Browsing by Author "Samson Wakuma"

Now showing 1 - 19 of 19
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Assessing the Prevalence of Occupational Injury in Standard and Shift Work among Textile and Garment Workers in Adama, Ethiopia.
    (Addis Abeba University, 2021-06) Seble Fekadu; Samson Wakuma
    Background: Occupational accidents and work-related diseases have a major impact on individuals and their families, not only in economic terms, but also in terms of their physical and emotional wellbeing in the short- and long-term. Furthermore, they can have major effects on enterprises, affecting productivity, leading to potential disruptions of production processes, hampering competitiveness and impacting on the economy and society more widely. However, different studies have been conducted on prevalence and associated factors of injury, but the prevalence of injury during standard and work shift is not separately reflected in any of the studies. While, Adama is one of the industry zone in the country but no study conducted on occupational injury in textile factories. Objective: The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence of injury occurred in standard and Shift work pattern among textile and garment workers in Adama Oromia. Methods: Institution based comparative cross-sectional study design applied in three textile and garment factories from February 2020 to January 2021. A total of 588 (294 rotational shift and 294 regular day workers) were participated. Structured questioner and observation checklist were used to collect the data. Data entered with Epi data version 3.1 and was analyzed using SPSS version 25. Significance of association determined by p- value < 0.05 and adjusted Odds ratio with 95 % CI. Result: The prevalence of occupational injury among rotational shift workers is higher (316 per 1000) than regular day workers (201 per 1000). The difference in prevalence is significant (X =10.257; P<.001). Shift workers are 1.843 times [OR= 1.843: 1.265, 2.686] more likely exposed to occupational injury than regular day workers. Absence of health and safety training [[AOR= 7.01: 3.237, 15.204], [AOR= 7.01: 3.237, 15.204]], safety supervision [[AOR= 3.13:1.692, 5.813], [AOR= 3.81: 1.967, 7.381] sleep disorder [[AOR= 3.12: 1.680, 5.806], [AOR= 2.73: 1.325, 5.647]] and Personal Protective Equipment were significant factors identified in rotational and regular day work, respectively. Conclusion: The prevalence of occupational injury is higher among rotational workers than regular day workers. Sleep disorder, health and safety training and supervision are among the factors associated with occupational injury. Recommendation: Employers should arrange health and safety training before engaging to work for new employees and dedicate spaces for short naps and help workers to use properly. Regular and consistent supervision should be maintained atwork places by health and safety officers at industries as well by Bureau of Labour and Social Affairs at regional and zonal level. Employees Workers should have to take enough rest after night works and should take nap in between at nighttime if sleep disturbs their work in addition to consistent use of Personal Protective Equipment.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Assessment of Chronic Respiratory Symptoms and Associated Factors among Marble Factory Workers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a Comparative Cross-Sectional Study.
    (Addis Abeba University, 2021-01) Ephrem Bogale; Samson Wakuma
    Background :Marble used in the sculpturing of statute and the construction of buildings and monuments is metamorphic limestone. Persons employed in carving statues from stone and marble rock are exposed to dust containing particles of calcium carbonate and silica. Marble has been commonly used as a building material since ancient times. During the cutting process about 25-30%, the original marble mass is lost in the form of dust which is suspended in the air and then inhaled by the workers. Dust particles that are inhaled are lodged in the lung and cause chronic respiratory diseases. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the magnitude of chronic respiratory symptoms in marble factory workers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and to compare it with a control group of Awash Wine Factory workers who had low level of dust exposure. Objectives: This study was designed to assess the prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms and associated factors among marble factory workers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: A comparative cross sectional study was done in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia from 21 October 2020 up to 10 January 2021. The Marble factory, which has a high level of dust exposure, and the Awash Wine Factory, which has a low level of dust exposure, were the subjects of a comparative cross sectional study. The study enlisted 492 participants selected by systematic random sampling method and were interviewed using a modified British Medical Research Council respiratory and American Thoracic Society and National Heart & Lung Institute Division of Lung Disease Respiratory Questionnaire. EPI DATA 3.1 software was used to enter data, and SPSS version 23 was used to analyze it. To determine the relationship between determinant factors and chronic respiratory symptoms, descriptive statistics, bivariate logistic, and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used. Result: The mean ages of the participants in the marble factory were 40.41(SD± 9.1) and the mean age of the control group was 40.46 (SD± 9.6). According to the study, the prevalence of chronic respiratory problems was 42.1 percent in marble manufacturers and 16.2 percent in wine factories. Income below 3000 birr, family history of chronic respiratory symptoms and current smoking habits were variables with bivariate significance but multiple logistic regression analysis showed that age greater than 40, previous respiratory disease confirmed by physician, personal protective equipment, past history of confirmed health problems, service years more than 10 years in the factory, and working hours greater than 48 per week were independent factors that determine the development of chronic respiratory symptoms. Conclusion: The present study concluded that workers in the marble industry had a higher chronic respiratory disease compared to controls. To reduce the impact, it is recommended that the workers should, use proper respiratory protective equipment, reduce exposure hours to dust, check health status for early diagnosis and treatment
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Assessment of Occupational Chromium Exposure and Associated Factors Among Tannery Workers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A Comparative Cross- Sectional Study.
    (Addis Ababa University, 2024-06) Belaynesh Demissie; Samson Wakuma; Teferi Abegaz
    Background: Chromium is not only released into the environment from natural sources but also from industries. The pollutants generated in the tannery industry contain a high concentration of chromium which directly affects human health. Long-term exposure and high concentrations of chromium can cause respiratory challenges, cancer, skin damage, and birth defects. Despite this fact, there is no study done that shows chromium exposure levels in the tannery in Ethiopia. Objective: The objective of this study is to determine the level of chromium in hair samples and associated factors among tannery workers in Addis Ababa Ethiopia. Methods: A comparative cross-sectional study design was conducted to assess the hair chromium level of the tannery workers compared to the bottled water factory workers from November 2023 – June 2024 in Addis Ababa. A simple random sampling method was used to identify a total of 112 study participants with tannery (n=56) and water (n=56) factory workers. The hair samples' chromium levels were analyzed using a microwave plasma emission spectrometer (MP-AES), and structured questionnaires were used to assess the associated factors of hair chromium exposure levels. SPSS Version 26, independent t-test, chi-square, and linear regression were used for analysis. Results: The findings showed that the average hair chromium level of (11.2±10.0) mg/kg among tannery workers was significantly (p<0.001) higher than the average hair chromium level of (4.6±2.7) mg/kg among water factory workers. The linear regression analysis result also observed that working duration in the year, working hours per day, and working sections were statistically significant (p<0.05) relationships to hair chromium levels among tannery workers. Conclusion: This study concluded that the tannery workers had higher significant hair chromium levels as compared to the water factory workers. Consequently, overall, tannery workers had two times higher mean chromium levels as compared to water factory workers. Hence the exposure of chromium in tannery workers should draw much more attention shortly by conducting more research and developing occupational exposure limit guidelines.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Assessment of Occupational Noise Exposure,Temporary Hearing Loss,and Associated Factors Among Secondary Aliminum Production Factory Workers in Debre Berhan Town,Ethiopia.
    (Addis Ababa University, 2023-12) Meseret Nigussie; Samson Wakuma; Yifokire Tefera
    Introduction: Occupational noise is a widespread risk factor with a strong evidence base linking it to an important health outcome (hearing loss).Beside the fact that hearing loss brought on by industrialization is currently a significant public health issue in sub-Saharan Africa, including Ethiopia, Objective: To assess occupational noise exposure, temporary hearing loss, and associated factors among secondary aluminum production factory workers in DebreBerhan Town. Ethiopia Methods: An institutional-based cross-sectional study design was employed from April 1, 2023, to June 30, 2023. The data collection methods were observational checklists, face-to-face interviews, aerial and personal noise level measurements. Trained data collectors participated in the data collection. A total of 458 production workers from the six departments were directly interviewed for the questionnaires, and again, 30 individuals from those production workers, five from each six departments, were selected randomly based on the similar exposure group (SEG) technique for personal noise dosimeter measurements. The data were entered into Epi info version 7 and exported to SPSS version 21 for analysis. Bivariate and multivariable logistic analyses were used to identify the associated factors. Statistical significance was declared using a 95% confidence interval and a p-value of < 0.05. Results: A total of 458 workers participated in this study, making the response rate 100%. Among the participants, 276 (60.1%) were males, with a mean age of 25.3 (+3.64) years. The prevalence of temporary hearing loss among workers was 69%, 95% (CI, 64.5-73.2%).Working departments and working hours were significantly associated with temporary hearing loss. The maximum average noise exposure levels for an 8 hours working day were recorded in the cold rolling mill (96.2 ± 0.82 dB (A)) and sizing (94.6+ 2.88 dB (A)) work sections. Conclusion: - This study indicated that workers in a secondary aluminum production factory are exposed to a very high noise level with a high prevalence of hearing loss. Working departments and duration of exposure (length of working hours) were the determinant factors to hearing loss. Recommendation: - The factory should implement noise control methods, such as engineering or administration with providing hearing protective devices to reduce the noise exposure of workers.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Assessment of Occupational Noise Exposure,Temporery Hearing Loss and Associated Factors Among Secondary Aluminum Production Factory Workers in Debre Berhan Town, Ethiopia.
    (Addis Ababa University, 2023-12) Meseret Nigussie; Samson Wakuma; Yifokire Tefera
    Introduction: Occupational noise is a widespread risk factor with a strong evidence base linking it to an important health outcome (hearing loss).Beside the fact that hearing loss brought on by industrialization is currently a significant public health issue in sub-Saharan Africa, including Ethiopia, Objective: To assess occupational noise exposure, temporary hearing loss, and associated factors among secondary aluminum production factory workers in DebreBerhan Town. Ethiopia. Methods: An institutional-based cross-sectional study design was employed from April 1, 2023, to June 30, 2023. The data collection methods were observational checklists, face-to-face interviews, aerial and personal noise level measurements. Trained data collectors participated in the data collection. A total of 458 production workers from the six departments were directly interviewed for the questionnaires, and again, 30 individuals from those production workers, five from each six departments, were selected randomly based on the similar exposure group (SEG) technique for personal noise dosimeter measurements. The data were entered into Epi info version 7 and exported to SPSS version 21 for analysis. Bivariate and multivariable logistic analyses were used to identify the associated factors. Statistical significance was declared using a 95% confidence interval and a p-value of < 0.05. Results: A total of 458 workers participated in this study, making the response rate 100%. Among the participants, 276 (60.1%) were males, with a mean age of 25.3 (+3.64) years. The prevalence of temporary hearing loss among workers was 69%, 95% (CI, 64.5-73.2%).Working departments and working hours were significantly associated with temporary hearing loss. The maximum average noise exposure levels for an 8 hours working day were recorded in the cold rolling mill (96.2 ± 0.82 dB (A)) and sizing (94.6+ 2.88 dB (A)) work sections. Conclusion: This study indicated that workers in a secondary aluminum production factory are exposed to a very high noise level with a high prevalence of hearing loss. Working departments and duration of exposure (length of working hours) were the determinant factors to hearing loss. Recommendation: The factory should implement noise control methods, such as engineering or administration with providing hearing protective devices to reduce the noise exposure of workers.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Assessment of Occupational Skin Diseases and Associated Factors among Construction Industry Workers in Adama Town, Oromia Region, Ethiopia.
    (Addis Ababa University, 2023-11) Radiya Sultan; Samson Wakuma; Abera Kumie
    Background: - Occupational skin diseases are an occupational dermatosis that is caused by exposure to hazards at work, or skin contact with substances used at work activities. The activities are practiced in construction work, such as masonry, painting, plastering, sand, and cement mixing. These may finally lead to exposures that can issue the workers with risks of developing occupational skin diseases. Objective: The main objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of occupational skin disease and associated factors among building construction industry workers in Adama Town, Oromia region, Ethiopia. Methods and Materials: - Institutional based cross-sectional study design was conducted from March 15, 2023 to April 15, 2023, in Adama Town, Ethiopia. A total of 420 randomly selected workers from eleven construction industries participated in the study. NOSQ version 2002 for assessment of skin disease was used through interview and observation checklist to collect primary data. Data were entered into EPi info version 7.2 and cleaned and transferred to SPSS version 26 windows for analyses. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to determine factors associated with the occurrence of skin diseases. Result:-The prevalence of occupational skin disease among construction workers was 58.6 % in the preceding 12 months. The factors that were significantly associated with the occurrence of skin disease included illiterate [AOR= 3.97, 95% CI (1.09 - 14.41)], assistant mason workers [AOR= 2.18, 95% CI (1.02 - 4.66)], working hours per day: >8 hours [AOR= 1.80, 95% CI (1.09 - 2.98)], permanent [AOR= 6.84, 95% CI (3.49 - 13.38)], not provided hand washing facilities [AOR= 2.19, 95% CI (1.24 - 3.864)], unavailability of PPE [AOR= 2.86, 95% CI (1.61 - 5.11)], not implemented of rules [AOR= 2.86, 95% CI (1.61 - 5.11)], and didn’t use PPE [AOR= 2.24, 95% CI (1.22 - 4.10)], were influenced the prevalence of occupational skin diseases. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the prevalence of occupational skin diseases is high in these construction workers. The determinant factors; educational status, job category, working hours per day, employment condition, provided with hand washing facilities, unavailability of PPE, not using personal protective equipment and enforcement of OSH-related rules had shown a significant association with an increased prevalence of skin disease. Key Words: Contact dermatitis, Personal protective equipment, Occupational skin disease, Preventive Measures, Construction workers.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Assessment of Paper Dust Exposure and Chronic Respiratory Symptoms among Paper Factories Workers in Ethiopia, 2020: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study
    (Addis Abeba University, 2020-12) Bereket Meskele; Samson Wakuma
    Background: workers in paper and pulp factories are continuously exposed to paper dust. Excessive exposure to paper dust can cause respiratory disease. The prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms and dust exposure level among workers in paper and pulp factories were not available in Ethiopia. Objective: To assess personal dust exposure level, prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms and their associated factors among workers of paper factories in Ethiopia, 2020. Methods: A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2020 to October 2020. A total of 40 dust measurements was carried out on 20 randomly selected production workers from two paper factories. To assess chronic respiratory symptoms and associated factor a total of 448 workers from paper factories and control were interviewed using standard questionnaire adapted from American Thoracic Society (ATS). For data entry and analysis, Epi-Info Version.7.2 and SPSS Version.20 statistical software were used respectively. Gravimetric analysis of the filters were done by using a standard micro balance. The total dust concentration was described in mg/m 3 and compared with Occupational Exposure Limit Value (OEL). The descriptive statistics were described using tables. Poisson regression was performed for comparing prevalence of the two groups. Bivariate and multivariable analyses were used for association factor. Result: The arithmetic mean (AM) and geometric mean (GM) of dust exposure level among paper factories workers were 11.3 (±7.7) and 10.2 (±1.4) mg/m 3 respectively. About 35% of workers exposure level exceeded the threshold limit value recommended for total dust (10 mg/m 3). The prevalence ratio of developing chronic respiratory symptoms among paper factory workers was 5.6 times (PR = 5.6, 95% CL: 3.58 - 8.77) higher than control. Chronic respiratory symptoms were significantly associated with factors such as educational status less than grade 9, nearly all work sections of paper factories, work experience 5 years and above, more than 8 working hour per day, past history of occupation and respiratory illnesses. Conclusion and Recommendation: The prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms among paper factory workers as compared to control was high. This was more common and determinant factors among less educational status, all work section of paper factories except pulp and recycle paper milling, longer work experience and working hours per day, having past history of occupational and respiratory illness. MoLSA should be give supportive supervision and solution to mitigate exposure and improve working environment.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Assessment of Prevalence of Chronic Respiratory Symptoms and Lung Function among Fuel Station Workers in Addis Abeba, Ethiopia.
    (Addis Abeba University, 2019-10) Bezawit Girma; Abera Kumie; Samson Wakuma
    Background: Fuel station workers are continuously exposed to organic and inorganic chemicals present in the petrol and diesel fuel. Occupational exposure of petroleum product and its exhaust are causing significant health damage to the airways and the lung tissue. Respiratory health study among exposed fuel station workers is not available in Ethiopia. Objective: To assess prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms and associated factors and determining the lung function status among fuel station and security service giving agency workers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: Comparative cross-sectional study was conducted from February–April 2019. A total of 394 workers from fuel station and security service giving agency were interviewed using standard questionnaire to assess chronic respiratory symptoms. Spirometer test was performed for 100 workers. Four companies; National Oil Ethiopia, Total Ethiopia, Libiya Oil Ethiopia and Yetebaberut were identified to select study unit. The sample size of the study proportionally distributed to each of the company’s based on their number of workers they had at the time of the data collection. Individual gas stations were selected randomly by each stratum of Oil Company. All workers, from the selected station, those fulfilled the inclusion criteria were included in the study population. For the comparison group; one security service giving agency was selected and study participant was selected by using systematic random sampling from the pay roll list. Data was entered using Epi info version 7.2. Data cleaning and analysis was performed by using SPSS version 23. Result: The mean age of fuel station and security service giving agency workers were 34.47±8.2 and 32.98 ±9.94 respectively. Fuel station workers had significantly higher prevalence rate of chronic respiratory symptoms than security service giving agency workers (48.7%; PR= 2.1, 95 % CI, 1.43-3.1). Chronic respiratory symptoms among study participant were associated significantly with past exposure to dust and petrol vapour (AOR= 2.4, 95 % CI = 1.24-4.7), history of past respiratory illness (AOR = 9.54, 95 % CI, 3.91-23.28) and passive smoking (AOR = 4.21, 95 %CI, 1.19-14.86). Significant reduction in the lung function parameter value of FEV1 and FVC were observed among fuel station workers compared to security service giving agency workers. Conclusion and recommendation: prevalence of chronic respiratory symptom among fuel station workers was higher when compared with security service giving agency workers. Past exposure to dust and petrol vapour, past respiratory illness and passive smoking significantly associated with development of at least one chronic respiratory symptom. Lung function parameters; forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume at one second (FEV1) also decrease significantly among fuel station workers relative to comparative group. The results suggest that there is need to improve health status and reduce the exposure level of the workers.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Assessment of Self-Reported Work Related Low Back Pain and Associated Factors among Nurses Working in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) At Public and Private Hospitals, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
    (Addis Ababa University, 2017-04) Wondwosen Yehualaw; Samson Wakuma
    Introduction: Low back pain (LBP) related to nursing profession, is a very common public health problem throughout the world. Nurses working in intensive care units are caring for people that are normally bedridden and helpless who require more assistance with transfers and handling. Therefore they have more ergonomic risks and experience low back pain more frequently. Little is known about the prevalence and associated factors of LBP among nurses working in ICU in our setup and there were no studies conducted on this subject in Ethiopia. Objective: To assess the prevalence of self-reported work related low back pain and associated factors among nurses working in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) at Public and Private Hospitals of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 410 nurses working in ICU at all Public and Private Hospitals that have ICU in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia from March, 2017 to April, 2017.Data was collected by direct interview using a structured questionnaire adapted from Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire. The questionnaire was translated in to Amharic and pre-tested before the actual data collection. The data was entered by using EPI-INFO version 7 and to analyze the data, Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21 application was employed. The data was checked for accuracy before analysis. Bivariate logistic regression analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to assess the degree of association. Results: From 448 study subjects the study included 410 nurses and gave a response rate of 91.5%. The mean age was 28.67 (±5.46) years. Majority of the respondents were females (306 (74.6%). And most of the participants (82.9%; (95% CI=78.6%-86.6%)) were complained Low Back Pain. There were statistical significant association between Low Back Pain with Sex, BMI, Years of experience in ICU, ICU work shift status, Regular Physical Exercise, Work environment, Assistance from co-workers, Working hours in a weak, and Inadequate rest interval. Conclusion: A high prevalence of LBP was found among ICU Nurses working in Addis Ababa Public and private Hospitals. Work environment and personal factors were the major associated factors for LBP. Preventive measures should be taken like providing resting periods and having Regular Physical Exercise program, to reduce the risk of Low Back Pain among ICU Nurses.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Assessment of the Prevalence of Heat Stress Related Illness among Outdoor Sugar Factories Workers in Ethiopia.
    (Addis Ababa Universty, 2018-06) Teklu Hailu; Samson Wakuma
    Background: Temperatures are increasing around the globe, exacerbating the existing heat burden of tropical areas for outdoor work environments. Exposure to extreme heat stress can overwhelm the body‟s coping mechanisms leading to a serious condition such as heat stroke, heat exhaustion, heat cramps, heat rashes, and heat syncope. Sugarcane harvesting is an intense job that involves constant exposure to heat and sunlight. Objective: The main aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of heat related illness and current adaptation strategies among outdoor Sugar Factories workers in Ethiopia. Methodology: Institution based Cross-sectional study was conducted from March 25, 2018, to April 30, 2018, among 143 Wonji Shoa and 261 Metahara Sugar Factories workers, Central Ethiopia. Standardized High Occupational Temperature Health and Productivity Suppression questionnaire was used to assess the prevalence of heat related illness among outdoor sugar cane workers and observation checklist and key informants' interview was used to collect data for adaptation strategies. Air temperature and Relative humidity records obtained from Metahara and Wonji Shoa research center were used to calculate Wet Bulb Globe Temperature. Results: The Prevalence of Heat Related Illness in the study population was 299/401 (74.6%). The Heat related symptoms most experienced were sweating by 394(98.3%) and thirst by 393(98%). The Wet Bulb Globe Temperature was highest in March and April reaching, 27 °C and 22 oC in Metahara and Wonji Shoa sugar Estate respectively. Cooling and hydration, taking break/resting, wearing a light cloth during hot day were currently adopted coping strategies to reduce heat stress. Conclusions: Metahara and Wonji Shoa Sugar factories workers had high prevalence of heat related illness. Even if the weather data shows a low risk of heat index, work rate and lack of adequate coping strategies lead workers in high risk of heat stress. Appropriate coping mechanism also needs to be designed for outdoor Sugar Cane workers whose health is negatively impacted by heat stress.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Chronic Respiratory Symptoms and Associated Factors among Fruit and Vegetable Workers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Comparative Cross Sectional Study.
    (Addis Abeba University, 2021-06) Yidnekachew Alemu; Samson Wakuma; Maeza Gezu
    Background: Fruit And Vegetable Market is an abundant source of bio- aerosols as fruits and vegetables are in and out in the daily basis. Thus, regular workers are exposed to these bioaerosols for a significant period of time depending on their work timetable. Exposure to organic and inorganic waste and long term inhalation of bio-aerosols during working hours may be associated with increases in chronic respiratory health symptoms among green grocers. Objective: The objective of this research was to determine the prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms and related factors of fruit and vegetable workers compared with the control, in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods and materials: Comparative cross sectional study was carried out from Sep 2020–July 2021.A total of 314 (156 fruit and vegetable workers and 158 office workers were participated in the study. Chronic respiratory symptoms were assessed by interview method using questionnaire adapted from the British Medical Research Council‟s. Then data was first entered a using Ep info version 7.1. Then data were smoothed, edited using SPSS version 24 software. Multiple linear regressions, bivariate logistic regressions and Multivariable logistic regression were computed to depict the data and related factors. Also culture method was done to count and compare bacterial and fungal concentrations between fruit and vegetable workers and office workers. Results: In this study the prevalence ratio of overall chronic respiratory symptoms (PR = 2.87, 95% CI: 1.772-4.66) was significantly higher fruit and vegetable workers (46.7%) compared to controls (23.4%). And also the bivariate and multivariable logistic regression score showed that sex, (AOR = 2.11, 95% CI = 1.12-3.98) educational status, (AOR = 1.34, 95% CI = 0.78-2.32), Working hours per day (AOR = 3.91, 95% CI = 1.586-9.65), working department (AOR = 3.20, 95% CI = 0.9011.40) were associated with chronic respiratory symptoms. And an average Bacterial and Fungal concentration was also found to be significantly higher in the air of vegetable market (276 Colony Forming Unit) as compared to air in the workplace of controls (7 Colony Forming Unit). Similarly vegetable markets have higher number of fungal concentration than that of the controls. I.e. (too numerous to Count) versus nil respectively. Conclusion: The fruit and vegetable market workers (green grocers) had a higher prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms relative to office workers. So that, respiratory protective devices should be given to deliver preventive measures.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Coffee Dust Exposure and Respiratory Health among Workers in Primary Coffee Processing Factories in Ethiopia.
    (Addis Abeba University, 2019-05) Samson Wakuma; Abebe Kumie; Wakgari Deressa
    Background: Dust exposure is one of the major risk factors for health in many work places including coffee processing factories. Dust generates at different stages of coffee handling and processing. Excessive exposure to coffee dust can cause respiratory health problems. Coffee workers in Ethiopia are exposed to coffee dust, but the level of exposure and the magnitude of its health effect have not been widely investigated. Objectives: The aims of this study were to assess the level of personal total dust exposure, factors affecting dust exposure, the prevalence of respiratory symptoms and lung function reduction among coffee workers. In addition, assessing microbial contamination of coffee at different stages of both wet and dry method on farm coffee processing was a part of this dissertation. Methods: Comparative cross-sectional studies were conducted in primary coffee processing factories involving 3 regions: Oromia Regional State; Addis Ababa City Administration; and Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples’ Region. The study also included a comparative population in 3 water bottling factories, one from each region mentioned above. A total of 360 dust samples were collected from 12 primary coffee processing factories for dust exposure assessment. In addition, 60 total dust samples were collected from the 3 water bottling factories. Dust samplings were collected from breathing zone of workers using 25mm three piece, closed-facedconductivecassettes with a cellulose acetate filter attached to Side Kick Casella pumps with a flow rate of 2 liter/ minute. Observational checklist was used to identify possible determinants for dust exposure. Lung function tests were performed for a total of 420 participants ( 120 male coffee workers 120 male controls, 60 hand pickers with tables, 60 hand pickers without tables and 60 female controls) using a portable spirometer (SPIRARE 3 sensor model SPS 320). Lung function parameters such as Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), Forced Expiratory Volume in one second (FEV1), the mean forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of the FVC (FEF) and ratio FEVFVC were measured. Prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms was assessed with an interview, using a standardized questionnaire adopted from the American Thoracic Society. 1/Coffee cherries each weighing about 25 grams were sampled from each stage of the wet and dry processes for microbial contamination assessment. Standard Plate Count agar was used 25-75% to grow total bacteria and gram stain technique were used to identify gram negative and gram positive bacteria. Data were entered into an electronic database using Epi Data version 3.1 and exported to SPSS version 22 for analysis. Missing values and outliers were checked using frequency tabulation, and then were managed accordingly. The results were described as arithmetic mean, standard deviation, geometric mean (GM), and geometric standard deviation (GSD).A one-way analysis of variance was performed to compare the GM of personal total dust exposure level between different job groups and between tasks. Linear mixed effect regression models were developed to identify significant determinants for personal total dust exposure. Independent t-tests were used to compare the mean values for the continuous variables. The Pearson Chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test, if the expected value was less than 5, were used to test the difference between the groups regarding the categorical variables. Poisson regression analysis with a robust variance was used to determine the prevalence ratio of the different respiratory symptoms between the coffee workers and controls. Analysis of covariance and linear regression were used to compare the mean lung function parameters between the coffee workers and controls while adjusting for confounders. Results: The GM dust exposure among machine room workers ranged from 4.09 to 34.40mg/m3, among transport workers from 3.51 to 24.19 mg/m3, and among hand pickers from0.26 to 5.87 mg/m3. Overall the GM personal dust exposure was significantly higher (P =0.001) for the machine room (12.54 mg/m3) and transport workers (12.30 mg/m) than for the hand pickers (1.08 mg/m3). In these three groups, 84.6%, 84.1%, and 2.6% of the samples exceeded the occupational exposure limit of 5 mg/m3 respectively. The result also indicated that pouring coffee vigorously from a dropping height was the determinant with the highest impact on personal total dust exposure with 3.2-fold increase compared to gradually pouring coffee from a very short height. Coffee workers had significantly higher prevalence of most of the chronic respiratory symptoms compared with the controls. For most of the chronic respiratory symptoms, hand pickers without tables displayed a significantly higher prevalence ratio than in hand pickers with tables. 3Male coffee workers in the age groups 28–39 years and ≥40 years, had a significantly lower FVC and FEV compared to the controls in the similar age groups. There were statistical differences in FEF125-75% between hand pickers and controls. In addition, FVC and FEV were significantly lower among hand pickers without tables than among hand pickers with tables. The results also indicated the presence of gram negative bacteria in dried and stored beans from both the wet and dry process. Conclusion: About 84% of the dust samples among machine room and transport workers in primary coffee processing factories were above the occupational exposure limit value for organic dust. Machine and transport workers in primary coffee processing factories had a higher prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms and lower FVC and FEV than the controls. Pouring coffee beans vigorously from a dropping height, mixing coffee and feeding hopper were the main determinants for increased personal dust exposure level. The dust exposure was related to reduced lung function and higher prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms among coffee workers. Gram negative bacteria found in dried and stored coffee beans, might release endotoxin which may cause respiratory health problems among coffee production workers. Recommendations: Coffee workers should be provided with efficient respiratory protective device and training on its importance prior to employment and regularly afterwards as necessary. Changing process of pouring coffee beans from vigorously to gradual could reduce personal dust exposure level in the coffee factories.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Comparative Cross Sectional Study on Chronic Respiratory Symptoms and Associated Factors among Addis Ababa City Municipal Street Sweepers, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
    (Addis Ababa University, 2016-05) Tsegay Gebrezgher; Samson Wakuma
    Introduction: Street sweepers play an important role in helping the wellbeing of the people and cleanliness of the cities. This job exposes the street sweepers to a variety of risk factors such as dust; toxins and diesel exhaust pollution, which leads them to develop respiratory symptoms and diseases. Objective: This study was designed to assess the prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms and associated factors among street sweepers. Methods: A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted among a sample of 208 street sweepers and 203 petty traders in Addis Ababa city in 36 districts of three selected sub cities; Yeka, Bole and Arada of Addis Ababa city administration from January to May 2016. The data was collected using close ended questionnaire adapted from American Thoracic Society respiratory symptoms questionnaire and observational check list was used to check the accessibility and utilization of personal protective devices. The collected data was entered in to computer using Epi-Info7 then exported to SPSS (version 20) for cleaning and analysis. Frequency distribution, Chi square test and logistic regression were used in data analysis. Result꞉ In this study, the prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms was 113(54.3%) in streets weepers and 51(25.12%) petty traders with prevalence of Cough (43.6% versus 15.3%), Phlegm(24.8% versus 9.4%), Wheezing (19.3% versus 5.4%), breathlessness (17.8% versus 6.4%) and Chest pain (5.3% versus 1.5%). None of the street sweepers used respirator and 57.7% wearing mouth/nose mask. Chronic respiratory symptoms among street sweepers were associated with age(AOR = 1.382, 95 % CI, 1.176-10.861), work experience (AOR = 6.418,95 % CI, 1.604-25.686),working hours (AOR = 3.925, 95 % CI, 2.060-7.477) and past dust exposure (AOR = 2.696, 95 %CI, 1.278-5.685). Conclusions and Recommendations: Chronic respiratory symptoms were highly prevalent among street sweepers than the control group. Age, duration of job, working hours and past dust exposure were identified factors among street sweepers. Therefore, the study has recommended that Pre employment and on service training should be given and, appropriate protective device should be supplied in order to maintain the health and safety of workers. Further studies with cohort study design should be undertaken to identify the factors responsible for higher prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms among the street sweepers.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Prevalence and Associated Factors of Diarrhea among Under-Five Children in Laelay-Maychew District, Tigray Region, Ethiopia.
    (Addis Ababa University, 2015-06) Teklit Angesom; Negussie Deyessa; Samson Wakuma
    Introduction: Acute diarrheal diseases are the leading cause of preventable death, especially among children under-five in developing countries. Worldwide and nationwide (Ethiopia)diarrheal disease is the second leading cause of death in under-five year children only to pneumonia. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the magnitude and associated factors of under-five diarrhea in Laelay-Maychew district. Methods: A community based Cross sectional study was conducted from February 01- February15, 2015. A two stage stratified sampling method was done to select the eligible households. Data was collected by trained data collectors using standard questionnaire and observational check list tested previously which was prepared based on EDHS and WHO core questionnaires related to diarrhea. Data was entered in to a computer using Epi Info 3.5.3 software and exported to SPSS V.21 statistical software for further analysis. Binary Logistic regression analysis was used to determine OR and 95% CI. Variables with p-value <0.2 in the bivariate analysis were entered in to multivariate analysis and with p-value <0.05 in the final model were considered as significant. Result: The two weeks period magnitude of diarrhea among under-five children was 17.7% with95% CI (14.5-20.8) which was associated with children being rural residence [AOR: 1.52, 95%CI(1.26,4.87)], female child [AOR: 3.85, 95% CI(1.8,8.22)], education of mothers [AOR: 0.02,95% CI(0.01,0.12)], households with improved water source [AOR: 0.18, 95% CI(0.02,0.39)],households with ≤20L per capita per day water consumption [AOR: 1.53, 95% CI(1.12,1.97)],and mothers who wash their hand with water and soap/ash [AOR: 0.52, 95% CI(0.24,0.42)]. Conclusion and Recommendation: The two weeks period magnitude of acute under-five diarrhea was relatively high and residence, educational status of the mothers, water source of the households, per capita water consumption of the households, and hand washing methods of the mothers/care takers were significant predictors. So, Females’ education at least to complete primary school, constructing improved water source and giving HE to the community about hand washing methods to use soap at recommended times were recommended.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Prevalence and Associated Factors of Glue Sniffing and Symptoms of Neurotoxicity among Street Children in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
    (Addis Abeba University, 2021) Tony Girma; Teferi Abegaz; Samson Wakuma
    Background: Organic solvent like toluene is a neurotoxin chemical known to cause many health effects targeting mainly the central nervous system. Such chemicals are found in glue. These days, street children are abusing this substance by sniffing on the glue which leaves them for risk of neurotoxicity that is a toxicity of central nervous system.. The magnitude of problem is not explored in our context. Therefore, this study aims to assess the prevalence of glue sniffing and neurotoxicity symptoms among street children who have been exposed to organic solvents through sniffing glue. It‟s also thrives to find out the factors associated with glue sniffing. Method: A cross sectional study was employed using both qualitative and quantitative approaches. Four hundred twenty participants were recruited in this study with a Probabilistic sampling techniques. A modified Germen version Q18 was used to assess neurotoxic symptoms. Focus group discussion (FGD) was used for the qualitative study. Data were transferred to epi info version 7and then transferred to SPSS version (20) for analysis. The qualitative data were collected using one male and one female FDG. Key informants‟ interview was also carried out. Descriptive analysis and Logistic regression analysis was used for the quantitative data whereas Content analyze was done using open code software for the qualitative part. Result: Of 420 participants 330 (78.6%) were male. The prevalence of glue sniffing among street children was found to be 81.9% at 95%CI, of which 274 (79.6%) were male. Depression 293(69.8%), Headache 287(68.3%) and feeling sick 212(50.5%) were the most prevalent neurotoxicity symptoms among street children. Age (AOR=2.04; 95% CI: 1.06-3.93), Work status (AOR=0.49; 95% CI: 0.26-0.91), time on the street (AOR=3.73; 95% CI: 1.78-7.82), Peer pressure (AOR=3.10; 95% CI: 1.72-5.59), stress and depression (AOR=3.72; 95% CI: 2.07-6.68) and self-esteem (AOR=2.86; 95% CI: 1.51-5.43) were significantly associated with glue sniffing. Conclusion: The prevalence of glue sniffing among street children is alarmingly high causing health problem on these children with a high prevalence of neurotoxicity symptoms; depression, headache and short memory. The determinant factors were age, time on street, work status, peer pressure, stress & depression and self-esteem,. Prohibiting the use of glue by law and further study is recommended.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Prevalence and Determinants for Low Back Pain among Taxi Driver Assistants in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia,2023: A Community Based Cross- Sectional Study
    (Addis Ababa University, 2024-12) Kemal Mohammed; Samson Wakuma; Teferi Abegaz
    Background: - Globally Low back pain (LBP) is the most known musculoskeletal problem which causes limitation of activity and work absenteeism and it is one of the major across-the broad public health problems. In Ethiopia there is a high burden of LBP in the working segment of the Ethiopian population including drivers and their assistants. And it is common problem that indicates the importance of the problem in public health which needs an attention. Objective: -The study aims to assess the prevalence and determinants of low back pain among taxi driver assistants in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Method: A cross-sectional study design was employed among taxi driver assistants in Addis Ababa from March-July 2023. A total of 633 taxi driver assistants were participated in the study. A standardized questionnaire adapted from the Nordic questionnaire was used to collect the information. The data‘s were entered and cleaned using Epi-info version 7.2 and exported in to SPSS Version 25 software for data analysis. Descriptive statistics were used to compute means and standard deviations for numerical variables. Bivariate analysis was used to assess the association between these variables and multiple logistic regressions were conducted to identify factors predicting low back pain. The threshold for statistical significance was p<0.05. Result: - A total of 633 taxi driver assistants with the mean age of 26.3 (±7.3) and the mean experience of driver assisting 3.9 (±2.6) was participated in this study. Of the 633 participants, 292 (i.e., 46.1%) reported having low back pain at least for one day in the 12 months prior to the survey. Many of the participants mentioned lack of physical exercise [AOR =6.1,(95% CI, (2.5-15.1)] year of assisting experience [AOR = 3.3 (95% CI, (1.1-9.2)] and There were also respondents who mentioned sitting on uncomfortable seat while assisting [AOR=3.2 (95% CI, 2.4-6.9)] as determinant of low back pain by taxi driver assistants in Addis Ababa. Conclusion: - Low back pain was found to be common among taxi driver assistants in Addis Ababa. Occupation and behavior related factors were noted as strong determinants of LBP among the taxi driver assistants found in the present study. Further study, with an alternative designs, were recommended to investigate other determinants of low back pain among
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Prevalence of Sharp Injury and Associated Factors among Health Care Waste Handlers in Private Hospitals, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2019.
    (Addis Ababa University, 2019-10) Alemayehu Getahun; Girma Taye; Samson Wakuma
    Background: A sharps injury is a penetrating stab wound from a needle, scalpel, or other sharp object that may result in exposure to blood or other body fluids. Wastes containing sharp materials may affect not only health workers who produce them, but also waste collectors and laundry personnel who handle and collect them. In addition, if not managed properly, it carries a substantial risk to the hospital staff, the patients, the community, public health and environment. Objective: To assess the prevalence of sharp injury and associated factors among health care waste handlers in private hospitals found in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 2019. Methodology: An institutional based cross sectional study was conducted from January 01, 2019 to February 30, 2019 among private hospital found in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A total of 437 health care waste handlers working in 25 private hospitals found in Addis Ababa were involved in this study. Data were collected using structured questionnaire adapted from previous similar literatures. The results were described by frequency, percentage, odds ratio, range and mean and presented using tables and graphs. The multi variable logistics regressions analysis were performed to see the association and control the potential confounders. Results: The prevalence of sharp injury experienced among private hospital health care waste handler was 55 (12.8%) in the past 12 months. Age, educational status, working department, total service year, and training on health care waste management were significantly associated with sharp injury. Health care waste handlers working in emergency room had increased the odds of getting sharp injury by 8.7 times compared to inpatient ward (AOR= 8.7; 95% CI= 1.3-60) and health care waste handlers who clean operation room were 8 times (AOR=7.7, CI=1.07-56.3) more affected than inpatient ward. Meanwhile, taking training about health care waste management and infection prevention decreases the odd of getting sharp injury by 3 times than those who do not take training (AOR=2.8, CI= 1.14-6.8). The odds of sharp injury among participant doing overtime were 3 times (AOR= 3.3; 95% CI= 1.117-10) higher than that does not. Conclusion: The prevalence of sharp injury among private hospital health care waste handler was high. Age, educational status, working department, total service year, training, and doing overtime were significantly associated with sharp injury. Remedial actions need to be considered at individual and institutional level.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Self-Reported Work Related Musculoskeletal Disorders and Determinant Factors Of Female Beauty Salon Hair Dressers, In Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
    (Addis Ababa University, 2016-06) Woineshet Bedru; Yifoker Tefera; Samson Wakuma
    Background: Hair dressers are one of the high risk professionals for work related musculoskeletal disorder. Which are not frequently studied and there is little evidence on this problem. So studying about work related musculoskeletal disorder among hairdressers is one of the key issues in improving worker’s health and safety. Objective: The aim of this study is to assess the magnitude and associated factors of self-reported work related musculoskeletal disorder among hair dressers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Method: Across sectional study was conducted among hair dressers who were working in Addis Ababa, city with a sample size of 609. Five sub cities and hairdressing salons were selected randomly. Data were collected using structured questionnaire adapted from Nordic questionnaire. Six data collectors and two supervisors were involved. Data was entered; coded and cleaned using Epi Info version 7 and then the data was exported into the SPSS 20 for analysis. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to determine association. Result: The prevalence of work related musculoskeletal disorders was 76.6%. The most commonly affected body parts were, the lower back (71.5%), shoulder (51.6%) and hand or wrist (46.6%). The risk factors of the WMSDs that were identified included, work experience [AOR: 2.5, 95%CI (1.2-5.4)], time spent in standing position for long periods [AOR: 2.6, 95%CI (1.6-7)], working hours per week [AOR: 1.5, 95%CI (1.06-2.4)], BMI[AOR: 2, 95%CI (1.1-4.1)], and thermal condition[AOR: 1.6, 95%CI (1.0-2.4)]. Taking sufficient rest by hair dressers was one of the coping strategies adopted by the hairdressers. Conclusions and recommendation: The prevalence of work related musculoskeletal disorder among hair dressers was higher and the three most body parts reported were lower back, shoulder and hand. Generally the tasks ,working posture ,work experience, workload, thermal condition and BMI in hair dressing were create a high risk of work related musculoskeletal disorder to hairdressers . The problem should have got public and regulatory bodies attention to promote health of workers in the salon
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Welding Fume Exposure and Prevalence of Chronic Respiratory Symptoms among Micro and Small-Scale Enterprise Metal and office Work in Akaki Kality, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study
    (Addis Abeba University, 2021) Hager Badima; Samson Wakuma; Abera Kumie
    Background: Exposure to welding fume can lead to different respiratory health disorders including lung cancer due to long term exposures. In Ethiopia there are no investigations conducted on the level of personal welding fume dust exposure and prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms. Objectives: This study aims at assessing chronic respiratory illness, associated factors, and the metal fume concentration among micro and small-scale enterprise metal workers and micro and small scale and office workers in Akaki Kality, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: A Comparative cross-sectional study was conducted on a total of 226 metal workers and 217 office workers. Subjects were selected using stratified sampling methods and the establishments were selected by using systematic random sampling technique. The respiratory symptoms were collected using structured questionnaire adapted from American thoracic society and observational checklists were used to assess respiratory protective equipment, work place ventilation and welding sites. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS version 23. Multivariate analysis was conducted to check the association between dependent and independent variables with p=<0.2. Considering P <0.05 as a significant association and 95% CI. Result: The overall prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms among metal and office workers were 23.9% and 9.2% respectively. The Geometric mean personal dust exposure among welders were 5.98 mg/m 3 (±GSD=1.54). A significance association were seen between welding fume exposure and occurrence of chronic respiratory symptoms in lower educational status (AOR: 5.11, 95% CI: 1.35, 19.33) not utilizing respiratory protective equipment (AOR: 3.33, 95% CI: 1.52, 7.31), not getting a safety training (AOR: 2.41, 95% CI: 1.10, 5.28) welding machine maintenance (AOR: 1.87, 95% CI: 1.01, 3.59) and doing welding task indoor (AOR: 6.85. 95% CI: 2.36, 19.89). Conclusion: A significance association were seen between welding fume exposure and occurrence of chronic respiratory symptoms in educational status, usage of respiratory protective equipment, safety training, welding machine maintenance and welding site. Further investigation should be done to strength the finding.