early growth. Some improvement was also seen during the Italian occupation period due to the construction of the dry weather roads that connected Bule Hora with central parts of the country and the southern regions. The town showed growth in the post Italian period, particularly in the 1950s and 1960s. It was in these years that various social, economic and administrative institutions were established and attracted immigrants to the area in large numbers. Above all, the construction of the Addis Ababa-Moyle highway that passes through the town played an important role in the growth and development of the tow n. After the construction of the road a large number of merchants and people from the surrounding and other distant areas came to the town to do business. The location of the town with a rich agricultural and livestock production region also enhanced the growth and development of the town. Although the growth and development of the town declined owning to the instability that prevailedfollowing the 1974 revolution, it began to revive since 1980. This was due the restoration of peace and stability in the region and the improvement and establishment of urban service giving institutions as well as the construction of all weather roads that connected the rural hinterlands and neighboring areas with the town.Item A History of Haramaya District, East Hararghe, 1941-1991(Addis Ababa University, 2015-11) Mossa, Ahmed; Ta'a, Tesema (Professor)A number of historical researches were done on the different aspects of the city of !-Iamr blilihe history of the surrounding areas of th e cily was less treated. The aim of this th esis is tofill sOlli e of the gap by reconstructing the socio-economic and political History of Haramaya distri ct/i'om 1941 to 1991. The th esis allempts to show the physical and geographical advantages, which had dire ct impaci on the socio-economic, cultural and political conditions of the area in the period under discussion. 1t has also investigated when and how the Oromo settled in the area. 1t allempted 10 throw light on how the society was influenced due to its contacts with the Hararis, th e Egypliam and centrally appointed officials and settlers since the time of Menliek. The thesis investigates the impacts of Lake Haramaya and th e long distan ce trade 017 Ih e beginning ofselilement and development of the town. 1t attempts to identifY the role oftradit iunal leaders like daminas and garadas in the post i94i administration of th e district. i t hilS IIlsu evaluated Darg programs like the format ion of peasant association s, Producers ' cooperatil'e . service coope rat ives and villegisation fi"om th e political point of view based on the actual lo cal applicability and indicate how th e go vernment used it as a means to facilitate administratiun activities at the kebelle level. A number of scholars described the SOCiety of Harar(in a sense of geographical inferenc e) in general and that uf Haramay in particular as' the " must sociable". There is also an old established saying that ,."/.L":;: (J{fJo'j !"e,f~/JY" ,P':, fl'J ftlY"'Item A History of Land Tenure and Agriculture in Wallagga (1941-1991)(Addis Ababa University, 2016-06) Dina, Endalkachew; Ta'a, Tesema (Professor)This dissertation discusses agrarian histmy of Wallaggafi'om 1941 t01991. As the center piece of the dissertation using available primwy and secondwy sources the study argues that following the expulsion of the italians ji-om Ethiopia the restored Emperor issued a proclamation in which he openly outlawed the gabbar system. it examines how the reform failed to bring any change on the life of the landless peasants who continued to be exploited and oppressed by their land lords. The study investigates agricultural development in the region which had many shortcomings and problems. One major problem was the land tenure system. Land ownership particularly by the absentees reduced the incentives of the farmers. The peasants felt insecure on the land not only because they could be evicted at any time but also land taxes may increase from year to year. The study also reconstructs that both the peasant rebellions and the Balabats demonstrations were the direct outcomes of the intricate land tenure system that had prevailed in Wallagga since Menilek 's conquest of the region. 1nthe 1950s the reasons for the pressing need of "land remeasurement" were diverse and complicated. Sources substantiate that the state had embarked on controlling vast tracts of virgin land through land remeasurement. As an integral part of the landownership issue shortage of food was becoming a serious problem particularly in the coffee growing areas such as Anfliloo and Gimbii in the 1950s and 1960s. The combined effect o/food shortage as a result of callie diseases, population increase and the absence of transportation to supply food crops ji-om SUl1Jlus producing areas intensified the demand for grain production and this made technological change in farming imperative. Therefore, commercial farmers who owned tractors emerged in the region. By the middle of the 1980s, all strata of the society which had expected solution ji-om the 1974 revolution were disappointed. [n 1984 there was a widespread food shortage in the country. The research area was also affected by food shortage mainly due to the state's extraction, the appropriations of the AMC, and the ji-equent meetings held to estoblish collectivization and enforce Villagization at the e).pense of farming and harvesting. The general dissatisfaction created by unpopular land and agricultural policies even after the slogan of "Land to the Tiller " was effected did not change the conditions. This paved the wayfor the fall of the regime in 1991.Item A History of Teppi Town from Its Foundation t o 1991(Addis Ababa University, 2016-09) Seid, Abdu; Ta'a, Tesema (Professor)This study d eals with the his tory of Teppi town from its foundation c. 1930 as a s mall village until the end of the Darg regime. During this p eriod the town de veloped cons ide rably and became one of the major towns of Mocha dis trict under the former fllubabor Provintial administration. The main factors that led Teppi to become center of the area were the abundance of invaluable resources in and around Teppi and the de velopment of commerce in the region. Howe ver, a remarkable growth of the town was witnessed during the pos t liberation p eriod. This was due to the establishment of the means of transport, communication, the emigration of p eople to the town and their engagement in diffe rent activates. Particularly, coffee had a significant role for the rapid growth of its market and the development of the town. Since the reign of Emperor Haile Sellas se, the creation of many great coffee plantation farms around Teppi and the rural kebles by the feudal lords contributed to the growth of the town. Later on, under the Darg regime also the establishment of coffee plantation projects in the area highly enhanced growth and d e velopment of the Teppi. The refore, the availability of crop production, the de velopment of comme rce, the d ifferent national programs, the topographic s ettings of the town as we ll as its suitable environment for settlement in general played a vital role for the development of Teppi town.Item A History of Wan bar a Wiiriida, 1941-1991(Addis Ababa University, 2016-11) Geremew, Mengistu; Ta'a, Tesema (Professor)The main aim of this thesis is reconstruct the administrative and socio-economic history of Wanbtira Warddafrom 1941-J991.The study covers the timeji'Oln the liberation of Ethiopia and the restroation of Emperor Haifa Selasif! 1 to power in 1941 until the removal of the Darg government in 1991, in which the inhabitants of the Warada like the other countryside peoples of Benisangul Gumuz region observed important socio-economic and political developments. It begins with historical study of the district by revealing different developments in the Wtirada before the Italian occupation. The restoration of the Imperial administration and the r~/iJrms that took place by the Imperial government in various fields, in connection with the administration and land related issues and the response of the peoples of the Wtirtida to these changes will be the main area of concern. Besides this, the study points out taxation issues and views on security problems in the district. Moreover, the study attempted to assess changes and developments that the Wtirtida had gone through during the l11ilitmy government. The Ddrg was interested to consolidate its power by taking different measures which had their own merits and demerits on the political and socio-economic conditions for the inhabitants of Wtinbtira Wartida. Besides this, the study has tried to address the socio-economic situation of the district in which the area has not made much progress.Item The Political Economy of Coffee Production, Processing and Marketing in Gedeo and Sidama: Local, National and Global Developments (1941 To 2010)(Addis Ababa University, 2015-12) Kifle, Almaw; Ta'a, Tesema (Professor)This dissertation, reconstructs the role that coffee played in multifaceted changes that took place in the two regions of southern Ethiopia, predominantly inhabited by the people of Gedeo and Sidama. The study covers a period of seven decades, starting .from the middle of the twentieth centUl),. Its central theme is interaction of people and governments il1 the coffee economy, and reaction of people and governments to local, national and globol forces to man-made and natural circumstances. 1n the course of explaining continuity and change in relations and interactions of people and government in the coffee economy of the regions, which is the central thesis a/this research, thefol/owing sub themes such as: how Ethiopia did not care about coffee at production level, cofTee both its production and trade facilitated integration of these two regions to the Ethiopian State, the situation of coffee before 1974 that was dominated by nonindigenous settlers and after 1974 the local agency took the leading, how the Ethiopian and Gedeo and Sidama coffee industl), suffered under the dictation of the world coffee market, imposition of coffee production on the local people and little benefit they got .from it, and the nature of coffee production, processing and marketing (small-scale production at local level by local households, and large-scale production and processing by others such as the niife/iililia, teke/iililla, cooperatives and associations) were discussed in nine chapters of the dissertation as part and parcel of the main thesis that shows developments related to the coffee economy. To show interactions and reactions of peoples Gild governments, alld to trace continuities and changes in the stOl)" all sources (primw)' and secondary and written as well as oral) were IItilized. Moreover, analyses were made to substalltiate arguments Gnd interpretations of various sources. Afier employing all sorts o/sources, th e study has come to display the following major findings. OIVing to its becoming a pillar of the national export for long in the past, coffee had come to experience several reforms, which affected ils prodllction, processing and marketing Gnd interaction of the stakeholders at various levels. Besides, the onerous and continuous prices fall in the world coffee market appeared to have been the source of all evil in the coffee induslly, which provoked both governments of the countly and coffee farmers of the two regions to react against coffee by responding to local, national and global dares to the coffee economy. This in turn became blessing in disguise for both Gedeo and Sidama coffee farmers and governments 0/ the country to gradually diversify their farms and export menu respectively at the expense of coffee to lIIaximizetlleir income and minimize shocks that used 10 cOllie .from the world coffee market.Item Thepolltical Economy of Coffee Production, Processing and Marketing In Gedeo and Sidama: Local, National and Global Developments (1941 TO 2010)(Addis Ababa University, 2015-12) Kille, Almaw; Ta'a, Tesema (Professor)This dissertation, reconstructs the role that coffee played in multifaceted changes that took place in the two regions of southern Ethiopia, predominantly inhabited by the p eople of Gedeo and Sidama. Th e study covers a period of seven decades, starting ji-om the middle of the twentieth centllly. Its central theme is interaction of people and govel"llments in the coffee economy, and reaction of people and govemments to local, national and global forces to man-made and natural circumstances. In the course of explaining continuity and change in relations and interactions of people and govel"llment in the coffee economy of the regions, which is the central thesis olthis research, thefollowing sub themes such as: how Ethiopia did not care about cofTee at production level, cofTee both its production and trade facilitated il1legration of these twa regions to the Ethiopian State, th e situation of cojfee before 1974 that was dominated by nonindigenous settlers and after 1974 the local agency took the leading, how the Ethiopian and Gedeo and Sidama coffee industlY suffered under the dictation of the world coffee market, imposition of c(jIJee production on the local people and lillie benefit they got ji-OIl1 it, and the nature of coffee production, processing and marketing (small-scale production at local level by local hOl/seholds, and large-scale production and processing by others sl/ch as the nafe/alilia, tekelalilia, cooperatives and associations) were discussed in nine chapters of the dissertation as part and parcel of the main th esis that shows developments related to the c(jIJee economy. To show interactions alld reactions oj peoples and governments, and to trace continuities and changes in the StOI)" all sources (primOly and secondary and written as well as oral) were utilized. lv/areover, allalyses were made to substantiate arguments alld il1IeJpre/aliolls a/variOUS sources. Afier employing all sorts olsources, the study has come to display the/ollowing major findings. Owing to its becoming a pillar of the national export for long in the past, c(jIJee had come 10 experience several reforms, which qffected ils production, processing Gild marketing and interaction of the stakeholders at various levels. Besides, the onerous and continl/OliS prices fa ll in the world coffee market appeared to have been the source of all evil in the coffee induslly, which provoked both governments of th e countly al1d coffee farmers of the 11110 regions to react against coffee by responding to local, national and global dares to the coffee economy. This in tU/'/1 became bleSSing in disguisefor both Gedeo and Sidal1la cojfee farmers and governments of the cOIlI1I1)' to gradually diversifj' 'heir f arms and export menu respectively at the expense of cojfee to maximize their incoll1e and lI1il/imize shocks 'hat lIsed to cOll1e ji-01l1 the world coJree market.Key to System of TrallsliteratiollItem Yllma Deressa: A Political Biography (1907-1979)(Addis Ababa University, 2016-06) Haile, Tamrat; Ta'a, Tesema (Professor)This dissertation investigates the life of Yilllla Denissa(1907-1979), a prominent Minister of Finance, diplomat, author and slatesman in the Jmperial Government of Ethiopia.As this sludy allempts to examine a political biography of an individual, discussion on fimdamental issues related to biography becomes a significant academic endeavor. Therefore, the disserlation ./irst seeks 10 address essential disciplillGlY and hisloriographical issues in an attempl to inlegrale Ihis sludy wilh the relevanl body of knowledge and 10 give a filii piclure of Yilma Deressa in broader perspective. Born into an Oromo aristocratic family in Wiilliiga at Ihe beginning of Ihe twentieth cenILilJ', he was acquainted with modern education in his home village near Gimbi in 1910s. fllslrumentallo this was hisfalher, Bilatta De""ssa Amiinte who accuslomed himselfand his family more to Ihe lIew developmenls al Addis Ababa Ihan to the ways of his forefathers in Wiilliiga. Leaving Gimbi for good in early 1920s, Bi/alla Denissa enabled his son Yilma and olher .f{tmily members to pursue Iheir modern educalion in Addis Ababa, later on Alexandria (Egypl) and finally London (Englalld). YUma had begun his state service at the Millislly of Foreign Affairs in 1933. Except for Ihe short period of 1taliall in vasion Ihat forced him to spend Ihose years in wGljare, exile and col/aboralion, Yi/Illa spent a great pari of his public life in building core institution and introducing momentous bureaucratic practices in the Ethiopian governl11enl £111 til 1974. Assisted by the British finanCial advisor and his Ethiopian associates, Yill11a did establish the Ministly of Finance both bureaucratically and legislatively. fn the consecutive three decades since 1941, he engaged also in diverse economic, diplomatic and cultural activities of immense national importance. As his educational training, the public responsibilities he took on and his personal successes and .failures had defined Yilma's individuality, his social background as an Drama statesman also cOllstituted his identity. The source materials for this research are collected from different government archives, private document collections and knowledgeable informants. The whole process of s)'nlhesis and analysis of the sources has empirically as well as logically proven the thesis of the study. In this dissertatioll, 1 argue that Yilma Deressa, as all Ol'Omo individual of noble origin Fom a periphel)), adjlls/ed himself /0 the new historical developments at the center and, more importantly, reinforced the political system enthusiasticallv with the new skills acquired in the process essentially as state bureaucraticfullctiollary. 1n doing so, he follolVed the palh that his forefalhers had pursued earlier on. The value of this disserlalion il1 historical study lies il1 its invesfigafiol1 /0 uncover novel empirical data and fheir logical inferprelafioll, in ifS deliberation 011 the place oIindividllals in hiS/DIY, onc/finally in i/s at/elllpl fO illuminate important fhemes in Ethiopian his/OlY through a bioglliphical approach. These help to SlIpplCIIICllf fhe existing bo(~v body of knowledge.