Browsing by Author "Solomon Shiferaw"

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    Anemia and its Determinant Factors among Pregnant Women in Ebantu District, East Wollega Zone, Ethiopia
    (Addis Abeba University, 2013-08) Wondimu Mitiku; Solomon Shiferaw; Seifu Hagos
    Background: Anemia affects almost two-thirds of pregnant women in developing countries and contributes to maternal morbidity and mortality and to low birth weight. Anemia during pregnancy is associated with negative maternal and neonatal outcomes. However, there is limited data regarding prevalence of anemia and its determinant factors during pregnancy in western Ethiopia. Objective: To determine the prevalence of anemia and its determinants among pregnant women in Ebantu District, East Wollega zone, Ethiopia Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out among pregnant women. A total of 625 pregnant women were screened for hemoglobin level. The test was determined using hemocue screening technique. Weight and height was measured & other determinants of anemia during pregnancy were also assessed using a structured questionnaire. Results: The prevalence of anemia as defined by the World Health Organization as hemoglobin level <11.0 g/dl was 35.5% with 95%CI (32.0%, 39.2%). From this, 23.7% had mild anemia and 11.9% had moderate and none with severe anemia. Multivariate analysis showed that birth spaces less than or equal to two years AOR (95%CI):1.5(1.1, 2.9), a history of abortionAOR (95%CI): 2.4(1.6, 3.6), having two or more abortions AOR (95%CI) 2.6 (1.3, 6.2) ,illiteracy with COR (95%CI):2.974(1.5, 5.6) and AOR: 5.92(1.8, 18.9) were significantly associated with anemia in pregnancy. Conclusions: A higher percentage of pregnant women have mild to moderate anemia. The major determinants of anemia in pregnancy are illiteracy, short birth spaces less than or equal to two , history of abortion and lack of Iron supplementation while pregnant.
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    Assessment and Comparison of Patterns of Malnutrition and its Determinants Between Internally Displaced and Indigenous Under Five Children in Amuru District,Horo Guduru Wollega Zone,Oromia Region,March ,2013.
    (Addis Abeba University, 2013-03) Geleta Asebe; Solomon Shiferaw
    Introduction : Without proper nutrition, children are susceptible to more frequent and severe childhood illnesses, stunted growth, developmental delays, and death. Previous studies show that the prevalence of undernutrition (stunting, wasting and underweight) is generally higher among children with resettled (internally displaced) families compared to those of permanent residents. Objective :The objective of this study is to assess and compare nutritional status and identify its determinant factors among internally displaced and indigenous children of age 6-59 months in Amuru District, Horo Guduru Wollega Zone, West Oromia region. Method : A community based comparative cross sectional study was conducted from March to April 2013. Structured and pre-tested questionnaire was used to collect information on demographic and economic factors and child care practices. Information on anthropometric indices was also collected using well-calibrated weighing scale and height measuring board. Stratified sampling procedure was employed to select the required households. A total of 891 children, 442 from Internally Displaced Peoples and 449 from Indigenous communities were selected from eight kebeles by systematic sampling techniques. Data entry was done with Epi info version 3.5.3 which was then exported to SPSS version 20 statistical package for analysis. The 2006 WHO standard was used to convert height and weight measurements into Z-scores. Descriptive statistics and multiple logistic regression analysis were used as appropriate. Results :A slightly higher percentage of children aged 6-59 months among IDPs had stunting compared to those from Indigenous communities (52.9% versus 51.3%) although the difference was not statistically significant (p- value > 0.05). In contrast, there was a marked difference in the rate of wasting in the two populations (21% among IDPs, 7.1% among indigenous) (p- value < 0.05). Similarly, the percentage of children who were categorized as underweight was much higher among IDPs (36.8%) compared to Indigenous communities (11.8%) (P-value < 0.05). Sex of child (being male), younger children and children who had been on bottle feeding were significantly associated with stunting in both children of IDPs and Indigenous communities. Internal displacement was found to be a significant predictor of wasting [AOR: 95% CI: 2.4 (1.4, 4.1)] and under-weight [AOR: 95%CI: 2.4 (1.4, 3.9)] even after controlling for factors such as age of child, immunization, lack of farming lands, monthly income, parent’s education, availability of latrine and not having enough food in the households. Conclusions and Recommendations :The study revealed that child malnutrition is a major public health challenge in both IDPs and Indeginous communities of Oromia region. However prevalence of underweight and wasting were particularly more pronounced among children of IDPs compared to those of indigenous populations. Factors related to socio-demographic, access to sanitary facilities and health service including being male, younger children, bottle feeding, non-immunized children, not having farming lands, uneducated parents, not having latrine and presence of diarrhea in the two weeks preceding the survey were identified as significant predictors of the three forms of childhood malnutrition (stunting, wasting and under-weight). Based on the findings of the present survey, we recommend that policy makers consider the status of displacement of communities in priority setting and designing nutrition programs as they exhibit increased vulnerability to undernutrition and its negative consequences.
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    Assessment of Factors Associated with Infant and Young Child Feeding Practices of HIV Positive Mothers in Selected Hospitals of SNNPR, Ethiopia.
    (Addis Abeba University, 2011-05) Asteway Mengistie; Solomon Shiferaw
    Introduction: Mother-to-child transmission is the largest source of HIV infection in children. About one third of children infected are believed to be vertically during breast-feeding. Infant feeding in the context of HIV is complex. HIV positive women are confused about feeding methods and mixed feeding continued to be widespread. However, there is little literature on the practice of HIV positive mothers and counseling message of health workers in Ethiopia. Objective: The objective of this study was to assess magnitude and factors associated with infant and young child feeding practice of HIV positive mothers in selected hospitals, Southern Nations Nationalities and Peoples of Region, 2011. Methods: An institution based cross sectional study was conducted using both quantitative and qualitative methods. A total of 201 HIV positive mothers with children less than two years of age were selected at morning time in order of arrival. Health workers working on anti -retroviral therapy and prevention of mother to child transmission clinics were taken for in-depth interview in Hawassa, Yirgalem and Dilla Hospitals. Result: A sample of 183 HIV positive mothers participated in the study making the response rate of 91%. Of all respondent, 87(47.5%) HIV positive mothers had children with the age of less than 6 months, among 87(47.5%) HIV positive mothers, 56.3% had experience of exclusive breast feeding, 35.6% mixed feeding and 8.1% exclusive replacement feeding. Regarding issues discussed during counseling time by health workers, from total of 183 HIV positive mothers, 78.7% mothers received counseling on different feeding options. Most, 96.2% and 76.0% of mothers received counseling on advantages & disadvantages of breast feeding respectively, and 67.8% and71% disadvantages of replacement and mixed feeding respectively. Mother‘s who had antenatal follow up and favorable attitude towards feeding options were more likely to practice exclusive breast feeding and less likely to practice mixed feeding. Conclusions and Recommendations: more than half of mothers practiced exclusive breast feeding and very small proportion of HIV positive mothers chose replacement feeding, but still greater than one third of HIV positive mothers practiced mixed feeding. In general, infant and young child feeding practices observed in this study fall sort of the WHO recommendations, so it is recommended that all HIV positive mothers should be provided with adequate information to enable them to select the best feeding option for their babies, and to successfully carry out their infant feeding decisions.
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    Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Intention to Breastfeed among Pregnant Women Following ANC in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
    (Addis Abeba University, 2011-07) Sheleme Humnessa; Jemal Haidar; Solomon Shiferaw
    Background: Optimal infant and young child feeding includes initiation of breastfeeding within the first hour of life, exclusive breastfeeding for six months, supplementary diet started besides breast milk is 6 month and continued breastfeeding for two years and beyond. However, in reality many mothers are unable to practice as advocated among mothers who did not receive antenatal education. Objective: To assess the knowledge, attitude and intention to breastfeeding among pregnant women attending antenatal care (ANC). Methods: Facility based cross- sectional study was carried out during January -February 2011 among randomly selected pregnant women who were attending ANC service in Addis Ababa. A total of 420 respondents participated in the study. Data were collected using interviewer administered Amharic version structured questionnaire. The data were entered in epi info version 3.3.2 and analyzed using SPSS for windows version 15.0. Results: Adequate knowledge of breastfeeding, favorable attitude and intention to breastfeed were 53.8%, 80.5% and 96.1% respectively. Majority, of respondents (47.1%) heard breastfeeding information from mothers with previous breastfeeding experience. Pregnant women’s older age (p<0.05), high house hold income (p<0.05), educational status (p<0.01), previous breastfeeding experience (p<0.01) and breastfeeding counseling (p<0.01) were predictors of adequate knowledge of breastfeeding. In addition, middle and high house hold income (p<0.05), educational status (p<0.01) and previous breastfeeding experience (p<0.05) were predictors of favorable attitude toward to breastfeed. Whereas, socio demographic, RH factors and attitude toward to breastfeed did not associate with intention to breastfeed. But, having adequate knowledge of breastfeeding was associated with favorable attitude toward to breastfeed (p<0.01). Conclusion: Almost-all’ prevalence of intention to breastfeed and high level of favorable attitude towards breastfeeding among pregnant women in the study area. However, the knowledge of breastfeeding was found to be at lower level than studies done before in other areas. This is influenced by age and breastfeeding counseling. In addition, house hold income, educational status and previous breastfeeding experience of pregnant women were the major factors affecting knowledge of breastfeeding and attitude toward to breastfeed. Recommendations: Targeting younger age, low family income, none education and those who were pregnant for the first time is needed in order to promote the initiation and duration of breastfeeding. In addition, combined approaches of one to one education, group education including media campaigns are important.
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    Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Utilization of Information Communication Technology among Medical Students and Health Care Providers at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital
    (Addis Ababa University, 2009-07) Melisachew Adane; Lemma Lessa; Solomon Shiferaw
    Background: The advancement in Information Communication Technology (ICT) provides greater ease of access and use to exploit the benefits of computing for medical education as well as quality health service delivery. However, there is no adequate information on the level of knowledge and utilization patterns of ICT among medical students and health care providers in Ethiopia. Objective: To assess the knowledge, attitude and utilization of ICT among students and health care providers in AAU, Medical Faculty and Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa. Methods: A cross sectional survey was conducted in AAU, MF and Tikur Anbessa Specialized hospital from February to March 2009, a total of 403 study participants were randomly selected from undergraduates, residents and health care providers based on their population size proportionally. The quantitative data were collected using self administered pretested questionnaire. The study was complimented with in-depth interview. Data were initially entered into EPi-6 dos version and exported to SPSS version 15.0 for analysis. Result: A total of 334 students and 59 HCPs participated in the study and about 25% of the respondents had satisfactory knowledge. Around 52% of the respondents had at least one computer at home and 74.8% of study subjects had Internet access mostly from Internet café (46.6%). Among study participants who had Internet access, 89.3% were users though 90.1% of them using it for e-mail service. About 83.2% of study participants had positive attitude towards ICT. The utilization rate of computer was 32.6% for all respondents. Computer possession [OR(95%CI) = 5.67(2.68, 11.99)], having computer training [OR (95%CI) = 2.26(1.12, 4.55)], knowledge on ICT [OR (95%CI) = 2.52(1.31, 4.84)], being intern [OR (95%CI) =5.01(1.71,14.69)] and resident [OR (95%CI) = 6.84(1.46, 31.99)] had significant difference in level of utilization among students in Addis Ababa University, Medical Faculty. Conclusions and recommendations: The study indicated that students and HCPs had low knowledge level and poor utilization status of ICT for academic purpose and service delivery needs. The findings indicate the need for improving the existing ICT course in the curriculum to be more skill oriented and also formal in-service ICT related trainings for the health care providers. Further, it is recommended that the medical faculty as well as MOH should consider improving the ICT facilities for students and health care providers with the aim of achieving universal access.
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    Assessment of Psychosocial Health and Risk Sexual Behaviors of Students in Higher Learning Institutions: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study Between Old and Newly Established Universities
    (Addis Abeba University, 2009-06) Ademe Tsegaye; Solomon Shiferaw
    Students in higher institutions are exposed to many psychosocial problems and risky sexual behaviors as they are away from their parents and possibly due to suboptimal counseling services. The problems may be more apparent in newly established universities. Despite this concern, there is no information regarding the psychosocial health status and risky sexual behaviors of students in higher learning institutions in Ethiopia. The study aimed to assess and compare the magnitude of risky sexual behaviors and psychosocial ill health among students of newly established and old universities. The study employed a comparative cross-sectional survey supplemented with qualitative methods. Cluster sampling technique was used to select the departments after dividing the total sample size proportionally to first year and second year students. A total of 1033 students were included in this study: 518 from DBU and 515 from AAU. Quantitative data were processed in SPSS v.13.00 statistical software. Ethical clearance was obtained from ethical review committee of the school of public health and institutional review board at Medical Faculty of Addis Ababa University. Taped qualitative data were transcribed, translated into English, and manually analyzed by grouping into predetermined thematic areas. The response rate was 97.4%. The results indicate that significantly more students of DBU than AAU [(24.7%)versus 69(13.4%)] were likely to have had sexual intercourse [P<0.001]. More students of AAU than DBU used condom in their last sexual intercourse [40(60.6%)versus 21(22.8 %); AOR (95%CI)= 7.08 (3.00, 16.71)]. Students at DBU were significantly more likely to have multiple sexual partners than AAU students [75(78.2%) versus42(62.7%): COR(95%CI) =2.13(1.06,4.24)]. More students of DBU than AAU [64.9% versus 50.9 %AOR(95%CI)=0.60(0.45,0.8 0)]were found to have sad feelings. More students of DBU than AAU [69 (13.4%)versus 47(9.14%); OR (95%CI)=1.50 (1.03,2.27)] seriously considered suicide. In addition, more students who had psychosocial ill health had multiple sexual partner [ 82(70.1%)versus 35(29.9%); COR(95%CI)= 1.82(1.20,2.75)].Overall the findings indicate that substantial segment of the student population in both universities have risky sexual behavior and psychosocial problems. This calls for strengthened effort to expand the existing and initiate additional preventive measures. In both universities, proper orientation is crucially important especially when students first join the university. Preventive activities for HIV/AIDS like condom distribution, providing health information about HIV are urgently needed at DBU. In addition, mechanisms for economic support (for example loan service)should be arranged to the needy students in both universities.
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    Assessment of Suboptimal Breast-Feeding Practice and Associated Factors, among Mothers Employed in the Public Sector, in Nefas silk Lafto Sub-City Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
    (Addis Abeba University, 2020-10) Asnake Kebere; Solomon Shiferaw; Yalemwork Getnet
    Background: Suboptimal breast-feeding is among the main general medical issues around the world. It represents about more than 1million infant mortality every year, 10% of worldwide disease trouble, and 11.6% under five mortality. Breast-feeding moms faces numerous impediments to practice exclusive breast-feeding and work is one of the major factors. Objective: To evaluate Suboptimal breast-feeding practice among mothers employed in the public sector with youngsters under a half year, in Nefas Silk Lafto sub-city, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: The study was conducted in Nefas silk Lafto sub city, in Addis Ababa. A total of 265 mothers working in public service with children less than 6 month were selected by using sampling probability proportional to number of women public servant in each sector and mothers with children less than 6months were selected purposively until reaching at required number of mothers assigned for the sector. Data were collected using self-administered structured questionnaire designed according to 24 hours nutritional recall method. Data were entered into Epi-info version7, cleaned and exported to SPSS version 25 for analysis. Frequency, mean and standard deviation were performed for continues variables and categorical variables were assessed by computing frequency and percentage. Statistical association and Significance were assessed by crude and adjusted OR with 95% C.I respectively, the associations between dependent and independent variables were assessed by using binary logistic and multivariable regression. Result: Two hundred sixty five (95%) mothers of children have agreed to participate in the study, Mean maternal and infant’s age were 29.19 (SD ± 4.36) years and 4.86 (SD ± 1.07) months respectively, the magnitude of sub optimal breast-feeding practice was 58.1% 95% c.i (53.2,62.9). Mothers with breast feeding frequency <8 times/24 hrs [AOR 4.39(1.8, 10.5)], occupation being Health care provider [AOR 6.87 (1.45, 32.57)], returning from maternity leave and mode of delivery Spontaneous vaginal delivery [AOR 0.22 (0.06, 0.83)] were associated with suboptimal breast feeding. Conclusion and recommendation: The magnitude of suboptimal breast-feeding practice is high among public segment moms. Maternal occupation, getting back from maternal leave, and breast-feeding of < 8times/24hrs were among factors which increment suboptimal breast-feeding practice. SVD was found to decrease suboptimal breast-feeding practice. Measures ought to be made to improve work environment condition by benefiting on onsite breast feeding center and particular flexibility of work place for breast feeding moms after they get back from maternity leave. Health education about Spontaneous Vaginal Delivery for moms ought to be advanced.
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    Assessment on Food Security, Nutritional Status and their Association with HAART Adherence among Adult PLWHA in Public Hospitals of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
    (Addis Abeba Universty, 2011-05) Solen Tezera; Solomon Shiferaw
    Background: Morbidity and mortality related to HIV/AIDS remain unacceptably high in developing countries, despite major advance in HIV therapy and increased international funding on HIV/AIDS. Individual’s ability to obtain, consume and utilize food is compromised by HIV/AIDS. It causes morbidity and mortality as a result of poor nutritional status and weight loss. Interactions between antiretroviral therapy (ART) and nutrition can affect medication efficacy, nutritional status, and adherence to drug regimens. The concept of enhancing access to food among PLWHA and managing the interactions between ART and food and nutrition is critical remains critical. Objective: To assess food security, nutritional status and their association with adherence of HAART among adult People living with HIV/AIDS. Methods: A hospital based cross-sectional survey was conducted between December 2010 and February 2011 among adult (≥18 years) PLWHA on HAART with a complementary qualitative interview among HAART adherence supporters at selected public hospitals of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A total of 394 adult PLWHA systematically selected and participated in the study having a 100% response rate. Semi structured and structured questionnaires, adopted from FANTA were used to collect data on food security. BMI measurements were taken to assess nutritional status. Univariate, bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was done using SPSS version 16. Qualitative content analysis was done after importing the transcribed text onto the Open code program. Result: Majority 252 (65%) of the study participants were females, 305 (77%) in the age group 25-44 years. Overall 293(74.4%) PLWHA were food insecure with 95% CI: (70.09, 78.71). And the rate of self reported adherence based on the combined indicator of the dose and time adherence measurement was 321(81.5%) with 95% CI: (77.67, 85.33). Only 61(16.5%) with 95% CI: (12.83, 20.17) were underweight. Household’s monthly income (≤500 ETB) predicted food insecurity (AOR, 6.37; 95% CI, 2.98-13.63). And there was no statistical significant association between food security and self reported HAART adherence. food security, nutritional status & their association with HAART adherence Conclusions & Recommendations: Large number of adult PLWHA was food insecure. Wide ranges of coping strategies were taken to cope with food insecurity. Self reported HAART adherence was high. Medium to long term intervention aiming at generating and diversifying income to improve self reliance of PLWHA would help mitigate the food insecurity problem.
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    Does Mothers/Caregivers‘ Fasting Status Affect the Dietary Diversity of Children 6-23 Months? A Before-After Study in Debrebirhan, Ethiopia
    (Addis Abeba University, 2019-10) Addisalem Zebene; Solomon Shiferaw; Esete Habtemariam
    Background: Ethiopia has various religions, of which the Orthodox Tewahido Christian religion accounts for 44% of the population. According to the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahido tradition close to 200 days are dedicated to religious fasting annually, at which time all followers who are above seven years old are expected to abstain from all types of food, including animal source foods, and water for up to some hours daily. It is possible that such practice by mothers or caregivers could affect children’s food consumption. However, it is not clear if mothers/caregivers’ fasting status influences the diversity of food that children are getting during these periods. Objective: The objective of this study was to estimate the effect of mothers/ caregivers’ fasting status on dietary diversity of children 6-23 months in Debrebirhan, Ethiopia, 2019. Methods: A community-based longitudnal study was conducted in Debrebirhan, North Shewa Zone, at randomly selected seven kebeles with a sample size of 218, from January 29 to February 25, 2019 in the pre-fasting period and from March 18 to April 10, 2019, during fasting period on same participants. Data was entered on Epi data version 4.4.2.1 and analyzed using STATA 15 software. Children’s dietary diversity was measured using the WHO standardized questionnaire for infant and young child feeding. McNemar paired test was used for comparison of baseline and end line measurements. Statistical significance was determined at p<0.05. Result: A total of 218 and 216 mothers/caregivers with children 6-23 months participated in the study before and during fasting season with a response rate of 100.0% and 99.0% respectively. The median age of children was 15 months. It was found out that the proportion of children who ate four or more food groups in the pre-fasting period was 23.4% and it significantly decreased to 5.5% in the fasting period (p<0.0001). Conclusion: The study pointed out that mothers/caregivers’ fasting status during the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahido fasting periods could negatively affect the dietary diversity of children 6-23 months in the household apparently by decreasing their consumption of animal source food. Therefore, intervention strategies in promoting children's dietary diversity should be designed in a way that considers Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahido Christian mothers/caregivers’ fasting practices.
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    The Effect of Living Arrangements and Parental Attachment on Sexual Risk Behaviors and Psychosocial Problems of Adolescents in Dessie Preparatory School, Ethiopia
    (Addis Abeba Universty, 2004-04) Solomon Shiferaw; Mesganaw Fantahun
    The family environment is critical in supporting healthy adolescent development. Following the opening of technical and preparatory schools in Ethiopia, it has become necessary for students particularly of the rural areas to move to the nearby towns for the duration of their training. However, whether adolescents who come from rural areas (who might lack consistent adult supervision and exposed to a relatively new environment) are having an elevated sexual-risk taking behavior and more psychosocial problems remain unanswered. In an attempt to respond to questions posed on these differential vulnerabilities of adolescents, a comparative cross-sectional study that examined the effect of living arrangement and parent-teen connectedness on sexual risk behaviors and psychosocial problems of students was conducted in Dessie preparatory school, Ethiopia. A sample of 667 students (512 male and 155 female) completed a pre-tested structured anonymous questionnaire. Qualitative information was obtained from four focus group discussions and sixteen peer-to-peer interviews segregated by gender and residence. We found that living with friends (OR=2.77; 95%CI=1.47, 5.24), alcohol consumption (OR=1.94; 95%CI =1.24, 3.04), lower perceived family connectedness (OR=0.97; 95%CI=0.95, 0.99) and parental monitoring (OR=1.70; 95%CI=1.06, 2.73), older age (OR=4.37; 95%CI=2.11, 9.04), having peer pressure (OR=1.82; 95%CI=1.20, 2.77) and peers who are sexually experienced were associated with increased odds of sexual activity. Having a depressive symptom was associated with female gender (OR=1.96; 95%CI=1.18, 3.23) , lower family connectedness (OR=0.96; 95%CI=0.94, 0.99), lower grade-point average (OR=1.93; 95%CI=1.01, 3.71), and living with friends (OR=3.16; 95%CI=1.66, 5.00), relatives (OR=2.52; 95%CI=1.28, 4.95) or alone (OR=2.15; 95%CI=1.04, 4.46). The study revealed that suicide attempt in the past 12 months was linked to having a history of suicide attempt in the family (OR=2.59; 95%CI=1.09, 6.15) or among friends (OR=4.32; 95%CI=1.88, 9.94), female gender (OR=2.60; 95%CI=1.05, 6.48) and sexual activity (OR=3.00; 95%CI=1.27, 7.11). The overall research finding indicate that living with both biological parents and good parentteen connectedness are related to better psychosocial health and being sexually abstinent. The evidence from this study suggests that parents need to know the continued importance of having good relationship with their adolescents. Youth programs should also address the central role of familial influences (specifically high levels of parental connectedness and monitoring) in protecting boys and girls from unsafe sexual behavior and psychosocial problems. Additional research needs to explore the impact of familial influences on adolescent reproductive and psychosocial health and preferably use longitudinal designs to determine the stability of the observed association over time.
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    Effect of Maternal Characteristics During Pregnancy on Birth Weight of Neonates in Private and Public Health Facilities of Addis Ababa: a Cross Sectional Study
    (Addis Abeba Universty, 2016-06) Samrawit Sebsibe; Solomon Shiferaw
    Background: Birth weight is a good indicator of the newborn‟s chances for survival, long-term health, growth, and psychosocial development. Low birth weight increases the risk for certain adulthood chronic disorders which may increase risk of morbidity and mortality. The present study was intended to determine the effect of maternal characteristics during pregnancy on birth weight of neonates in health facilities. Objective: to determine the effect of maternal characteristics during pregnancy on birth weight of neonates and occurrence of LBW in private and public health facilities of Addis Ababa. Methods: A facility based cross sectional study was conducted on a total of 881women coming to health facility seeking delivery service. The study was performed in selected public and private health facilities of the city from February to march 2016. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire in a face to face interview. Data concerning condition of the mother during time of pregnancy were also collected by reviewing antenatal care (ANC) chart. Epi-Info version 7.0 and stata version 12 was used for data entry and analysis .Univarate analysis was used to measure the magnitude of LBW, Bivariate analysis was used to assess the strength of an association between low birth weight and list of independent variables and test significance of the association. Multivariate logistic regression model was used to identify the important determinants by controlling for possible confounding variables and statistical significance was considered at p-value <0.05. Result :The proportion of low birth weight was 14.7%[95% CI:(12.2,17) and among maternal determinants place of antenatal care visits, level of hemoglobin, gestational age, previous history of low birth weight, pregnancy induced hypertension and weight at third trimester were significantly associated with low birth weight. Conclusion and Recommendation: The proportion of low birth weight was high and most of them were associated with maternal obstetric and medical condition which can be prevented by improvement public health intervention on ANC follow up, and giving more attention for mothers history of past adverse outcome and with medical illness
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    Exclusive Breastfeeding Practice and Work- Related Factors among Health Care Workers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2021-06) Rita Petros; Solomon Shiferaw
    Background: Breastfeeding is one of the most powerful practices for promoting child survival and well-being. Healthcare workers have a responsibility to promote and support breastfeeding among their clients, even though their ability to do this may be influenced by their workplace environment and personal experience. However, little is known about exclusive breastfeeding practices and the perceived barriers among health workers. Objective: To assess the exclusive breastfeeding practices and work-related factors among healthcare workers with children between the ages of 4-6 months in government and private hospitals of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Method: Institution based cross-sectional study was conducted among 369 health care worker mothers with children between the ages of 4-6 months from January to February, 2021. Exclusive breastfeeding was assessed based on infant feeding practice in the 24 hours preceding the survey. A structured questionnaire was used for data collection and EPI data version 4.6.0 to enter, clean and Stata version 16.0 was used to analyze data. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regressions were fitted to identify the presence and strength of association. Odds ratios with 95% confidence interval were computed to determine the level of significance. Result: The magnitude of exclusive breastfeeding among healthcare workers with infants between the age of 4-6 months was 26.6% (95 % CI: 22, 31) in the 24 hours preceding the survey. Being employee of a government hospital (AOR = 3.09; 95% CI: 1.44, 6.63), giving birth through spontaneous vaginal delivery (AOR=3.71; 95% CI: 1.48, 9.26), being a part time employee (AOR=2.2; 95% CI: 1.19, 4.06) and resumption of work at 5 months (AOR = 3.69; 95% CI: 2.1, 6.46) were found to be significantly associated with higher exclusive breastfeeding practice. Conclusion: A small proportion of infants are exclusively breastfed during the first 6 months, despite what is recommended in the national and global infant and young child feeding guidelines. The type of organization, mode of delivery, working status and time of return to work were factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding practice. Employers should make workplaces more breastfeeding friendly to enhance exclusive breastfeeding.
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    Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Women Towards Exclusive Breastfeeding and Mixed Feeding In Gubalafto Woreda, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia.
    (Addis Abeba Universty, 2014-04) Mitiku Gellaw; Solomon Shiferaw
    Background: World health organization (WHO) and United Nations Children’s fund (UNICEF) recommends breastfeeding children exclusively the first six months, and continuing breast-feeding along with complementary foods up to 2 years or beyond is important. Despite the recommendations, national exclusive breastfeeding prevalence in many countries remained very law which ranges from 30%-67% only. This study was intended to provide relevant information for government and nongovernmental organizations’ (NGOs) officials on magnitudes and gaps on breastfeeding, exclusive breast feeding in particular. This will help for appropriate and relevant interventions. Objective: To assess knowledge, attitude, and practices of mothers on exclusive breast-feeding and mixed feeding and indicate areas of interventions for relevant stakeholders. Methodology: This study was designed as an institution based cross-sectional study supplemented with qualitative method. A structured and semi structured questionnaires were used for quantitative and qualitative data collection respectively. Results: Proportion of women with good knowledge and good exclusive breastfeeding practice was 259(65.1%) and 311(78.1%) respectively. Prevalence of mixed feeding practice was 73(18.3%). In the hierarchical analysis; their spouse being educated, maternal age >35 years, married mothers, being a housewife remained significant predictors of EBF knowledge. Mothers who were formally educated and being a housewife were significant predictors of good EBF practice. Conclusions and Recommendations: Even though mothers who visit health clinics are expected to have better knowledge status, their knowledge status regarding EBF recommendations remained very low. Their EBF practice level was still unsatisfactory. Their spouse being educated, mothers being married, being a housewife and mothers’ illiteracy negatively affected their knowledge and practice status on EBF. A support from family, health care providers, health policy makers and health project implementers is imperative to improve appropriate breastfeeding practice among breastfeeding mothers.
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    Nutritional Recovery among Moderately Malnourished Adults Living with HIV in Clinical Nutritional Care in Addis Ababa
    (Addis Abeba Universty, 2015-06) Selam Hibist; Solomon Shiferaw
    Background: Infection with HIV is one of the greatest challenges to global health. HIV infected person needs extra calorie than non-infected of the same age group. Malnutrition and HIV/AIDS exacerbate one another. PLWHIV are prone to develop malnutrition and malnourished PLWHIV have rapid disease progression and increase risk of mortality. National Clinical Nutritional Care Program provides therapeutic and supplementary food along with nutritional assessment and counseling to malnourished HIV positive individuals. However, to the investigators’ best knowledge no published research that examined the recovery rate of moderately malnourished adults living with HIV on nutritional care program and its determinants. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the nutritional outcomes and associated factors among moderately malnourished adults living with HIV who were in the treatment care plan of nutritional care program. Method: A retrospective before after study design (without a control group) was employed. For this purpose, we used medical records (FBP registration book) from 41 health facilities in Addis Ababa. Individuals' weight, height and clinical signs measured at baseline data and at the end of the 3 month follow up was analyzed and compared. In addition, we interviewed 15 health care providers' to get their insight about the program and understand the possible reasons for recovery/failure of the nutritional supplementation program. Result: A total of 383 classified and treated as moderately malnourished clients data were reviewed from 41 health facilities (30 health centers and 11 hospitals). More than half of the study population, 223(58.2%) were females with a median age of 36.6 years. Overall the majority 284(74.2%) gained weight, while 13.8% lost their weight and 46(12%) discharged with the same weight of admission. The analysis showed there was significant improvement in the mean BMI score from 17.4kg/m2 during admission and to discharge at 18.2kg/m2 (P-value <0.01) With 133 (34.7%) getting out of malnutrition (reaching a BMI ≥18.5kg/m2), of those who recovered from under-nutrition 67.6% were treated in health centers while 32.3% were treated in hospitals (with recovery rate of 33% & 39.1% in health center and hospital respectively). Sharing of the product within the household, selling and patient dislike of the product was explained as a main reason for failure. Conclusion: There was significant change in weight but reaching the intended BMI still questionable only a minority of patients achieved stated programmatic goals. Further study should include duration of treatment, exit criteria and associated factor. The findings revealed clients who were admitted to nutritional care program in hospitals & with symptomatic disease were more likely to recover at discharge compared to their counterparts who were admitted to health center and without symptomatic disease. More in-depth study is recommended to understand the reasons and replicate the positive experience of hospitals in health centers. Product quality especially the taste takes a part in nutritional failure so further research is also needed to evaluate and design a better product which is preferred by adults.
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    Sedentary Behavior and Central Obesity among Adults Working in Public Offices in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
    (Addis Abeba University, 2020-06) Fitsum Yifrashewa; Solomon Shiferaw; Yalemwork Getnet
    Background: As a result of modernization, prolonged time spent in sedentary behaviors has emerged as an important behavioral risk factor for chronic diseases, independent of leisure-time physical activity. Sedentary lifestyles are prevalent among office workers and little is known whether they are being predisposed to central obesity, which is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular and metabolic disorders. Understanding the domains of sedentary behavior, which are prevalent among office workers, is also important for targeted interventions. Objective: To assess the domains of sedentary behavior, and its association with central obesity among adults working in public offices in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: Institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted among a sample of 1230 working adults. A two-stage random sampling technique was employed. Data was collected by interviewer-administered questionnaire while central obesity was measured based on WHO recommendation for waist circumference measurement. Data was entered and cleaned using EPI INFO version 7 and exported to STATA version 15.1 for analysis. Descriptive statistics was used to present the study results while binary and then, multivariable logistic regression were employed to examine the association between sedentary behavior and central obesity, adjusting for confounders. Adjusted odds ratio with 95% Confidence Interval was computed to evaluate the association and p-value <0.05 was used to declare statistical significance. Results: The overall magnitude of central obesity among adults working in public offices of Addis Ababa was 49.4%. The proportion of workers who did not meet the WHO recommendation of physical activity for health was 71.4%. Workers who spent sitting at least 5 hours at work had 4.9-times higher odds of central obesity than those who sat for less than 5 hours, AOR (95% CI) = 4.9 (3.0, 8.1). Those who spent at least 2 hours sedentary while watching televisions and during other leisure activities also had 3.5- and 6.8-times higher odds of central obesity than those who sat for less than 2 hours, AOR (95% CI) = 3.5 (2.3, 5.5) and 6.8 (4.1, 11.4), respectively, after adjusting for observed covariates including age and sex. Conclusions and Recommendations: The magnitude of central obesity is substantially high among office workers in Addis Ababa. Workers who spent significant time sitting at work are more likely to have central obesity, while time spent sedentary while watching televisions and during other leisure activities are important contributors to central obesity. Hence, interventions should target those who spend significant time sedentary at work and during their leisure time, mainly through watching televisions.
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    Study on Prevalence of Poultry Coccidiosis in and Around Ambo, West Shewa Zone, Oromia Regional state, Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababauniversity, 2006-06) Solomon Shiferaw ; Ayana Dinka
    A cross sectional study was conducted on poultry coccidiosis of local and Rhode Island breed from October 2013 to February 2014 in and around Ambo town, Ethiopia. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of coccidiosis, to identify species of Eimeria and to assess potential risk factors(breed,age sex and manegment system). The study involved postmortem examination of chickens, mucosal scraping and parasitological examination of oocyst, gross and histopathological examination and identification of Eimeria species. Out of 390 examined chickens 18.7%(73/390) of them were harbor different Eimeria species. Statistically no significant differences p˃0.05 (χ2=0.921, p= 0.337) was noted between young and adult age groups. Additionally there were no significant differences between local and Rhode Island Red breed(χ2= 0.16, P>0.05), management systems (extensive and semi intensive)(χ2= 2.245, P=> 0.05 and sexes(χ2= 3.609, p˃0.05). In the attempt made to identify the prevalent species of coccidian in the study area, five Eimeria species were identified, namely Eimeria. tenella, Eimeria. necatrix, Eimeria. burnette, Eimeria. maxima and Eimeria. acervulina with the prevalence of 60.27%, 15.06%, 9.6%, 1.4% and 1.4% respectively. Eimeria. tenella was the predominant species in the study area. In conclusion, the present study showed that coccidiosis is an important disease of poultry in the study area and further strategy needs to be implemented to reduce the loss due to coccidiosis. Key words: Ambo, coccidiosis, Eimeria, poultry, prevalence
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    Study On Prevalence of Poultry Coccidiosis in and Around Ambo, West Shewa Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia
    (2014-06) Solomon Shiferaw; Waktole Terfa
    A cross sectional study was conducted on poultry coccidiosis of local and Rhode Island breed from October 2013 to February 2014 in and around Ambo town, Ethiopia. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of coccidiosis, to identify species of Eimeria and to assess potential risk factors(breed,age sex and manegment system). The study involved postmortem examination of chickens, mucosal scraping and parasitological examination of oocyst, gross and histopathological examination and identification of Eimeria species. Out of 390 examined chickens 18.7%(73/390) of them were harbor different Eimeria species. Statistically no significant differences p˃0.05 (χ2=0.921, p= 0.337) was noted between young and adult age groups. Additionally there were no significant differences between local and Rhode Island Red breed(χ2= 0.16, P>0.05), management systems (extensive and semi intensive)(χ2= 2.245, P=> 0.05 and sexes(χ2= 3.609, p˃0.05). In the attempt made to identify the prevalent species of coccidian in the study area, five Eimeria species were identified, namely Eimeria. tenella, Eimeria. necatrix, Eimeria. burnette, Eimeria. maxima and Eimeria. acervulina with the prevalence of 60.27%, 15.06%, 9.6%, 1.4% and 1.4% respectively. Eimeria. tenella was the predominant species in the study area. In conclusion, the present study showed that coccidiosis is an important disease of poultry in the study area and further strategy needs to be implemented to reduce the loss due to coccidiosis.
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    Trends and Magnitude of Women’s Overweight and/or Obesity and its Socio-demographic Correlates among Urban Ethiopian Women, Urban Ethiopia; Evidence from EDHS, 2000 to 2011
    (Addis Abeba University, 2013-06) Solomon Abreha; Solomon Shiferaw
    Background: Overweight and obesity are among the risks factors of various chronic diseases. In developing countries undergoing nutritional transition, overweight and/or obesity is becoming more prevalent among women. Though less attention is given to the problem of overweight and/or obesity in Ethiopia, its prevalence is on a rise among urban Ethiopian women (15%in2011). Hence, documenting the magnitude of overweight and/or obesity and identifying its socio-demographic correlates will help to understand the scope of overweight and/or obesity among urban women. Objective: To examine trends and magnitude of overweight and/or obesity and to identify its socio-demographic correlates among urban Ethiopian women aged 15-49, between 2000 and 2011. Methodology: Cross sectional data from the three Ethiopian Demographic Health Surveys was used for this study. A total of 7,312 non pregnant urban women were included in this study. The main outcome of interest was overweight and/or obesity and the independent variables were age, wealth index, parity, occupation, region of residence, educational and marital status. Complex sample descriptive, bivariate and multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the data. Results: The prevalence of overweight and/or obesity among urban women was 10.7% in 2000,14.0% in 2005 and 14.9% in 2011. The overallprevalence increased by 4% from 2000 to 2011 though it was not statistically significant: [from 10.7% with 95% CI; (9.8, 12.8) in 2000 to 14.9% with 95% CI; (12.4, 17.6) in 2011]. Particularly, the prevalence significantly increased over time among women who were older, 40-49 years: [from 15.6% with 95% CI; (11.6, 20.5), in 2000 to 32.2% with 95% CI; (25.4, 39.8), in 2011, x 2=25.7 and p < 0.001]. It was also significantly increased among those who were residents of the three Metropolis (Addis Ababa, Dire Dawa and Harari): [from 15.9% with 95% CI; (13.3, 17.7) in 2000 to 20.3% with 95% CI; (18.2, 22.50), in 2011, x2=5.3 and p < 0.05]. Being older, 40-49 years, [OR=4.5 (95% CI; (2.2, 9.0)], attainment of secondary education or above, [OR= 2.5 (95% CI; (1.4, 4.7)] and living in the three metropolis [OR=5.8 (95% CI; (3.2,10.4)] were significantly and positively associated with the condition of overweight and/or obesity in 2000. Being older, 40-49 years, [OR=5.1 (95% CI; (2.3, 11.7)], resident of the three Metropolis,[OR=3.8 (95% CI; (1.4, 8.2)], in the richest quintile, [OR=2.2 (95% CI; (1.2, 4.1)], attainment of secondary education or above, [OR=2.2 (95% CI; (1.2, 4.3)] and being currently married[OR=2.5 (95% CI; (1.2, 5.3)], were found to be significantly and positively associated with being overweight and/or obese while women engaged in manual work were less likely to be overweight and/or obese, [OR=0,4 (95% CI; (0.2, 0.8)] in 2005.The odds of be being overweight and /or obese was significantly higher among women were older, 40-49 years [OR=9.8 (95% CI; (5.1, 13.8)] resident of the three Metropolis [OR=2.2 with 95% CI; (1.2, 4.2)], in the richest quintile, [OR= 1.8 (95% CI; (1.1, 2.5)], currently married[OR=2.0 (95% CI; (1.2, 3.1)] and among those with secondary education or above [OR=2.0;with 95% CI; (1.3, 3.1)]. Conclusions and Recommendations: the findings of this study have provided information on the prevalence and socio-demographic correlates of over weight and/or obesity among urban Ethiopian women. The findings also showed that the problem of overweight and/or obesity is on a rise among urban Ethiopia women. Hence, there is a need for policies and public health interventions which promote healthy lifestyle (consumption healthy diet and doing regular physical activity) to address the problem of overweight and/or obesity. These policies and interventions need to be age sensitive and need to target more urbanized cities and towns. However, the scope of such interventions can be broaden based on evidences from future researches.