Browsing by Author "Jebessa Habte (PhD)"
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Item Activity Pattern, Feeding Ecology and Population Survey of De Brazza’s Monkey (Cercopithecus Neglectus) in Bilo Nopa Woreda, Ilu Aba Bor Zone, Oromia Regional State, South Western Ethiopia.(Addis Ababa University, 2018-08-08) Chewaka Diriba; Jebessa Habte (PhD)The present study was conducted on the population status and behavior of De Brazzas monkeys in the Bilo Nopa Woreda, Ilu Aba Bor Zone, Oromia Regional State, South-Western Ethiopia, from October 2017 to May 2018. The objectives of this study were to assess the population survey, determine activity pattern, examine feeding ecology and of de Brazza’s in Bilo Nopa woreda. Materials used during the study period included digital camera, geographic positioning system (GPS), and note books. Activity pattern, feeding ecology and population survey were studied for 5 minutes with 15 minutes interval scan sampling. The result was a total of 25 de Brazza's monkeys in 3 groups and 1 solitary; including 16 adults, 4 youngsters and 5 infants. The overall activity time budgets of the De Brazza’s monkeys were given in figure 8. De Brazza’s monkeys in spent 47.91% of their time in feeding, 19.97% moving and 20.65% resting, 3.51% of its time playing, 2.33% aggression, 5.13% grooming and 0.5% sexual activities. Individuals in average spent more time in feeding (48.97%) during the wet season than during the dry season (48.64%). They spent more time moving (19.84%) and resting (20.74%) during the wet season than during the dry season (16.94%) and (21.37%), respectively. They spent more time in social activities such as playing (33.61%) and aggression (2.4%) during the dry season than during the wet season, where they spent (2.74%) playing and (1.66%) aggression. More time was also spent on other activities such as grooming (6.78%) during dry than during wet season (5.67%) and sexual activity (0.37) during the wet season than during dry season sexual activity (0.36%). De Brazza’s monkeys depended most on fruits, which accounting for 76.95% of the overall diet (n= 1332 feeding records), young leaves (13.13%) made the second largest parts of their diet. Other important food items consumed were matured leaves (3.34%), seeds and gums (2.43%) and blossoms were (1.25%). Of the 21 plant species that contributed for the overall diets of de Brazza’s, based on total percentage contribution of plant food items, Ficus species were the most consumed species. All individuals in spent more time feeding on fruit during the dry season (80.32%) than during the wet season (77.37%). Deforestation by the local people for coffee plantation, agricultural expansion, trapping, over grazing and commercial purposes could impose threat to the de Brazza’s monkey populations in the future. Therefore, it is recommended that management action should be taken to conserve the most important food resources such as Ficss species and S. guineense plant trees and further investigation should be conducted to determine the sustainable and beneficial level to integrate the local people in the conservation of wildlife.Item Assessment of Domestic Solid Waste Composition and Generation Rate, in Shambu Town, Oromia, Northwest Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2018-08-08) Huluka Fille; Jebessa Habte (PhD)Improper household solid waste management has becoming a major environmental and public health problem in Shambu town as other towns of Ethiopia. The town has been experiencing very poor domestic solid waste management system, due to the absence of proper household solid waste collection and transfer services, absence of communal dumping containers and in-sufficient and inappropriate placement of landfill sites. Despite all the problems, there was no study conducted so far. This study is thus conducted to fill the existing gap. The study was conducted at Shambu town, Horo Guduru Wollega zone, Oromia Regional State, West Ethiopia, from March 10, 2018 to April 10, 2018. Systematic random sampling technique was used to select 80 households that are estimated to represent residents with different socio economic levels. This study was aimed to assess the quantity, composition and generation rate of domestic solid waste of the study area. The daily solid waste generated from those sampled households of the study site were collected and sorted in to its component. The weight of each component was recorded for seven consecutive days to determine the quantity, composition and generation rate of each household. Data analysis was made by using averages, percentages and ratios. Results of this study showed that on average a household generates 0.148Kg/cap/day. By taking the total population of the study area in to account, the annual household solid waste generation rate of the town was estimated to be 4296.05 tons. As field survey analysis illustrates; in this study area there is improper domestic solid waste management systems. The residents dispose domestic solid wastes along the road side, on open areas, near the residential sites, around burial sites, within plantation sites, etc… The Municipality office and authorities responsible for waste management of the town are very poorly equipped materially, financially and in terms of human resources to provide the expected services appropriately. This study recommends that the Municipality office and authorities responsible for waste management have to take considerable measures to alleviate the problem of waste management by allocating enough budget on the sanitation of the town, by giving regular campaign, education, and training programs at grass root level to create public awareness on waste management and by discussing with other levels of government and NGOs for sustainable improvement of waste management.Item Assessment of Human-Wildlife Conflict in Gimbo Woreda, Kafa Zone Southern Nations Nationalities and Peoples Region (SNNPR), Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2016-09) Debalke Habtamu; Jebessa Habte (PhD)This study tries to assess human-wildlife conflict in Gimbo Woreda, Kafa Zone (SNNPR), Southern Ethiopia. The study was conducted from February 2016 to July 2016. The methods employed were field observation, to estimate the population size of pest primates using total count in the entire study area and to observe and estimate crop loss due to crop raiders, structured questionnaires and interview for gathering information about crop loss by wild animals. Total count was used to estimate population of most common wild animals in the sampled forest. One way ANOVA was used to analyze the amount of crop lost in the study area, and Chi-square test was used to analyze association of HWC, number of Anubis baboon and vervet monkey between dry and wet season and damage events registered between sites. From the study, four primate species were identified: namely Anubis baboon, vervet monkey, Black and white colobus and blue monkey. Of these Anubis baboon and vervet monkey were known as the worst pest primates of all. In addition, bush pig, porcupine, warthog and rodents were identified as damage- causing wild animals. The present study also revealed that a total count of 332 and 293 Anubis baboon and 332 and 372 vervet monkey population occurred in the study area during the dry and wet season respectively. Thirty-nine percent of maize was damaged by Anubis baboon and vervet monkey from the total estimated maize plant (22,183), and 6% was damaged by other pest primates such as bush pig, warthog, porcupine and rodents. Most damages occurred during the flowering and Fruiting stages and serious damage was seen in the wet season. The response of the respondents showed statistically significant difference for each type of conflict; namely, crop damage only, both crop damage and livestock predation, destruction of traditional beehives and destruction of huts and disturbing of humans respectively are the main troubles in the study area x2=83.122, P<0.05 (0.0001). Deforestation, agricultural expansion, wild animal population growth, human population growth and distance from village to farmland were identified as causes of human wildlife conflict. Traditional methods such as guarding, chasing by dog, scarecrow and trapping were used by local people to protect their crops from wild animals. To reduce the conflict, they keep their crop cooperatively and changing their means of farming to cash crops such as chat, coffee and spices. Key words: Crop raiding, deforestation, Anubis baboonItem Assessment of Solid Waste Generation and Composition in Woreda Three in Lideta Sub City, Addis Ababa(Addis Ababa University, 2017-09-05) Temesgen Amsalu; Jebessa Habte (PhD)Data on solid waste generation rates and waste composition are the basic information to plan and implement solid waste management systems. Households of Woreda three in Lideta sub-city like other developing country towns have poor solid waste management. Hence this study has been conducted to investigate the generation rate, physical composition of Households solid waste and the attitude of the households towards solid waste management practices. The study was conducted from December 01/ 2009 to December 21/2009 E.C on randomly selected 81 households, which are expected to represent all categories of income levels (Low, middle and high income levels) of woreda three in the sub-city. The weight of daily wastes generated from those sampled households was measured and then sorted in to its components and the weight of each component was also recorded using materials like: Balance scale, hand protective plastic gloves, mouth & nose mask, Plastic bags and plastic sheets. Questioners were also distributed among the household for assessing demographic and Socio Economic Characteristics of Respondents. The findings of this study showed that averagely low, middle and high socio-economic level households generate 0.95kg/HH/day,1.18kg/HH/day and 1.44kg/HH/day of Solid waste respectively. The statistical analyses indicate a significant difference in average quantity of solid waste generated per the three socio-economic levels of households (p<0.01).Results of analysis of waste compositions also showed that high contents of organic waste (64%) followed by Recyclable waste (18%) and Combustible waste (12%) was generated. The survey analysis also showed that illegal solid waste disposal in open spaces is common practice in the study area and some of the main reasons raised by the respondents were the inappropriate placement and insufficient number of communal containers. Therefore, based on the generation rate and composition of solid wastes investigated in Woreda three of Lideta sub-city, there should be integrated solid waste management system which combines a range of solid waste treatment options because of large proportion of the generated wastes is either compostable or recyclable.Item Current Status, Habitat Association and Feeding Habitof African Elephant (Loxodonta Africana)in Babile Elephant Sanctuary, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2019-09-09) Asaye Bantihun; Jebessa Habte (PhD)Ethiopia is one of the Sub-Saharan African countrieswhere elephants are indigenous. Conservation of African elephant (Loxodonta africana) in Ethiopia was closely related to the conservation of biodiversity and also to the sustainable development of the country in its ecotourism. The major objective of this research was to assessthe currentpopulationstatus, habitat association and feeding habit of African elephant in Babile Elephant Sanctuary(BES). This research was conducted from October 2018 to June 2019. To conduct this research; both primary and secondary data (direct field observation, questionnaire survey and group discussion) were collected.This research undertakingfaces certain limitations such as unwillingness of some experts to provide secondary data andtime constraints.Finally thisresearch reviewed that currently the anthropogenic activities highly affects the population status, habitat association and feeding habit of elephants in BES.As a result, this research recommend that there should be needed a nationwide public awareness campaign about the need of wildlife conservation.Item The Distribution and Ecological Impacts of Parthenium Hysterophorus L. (Asteraceae), An Invasive Species in Kombolcha City Administration, South Wollo, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2016-08) Ali Gezahegn; Jebessa Habte (PhD)Parthenium hysterophorus L. (Asteraceae) (tribe: Heliantheae), is an erect and much branched annual or ephemeral herb, known for its notorious role as environmental, medical, and agricultural hazards. It invade large areas globally and threatening native biodiversity. P.hysterophonrus is believed to have been introduced to Ethiopia in 1988 at the Eastern part of the country (Deredwa and Harargie). The study was conducted in Kombolcha city administration (KCA), South Wollo, Ethiopia. Since its introduction to the study area (KCA), parthenium weed has been spread in an alarming rate in the rural areas. The main objective of this study is to identify and describe the distribution and ecological impacts of the invasive species P. hysterophorus and to create awareness to the residents on its negative impacts in the ecosystem and biodiversity. The results of the research suggested that parthenium weed have been distributed largely in uncultivated areas, road sides, grazing areas, riversides and farm areas respectively. The impact of P.hysterophoruson other plants is investigated by comparing plant species grown in association with parthenium and plant species grown in the absence of parthenium. Quedrats were used to identify the diversity of species in parthenium infested areas. A total of 37 species were identified and the diversity of species in the infested areas of different samples sites was computed using Shannon’s diversity index. The result showed that the diversity of species in parthenum infested areas is low. Hence, creating proper awareness to the residents particularly farmers in the study area on its distribution and negative impacts would be the best option to control further invasion of new valuable lands by P.hysterphorusItem Diversity and Distribution of the Avian fauna of Duguma Jaldeso Forest East Wollega, Limu Woreda, Western Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2016-08) Edosa Habtamu; Jebessa Habte (PhD)The study was carried out to estimate diversity, distribution and abundance of avian species in Duguma Jaldeso Forest east Wollega Zone, Limu Woreda area covering wet and dry seasons from September 2015 to July 2016. Duguma Jaldeso forest is found 493 km a way from Addis Ababa. Forest, Bushland, Grassland and Farmland habitats were identified. Each vegetation type was used as sample site. Data were collected using point count and line transect method. The data were collected in the morning and afternoon. A total of 124 species of birds were identified during the whole study period. Out of the total, 48 species were observed during the wet season; 32 during dry and 44 species in both seasons. During the wet season, the highest species diversity was recorded in the forest habitat (H’=2.881) followed by the bushland (H’= 2.795). During the dry season, avian diversity was highest in bushland (H’=3.305) followed by forest (H’=3.267). During the wet season, high species similarity was seen between forest and bushland (SI=0.304 ) followed by grassland and farmland (SI= 0.27) and the lowest species similarity was observed between forest and farmland (SI= 0.1). Awareness creation to the local community to reduce human induced factors such as overgrazing, clear cutting and agricultural expansion within the area are recommended.Item Ecological Impact of khat(Catha edulis) cultivation in Silti Woreda, Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Region (SNNPR), Southern Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2016-08) Alem Kibrom; Jebessa Habte (PhD)An investigation of the impact of khat (Catha edulis) cultivation was carried out in Silti woreda in 2015/16 in four purposively selected kebeles. (Boze, Yeteker, Asano, and Senena). The purpose of the study was to investigate the ecological impact of khat cultivation in Silti woreda. In order to accomplish this study objectives were to examine the current status of Khat cultivation in selected Kebele of Silti woreda, Analyses the ecological impact of Khat cultivation, Identify the problems of chemicals uses for cultivation khat and to recommend actions to be taken to improve stakeholders’ engagement in Khat cultivation through identifying its negative ecological impact. The research used descriptive method and data were collected using questionnaires, interview and document analysis. Data were analyzed descriptive statistics and response compared with using ANOVA test for different variables. The target population of the study was 1280. From this study uses a sample size of 128 respondents. The survey result has shown that 107 of the respondents has increased their khat cultivation land by performing forest declining, which shows almost all of the respondents have experienced this action as a means of expanding agricultural area for khat cultivation. The study indicates (84%) of the respondents uses different chemicals to prevent pests which attack khat, Most farmers uses chemicals like DDT and other effective chemicals to prevent damage of khat by pests but as data taken from the respondents it has its own contribution for ecological and health impact. Khat cultivation on a large cover of land created a monoculture of vegetation and destroyed any other plants. Therefore, alternative intercropping method should be created with indigenous plants in the study area. Key word; Ecological impact, khat, intercropping, monoculture, indigenous plantsItem Ecology of the Cape Buffalo (Syncerus Caffer Caffer Sparrman, 1779), Land Use Cover Change and the Socio-Ecology of the Jorgo- Wato Protected Forest, Western Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2018-06-03) Geleta Mosissa; Bekele Afework (Professor); Jebessa Habte (PhD)Mosissa Geleta Erena, Ph.D. Thesis, Addis Ababa University, 2018 An ecological investigation on forest inhabited Cape buffalo (Syncerus caffer caffer Sparrman, 1779), land–use/ land–cover change and socio-ecology of the Jorgo-Wato Protected Forest was carried out during July, 2015–June, 2017. The study aimed to describe the population estimates, distribution and diet composition of buffaloes, and to assess human–buffalo conflicts as well as bushmeat hunting practices in the Jorgo-Wato Protected Forest. Population size of Cape buffalo was estimated indirectly from dung counts. Faecal standing crop (FSC) counts and faecal accumulation rate (FAR) methods were employed during dung counts. Landsat 5 TM, Landsat 7 ETM+ and Landsat 8 OLI (1986, 2001 and 2017) imageries were used to analyse LU/LC changes of the area to infer its impact on the distribution of buffaloes. Feeding quadrat survey and faecal analysis methods were employed to determine the diet composition of buffaloes in the area. Various aspects of bushmeat hunting practices, human–buffalo conflicts and human impact on buffaloes were collected from local communities and through direct and indirect observations during field surveys. Estimate of Cape buffalo population in JWPF was 60 (52 to 68) as determined by FSC and FAR methods. Due to increased anthropogenic activities, buffaloes totally rest in dense forest and thicket riparian vegetation during the daytime and engage in nocturnal and crepuscular foraging. Thirty-nine plant species were identified as the main diet composition of Cape buffaloes. Grass accounted for 82.6%, whereas browse comprised about 17.4% of buffalo diet. Four graminoids (Panicum hochstetteri, Setaria poiretiana, Digitaria abyssinica, Cynodon dactylon, Cyperus distans), two herbs (Achyranthes aspera, Galinsoga quadriradiata) and one shrub (Dracaena afromontana) species were identified as annual staple forage of buffaloes. Mean faecal nitrogen and phosphorus contents were 18.4±0.53g/kg and 4.3±0.39g/kg during the wet and 17.7±0.71g/kg and 3.9±0.36g/kg during the dry seasons, respectively. Land–use/land–cover change and other anthropogenic activities synergistically influenced buffalo ranges and their distribution in the area. Crop damage was the cause of human–buffalo conflicts in the area. Mammals such as Tragelaphus scriptus, Potamochoerus larvatus, Hylochoerus meinertzhageni, Sylvicapra grimmia, Phacochoerus africanus, Syncerus caffer caffer and Hystrix cristata were illegally hunted for subsistence and commercial purposes. Gin trap and spears and dogs were the most common hunting tools used in the area. Inadequate knowledge about wildlife law and ambiguity over the usage of wildlife resulted in misuse of wildlife and contraction of the area of Jorgo-Wato Protected Forest. Therefore, implementation of wildlife law and community awareness programmes should be introduced. Moreover, alternative economic opportunities, modern farming system and development of industry should be considered to overcome the recent recurring drought driven resettlement programmes and encroachment in wildlife habitats in the Didessa- Dabena River Valleys.Item Ecology of the Cape Buffalo (Syncerus Caffer Caffer Sparrman, 1779), Land Use Land Cover Change A and the Socio-Ecology of the Jorgo- Wato Protected Forest, Western Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2018-06-02) Geleta Mosissa; Bekele Afework (Professor); Jebessa Habte (PhD)An ecological investigation on forest inhabited Cape buffalo (Syncerus caffer caffer Sparrman, 1779), land–use/ land–cover change and socio-ecology of the Jorgo-Wato Protected Forest was carried out during July, 2015–June, 2017. The study aimed to describe the population estimates, distribution and diet composition of buffaloes, and to assess human–buffalo conflicts as well as bushmeat hunting practices in the Jorgo-Wato Protected Forest. Population size of Cape buffalo was estimated indirectly from dung counts. Faecal standing crop (FSC) counts and faecal accumulation rate (FAR) methods were employed during dung counts. Landsat 5 TM, Landsat 7 ETM+ and Landsat 8 OLI (1986, 2001 and 2017) imageries were used to analyse LU/LC changes of the area to infer its impact on the distribution of buffaloes. Feeding quadrat survey and faecal analysis methods were employed to determine the diet composition of buffaloes in the area. Various aspects of bushmeat hunting practices, human–buffalo conflicts and human impact on buffaloes were collected from local communities and through direct and indirect observations during field surveys. Estimate of Cape buffalo population in JWPF was 60 (52 to 68) as determined by FSC and FAR methods. Due to increased anthropogenic activities, buffaloes totally rest in dense forest and thicket riparian vegetation during the daytime and engage in nocturnal and crepuscular foraging. Thirty-nine plant species were identified as the main diet composition of Cape buffaloes. Grass accounted for 82.6%, whereas browse comprised about 17.4% of buffalo diet. Four graminoids (Panicum hochstetteri, Setaria poiretiana, Digitaria abyssinica, Cynodon dactylon, Cyperus distans), two herbs (Achyranthes aspera, Galinsoga quadriradiata) and one shrub (Dracaena afromontana) species were identified as annual staple forage of buffaloes. Mean faecal nitrogen and phosphorus contents were 18.4±0.53g/kg and 4.3±0.39g/kg during the wet and 17.7±0.71g/kg and 3.9±0.36g/kg during the dry seasons, respectively. Land–use/land–cover change and other anthropogenic activities synergistically influenced buffalo ranges and their distribution in the area. Crop damage was the cause of human–buffalo conflicts in the area. Mammals such as Tragelaphus scriptus, Potamochoerus larvatus, Hylochoerus meinertzhageni, Sylvicapra grimmia, Phacochoerus africanus, Syncerus caffer caffer and Hystrix cristata were illegally hunted for subsistence and commercial purposes. Gin trap and spears and dogs were the most common hunting tools used in the area. Inadequate knowledge about wildlife law and ambiguity over the usage of wildlife resulted in misuse of wildlife and contraction of the area of Jorgo-Wato Protected Forest. Therefore, implementation of wildlife law and community awareness programmes should be introduced. Moreover, alternative economic opportunities, modern farming system and development of industry should be considered to overcome the recent recurring drought driven resettlement programmes and encroachment in wildlife habitats in the Didessa- Dabena River Valleys.Item Effects of Eucalyptus Globulus Leat Extract on Germination Response and Seedling Growth of Five Wheat Species(Addis Ababa University, 2016-07) W/ Senbet Solomon; Jebessa Habte (PhD)Several volatile and water-soluble toxins were found in Eucalyptus tissues. Cineole and a-pinene, both highly toxic terpenes, were found adsorbed to colloidal soil particles of the litter and bare zones. Adsorbed terpenes were toxic to germinating seeds and seedlings. Eucalyptus is representative of a wide variety of plants capable of establishing gradients of toxicity in an otherwise relatively uniform environment. Such gradients drastically alter the species composition and thus are highly important to the study of vegetation composition. Allelopathic factors interact dramatically with other environmental factors and must be considered as a part of the environmental complex. The leaf litters were collected from 8-year old eucalyptus plantation from Dejazmach Wondirad Preparatory School compound in Addis Ababa Yeka sub city. Leaf litters were washed and dried for two weeks, ground and stored at room temperature. Good quality seeds of five popular wheat varieties (Triticum aestivum, Triticum durum, Triticum dicoccum, Triticum polonicum, and Triticum turgidum ) were obtained from Ethiopian Institute of Biodiversity. The seeds were collected from different regions of Ethiopia. The experiment was set in North of Addis Ababa, Yeka Sub city Tafo residence area. The allelopathic influence of aqueous extracts of Eucalyptus on the germination and seedling growth (fresh and dry weight) of wheat have been determined. It was noted that aqueous extracts at a concentration of 10%, 15% and 20% had inhibitory effect on wheat germination and the effect was found significantly higher than control treatment. Fresh and dry weight of seedling was also reduced significantly over control. The inhibitory effects were increased as the extract concentration increased. These finding indicates that wheat seeds sown in fields which had leaf litter of Eucalyptus will be adversely affected regarding germination, growth and ultimately resulting in lower yields of wheat. Key words: Allelochemicals, Allelopathy, Eucalyptus, Litter, phytotoxinsItem Evaluation of State Catchment Management System in Keku Kalo Kebele in Jima Rare District, Western Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2017-09-05) Mekonnen Firdissa; Jebessa Habte (PhD)Ethiopia initiated „state catchment management‟ program to combat land degradation and to count its impact on sustainable development. This study was conducted on evaluation of state catchment management system in Keku Kalo Kebele in Jima Rare district, Western Ethiopia. The study was carried out from September 16 to July 2017. The objective of the study was to assess the difference between pre-existed (traditional) catchment management system and the improved state catchment management system, to identify factors that affect state catchment management of the area, to evaluate survived and non-survived planted trees and to give some recommendations about the management system of the area using systematic sampling method 40 households were selected as respondents. Development agents (DAs) were selected by non-probability sampling method. To determine survived and non-survived planted trees line transect method was used. Other data were also collected via both open and close ended questions, key informant interview focus group discussion, observation and by using secondary data like geographic information system based on agricultural statics office of both published and unpublished „Catchment management system documents.” The data collected were analyzed using simple statistical methods such as ratio, percentages, cross tabulation and graphs. The result showed that there were factors that affected farmers‟ participation on catchment management such as indigenous knowledge, improved methods, biophysical and agro ecological practices and institutional factors. 47.5% of the farmers were not visited by local agents. Men and women did not participate equally; only 12.5% respondents sate that women have participation on catchment management activities. Of 4.5 hectare only 2.24 hectare was planted 2.26 hectare was remained uncovered. The 625 m2 of sampled area of land holds 625 individual plants (trees) with the gap of one meter each. The 2.24 hectare of land at maximum can also hold more than or equal to 22400 total plants of which some might survived and while, others dried and the holes were empty. Therefore, based on the finding of this study, it is recommended that there was need of awareness creation for local farmers in order to develop ownership arranged. The planting system should not be interrupted and current care should be taken into consideration and additional guard with full facilities should be employed.Item Feeding Ecology and Threats to Wild African Civet (Civettictis Civetta) in Chora Woreda, Buno Bedele Zone, Oromia Regional State, South Western Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2018-09-03) Tolesa Bontu; Jebessa Habte (PhD)Feeding ecology and threats to wild African civet (Civettictis civetta) was studied in southwestern Ethiopia, Oromia Regional state, Buno Beddele Zone of Chora woreda from December 2017 to May 2018. A cross sectional research design was employed with descriptive survey method, which has supplemented by qualitative research to enrich quantitative data. In doing so, three kebeles were purposively selected based on distribution of African civet. The objective of the study was to investigate the feeding ecology of the African civet in the wild, to estimate the population survey, to identify the major threats and to examine conservation status of African civet in the wild. African civet is known for its production of civet musk (‘Zibad’) that is used as fixative in perfume industry. Ethiopia is the world’s main supplier of civet musk. In spite of such a remarkable economic importance, little is known about current status of the indigenous population and conservation status of Civettictis civetta in the wild. Diet composition, population status, real threats and conservation status of civets were investigated. In the study sites, 13 civetries were identified, the continuous observation of fresh civet scats were conducted on six civetries which revealed the presence of 18 food items based on analyses of undigested remains of food item. Food items were present in varying frequencies of occurrences between different civetries. A total of 19 civets were recorded from six representative civetries which were selected for current study based on daily counting of fresh dropping in each civetry. About 126 household heads were selected using purposive sampling techniques to study the threat and conservation of African civet in the study area. SPSS software and Descriptive statistics were used to analyses data. The major factors contributing to the reduction of civets are; the fast disappearance of natural forest, attributed to agricultural land expansion, illegal hunting, traditional trapping methods and use for traditional medicine. Despite the fact that there were some efforts on parts of governmental and nongovernmental organization in mobilizing the rural community towards African civet conservation, the efforts of civet conservation by local communities in the study area are not adequate to mitigate the problems of civet decline. Based on the findings it is recommended to encourage and implement the following activities: controlling illegal hunting of African civet, awareness creation, trainings the local communities about conservation and sustainable utilization of civet and other wildlife, controlling illegal clearing of forest and agricultural land expansion, controlling traditional trapping methods of African civet and law enforcement –There should be strong law enforcement on part of the government on those who illegally and indiscriminately trap civet.Item Germination Viability and Growth Rate of Cordia Africana in Anno Town, Oromia Regional State, West Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2018-01-08) Gobena Kebede; Jebessa Habte (PhD)The study was conducted on the germination and growth rate of Cordia africana from March 16, 2010 to May 26, 2010 in Anno nursery. In the distant past, our world covered by different tree species. However, after the arrival of European powers in Africa, the species of Cordia africana began declining. Uncontrolled encroachment and clearing of forest land have been on process and continue until know. Planting and establishment of trees on degraded land should be the first important step in soil rehabilitation and reclamation. The objective of the study was to determine the germination potential and growth rate of Cordia africana. The ripened seeds were collected from dominant trees from the wild. The seeds were soaked in water for three days. After the seeds were purified, it was kept in water for consecutive eight days. Hundred seeds were selected and planted in pre-prepared seed bed of 1x10 m each at the depth of 1 cm and between seeds distance of 15x15 cm. The seeds were covered slightly by soil and then covered by dry Setaria megaphylla. Each seed bed was watered 8 liters three times per day until the seeds germinate. As germination begun before two week, the grass was removed and then the shade was constructed at 1m above the germinated seed and watered 8 liters 2 times per day up to the end of the study. The maximum germination was observed on 14th day. Of hundred seeds only eighty of them were germinate. Each seedling was assigned a random number (1-80). Watering, mulching and guarding measures from herbivore damage and weeding were handled by workers of the center. Data on germination, height and survival percentage were collected every14th day (in 4 rounds) for two months: namely April and May. Of the 80 seedlings, 2 of them dried/wilted and one seedling was damaged at the study site. As a result, from 80 seedlings three of them were discarded from the data. Germination parameters such as germination percentage mean germination time, and germination vigor were calculated and the relative growth rate in height of the seedlings of Cordia africana was determined. The mean heights of the seedlings for 56 days were 5.38 cm and the highest relative growth height was 0.035 cm-1 day.- 1The overall rate was 96.25 %. The soil of the study site was lower than the standard. This work concludes that, despite the poor nutrient status of the study site, the germination, growth performance, and percentage survival were reasonably moderate, indicating the potential of Cordia africana to germinate and grow on degraded site provided that intensive management, along with provision of water during hot, dry season are maintained.Item Human -Wildlife Conflict with Special Emphasis on Pest Primate in and Around Gendo Guratirigni Forest, Gida Ayana District, Western Ethiopia.(Addis Ababa University, 2016-09) Worku Belay; Jebessa Habte (PhD)This study was conducted to assess human wildlife conflict with special emphasis on pest primate around Gendo Gura Tirigni forest, Gida Ayana district, Western Ethiopia from September 2015 to July 2016.The main objective of the study was to identify the cause and effect of human wildlife conflicts, to estimate the population of primate pest in the study site, to estimate the amount of crops destroyed by pest primate, to identify the major human pest primate in the study sites. Based on the information obtained from the preliminary survey, data was collected by field observation, questionnaires and interview. Field observation using line transect was used to estimate the crop loss due to pest primates and to estimate the population size of pest primates. Structured questionnaires and interview were used for gathering information about crop loss by pest primates. The collected data was analyzed by SPSS and Chi-square test was used to compare number of Anubis baboon counted during dry and wet season. From the study site three pest species were identified, namely vervet monkey(Chlorocebus aethiops),Colobus gureza (Colobus abyssinicus) and anubis baboon (Papio anubis).33.28% of maize was damaged by these pest primates from the total estimated maize plant (48,208) and most maize damages were noticed during the tassle and ripen stages. Serious damage was seen in wet season compared with to dry season. Respondents reported habitat disturbance, proximity of natural forest, increased subsistence agriculture and increased of wild animals’ population as causes of HWC. As Gendo Gura Tirigni forest was surrounded by extensive farmlands, the area needs a close follow up and detailed studies to identify current human-wildlife conflict in the area. Key words: Gendo Gura Tirigni Forest, Papio anubis, Colobus monkey, crop raiding, Human-wildlife conflictItem Human Wildlife Conflict and Its Implication for Conservation around Chebera Churchura National Park, Konta Special District in Southern Nations Nationalities and Peoples Region(SNNPR),Southern Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2016-09) Girma Gizachew; Jebessa Habte (PhD)An investigation on human-wildlife conflict was carried out in CCNP in 2016/2017 in four randomly selected villages (Serri, Chewada, Churchura, and Chebera) around the park. The purpose of the study was to investigate the impact of human-wildlife conflict around Chebera Churchur National Park. The study objectives were to identify the major problems that occur due to wild mammals, to investigate the effect of wild-mammals on the livelihoods of the people around CCNP and to suggest some possible solution for human wildlife conflict. The research used descriptive method and data were collected using questionnaires, interview, and filed observation. The target population of the study were 1032 (one thousand thirty two) households from four rural villages closer to the park. This study used a sample size of 164 respondents out of which 154 questionnaires were filled and returned.Crop damage and human disruption are the major difficulty in the area. The most responsible identified wild mammals for conflict were Anubis baboon, Vervet Monkey and Wild Pig. The majority the respondents 86 (56%), suffering from crop damage. Most of the respondent (65%) had negative attitudes toward problem posing animal. The Most raided crops were Maize (80%) and Banana (63%).Guarding, fencing, and different deterrent methods are used for defending crop damage by wild animals. Thus, encouraging local communities to grow unpalatable crops to wild animal, to cooperatively guard their crop and to changing their farming practice to cash crops like, Coffee and Chat is important to reduce the challenges associated with crop raiding by wild animals. Key words: Conflict, protected area, crop loss and crop riders.Item Human-Wildlife Conflict with Special Emphasis on Pest Primates in and Around Chato Forest, Horro Woreda, Western Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2017-09) Regasa Asebe; Jebessa Habte (PhD)This study was conducted to assess human wildlife conflict with special emphasis on pest primates around Chato forest, Horo district, Western Ethiopia. The study was carried out from September2016 to June 2017. The main objective of the study was to identify the cause and effect of human wildlife conflicts, to estimate the loss of crops destroyed by pest primate and to estimate the population size of primate pest in the study sites. The data for this study was collected via structured questionnaires, Focus Group Discussion, direct observation and secondary sources. Field observation using line transect was used to estimate the population size of pest primates and to estimate the crop loss due to pest primates. The collected data was analyzed by Statistical Package for Social Science. Chi-square test was employed to compare number of Anubis baboon and Vervet monkey counted during dry and wet season and also was employed to compare traditional methods used by the respondents. The result of the respondents should 66.1% and 12.4% existence of Human wildlife conflict manifested via crop damage and livestock predation respectively. The findings also showed that there was significantly different on the number of Anubis Baboon in dry and wet season (p<0.05).The response of respondents report that habitat disturbance, increased subsistence agriculture, deforestation as causes of Human wildlife conflict. Anubis Baboon, Vervet monkey, Wild pig, Warthog, Porcupine and Civet cat were identified as damage causing wild animals. Most raided crops were maize (Zea mays) in the production season. About 28.1% of maize was damaged by crop raiders from the total estimated maize plant. A total of 265 and 295 Anubis baboon and 168 and 206 Vervet monkey were estimated in the sampled forest in dry and wet season respectively. Respondents used guarding, making scarecrow, chasing and smoking to defend crop raiders. There was significant difference between the respondents (P<0.05) in using those traditional methods in which about 70% of them used guarding and 4.1% of them used smoking which was the highest and lowest methods used by respondents respectively. The present study identifies the major causes of Human wildlife conflict in Horro district, western Ethiopia and manifested through crop damage and livestock predation, wild animals habitat disturbance and increased subsistence agriculture. Therefore, based on the finding of this study, it is recommended palatable and nutritive crops should not be grown near the forest edge, educate the local community about a benefit, wildlife conservation ,conservation education is paramount and cooperatively keep their crop. Key words: Human wildlife conflict, crop raiders, pest, habitat disturbanceItem The Impact of Eucalyptus Plantation Expansion on Food Security in Bambasi Woreda, Benishangul Gumuz Regional State Western Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2016-08) Admassu Getachew; Jebessa Habte (PhD)The study was conducted at Bambasi woreda Asossa zone Benishargul Gumuz Regional state(B.G.R.S) in the western part of Ethiopia. The objective of the study was to observe if the Eucalyptus plantation expansion affect the food security. The study through questionnaire, interview and field observation proved that as the farmers in the area planting Eucalyptus for its more income generation, being construction materials and for fire wood requirement. These benefit which are obtained from the Eucalyptus plantation devoted the farmers to expand the plant on their crop land in a very fast rate. The crop lands of the area are being converted to the Eucalyptus plantation. Crop fields are decreasing from year to year which is resulting in the reduction of food crops in the locality. The plant produce higher biomass within a short period of time by consuming much amount of water and nutrients from the soil. Other plant species and crop plants are being dominated by the shortage of water and nutrient. On the other hand, it’s shading effect and alellopathic chemicals which is produced from different parts of the tree is controlling the growth of other plant species. If the plantation expansion of the plant continue in the presenting rate the community in the study area may suffer from food security. So all the stake holders in the area should take part in banning of the expansion of Eucalyptus on fertile crop landsItem The Impact of Fincha Sugar Factory Plantation Expansion On Forest Covers Change and Wildlife Specifically on Large Mammals(Addis Ababa University, 2017-08) Deressa Alemayehu; Jebessa Habte (PhD)Large scale agriculture uses agricultural machinery to mechanize the practices of agriculture. It is one of the leading causes for the loss of forest and wildlife in many countries including our country, Ethiopia. Information on forest cover change that occurred from 1972 to 2000 in Fincha valley was compared with the present time using GIS and remote sensing method. Key informants, focal group’s discussion and observation methods were used. Because of the limited resources only some environmental parameters were selected. These parameters are forest cover change, wildlife, and climate. The Shannon diversity index (H') and rate of land use land cover change analysis were used to detect the spatial change of forest cover and wildlife in the study area. The highest and lowest plant diversity was seen at Neshe and east bank (H'= 1.57 and 0.95) respectively. The highest and lowest large mammals diversity was seen at Neshe and east bank (H'= 8.47 and 1.25) respectively. The result from rate of land use land cover change analysis indicated that agricultural land, built area and degraded land are increasing. However, the forest cover and wetland are declining. This is mainly due to the plantation expansion of Fincha sugar factory agricultural land and expansion of built area’s made in the area. As over twenty years rain fall, and temperature data indicated, no abrupt inclining or declining trend is observed that could tell the possible impacts of the project. This study was address relevant issues on the impact of large scale agriculture on forest and wildlife and provides recommendation which may contribute to the sustainability of natural forests and conservation of the wildlife habitat in the study area. Generally, despite the significance of the Fincha plantation expansion project, it has negative impact on forest coverage and wildlife habitat. This is evident from vegetation cover distraction, and migration and losses of large mammals. If the current condition continues the problems may out weight the benefits of the plantation expansion irrigation project. Thus in the project site and adjoining areas urgent environmental conservation is necessary. This helps to sustain the existing and revitalize the fading resources. Key Words: Large Scale Agriculture; Land use; land Cover;Loss of wild life; Environmental impact.Item The Impact of Large Scale Agriculture on Forest and Wildlife in Diga Woreda, Didessa Valley, Oromia Regional State, Western Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2016-08) Ganfure Olani; Jebessa Habte (PhD)Large scale agriculture uses agricultural machinery to mechanize the practices of agriculture. It is one of the leading causes for the loss of forest and wildlife in many countries including our country, Ethiopia. Information on forest cover change that occurred from 1986 to 2006 in Diga district( Woyessa Dimtu, Bekiltu Gudina and Melka Beti Jirma kebeles) was compared with the present time using Geographic information system (GIS). The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of large scale agriculture on forest cover change by using the satellite image of the study area and other data collecting methods such as household’s interview, KI, FGD and observation (survey) to detect its effect on wildlife. The study employed both qualitative and quantitative data as well as primary and secondary data sources to collect necessary information. The information providers were purposively selected from sample ‘kebeles’ based on their age and experiences, that is, to get a detail and accurate information elders and experts who have lived in the area for many years and who know more how and when the Hanger- Didessa state farm had established were selected. The state farm covered a large area, that is, about four districts such as Sasiga, Diga, Arjo and Guto Gida. For this study Diga was selected because of its socio economic characteristics, deforested (degraded) area, local loss of larger mammals and forest cover changes observed in the district. Descriptive research method was used to assess community’s knowledge, perception, skill and feeling about the impact of LSA on forest and wildlife in the area. Land cover change analysis for 1986 to 2006 showed that the land cover of the study area is classified as grazing, wood, agricultural, settlement and degraded lands. The result of the analysis showed that agriculture, settlement and degraded lands increased from 19.68% to 32.72%, 12.12% to 26.85% and 2.76% to 4.72% respectively in an expense of decrease in grass (grazing) and woodlands. Therefore, LSA is the major cause for the loss of forest and wildlife in the study area. Key words/phrases: Large Scale Agriculture, Didessa State Farm, Forest, Wildlife, Deforestation and Monoculture.