History

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Browsing History by Author "Belete Bizuneh (PhD)"

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    A History of Malaria Eradication and Control Service/Program in Ethiopia (1959-1995)
    (Addis Ababa University, 2022-06-01) Natnael Lemlem; Belete Bizuneh (PhD)
    This study explores the history of malaria eradication and control service/program in Ethiopia from 1959 to 1993. The period covers the years from the establishment of the program as a semi- autonomous government entity to address the debilitating health and socio-economic impacts of malaria on Ethiopian populations up to its final dissolution. As yet there is no in-depth historical research that examines the biomedical and socio-economic experience of The Malaria Eradication and Control Service/Program in Ethiopia. Thus, this study was designed to fill this gap by thoroughly examining the complicated history of the malaria eradication and control program from its inception until its demise in 1993. To achieve the central objective of the study, I have used numerous primary and secondary sources. The primary sources include archives, government reports and decrees, newsletters, magazines, guidelines and others. The secondary sources include books, book chapters, articles, theses and senior essays. Moreover, the study used oral information to crosscheck against the written sources and to answer some questions that could not be addressed by the written sources. Data were collected through interviews conducted mainly in Addis Ababa, Adama, Hawassa, and Dire Dawa. The study uses a qualitative research method. Consequently, an attempt has been made to critically evaluate the dynamic changes witnessed in the complicated historical development of the program with regard to strategy, structure, health, and socio-economic burdens of the disease and the biomedical and socio-economic response of the program during the period. It also examines the plans set to accomplish the objectives of the program against what was actually accomplished on the ground. Moreover, dynamic historical developments in which the program went through associated with the endeavor to align the national program with newly introduced international changes or reforms have been discussed. The major effects of regime change in shaping Malaria Eradication and Control Service/Program have also been highlighted. Lastly, it has also assessed reasons to program’s dawn graded working potential and its final dissolution. The central thesis of this thesis is therefore that the history of the MECS/P had been a history of battle between DDT and chloroquine armed anti-malaria workers and mosquito to address the health and socio-economic burdens of malaria on the Ethiopian populations in the second half of the 20th century. The study revealed that the malaria eradication and control service/program did not meet the goal it set out though the program had substantial role in reduction of malaria prevalence, which was limited both in time and scope. The study also discloses the downgraded working potential of the program through time due to internal and external factors. The program was also negatively affected by the dynamic historical developments which the program went through associated with the endeavor to align the national program with newly introduced international changes or reforms. Regime changes had also a negative impact in shaping Malaria Eradication and Control Service/Program. The thesis argues that failure of the program was started when a universal strategy applied over heterogonous areas by supposing to have the same etiology of the disease. The Malaria Eradication and Control Service/Program went to demised in 1993 by political decision of the Transitional Government of Ethiopia without achieving its goal that it established. Key words: Malaria, Eradication/control, Service/program, Strategies, Challenges, Dynamism.
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    History of Camiel Van Billoen’s Commercial Agricultural Farms in Tena Woreda (Arussi) 1936-1974
    (Addis Ababa University, 2023-11-01) Alaro Tito; Belete Bizuneh (PhD)
    The study aimed to reconstruct the “History of Camiel Van Billoen’s Commercial Agricultural Farms in Tena Woreda (Arussi) 1936-1974”. Tena Woreda is located in Arsi Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia. The study particularly focused on Kereyu and Sole Haji Shale Balabats. The Commercial Agricultural Farms in Sole Haji Shale Balabat were undertaken by Elias Pappasinos, Greece citizen, from 1924 to 1936 before it was sold to Camiel Van Billoen in 1936. Thus, the farms in Kereyu and Sole Haji Shale Balabats were undertaken by Camiel Van Billoen from 1936 to 1974. Elias Pappasinos, a Greece, who came to Ticho town in the 1917/18 while Camiel Van Billoen was a Belgian who came to Ticho town in 1922/23 respectively. He eventually got acquainted with the officials and important persons that would assist him to start his farms in Tena district. His farms were known as Hassan Osman Coffee Plantation Company in Belgium. The thesis discusses the history of the farms including the process of land acquisition, the infrastructure the entrepreneurs built as a prelude to the beginning of the farms and particularly irrigation facilities and the organization of production and distribution in the farms as well as their economic import. In reconstructing the history of Camiel Van Billoen’s farms, relevant historical sources were collected, compiled, collated, evaluated and utilized in accordance with their validity. Accordingly, oral sources (knowledgeable oral informants, eye-witnesses’ accounts), librarian of the Federal government of Belgium, Consul of Belgium Embassy at Addis Ababa, two written documents archived at Tena district Culture and Tourism Office, and many archived books, literature and manuscripts deposited at the Federal library of Belgium were utilized. The commercial farms established by Camiel Van Billoen transformed the environmental landscape of parts of the district from dense forests lands into capital- intensive commercial agricultural farm lands. Camiel Van Billoen highly succeeded in developing, managing and operating the farms besides producing coffee and exporting their products to French and Belgium markets. The thesis argues that commercial farms gave several benefits to the local communities, the province and the country during its life times and then after up to the present time. Among some of the major benefits, the workers enjoyment of built-up residential houses and other basic necessities freely, construction of church and a modern school for local communities, the construction road of about 121 km joining Sire and Ticho towns, 12 km road joining Ticho and Kella towns, and about 29 km road connecting Kella with Gobesa towns, motivation of local investors such as Merid Biru and Eshetu Wolde Tsedik to commercialize traditional agricultural activities in Hetosa district, creation of employment opportunities for hundreds of jobless poor, transferring agricultural and industrial technologies to the farm sites, introduction of Grain Mill and food oil refinery simplified lifestyles of nearby residents, the flowing of foreign currency amounting to 1, 000, 000 (1 million pounds) in the late 1930s with annually increasing amounts from the 1940s to the 1974 to the country and several others were worth mentionable.