International Relations

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Browsing International Relations by Author "Adebo, Tarekegn(PhD)"

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    Al-Qaeda Versus the War on Terror :A Study on Psychological and Economic Causal Factors
    (Addis Ababa University, 2014-06) Fisseha, Ashenafi; Adebo, Tarekegn(PhD)
    Enquiring why terrorism occurs is an endeavour to identify the causes and a ‘root cause’ or at least ‘root causes’ of the phenomenon. More importantly, it is also about identifying the causation or causal analysis, the way in which the cause-events or cause-state of affairs are linked with one another and with the effect-event or effect-state of affair, i.e. terrorism. This research thesis, “Al Qaeda versus the War on Terror: A Study on Psychological and Economic Causal Factors”, is a qualitative and descriptive analysis of the psychological and economic causation of terrorism. The research aims at scrutinizing whether psychological or economic causes can avoid the other from causing terrorism and become the sole causes of terrorism by themselves, as it is claimed by primarily 1 economic or primarily psychological cause-causation. Plus, it aims at scrutinizing whether temporal precedence or causal power matters more in the causation of terrorism and whether economic and psychological factors apply their causal power to yield terrorism on the geographic space or on the ’mind’ entity. The research disagrees with primary-cause and chain of causes-causation. To assert that psychological or economic factors are the sole causes of terrorism or that they first cause one another and then cause terrorism based on temporal precedence is unnatural for two reasons. Firstly, this delinks the emotionality and rationality, the purposiveness and motivation as well as the need for material and non-material gains within a single causeagent of terrorism (the individual terrorist or the group terrorist as unified by group think and sense of belongingness to the group). Secondly, this disregards the fact that psychological and economic factors can cause terrorism without being correlated or related on the basis of temporal precedence, but on the basis of causal power. Therefore, the central argument of this thesis is for simultaneous causation of terrorism by psychological and economic factors applying their causal power on the single entity (‘space’) of the mind within a point of time. 1 Key words: Causation, Chain of causes causation, primarily economic causation, primarily psychological causation, simultaneous Causation, Terrorism
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    International Responses for The Protection of Conflict Induced Internally Displaced Persons Since 1991 In Sudan’s Darfur And Somalia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2014-05) Ayalew, Tizazu; Adebo, Tarekegn(PhD)
    This study examines the existing international normative and institutional responses for the protection of conflict induced internally displaced persons (CIDPs) in the particular countries of Sudan’s Darfur and Somalia. In meeting its objective, the thesis, with a very limited primary data obtained through in-depth interview, primarily depends on secondary data source focusing on extensive document analysis by using different publications such as books, articles, documents, reports, policy papers, proceedings and briefings and so on. Qualitative interpretation was entirely employed as a methodology of analysis. The study suggests that Sudan’s Darfur and Somalia are at the forefront in hosting massive IDPs with a severe humanitarian crisis, resulted by their prolonged internal armed conflicts. Informed by theincreasing crisis of IDPs in those countries as well as IDPs worldwide, the international community is significantly continued in responding for protection and assistance to IDPs ranged from the introduction of normative framework, to the existing a collaborative kind of institutional arrangements. Legal frameworks, such as the Guiding Principles and the Kampala Convention are came to the ground for the specific purpose of protecting and assisting IDPs. Moreover, under the Cluster Approach, the UN agencies and non-UN international intergovernmental and nongovernmental organizations are currently involved in the protection of IDPs in Darfur and Somalia. As the study examines the issue, focusing on the particular countries of Sudan’s Darfur and Somalia’s CIDPs, although the existing international legal and institutional as well as humanitarian and political response for protection and assistance to IDPs is significantly in a growing concern, the system is yet in ad hoc and fledgling nature of humanitarian support, with weak and unpredictable institutional arrangement
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    The Maritime Dimensions of Security in the Horn of Africa: The Case of Somali Piracy
    (Addis Ababa University, 2012-03) Chala, Teshome; Adebo, Tarekegn(PhD)
    This study examines the maritime dimensions of security in the Horn of Africa in relation to recent rise of piracy in the Somalian coast. Nowadays it is obvious that maritime transport is the core element of world economy and each disturbance in the world shipping can create serious problems for world economy because 85% of world trade relies on maritime transport, especially now when the world crises appeared. Currently Somali piracy forms maritime threats and vulnerabilities into the African security landscape. Since the collapse of the Somali state in the early 1990s, international community have expressed their concern toward the rise of piracy off the Somali coast and the waterways of the Gulf of Aden. Particularly, the 2008 years marked an exceptional increase in pirate attacks in Somali waters and received widespread media attention. The attacks did not only increase in number but also became more sophisticated in materials. The increase in pirate attacks off the Horn of Africa is directly linked to continuing insecurity and the absence of the rule of law in war torn Somalia, while additional conditions aggravate the problem. The absence of a functioning government in Somalia remains the single greatest challenge to regional security and provides freedom of action for those engaged in piracy along the Somali coast. Some observers also have alleged that the absence of coastal security authorities in Somalia has allowed illegal international fishing and waste dumping occur in Somali waters, which in turn has undermined the economic prospects of some Somalis andproviding economic or political motivation to some groups engaged in piracy. The anti-piracy efforts of the global community have not yet resulted in significant successes as the world focusing on fighting the symptoms of piracy. Nevertheless, some small positive developments are apparent, mainly in regard to strengthening a coordinated and uniform approach among them
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    The Role of Private Military and Security Companies in African Conflicts: With Particular Reference to the Conflicts in Sierra Leone and Angola
    (Addis Ababa University, 2011-04) Gizaw, Eyasu; Adebo, Tarekegn(PhD)
    This thesis discusses the role and the involvement of Private Military and Security Companies (PMSCs) in the conflicts in Sierra Leone and Angola. The involvement of PMSCs in the conflicts in question was fundamentally facilitated by state weakness and regime insecurity. Regimes in both countries played a crucial role in inviting foreign private military forces in the wake of rebellion against the regimes. The paper employed qualitative, explanatory and descriptive research methodology. The data gathering method utilized is secondary sources which include books, articles, official documents and other publications. The study’s main findings include: first, the involvement of PMSCs in the conflicts in Sierra Leone and Angola challenges (at least in the context of weak states in Africa), the traditional realist assumption in IR that the state is the exclusive actor that enjoys monopoly on legitimate use of force; second, in African conflicts in general and in the conflicts in Sierra Leone and Angola in particular the involvement of PMSCs is linked with the exploitation of strategic mineral resources such as diamonds, oil, coltan and others; third, though PMSCs are hired by their clients to end conflicts, the study shows that such entities in fact escalate conflicts; fourth, the study revealed that PMSCs hugely undermine state sovereignty by deploying a competitive and parallel structures of force within a single sovereign jurisdiction. It is assumed in the traditional parlance in IR and political science that conflict is a political process and thereby falls within the public sphere. However, privatization of security removes conflict from the public arena as events in Sierra Leone and Angola have shown. Thus regardless of the claim that PMSCs fill the security void in Africa where public security forces are inept, partial, or both, the involvement and the role of PMSCs in African conflicts in general and the conflicts in Sierra Leone and Angola in particular is a symptom of state failure in terms of provision of security to the people, protection of territory and resources. It is therefore believed that privatization of security in the form of PMSCs surrogates the state in Africa and has deleterious effect in one of the core responsibilities of the state
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    The Significance of Neoliberalism in the Political Economy of Sub-Saharan Africa: The Case of Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2011-05) Reta, Tewodros; Adebo, Tarekegn(PhD)
    Currently because of the age of globalization the world is becoming to be conceived as a village. One of the major projects of globalization is the integration of the political economy of the less developed regions in to the global political economic order. Accordingly, during the past few decades the continent of Africa has been trying to integrate itself in to the international political economy either forcefully or by consent. The driving force of this integration is the ideology of neoliberalism. Under this integration states are recommended or forced to open up their markets to foreign companies competitions, to minimize the role of the government in the economy including minimizing the government expense for social security and social goods, to create fertile grounds for the market to be the only means to distribute the wealth of a nation and the prices of goods and services to be determined based on the principles of demand and supply, etc… The central question of this research is “does neoliberalism work in Africa?” The empirical discussion is made in Ethiopia. It tries to give deep explanations about the theoretical principles of neoliberalism and also this research deals with arguments for and against neoliberalism in to the political economy of Sub-Saharan Africa. Then the research proceed to the debates between the Revolutionary Democrats and Liberal Democrats concerning to the role of ideology of liberalism (neoliberalism) in the political economy of Ethiopia. After analyzing some key issues of the ongoing debate, the research findings conclude that the ideology of neoliberalism doesn‟t work in Africa. It is the conclusion of this research that neoliberalism is an ideology which doesn‟t subscribe to the socio-economic and political realities of the continent of Africa. When we come to the case of Ethiopia, after considering the strong and weak sides of both Revolutionary Democracy and Liberal Democracy, the author argues that we have to search for another political and economic ideology that can subscribe to the realities of the country. Key words:- Neoliberalism, Ideology, Sub-Saharan Africa, Ethiopia, Political-Economy, Theoretical Principles