Browsing by Author "Mamo, Hassen (PhD)"

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    Analysis of Five Year District Health Office Data for Intestinal Parasitosis in Aleta-Chuko Sidama Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2021-09-15) Degife, Teshale; Mamo, Hassen (PhD)
    Intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) are widely distributed, particularly in low-income countries. The objective of this study was to retrospectively assess the prevalence of IPIs among preschool (1-4 year) and school-age (5-18 year) children in Aleta-Chuko District (ACD), Sidama Region, South Ethiopia, in the past five-year (September 2015 - August 2019). The study was retrospective study. It used secondary data from disease registers of ACD health office (2015 - 2019) to assess the prevalence of IPIs among preschool and school-age children.Overall, 199,241 children visited district health centers during this period and 140,706 (65,292 males, 75,414 females) were school-age children. Of these, 50,057(25.1%) were positive for IPIs with slightly more females (13.2%) than males (11.9%). The number of children diagnosed for IPIs had increased continuously although there was some decline in 2016 and 2017. Six different types of intestinal parasites were identified. Ascaris lumbricoides was the most prevalent (41.5%) followed by Entamoeba histolytica/dispar/moshkovskii (14.3%). The least identified parasite was Schistosoma mansoni. Intestinal parasites remain major health problem among preschool and school-aged children in ACD and emphasis on control measures including periodic deworming is needed. Comprehensive community-based studies are required for better understanding of the impact of IPIs on children in ACD.
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    Current and Past 10-Year Trend of Pulmonary Tuberculosis and Intervention Practices in Amba-Giorgis Health Center, Northwest Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2016-09) Jemilu, Hamid; Mamo, Hassen (PhD)
    Human tuberculosis (TB) which is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the leading global health challenge. Regular surveys on the burden of this disease at a microenvironment level are vital to generate up-to-date information to effectively control TB in a locality. Thus, this study was designed to estimate the prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and assess current intervention practices in Ambagiorgis, northwest Ethiopia. The study (January-May 2016) was a descriptive survey involving both primary and secondary data sources collected from Ambagiorgis health center (AHC). Ten-year (January 2006-December 2015) retrospective data containing PTB suspects and smearconfirmed cases were extracted from the health center registration logbook. For the current crosssectional data, PTB suspects visiting the health center between January-May 2016 were included in the study. Pertinent information on socio-demography and participant knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) was secured through a questionnaire and interview. Some selected AHC personnel were also used to generate data on current TB control practices and related activities within the health center. Data were organized and analyzed quantitatively using descriptive statistics, univariate and multivariate logistic regression models. In the past ten years, 4218 PTB suspected patients were registered on TB laboratory logbook. Of these, 252 (5.97%) were smear-positive, 127(6.53%) males and 125(5.2%) females. The highest PTB suspects were recorded in 2012 (16.2%) and the least in 2006, (3.2%). The highest number of smear-positives was in 2007 (17.4%) and lowest in 2011 (2.5%). All the health personnel (n=17) confirmed that the current control practice was adequate although there was budget inadequacy. There were 110 males and 90 females of which 9 (8.9%) and 7 (7.8) were PTB smear-positive, respectively, in the current cross-sectional survey. There was significant difference among study participants from rural and urban areas (p=0.023). There was also statistical significant differences between knowledge of patients about transmission of PTB and infection prevalence of PTB (p=0.027). Majority of the respondents had awareness about PTB and practiced the recommended TB preventive measures likely resulting in the observed lower prevalence for the study area. But further work is required to correct some misconceptions still circulating among certain community members about the public health importance of TB and maximize the choice of modern drugs. The control efforts must be further strengthened to sustainably control TB in the area. Keywords:, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Amba-giorgis,
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    Facility Based Retrospective Study on Malaria in Wondo Genet Sidama Regional State South Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2021-09-21) Lemma, Kassahun; Mamo, Hassen (PhD)
    Currently, malaria is a widely prevalent and poses a serious challenge although elimination is the agenda. The main objective of the study was retrospective assessment of malaria in health-facilities of Wondo Genet district, Sidama Regional state, south Ethiopia. A retrospective design was employed in order to gather information. This was done by reviewing the past five-year (2015-2019) malaria morbidity records of the district. During this period a total of 15,218 thick and thin Giemsa stained blood films were examined and 3530 (23.20%) microscopically confirmed malaria cases were reported as a decreased inter-annual trend. Plasmodium vivax and plasmodium falciparum accounted for 50.9% and 49.1% of the cases respectively. Although malaria was reported in all age groups and both sexes, ≥15 year age group and males were more affected. However, the prevalence of malaria infection between males and females was not statistically significant (P>0.05) and, not among age groups. Despite the apparent seasonal fluctuation of malaria trends in the area, the peak of malaria cases was reported during June, August and September within the last five years. Although malaria was in a decreasing trend, it remained a significant public health threat in this particular area. Therefore, intervention measures need to be strengthened to effectively reduce the burden of malaria in Wondo Genet.
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    Individual, Household and Environmental Variables in Relation to Some Neglected Tropical Diseases in Hara Health Center, South Wollo, Northeast Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa Universty, 2016-09) Endris, Nuru; Mamo, Hassen (PhD)
    Intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) are common health concerns in low-income countries like Ethiopia. Current information on the magnitude of the problem in a locality is vital to devise appropriate control strategies. The objective of this study was, therefore, to assess the prevalence of IPIs and associated risk factors among patients visiting Hara health center, northeast Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2015 to April 2016 involving participants recruited through the convenience sampling method. A structured questionnaire was used to determine environmental, socio-demographic and behavioral factors related to IPIs. Stool specimen were collected and examined for the existence of IPIs using the direct-saline wet mount technique. Bivariate and multiple logistic regression analysis were done with p-value less than 0.05 considered statistically significant. The overall prevalence of intestinal parasites was 42.3% (n=430). A total of seven intestinal parasite species were detected. The predominant parasite was Entamoeba histolytica/dispar/moshkovskii (142(33.02%), followed by Giardia lamblia (26(6.0%), Enterobius vermicularis (5(1.2%), Taenia species (5(1.2%), Trichuris trichiura (2(0.5%), Hymenolepis nana (1(0.2%) and Ascaris lumbricoides (1(0.2%). The study showed that source of drinking water (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 2.954, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.410-6.192, p<0.0001), hand washing before meal (AOR 2.647, 95% CI 1.194-5.871, p 0.017) and hand washing after toilet (AOR 3.396, 95% CI 1.454-7.931, p 0.005), way of using water (AOR 2.745, 95% CI 1.137-6.626, p 0.025), type of toilet (AOR 2.517, 95% CI 1.037-6.109, p 0.041), residence (AOR 2.157, 95% CI 1.178-3.950, p 0.013), garbage disposal mechanism (AOR 0.180, 95% CI, 0.055-0.589, p 0.005), awareness about IPIs (AOR 0.137, 95% CI 0.074-0.256, p<0.0001) and age (AOR 7.984, 95% CI 4.346-14.667, p<0.0001) were significantly associated with IPIs-positivity. IPIs were a common health problem in the study area. Health education on personal and environmental hygiene coupled with improved accessibility to safe drinking water is needed. Keywords: logistic regression, intestinal parasites, Entamoeba histolytica/dispar/moshkovskii, Giardia lamblia, Enterobius vermicularis, Taenia spp, Trichuris trichiura, Hymenolepis nana, Ascaris lumbricoides, prevalence.
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    Prevalence and Treatment Outcome of Tuberculosis and TB/ HIV Co-Infection among Patients Visiting Boru Meda Hospital, Dessie Town, Northeast Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2018-08-07) Muhye, Yimam; Mamo, Hassen (PhD)
    Tuberculosis (TB) is a highly infectious air born bacterial disease that is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is the major cause of death in developing countries. There were an estimated 9.0 million incident cases of TB which is equivalent to 126 cases per 100,000 populations in 2013.The study on TB indicates that the average TB prevalence and mortality rates in Ethiopia are estimated to be 623 and 42 per 82,950 individuals respectively. The present study was conducted at Boru Meda Hospital one of the areas which is affected by this disease. The main objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and treatment outcomes of TB and TB/HIV co- infections in six consecutive years from 2012 to 2017. Retrospective cross-sectional design of the study was used from documents of patients. In this study, among 958 TB patients registered, 57.8% cases were PTB, 29.6% EPTB and 12.6% were MDR-TB patients. The prevalence of MDR-TB was almost equivalent to MDR-TB cases of Africa and Ethiopia in 2016. The highest prevalence rate of TB was registered in the year 2012 and the lowest was in 2017 which showed a declined trend. New cases were 85.5% and 14.5% were previously treated TB patients. Among PTB cases 55.8% were SPPTB and 44.2% were SNPTB. Out of the total TB cases, 32.2% were SPPTB and 25.6% were SNPTB. The Case Detection Rate (CDR), 32.2% was much lower than the data obtained from Global TB report 2015. All TB patients were tested for HIV infection and 16.7% were co-infected. The trend in prevalence of TB decreased; and in TB-HIV co-infection it was increased from year to year. The prevalence of TB-HIV co-infection in MDR-TB cases was higher than the prevalence in Pulmonary and Extra pulmonary TB cases. The study indicated that males suffered from TB, TB-HIV co-infection and MDR-TB and the highest frequency of these diseases were showed in the age group of 16-45 years. A successful treatment outcome of TB was achieved about 88.0%. Improvement of treatment success rate (TSR) was shown. TB-HIV co-infection and drug resistant TB have been proposed as factors contributing to unsuccessful treatment and limited evaluation of treatment outcomes. The treatment success of TB-HIV coinfection and MDR-TB were 83.1% and 86% respectively. Finally, further research on associated factors and other issues concerning these diseases were recommended to be investigated.
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    Socio-Clinical Characteristics of Patients on Antiretroviral Treatment in Tulu Bolo South-Central Ethiopia from December 2008 to August 2019
    (Addis Ababa University, 2021-09-23) Amano, Masino; Mamo, Hassen (PhD)
    The discovery of antiretroviral treatment (ART) substantially reduced the burden of HIV/AIDS and improved the life quality of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHIV). However, ART effectiveness is subject to various determinants, and regular monitoring of the clinic-characteristics data of attendants is recommended. This study was aimed at analyzing the socio-clinical characteristics of patients on ART at Tulu Bolo Health Center (TBHC) and Tulu Bolo General Hospital (TBGH) in Becho woreda district (south-central Ethiopia) from December 2008 to August 2019. Overall, 538 PLHIV (M=229, F=309) were registered during the last twelve-year at the ART center of both facilities .The retrospective data was collected by tally method from the ―voluntary counseling and Testing Registration Log Book‖ and from quarterly reporting formats of the health institution. The research sites were identified,Socio-clinical data were collected , measurements were made, and analysis of data was made. Heteromantic mode of transmission was the known way in the area and pulmonary tuberculosis was the most common opportunistic infection. Many of the participants (212(39.4%)) were 40 years and above. Overall, the data demonstrates age-dependent increase in the number of PLHIV in the facilities. The proportion of rural ART followers (265(49.3%)) was nearly the same as the urban residents (273(50.7%)). The number of underweight participants decreased from 62(11.0%) to 12(2.2%). The pooled viral load test results showed that 468(93.9%) out of the tested 498 was undetectable. In some few patients although the viral load was detectable, their health status was good. The number of participants having CD4 count below 350 before ART initiation was 358(66.5%) and this number substantially dropped to 54(10.1%) after ART initiation. Correspondingly, 502(92.5%) participants were in the WHO stage I, 26(5.7%) stage II and 10(1.8%) stage III. Majority of the participants (335(61.7%)) had a follow-up period of ≥4 years, 107(21.1%) 3 years, 55(9.9%) 2 years and 41(7.3%) 1 year. During the overall follow-up period, 50 died, 51 lost-to-follow-up and 43 were transferred. The highest number of PLHIV registered in TBGH was in 2017 and in TBHC in 2015. The data in the rest years were up and down with no clear pattern of gender-based distribution. ART adherence of 483(89.2%) participants was good and the clinical status of the participants was good. ART adherence of 483(89.2%) participants was good and the clinical status of the participants was good. Although the overall clinical characteristics of the patients was considered good because of good adherence, awareness creation and training more healthcare workers must be done to support especially those in the rural area.
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    Sttattus off Saniittarry Prracttiices and Amebiiasiis and Giiarrdiiasiis Among Pattiientts Viisiittiing Haiik Healltth Centterr,, Soutth Wollllo,, Norrttheastt Etthiiopiia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2016-09) Mamo, Haji; Mamo, Hassen (PhD)
    Amoebiasis and giardiasis are among major causes of diarrhea in least-developed tropical and subtropical regions including Ethiopia. Recent information on these diseases is essential to design suitable control interventions in a specific setting. This study was conducted to detect amoeba and giardia infections and explore the status of some universal risk factors in Haik town and its surroundings, northeast Ethiopia. Patients visiting Haik health center (HHC) between November 2015 and April 2016 and suspected of amoebiasis and giardiasis were invited to participate in the study. Socio-demographic and environmental variables linked to amoebiasis and giardiasis were extracted using a semi-structured questionnaire. Stool samples were collected and screened using the direct-smear microscopy. Data were analyzed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis with 95% confidence interval (CI) and p-value <0.05 considered statistically significant. The overall prevalence of intestinal protozoan infection was 10.6% (n=500). Of these, 2.2% were Entamoeba histolytica/dispar/moshkovskii and 8.4% Giardia intestinalis. About half of the participants were farmers and thus had lower education level with poor hygienic habits. Latrine coverage was good (60.8%), but still considerable number (39.2%) of the participants defecate in the field. Substantial number (56.2%) of participants had no practice of post-toilet hand wash. About 46% of the participants never attended health education. Substantial number (252) of people used tape water (which is relatively better protected). However, still a large number of people (248) were using unprotected water (pond and pump, spring and river). These all conditions could create ideal ground for amoeba and giardia transmission although the current amoebiasis or giardiasis cases were low. Patients who defecate in the field, do not practice post-toilet hand wash and those had unprotected drinking water were at significantly higher risk of being amoeba or giardia-positive. Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) and 95% CI were respectively 11.56, 4.33-33.38; 5.18, 1.71-15.71; 8.47, 2.4-29.45. The p-value was <0.0001 at all instances. Amoeba and Giardia are important health problems of the study participants. There for, prompt intervention strategies should be designed and implemented to upgrade status of sanitarian practices including provision of adequate safe water supply, health education on personal as well as personal hygien. Keywords: HHC, E. histolytica/dispar/moshkovskii, G. intestinalis, prevalence, risk factors
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    Therapeutic Efficacy of Artemeter-Lumefantrine Against Uncomplicated Plasmodium Falciparum Malaria in Setit Humera Health Center, Northwest Ethiopia: Nine Years After its Approval as First-Line Drug.
    (Addis Ababa University, 2016-03-04) Teklemaryam, Micheale; Mamo, Hassen (PhD)
    Malaria still remains a major public health problem in Ethiopia. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment of malaria cases is a primary malaria control strategy in the country. However, this control strategy is severely challenged by the evolution and rapid spread of resistant P. falciparum strains. Artemether-lumefantine (Art-L) is the first-line antimalarial drug against uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria in the country since 2004. Regular monitoring of first- and second-line antimalarial drugs is recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) to help early detection of drug resistance and search for more effective options. However, there is no data regarding the efficacy status of AL in Setit Humera, northwest Ethiopia. This study was, therefore, conducted to fill in this gap. One arm prospective study of a 28-day follow-up was conducted from October 2014 to January 2015 according to the revised WHO 2009 efficacy study protocol. Study outcomes were classified into primary and secondary. The primary study outcome was the day 28 adequate clinical and parasitological response. The secondary study outcomes were clinical and parasitological evaluations (parasite, fever and gametocyte clearance rate, incidence of drug adverse events) and the relative increment in hemoglobin level from baseline to day (D) 14 and D28. A total of 92 patients were enrolled and 80 had completed the 28-day follow-up period. The overall cure rate was 98.8% with 95% confidence interval (0.915- 0.998) without polymerase chain reaction correction. The parasite clearance rate was high with fast resolution of clinical symptoms; 100% of the study participants cleared parasitaemia and fever on D3. Gametocyte carriage was reduced from 7% on D0 to 1% on D3 and complete clearance was achieved on D21. Mean hemoglobin concentration has significantly increased on D28 compared to that of D14. There was no serious adverse event. Overall, AL was efficacious and safe in the study population for treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria.