Browsing by Author "Mohammed Dejen"

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    Assessment of Factors Affecting Interregional Conflict Resolution in federal Ethiopia: The Case of Oromia and Somali regions
    (Addis Ababa University, 2018-06) Gezu Geremew; Mohammed Dejen
    The Ethiopian government designed a constitution that have a democratic and human rights that guaranteed for the citizen after the fall of Derg regime . All peoples of Ethiopia have a protection as national and regional in both international convention and Domestic laws within the country. This study was designed to assess the factors affecting interregional Conflict Resolution in Oromia and Somali regions of Ethiopia. In order to address the research objective, this study employed both the descriptive and explanatory research design. Moreover, both qualitative and quantitative research approaches were employed since mixed methods helps to make use of different data source. Data were collected from primary and secondary sources through questionnaires, interviews, document review, FGD and observation. The researcher used both probability and non probability sampling techniques to draw the sample. In total, 50 high experts,15 elders,10 leaders 10 persons from different societies were selected randomly and 25 key informants were purposefully selected. Finally, the raw data collected through the survey were analyzed based on qualitative and quantitative data analysis techniques involving descriptive and SPSS analysis. From this analysis to bring sustainable peace within the two regions were the major problems within the stake holders. The study also found that differentiate the root cause and trigger or immediate cause of the two regions , unclear demarcation of territorial arrangement as a referendum and the miss use of legal binding actors are another problems. So, in order to accommodate the two regions people beneficial differentiations better to have solve demarcation of territorial boundaries problems and mediate genuinely and justice .
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    Assessment of Factors Affecting Interregional Conflict Resolution in Federal Ethiopia: The Case of Oromia and Somali Regions
    (Addis Ababa University, 2018-05) Gezu Geremew; Mohammed Dejen
    The Ethiopian government designed a constitution that have a democratic and human rights that guaranteed for the citizen after the fall of Derg regime . All peoples of Ethiopia have a protection as national and regional in both international convention and Domestic laws within the country. This study was designed to assess the factors affecting interregional Conflict Resolution in Oromia and Somali regions of Ethiopia. In order to address the research objective, this study employed both the descriptive and explanatory research design. Moreover, both qualitative and quantitative research approaches were employed since mixed methods helps to make use of different data source. Data were collected from primary and secondary sources through questionnaires, interviews, document review, FGD and observation. The researcher used both probability and non probability sampling techniques to draw the sample. In total, 50 high experts,15 elders,10 leaders 10 persons from different societies were selected randomly and 25 key informants were purposefully selected. Finally, the raw data collected through the survey were analyzed based on qualitative and quantitative data analysis techniques involving descriptive and SPSS analysis. From this analysis to bring sustainable peace within the two regions were the major problems within the stake holders. The study also found that differentiate the root cause and trigger or immediate cause of the two regions , unclear demarcation of territorial arrangement as a referendum and the miss use of legal binding actors are another problems. So, in order to accommodate the two regions people beneficial differentiations better to have solve demarcation of territorial boundaries problems and mediate genuinely and justice .
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    Challenges and Prospects of Good Governance in Urban Land Management: The Case of Oromia Special Zone, Sululta Town
    (Addis Ababa University, 2019-06) Abebe Sime; Mohammed Dejen
    The purpose of this thesis is assessing the challenges and prospects of good governance in urban land management: the case of Oromia special zone, Sululta town. Accordingly, descriptive survey design was used to conduct the study. Besides, using random sampling with 191 participants from local community households was included in the study. Hence, questionnaires were distributed for 191 respondents. Interview was also held with mayor, land administration officials, offices and investors. FGD was conducted with selected households in the selected kebeles. The quantitative data gathered through questionnaire was analyzed and interpreted using appropriate statistical tools like percentage and frequency. In addition, the data gathered through interview and FGD were analyzed qualitatively. The findings of data analysis indicated that, among the challenges related to good governance of land administration in Sululta town are; lack of performing as per to standard, lack of commitment of officers and officials’ in urban land management in Sululta town. It was also noted that, there was no or minimal local community involvement in land related decision while Sululta town land administration office decides on land issue, even if the decision strike the life of the community. There was also no frequent supervision trend of Sululta town municipal on Land Administration office to ensure good governance in urban land administration. Thus, accountability and transparency issues were not monitored by the municipal. Based on the findings and conclusions of the study, recommendations are forwarded for concerned bodies as; the municipal and land administration officials should commit in empowering work for officers. Additionally, the involvement of community in land administration and compensation process was also assessed as low. Thus, the land administration and the municipal should work on community empowerment for both land compensation and land related policy. Key Words: Urban land, good governance and prospect
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    Contested Secularism in Ethiopia: the Contention between Muslims and the Government
    (Addis Ababa University, 2016-06) Mohammed Dejen; Assefa Fiseha
    This study examines the nature, causes and dynamics of the conflict between the Muslim community and the Ethiopian government, particularly since 2011 over issues related to secularism and freedom of religion. By analyzing the historical trajectories of statereligion relations and the contemporary developments, the study seeks to answer why the relationship between Muslims and the government has soured – despite an auspicious beginning – leading to securitization of Islam in general and Islamic reform movements in particular. This is evident in the firm governmental control over Islamic institutions and the repression of the Muslim protest movement. Muslim grievances and complaints – channeled through their representative, social media and their weekly protests – were articulated in historical and social terms but sought remedy for religious parity within the constitutional framework of secularism and freedom of religion. Using the various complaint letters of the Muslims’ Solution Finding Committee, official speeches, government policy documents and the data obtained from the field through qualitative methods of data collection techniques, the study scrutinizes the concerns and fears of the Muslims and appraises the government’s claim of religious extremism in general and Islamic fundamentalism in particular as a national security threat. At the heart of the contestation lies the defense of secularism on both sides; each accusing the other for ‘violating the secular constitutional order’. From many of the empirical researches conducted so far, the data collected and analyzed in this study and information obtained from the narrations and deeds of the Committee members, the accusation of Muslims (what it calls Salafis/Wahhabis) by the government ‘conspiring for establishing an Islamic government and harboring religious extremism’ is found to be an overstretch and government responses to the demands of Muslims are too simplistic and inaccurate. Many of the government policies and actions towards Muslims are marked by antithetic between ‘bad and good, tolerant and intolerant, moderate and extremist’ that resonates with the western governments’ dichotomy between what Mamdani (2002) calls “good and bad Muslims”. By doing so, the option for promoting the practice of Sufism (supposed to be tolerant, apolitical and hence good) and encouraging Sufi-oriented Muslims to occupy important leadership positions in the Ethiopian Islamic Affairs Supreme Council (Mejilis) have been ‘on the table’ for countering religious extremism and political Islam in the Ethiopian government policy circles. This has resulted in the deep involvement, if not intervention, of government in religious matters, which the principles of secularism and freedom of religion did not warrant. The strategy of encouraging apolitical and tolerant religious groups for developing mutual tolerance and peaceful coexistence between religious communities by itself might not be a bad idea but it has to be done by the government without taking religious side. Secularism should also be interpreted as ‘a constitutional principle’ that requires states to treat all religions equally and their official policies being free from the dictation of religious dictums instead of interpreting it as ‘a way of life’ to be adopted by individuals to secularize students through the prohibition of religious practices in educational institutions.
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    Inter-Ethnic Conflict between Oromo and Gumuz; The Case of Sassiga and Mizhiga Districts (2018-2021)
    (Addis Ababa University, 2021-06) Degu Tesfaye; Mohammed Dejen
    Conflicts harm the socio-economic and political life of a community. Hence, the inter-ethnic conflict between Oromo of Sassiga and Gumuz in Mizhiga districts is an example. The main aim of this thesis is to assess the root causes, and consequences of inter-ethnic conflict between Oromo and Gumuz of the study area 2018-2021. A descriptive research design with a mixed research approach i.e. quantitative and qualitative research approach was employed for this study. To achieve the goal, an attempt was made to collect necessary data using a questionnaire, in-depth interview, Focus group discussions, and review of written documents. Quantitative data were collected through a questionnaire, interpreted, and presented using the table, and percentage. Whereas, qualitative data that were collected through in-depth interviews and Focus group discussions are presented using descriptive methods. The researcher employed purposive and simple random sampling techniques to select research participants. The descriptive analysis made shows that the lack of good governance, the proliferation of small weapons, lack of clear demarcated boundary, and competition over natural resources as the root causes of inter-ethnic conflict between Oromo and Gumuz of the study area. The conflict resulted in economic, social, and political crises in the study area. Thus, the study has proved that to bring sustainable peace in the conflicting area, the administrators of the two districts should give attention to capacity building for peace, Advancing good governance, implementation of rule of law, demographic pressure of the two ethnic groups of the study area, and demarcating boundary based on the consent of the two ethnic groups.
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    The Role of Local Governments in Combating Human Trafficking in Ethiopia: The Case of Addis Ketema Sub City of Addis Ababa City Administration Wereda Seven
    (Addis Ababa University, 2018-05) Wallelign Gessit; Mohammed Dejen
    Currently human trafficking is affecting almost all countries of the world including Ethiopia. Thousands of Ethiopians are exposed to devastating challenges and multitude massacres in the deserts, sea routes as well as in destination countries. Though the government of Ethiopia had enacted a comprehensive anti-human trafficking law, ratified a number of international conventions, and has been making counteracting efforts, human trafficking is still increasing in Ethiopia. Hence, this study questions why? And aims to investigate the anti-human trafficking measures and examine the local practices particularly, in Addis Ketema sub city Wereda seven. There is an urgent need of local, national, regional and international cooperation to combat this exploitation, from government officials to law enforcers and different sectors. Local governments in particular play a key role in improving human trafficking prevention, victim protection and prosecution of traffickers. The general objective of this study is to examine the role of local governments in combating Human Trafficking based on the case of Addis Ababa. For the purpose of this study the research methodology was designed the qualitative case study. In order to pursue the objective of the study the researcher use multi-stage sampling technique and relied on both primary and secondary data source. For the primary data the key informants were selected by using judgmental/purposive sampling technique. Though, both primary and secondary data sources were used in gathering relevant information. The technique of collecting primary data includes in-depth interviews at sub-city and woreda, two focus group discussions with the local officials and community representative. Secondary sources such as published and unpublished materials such as books, proclamation, procedures, directives and manuals are used. Besides, focus group discussion was made with residents of the study area. Consequently, findings of the study show, the issue of human trafficking is mainly connected to individuals’ desire to migrate illegally as an ‘exit strategy’ from poverty, unemployment and lack of economic opportunities in their local area. Though attempts were made to create awareness, provide loans and prosecute traffickers, these attempts could not reduce the problem. Lack of coordination, capacity, commitment, and appropriate amount of resources are the main reasons behind. Local government is crucial to develop democratic structure in federal systems by addressing the grass root society. Accordingly, the importance of local government is increasing in service provision, poverty alleviation and community protection. The study found that local administrative discretionary power is not adequately devolved and accountability to weredas, and also it is not properly designed due to different reasons. It is challenged by many problems such as crucial autonomy still remain in the upper stratum, as well as lack in properly codified rules and regulation in administrative autonomy. As a result, local governments are not mandated effectively as expected in combating human trafficking. In general, this study I argues that antihuman trafficking responses can be successful if the local governments are responsible for their accountability, discretional power and financial abilities. Therefore, it is recommended that local governments need to be granted actual power to combat human trafficking. Key terms: - Local Government; Sub-City administration; discretion power; human Trafficking
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    Self-Rule and Representation in Amhara National Regional State: a Case Study on Argoba Nationality
    (Addis Ababa University, 2016-06) Mohammed Mebrat; Mohammed Dejen
    Nowadays, federalism has been used as a means for the accommodation of diversity of different groups with varied interests by minimizing the possibility of the domination of minority groups by the majority across the world. Ethiopia, in order to manage the diverse interests of its ethnic groups and rectify historical injustices, adopted a federal system de facto in 1991 and de jure in 1995. As one pillar of federalism, self-rule and shared-rule has to be managed fairly for the benefit of all ethnic groups. Self-rule and representation at the center becomes even more crucial in a divided society like Ethiopia. The Ethiopian federal system, though the national constitution invests a lot for the protection of self-rule and representation rights of minority groups, exhibits a gap in fully implementing these rights at the local level. This is mainly due to the legal lacunae and other practical problems manifested in the form of interference from higher officials and the incumbent political party. The Argoba Nationality in South Wollo Zone of the Amhara National Regional State, as a minority nationality group, has less benefited from the federal state arrangement as enshrined in the constitution due to factors related to the above mentioned problems. This study is mainly conducted to examine the practical implementation of the self-rule and representation rights of Argoba Nationality in the Ethiopian federation. By doing so, it addressed two basic questions – how the full measure of self-rule and representation rights of minority groups (taking the Argoba nationality wereda as a case study) is achieved and secured? What factors prohibited and/or contributed the Nationality wereda from practicing these rights? To achieve this purpose, the study has employed qualitative research approach. Both primary and secondary data sources have been consulted. The study found that, the protection of Argoba nationality as a minority and local government is performed through mere recognition of existence. The recognition is not accompanied by other minority ethnic group rights such as a fully-fledged self-rule and representation rights at the center. For the recognition to be practical and meaningful, it is better for the regional state to allow the Argoba Nationality to exercise their self-rule right at the local level and have their fair share at the center by minimizing top-down interference.
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    The Role of Local Governments in Combating Human Trafficking in Ethiopia: The Case of Addis Ketema Sub City of Addis Ababa City Administration Wereda seven
    (Addis Ababa University, 2018-06) Wallelign Gessit; Mohammed Dejen
    Currently human trafficking is affecting almost all countries of the world including Ethiopia. Thousands of Ethiopians are exposed to devastating challenges and multitude massacres in the deserts, sea routes as well as in destination countries. Though the government of Ethiopia had enacted a comprehensive anti-human trafficking law, ratified a number of international conventions, and has been making counteracting efforts, human trafficking is still increasing in Ethiopia. Hence, this study questions why? And aims to investigate the anti-human trafficking measures and examine the local practices particularly, in Addis Ketema sub city Wereda seven. There is an urgent need of local, national, regional and international cooperation to combat this exploitation, from government officials to law enforcers and different sectors. Local governments in particular play a key role in improving human trafficking prevention, victim protection and prosecution of traffickers. The general objective of this study is to examine the role of local governments in combating Human Trafficking based on the case of Addis Ababa. For the purpose of this study the research methodology was designed the qualitative case study. In order to pursue the objective of the study the researcher use multi-stage sampling technique and relied on both primary and secondary data source. For the primary data the key informants were selected by using judgmental/purposive sampling technique. Though, both primary and secondary data sources were used in gathering relevant information. The technique of collecting primary data includes in-depth interviews at sub-city and woreda, two focus group discussions with the local officials and community representative. Secondary sources such as published and unpublished materials such as books, proclamation, procedures, directives and manuals are used. Besides, focus group discussion was made with residents of the study area. Consequently, findings of the study show, the issue of human trafficking is mainly connected to individuals’ desire to migrate illegally as an ‘exit strategy’ from poverty, unemployment and lack of economic opportunities in their local area. Though attempts were made to create awareness, provide loans and prosecute traffickers, these attempts could not reduce the problem. Lack of coordination, capacity, commitment, and appropriate amount of resources are the main reasons behind. Local government is crucial to develop democratic structure in federal systems by addressing the grass root society. Accordingly, the importance of local government is increasing in service provision, poverty alleviation and community protection. The study found that local administrative discretionary power is not adequately devolved and accountability to weredas, and also it is not properly designed due to different reasons. It is challenged by many problems such as crucial autonomy still remain in the upper stratum, as well as lack in properly codified rules and regulation in administrative autonomy. As a result, local governments are not mandated effectively as expected in combating human trafficking. In general, this study I argues that antihuman trafficking responses can be successful if the local governments are responsible for their accountability, discretional power and financial abilities. Therefore, it is recommended that local governments need to be granted actual power to combat human trafficking.
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    Vertical Intergovernmental Relations and Peace-Building in Ethiopian Federation; A Case Study of the Federal Ministry of Peace and Addis Ababa City Administration Peace and Security Bureau.
    (Addis Ababa University, 2024-06) Mikias Tadesse; Mohammed Dejen
    This study explores the interplay between formal and informal intergovernmental relations (IGRs) between the Ministry of Peace (MOP), the Addis Ababa City Administration Peace and Security Bureau (AAPSB), and the Sheger City Security Administration Office in their contributions to peace-building initiatives in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The research, employing a qualitative case study approach with interviews and document analysis, reveals a complex landscape. While a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) exists between MOP and AAPSB, informal communication and reliance on personal connections significantly influence collaboration. The absence of a formal IGR structure, including dedicated forums and offices, coupled with a limited legal framework for fiscal arrangements and a lack of awareness of IGR mechanisms, act as significant hurdles to effective collaboration. The study identifies both institutional and political factors impacting IGRs. Institutionally, the lack of skilled personnel trained in IGR practices and the absence of a dedicated body like a National IGR Secretariat hinder progress. Additionally, the current IGR proclamation lacks detailed implementing regulations and directives. Financial constraints further impede efforts towards joint planning and awareness creation. Politically, factors like party affiliation, overreliance on informal party channels, and a lack of commitment from leaders pose challenges. Despite these limitations, informal IGRs have demonstrably contributed to successful conflict management and improved peace in Addis Ababa. The presence of the MOU signifies progress in cooperation. However, to ensure sustained and effective collaboration for future peace-building efforts, the research recommends strengthening institutional frameworks, establishing dedicated IGR forums and a National IGR Secretariat, enhancing capacity building, and improving the legal framework for IGRs. By implementing these recommendations, IGRs can evolve into a more robust and impactful tool for peace-building in Addis Ababa.
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    Women’s Political Participation and Representation at Local Level in the Ethiopian Federation: The Case of Ankesha Woreda, Awi Zone, Amhara National Regional State
    (Addis Ababa University, 2020-06) AsresZeleke Kassa; Mohammed Dejen
    Women’s political participation and representation at local levels playan importantrole in the general processes of theoverall improvements of women’s life and the socio-economic and political developments of a country. The general objective of this study is to assess the political participation and representation of women at local levels and identify factors affecting their participation by taking Ankesha Woreda as a case study. Both qualitative and quantitative research approach were followed. The researcher has collected both primary data from both women and men citizens as well as government officials in Ankesha Woreda. Despite the fact that Ethiopian women are granted constitutional rights to take part in any affairs affecting their life, they do not exercise equal rights to participate in the country’s politics due to economic, socio cultural and traditional factors.The study identified that the political participation and representation of women in Ankesha Woreda is low when compared to men except for their equal participation in Woreda council. The study found that women are underrepresented in local government structures, like, in kebele councils and cabinets and Woreda cabinets due to deep rooted and a longstanding traditional belief. Thus, the government should confirm equal rights of women based on their competency, experience and educational background at different levels of government council particularly, at local level
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    Women’s Political Participation and Representation at Local Level in the Ethiopian Federation: The Case of Ankesha Woreda, Awi Zone, Amhara National Regional State
    (AAU, 2020-06) Asres Zeleke Kassa; Mohammed Dejen
    Women’s political participation and representation at local levels playan importantrole in the general processes of theoverall improvements of women’s life and the socio-economic and political developments of a country. The general objective of this study is to assess the political participation and representation of women at local levels and identify factors affecting their participation by taking Ankesha Woreda as a case study. Both qualitative and quantitative research approach were followed. The researcher has collected both primary data from both women and men citizens as well as government officials in Ankesha Woreda. Despite the fact that Ethiopian women are granted constitutional rights to take part in any affairs affecting their life, they do not exercise equal rights to participate in the country’s politics due to economic, socio-cultural and traditional factors.The study identified that the political participation and representation of women in Ankesha Woreda is low when compared to men except for their equal participation in Woreda council. The study found that women are underrepresented in local government structures, like, in kebele councils and cabinets and Woreda cabinets due to deep-rooted and a longstanding traditional belief. Thus, the government should confirm equal rights of women based on their competency, experience and educational background at different levels of government council particularly, at local level